269:
36:
221:
325:. Other bite marks at the base of his skull suggest his neck was once broken and caused the fusion of two vertebrate, resulting in a loss of mobility and pain for the rest of his life. The injury spurred the growth of excess bone around his neck, showing a remarkable recovery. Other irregularities in Stan's skull include non-symmetrical holes on either side of his jaw with smoothed edges, which are indications that these are more healed wounds.
572:
378:
539:
was named Stan, how it received its name, and how it was discovered. This led some to believe that
Johnson was the anonymous buyer of Stan. However, Johnson and the Black Hills Institute confirmed that he owns a replica skull and not the real specimen. On March 23, 2022, it was announced that Stan is
284:
were cleaned and prepared at the Black Hills
Institute where resident paleontologists and paleobotanists continued to study him and the fossilized plants he was discovered with. The institute has performed two additional excavations of the site that Stan was discovered, yielding 199 of the 350 known
232:
skull ever discovered. Although the bones were separated from each other before excavation, they were in pristine condition and ideal for study by researchers. According to Pete Larson of the Black Hills
Institute, Stan's skull has enabled scientists to learn more about the T. rex's cranial kinesis,
548:
Stan's skeleton, including original and restored elements, is a registered copyright of Black Hills
Institute of Geological Research with the registration number of VA0001745359. This copyright was defended in 2010 when it was noticed that casts of Peck's Rex contained unmodified cast replicas of
211:
and finer removal was done manually with picks and brushes until the fossils could be plotted and diagrammed with the help of a grid placed over the dig site. The bones were then wrapped in burlap and plaster and brought to the Black Hills
Institute.
320:
Stan's fossils show notable signs of wear and indication that the dinosaur experienced multiple attacks and illnesses throughout his life. Puncture wounds on the back of his skull and rib indicate that he was at one point bitten by another
342:. It is unknown what exactly caused Stan's death, but many theories suggest that it could have been the result of old age, starvation due to limited mobility from his injuries, or even parasitic infections that many
1621:
865:
arms, I. Know Dino: The Big
Dinosaur Podcast | A. site about dinosaurs | This Week in Dinosaur News: A. possible explanation for alvarezsaurids’ tiny; Sauropodomorph, A. New; Says, More (26 September 2018).
1597:
357:'s bite force and estimated that it exceeded 6.8 tonnes. Additional tests, like those published by Karl T. Bates and colleagues in 2009, used Stan's remains to study the weight distribution of
509:
sold Stan in New York, as part of its 20th
Century Evening Sale, on October 6, 2020. Stan sold for $ 31.8 million to an anonymous buyer making it the most expensive fossil ever sold. During a
1410:
1377:
166:'s Department of Culture and Tourism stated that they had acquired Stan and were planning on displaying the fossil at a new museum of natural history scheduled to open in 2025.
178:. He was out looking at plant life in South Dakota when he spotted Stan's pelvis visible in the side of a cliff. At the time, Sacrison was doing freelance work for the
1607:
1161:"Paleontologists report world's biggest Tyrannosaurus rex: Nicknamed 'Scotty,' the record-breaking rex is also the largest dinosaur skeleton ever found in Canada"
248:
2011, 11 feet (3.64 m) tall at the hip, and is estimated to be around 66 million years old. Body mass estimates for this specimen include 7.6 tonnes from Bates
1651:
174:
Stan
Sacrison, an amateur paleontologist, was responsible for the initial discovery of Stan's bone fragments in 1987, and as a result is the namesake for the
385:
It took more than 30,000 hours (3.4 years) for the Black Hills
Institute to prepare the fossil for display; he was the centerpiece for the opening of the
1492:
273:
488:
405:
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on
November 30, 2022. Given the fact that much of the skeleton is Stan replication, Shen has been withdrawn, and will likely wind up in a museum.
