489:
bishop was Luka
Zhidiata in 1060. The last burial in the cathedral was Metropolitan Gurii in 1912. Most of the burials are below the floor in the Martirievskaia Porch, on the south side of the cathedral, named for Bishop Martirii (1193–1199). Later burials took place (again below the floor) in the Pretechenskaia Papter' on the north side of the cathedral. Today, there are several burials in the main body of the church. The sarcophagi of Prince Vladimir and Princess Anna overlook the Martirievskaia Porch; Archbishop Ilya (also known as Ioann) (1165–1186) is buried in the northwestern corner of the main body of the church, next to the Pretechenskaia Porch. Bishop Nikita lies in a glass-covered sarcaphogus between the chapels of the Nativity of the Mother of God and Sts. Ioakim and Anne and the sarcophagus is opened on his feast days (January 30, the day of his death and April 30/May 13, the day of the "uncovering of his relics," i.e., when his tomb was opened in 1558) so the faithful can venerate his relics. Two other princes also lie in the main body of the cathedral and in the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God.
623:. The Church of the Icon Mother of God of the Sign was built next to the Church of the Transfiguration in the seventeenth century to house the icon. During the Soviet period, it was housed in the nearby Novgorod Museum (as were the bones of Bishop Nikita, said to have been kept in a paper bag until they were transferred to the Church of Sts. Philip and Nicholas in 1957); the icon was returned to the cathedral in the early 1990s and stands just to the right of the Golden Doors of the iconostasis. The icon of Sophia, the Holy Wisdom of God, is also quite old and is part of the iconostasis just to the right of the Golden Doors as well (where the icon of the saint to which the church is dedicated usually hangs). Several icons were said to have been painted or commissioned by Archbishop
573:
493:
51:
501:
705:, or for Archbishop Evfimii II. There is also another theory that the gates had been looted from the cathedral in Płock by pagan Lithuanians in the thirteenth century, and later somehow made their way to Novgorod. The first theory is considered the most likely. The Magdeburg or Płock Gates (sometimes also wrongly called the Sigtuna Gates) are opened only twice a year for special occasions, although some reports say that they are opened when the archbishop himself leads the
515:
466:
408:
631:
462:, and came to symbolize the city itself, with chronicle references to the Novgordians being willing "to lay down their heads for Holy Wisdom" or "to die honorably for Holy Wisdom." When one prince angered them, they told him "we have no prince, only God, the Truth, and Holy Wisdom." On another occasion, they made the cathedral the symbol of the city itself, saying "Where Holy Wisdom is, there is Novgorod."
481:) was one of the largest landowners in the Novgorod Land. Its possessions were spread across all parts of Novgorod land and outside of it. In the 16th century the House had its own court in Moscow and by the second half of 17th century it also owned 41 monasteries with their land and peasants. The bishop (later, archbishop) headed the House of Holy Wisdom. He was assisted by the head of the chancellery (
627:(1330–1352) and Archbishop Iona (1458–1470) and Archbishop Makarii (1526–1542) (he went on to become Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus') is said to have painted the icons in the small iconostasis in the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God (the iconostasis originally stood in the Chapel of Sts. Ioakim and Anne, just to the left of its present location.
556:
archbishop told them to repaint Christ with an open palm, and when they returned the next morning, the hand was miraculously clenched again. After repeated efforts, a voice from the dome is said to have told the archbishop to leave the painting alone for as long as Christ's fist remained closed, he would hold the fate of
Novgorod in his hand.
