48:, film is processed in concentrated development fluid for a brief period, typically 8 to 12 minutes. During this period the developing fluid is agitated, often by inverting the development tank several times every few minutes. This has the effect of spreading the developing fluid evenly over the surface of the film and preventing localised overdevelopment. Stand development instead uses a very dilute solution of developer, often one part developer to fifty or one hundred parts water. There is almost no agitation beyond initial mixing, and developing times are greatly increased, often an hour or more. A related technique is
17:
81:
68:, among others. It has a compensating effect in that the developer exhausts itself in areas which require greater development while remaining active in less-exposed areas, which has the effect of boosting shadow detail while preserving bright highlights. Stand development is also largely insensitive to variations in exposure, and allows for the development of films rated at different
35:
for an extended period of time, with little or no agitation. The technique dates back to at least the 1880s, and results in fine grain, increased perceived sharpness, and smooth tonality, but is time-intensive and runs the risk of producing certain processing defects.
99:
ions, which settle towards the bottom of the developing tank. In doing so they create streaks of uneven development on the surface of the film. In the example to the right the developing fluid has filtered through the
60:
Stand development is noted for its perceived sharpness and relative simplicity. The process was popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was used by
184:
147:
192:
132:
206:
104:
of a frame of 35mm film, producing streaks of overdevelopment that would have been masked with more agitation.
84:
Insufficient agitation can cause streaks on the negative, where developing fluid has settled through the
45:
32:
158:
8:
128:
101:
85:
65:
28:
148:
Stand
Development, Cassell's Cyclopaedia of Photography, Bernard E Jones (1911)
96:
200:
61:
80:
69:
16:
170:
Adams, Ansel (December 1981). "The Zone System
Revisited".
185:
91:
Without agitation stand development can suffer from
20:Stand develops shadows while preserving highlights
198:
27:is a photographic development process where
118:
116:
52:, which uses a small amount of agitation.
79:
15:
122:
113:
199:
169:
13:
95:. The developing process produces
14:
218:
159:Mortensen Revisited, Ed Buffaloe
75:
193:Stand Development With Rodinal
178:
163:
152:
141:
1:
107:
55:
125:The Film Developing Cookbook
7:
10:
223:
39:
123:Anchell, Stephen (1998).
31:is left in a very dilute
207:Photographic processes
88:
50:semi-stand development
21:
83:
19:
172:Popular Photography
72:in the same batch.
33:developing solution
89:
22:
66:William Mortensen
25:Stand development
214:
187:
182:
176:
175:
167:
161:
156:
150:
145:
139:
138:
120:
46:film development
222:
221:
217:
216:
215:
213:
212:
211:
197:
196:
190:
183:
179:
168:
164:
157:
153:
146:
142:
135:
121:
114:
110:
78:
58:
44:In traditional
42:
12:
11:
5:
220:
210:
209:
189:
188:
177:
162:
151:
140:
134:978-0240802770
133:
127:. p. 37.
111:
109:
106:
102:sprocket holes
86:sprocket holes
77:
74:
57:
54:
41:
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
219:
208:
205:
204:
202:
195:
194:
186:
181:
173:
166:
160:
155:
149:
144:
136:
130:
126:
119:
117:
112:
105:
103:
98:
94:
87:
82:
76:Disadvantages
73:
71:
67:
63:
53:
51:
47:
37:
34:
30:
26:
18:
191:
180:
171:
165:
154:
143:
124:
93:bromide drag
92:
90:
62:Eugene Atget
59:
49:
43:
24:
23:
108:References
56:Advantages
201:Category
97:bromide
40:Process
174:: 138.
131:
70:speeds
129:ISBN
64:and
29:film
203::
115:^
137:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