412:. The museum purchased the cast in 2008, and it remains a center piece of the museum, which is home to numerous other dinosaur fossils, notable
148:
fossil discovered to date, at more than 70% bulk. In October 2020, the fossil was sold for $ 31.8 million at auction, making it at the time the
365:
estimated that Stan was larger than previously believed, at around 16,875 pounds (7.6 tonnes); they also concluded that Stan, as well as other
667:
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801:
1004:
635:
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149:
775:
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468:
1432:
932:"A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth"
191:
The excavation itself required the skills and resources of the Black Hills Institute; it officially began on 11 July 1992, led by
1723:
1680:"Christie's Pulled a $ 25 Million T-Rex Skeleton From Auction After Experts Pointed Out That Most of Its Bones Are Replicas"
237:
specimen. Because of Stan's narrow pelvis, some paleontologists interpret the specimen as being male, though this method of
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The most notable aspect of Stan is his nearly complete and perfectly preserved skull. It is widely regarded as the best
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discoveries, and more than sixty casts of the skeleton are on display and requested by museums all around the world.
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830:
620:
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244:
is controversial. Stan is approximately 11.78 m (38.6 ft) in length as measured by the Hutchinson
484:
930:
Hutchinson, John R.; Bates, Karl T.; Molnar, Julia; Allen, Vivian; Makovicky, Peter J. (12 October 2011).
207:
as well as the institute's president). The institute's team removed the rock above Stan's skeleton with a
595:
1103:
Sellers, William I.; Pond, Stuart B.; Brassey, Charlotte A.; Manning, Philip L.; Bates, Karl T. (2017).
1350:
610:
498:
replica in Mountain View, California, United States is a replica of BHI-3033, it is actually a cast of
417:
124:
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393:
before coming to reside in the Black Hills Institute's Hall of Dinosaurs. Stan is the most duplicated
1718:
1187:
Wolff, Ewan D. S.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Horner, John R.; Varricchio, David J. (30 September 2009).
1012:
516:
1519:"The Rock's T-Rex skull on 'ManningCast' raises questions over whether it's real historic fossil"
1160:
906:
590:
456:
1713:
476:
238:
1254:
Sellers, William I.; Hodgetts, David; Manning, Phillip L.; Bates, Karl T. (19 February 2009).
1034:
Bates, Karl T.; Manning, Phillip L.; Hodgetts, David; Sellers, William I. (19 February 2009).
139:
17:
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1200:
1049:
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131:
8:
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900:
585:
1324:
1271:
1204:
1053:
947:
776:""Apex" the Stegosaurus Fossil Shatters World Record Fetching $ 44.6 Million at Auction"
1656:
1298:
1256:"Estimating Mass Properties of Dinosaurs Using Laser Imaging and 3D Computer Modelling"
1255:
1231:
1188:
1137:
1104:
1080:
1036:"Estimating Mass Properties of Dinosaurs Using Laser Imaging and 3D Computer Modelling"
1035:
974:
931:
835:
472:
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fossil, and as a result, more people have seen Stan (and casts of Stan) than any other
1695:
The skeleton was set to become the first of its kind ever offered at auction in Asia.
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840:
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Reportedly, Stan's skeleton has lived on and much of it has been copied as part of a
460:
421:
35:
361:
as well as how their mass and proportions would have affected their movement. Bates
328:
According to the Black Hills Institute, Stan likely lived in a family unit of other
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to be the centerpiece of the under construction Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi.
440:
1598:"Stan the T. rex found! World's most expensive fossil finds home in a new museum"
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332:. His mate could have been the cause of some of his injuries. Stan likely ate
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named Shen. The latter skeleton was scheduled to be auctioned off in Asia at
535:
skull in the background of Johnson's camera view; Johnson explained that the
506:
338:
333:
144:
92:
69:
1351:"On Google campus, a dinosaur is forever in battle with hordes of flamingos"
1572:
1307:
1240:
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868:"I Know Dino Podcast Show Notes: T. rex revisited (Epi Big balllssode 200)"
705:
192:
135:
88:
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528:
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184:
154:
1547:"Did The Rock buy Stan, the most expensive Tyrannosaurus rex on record?"