359:. (A fresco just inside the south entrance depicts Sts. Constantine and Helena, who found the true cross in the fourth century; it is one of the oldest works of art in the cathedral and is thought to commemorate its dedication.) While it is commonly known as St. Sophia's, it is not named for any of the female saints of that name (i.e.,
599:. As one art historian put it, the Kyiv cathedral is a bride, whereas the Novgorod cathedral is a warrior. Its decoration is minimal, the use of brick is limited, and the masses are arranged vertically rather than horizontally. These features proved to be influential with Novgorod masters of the next generation, as the
684:
The gates were acquired by the
Novgorodians most probably in the end of the 15th century, probably by Archbishop Evfimii II, who loved Western art (as can be seen in the Gothic style incorporated into the Palace of Facets) or—according to another theory—in the first half of the 15th century by prince
530:
Beginning in the eighteenth century, the archbishops or metropolitans of
Novgorod lived in St. Petersburg (they were known as archbishops or metropolitans of Novgorod and St. Petersburg). Thus, while Novgorod technically still had a prelate, he was not often active in the city itself, and the church
647:
Three famous sets of gates adorned the cathedral over the centuries; they are known as the Korsun, Vasilii, and
Sigtuna (or Płock, or Magdeburg) Gates. The Korsun Gates hang at the western entrance to the Chapel of the Nativity of the Mother of God at the southeast corner of the cathedral. They were
664:
near Moscow following the looting of the cathedral in 1570, where they still may be seen. They influenced artwork in the Moscow
Kremlin executed under Ivan the Terrible. The doors at the west entrance (intended to be the main entrance to the cathedral, although the main one is now the northern
555:
by the
Spanish brothers Miguel Ángel and Fernando Garrido Polonio who discovered the Cross in a military camp in Madrid. The domes were heavily damaged in the war, and the large Christ Pantocrator in the dome was ruined. According to legend, the painters painted him with a clenched fist. The
526:
in the 1570s but restored by
Archbishop Leonid (1572–1575). He built the Tsar's Pew which stands just inside the south entrance of the main body of the cathedral near the Martirievskii Porch. Leonid also had several large chandeliers hung in the cathedral, but only one of them survives.
488:
The cathedral has long been the city's great necropolis, the burial place of 47 people of prominence in the city's history, including several princes and posadniks and 32 bishops, archbishops, and metropolitans of
Novgorod. The first burial there was Prince Vladimir himself in 1052. The first
542:
occupation of
Novgorod, the Kremlin was heavily damaged from the battles and from the Nazi abuse. However, the cathedral itself survived. The large cross on the main dome (which has a metal bird attached to it, perhaps symbolic of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove) was removed by
721:. In the 18th century the cathedral's treasury included a gold-plated silver pigeon. The dome and the figure were destroyed during the Nazi occupation of Novgorod and then restored after the war. The original figure was returned to Novgorod in 2005 by former members of the
435:, more akin to side chapels) painted sometime during his tenure, but those frescoes are hardly visible now because of frequent fires. In the 1860s, parts of the interior had to be repainted and most of the current frescoes are from the 1890s. A white stone
619:, which according to legend miraculously saved Novgorod in 1169 when the Suzdalians attacked the city; it was brought out of the Church of the Transfiguration on Il'ina Street and displayed in the cathedral and on the walls of the city by Archbishop
392:(1388–1415) in 1408. The sixth (and the largest) dome crowns a tower which leads to the upper galleries. In medieval times these were said to hold the Novgorodian treasury and there was a library there, said to have been started by
559:
During the Soviet period, the cathedral was a museum. It was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church in 1991. An inscription on the north wall of the west entrance attests to its rededication by Bishop Lev and
1120:
717:
A figure of pigeon—the symbol of the Holy Spirit—crowns the cross on the main dome of the cathedral. According to a local legend, a live pigeon sitting on the dome froze out of terror seeing the
423:
The cupolas are thought to have acquired their present helmet-like shape in the 1150s, when the cathedral was restored after a fire. The interior was painted in 1108 at the behest of Bishop
961:
See also "Legenda o Spasa Vederzhitele so szhatoiu rukoi," (Легенда о Спасе Вседержителе со сжатою рукой = The Legend of the Almighty Savior with the Clenched Hand",) available online at
443:(1429–1458), the greatest architectural patron to ever hold the archiepiscopal office. He also had the Palace of Facets built just northwest of the cathedral in 1433. The nearby
1110:
791:
975:
Makarievskaia Chteniia. Russkaia Kul’tura XVI veka – epoka Mitropolita Makariia. Materialy X Rossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii posviashchenoi Pamiati Sviatitelia Makariia
404:, has reestablished a library there, in keeping with the ancient tradition. As of 2004, it housed some 5,000 volumes. A Sunday school is also held in the gallery.