1493:"Seen Jurassic Park? T-Rex Skeleton Brings $ 31.8 Million at Christie's"
1005:"Rare T. rex footprints in New Mexico help round out picture of prehis…"
1683:
1127:
492:
480:
304:"Scotty" (RSM P2523.8) in 2019, have made Stan the fifth most complete
698:"All About Stan | New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science"
163:
1466:"One of largest known T. rex skeletons up for auction at Christie's"
1523:
1040:
452:
1433:"A T. Rex Skeleton Arrives in Rockefeller Center Ahead of Auction"
289:, more than 70% in bulk, which made Stan the second most complete
152:
and fossil ever sold. This record stood until July 2024, when the
802:"Stan the T. Rex Will Be the Star of a New Museum in Abu Dhabi"
377:
1186:
272:
Photo of the original Stan Fossil (on the right) was taken at
142:
in 1987, and excavated in 1992. It is the fifth most complete
1113:
444:
390:
353:
used Stan's skull as a model for their hydraulic test of the
745:"BHI/Fossils & Minerals/Dinosaurs and Birds/STAN T. rex"
1253:
1033:
475:, Wisconsin), the Weis Earth Science Museum (Menasha, WI),
381:
A cast of Stan at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History.
224:"Sue", AMNH 5027, "Stan", and "Jane", to scale with a human
182:. Originally, it was thought that the fossil was that of a
929:
195:(the lead paleontologist on the excavations of many other
1102:
369:
specimens, were much more robust than commonly believed.
864:
1189:"Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs"
451:(Fort Hays, Kansas), the Museum of Natural Sciences (
424:
in Orlando, Florida, which is also home to a cast of
416:
skulls, and skull fragments. Another cast resided at
1109:
using stress-constrained multibody dynamic analysis"
567:
308:. However, BHI 3033 is still one of the most famous
300:
specimens, as well as new discoveries regarding the
296:Since then, additional excavations for other known
162:sold at auction for $ 44.6 million. In March 2022,
274:Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc.
1705:
898:
489:Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo
477:The Museum of Ancient Life at Thanksgiving Point
1652:"T-Rex center of $ 8.2M area copyright lawsuit"
336:, also known as duck-billed dinosaurs, such as
233:or movement of the skull bones, than any other
1484:
1649:
180:Black Hills Institute of Geological Research
1378:"South Dakota T. rex draws media attention"
469:Children's Museum of Indianapolis (Indiana)
443:), the National Museum of Natural Science (
636:List of dinosaur specimens sold at auction
252:in 2009, 5.9 to 10.8 tonnes in Hutchinson
34:
1297:
1279:
1230:
1212:
1136:
1126:
1079:
1061:
973:
955:
465:Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano
1650:Penzenstadler, Nick (26 November 2010).
1105:"Investigating the running abilities of
543:
376:
267:
219:
1570:
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665:
40:A cast of Stan at the Manchester Museum
1706:
1544:
1516:
899:Brave Wilderness (14 September 2018),
828:
491:. While it has been reported that the
1677:
1622:"Copyright Catalog (1978 to Present)"
1490:
1430:
1319:
1317:
999:
997:
995:
993:
909:from the original on 21 December 2021
872:I Know Dino: The Big Dinosaur Podcast
773:
119:, also known by its inventory number
1431:Small, Zachary (17 September 2020).
925:
923:
894:
892:
890:
888:
824:
822:
800:Gamillo, Elizabeth (25 March 2022).
739:
737:
735:
733:
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729:
727:
725:
723:
692:
690:
688:
661:
659:
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406:New Mexico Museum of Natural History
1571:Johnson, Dwayne (18 January 2022).
1011:. 11 September 2012. Archived from
829:Browne, Malcolm W. (27 July 1993).