1105:
124:
1085:
1100:
531:
in the city was administered by a vicar bishop for much of the time. Twelve metropolitans of Novgorod and St. Petersburg (or Leningrad) are buried in the
17:
1090:
279:
1024:(Danbury, CT: Rutledge Books, 1999); Andrzej Poppe, “K istorii romanskikh dverei Sofii Novgorodskoi.” In G. K. Vagner and D. S. Likhachev.
813:
66:
665:
entrance), called the Sigtuna, Magdeburg or Płock Gates, are said to have been looted by Novgorodian forces from the Swedish town of
377:
or philosophy—"the love of wisdom"), and thus Novgorod's cathedral is dedicated to the Holy Wisdom of God, in imitation of the
1115:
678:
343:
dates from before the 8th century) and the oldest building of any kind still in use in the country, with the exception of the
689:. It is not known precisely how the Novgorodians acquired the Płock Gates—most probably they were a gift from Archbishops of
81:
1125:
1080:
1036:(Moscow: Severanyi Palomnik, 2001); A. N. (Anna Nikolaevna) Trifonova, “Bronzovye dveri Sofiiskogo Sobora v Novgorode.”
447:
was initially completed under his patronage as well, but fell down in the seventeenth century and was restored in 1673.
1059:
926:
1008:
739:
397:
616:
412:
523:
656:. The Vasilii Gates, were donated to the cathedral in 1335 by Archbishop Vasilii Kalika and were taken by Tsar
389:
620:
485:) and treasurer and about 100 other staff who included scribes, bookbinders, icon painters and silversmiths.
400:
in 1859, it numbered more than 1,500 volumes, some dating back to the 13th century. The current archbishop,
734:
698:
596:
401:
117:
1095:
427:(1096–1108), although the project was not undertaken until shortly after his death. Archbishop
551:'s Military Engineering Academy Museum, until November 16, 2004, when it was handed over back to the
431:(1130–1156) had the exterior whitewashed and had the Martirievskii and Pretechenskaia porches (
817:
440:
247:
576:
Detail of a portion of the Płock, Sigtuna or Magdeburg Gates at the West Entrance to the cathedral
648:
said to have been brought to Novgorod by Bishop Ioakim Korsunianin, whose name indicates ties to
585:
552:
572:
638:
icons kept in Saint Sophia Cathedral until the Russian Revolution (236 × 147 cm)
581:
532:
304:
450:
From the 12th to the 15th century, the cathedral was a ceremonial and spiritual centre of the
785:
779:
D. G. Fedosov, trans. (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005). This is an English translation of
492:
718:
561:
504:
320:
8:
943:
Nekropol Novgorodskogo Sofiiskogo sobora: tserkovnaia traditsiia i istoricheskaia kritika
709:. Since 1982, copies of the Gates, a gift from Novgorod, hang in the Cathedral in Płock.