449:Sternberg Museum of Natural History
389:World Exhibition and toured around
13:
1678:Dafoe, Taylor (21 November 2022).
1314:
990:
831:"Dinosaur Institute Keeps Digging"
519:playoff game on January 17, 2022,
487:, (Plant City, Florida), and the
437:National Museum of Natural History
14:
1740:
1545:Geggel, Laura (18 January 2022).
1491:Small, Zachary (7 October 2020).
1411:Houston Museum Of Natural Science
1376:Harlan, Bill (15 November 2019).
920:
885:
819:
720:
685:
648:
471:, the Dinosaur Discovery Museum (
433:Houston Museum of Natural Science
431:Other casts are displayed at the
315:
1517:Gaydos, Ryan (17 January 2022).
621:Timeline of tyrannosaur research
570:
351:The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs
256:2011, and 7.2 tonnes in Sellers
150:most expensive dinosaur specimen
1671:
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1614:
1606:. 23 March 2022. Archived from
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1510:
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1247:
1180:
1153:
1096:
1027:
902:The Most Famous Dinosaur Tooth!
549:elements of both Sue and Stan.
531:while at his home. Eli noted a
1626:United States Copyright Office
858:
793:
767:
263:
215:
47:
1:
1403:"Morian Hall of Paleontology"
774:Large, Holly (18 July 2024).
641:
372:
276:from Hill City, South Dakota.
1724:Paleontology in South Dakota
1281:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532
1214:10.1371/journal.pone.0007288
1063:10.1371/journal.pone.0004532
957:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037
668:"Stan the Tyrannosaurus rex"
459:(Thermopolis, Wyoming), the
169:
7:
563:
10:
1745:
666:Unknown (2 January 2018).
611:Specimens of Tyrannosaurus
23:Tyrannosaurus rex specimen
15:
521:Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
349:In 2005, the BBC program
106:
98:
84:
76:
64:
56:
45:
33:
702:www.nmnaturalhistory.org
517:National Football League
422:Walt Disney World Resort
1375:
591:Black Beauty (dinosaur)
457:Wyoming Dinosaur Center
418:Disney's Animal Kingdom
1630:Department of Interior
463:(Manchester, UK), the
382:
280:The bones of Stan the
277:
225:
544:Intellectual property
408:is home to a cast of
380:
271:
223:
18:Stan (disambiguation)
1729:1987 in paleontology
1015:on 11 September 2012
806:Smithsonian Magazine
467:(Milan, Italy), the
16:For other uses, see
1603:National Geographic
1472:. 16 September 2020
1272:2009PLoSO...4.4532B
1205:2009PLoSO...4.7288W
1054:2009PLoSO...4.4532B
948:2011PLoSO...626037H
586:Big John (dinosaur)
523:was interviewed by
239:determining sex in
80:66.07 million years
30:
1657:Rapid City Journal
1497:The New York Times
1437:The New York Times
1382:Rapid City Journal
1325:"The Stan Gallery"
1128:10.7717/peerj.3420
836:The New York Times
672:Paleontology World
505:The auction house
420:theme park in the
383:
346:exhibit signs of.
278:
226:
138:, just outside of
28:
1610:on 23 March 2022.
1331:. 2 February 2014
1107:Tyrannosaurus rex
461:Manchester Museum
367:Tyrannosaurus rex
126:Tyrannosaurus rex
114:
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70:Tyrannosaurus rex
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1329:EXTINCT MONSTERS
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751:. Archived from
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708:on 19 March 2016
704:. Archived from
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626:Titus (dinosaur)
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578:Dinosaurs portal
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455:, Belgium), the
441:Washington, D.C.
85:Place discovered
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1573:"Untitled post"
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755:on 4 April 2019
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631:Trix (dinosaur)
601:Jane (dinosaur)
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515:broadcast of a
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199:specimens like
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99:Date discovered
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1357:. 25 July 2014
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942:(10): e26037.
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616:Sue (dinosaur)
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1714:Tyrannosaurus
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