428:
424:
336:
308:
210:
584:
were made so evident. With its austere walls, narrow windows, the church is redolent of
604:
580:
Novgorod's St. Sophia was the first Slavic church in which local divergences from
416:
356:
344:
328:
27:
Cathedral church of the Archbishop of Novgorod and mother church of Novgorodian Eparchy
1055:
1004:
922:
661:
451:
393:
50:
600:
292:
71:
973:
Makarii (Veretennikov, Petr Ivanovich; Archimandrite), “Vasil’evskie Vrata.” In
500:
364:
300:
106:
706:
702:
686:
624:
459:
382:
360:
1074:
1052:Великий Новгород. История и культура IX-XVII веков. Энциклопедический словарь
919:Великий Новгород. История и культура IX-XVII веков. Энциклопедический словарь
887:, 89, 320-21; Michael C. Paul, “The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche,”
722:
544:
508:
352:
348:
324:
139:
126:
800:
744:
378:
88:
649:
1022:
The Message of Faith and Symbol in European Medieval Bronze Church Doors
962:
455:
444:
340:
331:
in the late tenth century. This makes it the oldest church building in
1121:
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Novgorod Oblast
670:
436:
355:(1035–1060) on September 14, in 1050 or 1052, the feast of the
259:
677:
in Poland (where they were decorating one of the entrances into the
669:
in 1187. In fact, they were most probably wrought and sculptured by
514:
327:
between 1045 and 1050 to replace an oaken cathedral built by Bishop
465:
690:
674:
694:
666:
657:
630:
407:
535:
in St. Petersburg, rather than in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom.
673:
masters, most likely in years 1152–1154, for the Archbishop of
653:
589:
548:
539:
332:
269:
110:
219:
Official name: Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
615:
The oldest icon in the cathedral is probably the Icon of the
797:
Sofiiskii Sobor v Velikom Novgorode: Arkhitektura i istoriia
319:
The 38-metre-high, five-domed, stone cathedral was built by
764:
Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i mladshego izvodov
198:
367:); rather, the name comes from the Greek word for wisdom (
1038:
Novgorod i Novgorodskaia Zemlia: Istoriia i Arkheologiia
595:
The Novgorod cathedral also differs strikingly from its
289:
Cathedral of Saint Sophia, the Holy Wisdom of God
1003:, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, 1988,
1111:
Medieval Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Russia
1034:
Magdeburgskie vrata Novgorodskoto Sofiiskogo Sobora
783:. 2nd ed. (Moscow: Severnyi palomnik, 2005). The
388:The main, golden cupola, was gilded by Archbishop
1072:
1106:Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
977:. Vypusk 10. (Mozhaisk: Terra, 2003): 111-119.
837:N. Savushkina, “Biblioteka Sofiiskogo Sobora,”
1086:11th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
766:(Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 16,181.
1028:(Moscow: Nauka, 1976): 191-200; Tsarevskaia,
518:The Cross of Novgorod, found at the Cathedral
415:, an icon credited with saving Novgorod from
36:
1101:Russian Orthodox churches in Veliky Novgorod
685:of Novgorod and brother of the Polish king,
1054:(in Russian). Нестор-История. p. 138.
921:(in Russian). Нестор-История. p. 160.
368:
297:Кафедральный собор Софии Премудрости Божией
697:for the brother of Polish-Lithuanian King
49:
303:, Russia, is the cathedral church of the
801:http://www.russiancity.ru/text/nov01.htm
629:
571:
513:
499:
491:
464:
406:
385:. Holy Wisdom is a reference to Christ.
55:View of the cathedral from the southeast
775:T. Iu. (Tatiana Iur’evna) Tsarevskaia,
351:churches. It was consecrated by Bishop
14:
1073:
1001:Polska sztuka przedromańska i romańska
547:. For over 60 years it resided in the
507:and the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom on a
1091:Russian Orthodox cathedrals in Russia
439:in five bays was built by Archbishop
396:. When the library was moved to the
373:, from whence we get words like philo
82:Diocese of Novgorod and Staraya Russa
1049:
963:http://bibliotekar.ru/novgorod13.htm
945:(Moscow: Nauka, 1988); Tsarevskaia,
916:
891:31, No. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2004):53.
853:
851:
849:
847:
789:dates the consecration to 1050, the
496:The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in 1900
24:
959:St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod.
947:St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod.
905:Polnoe Sobranie Russkikh Letopisei
814:"Великий Новгород.ру - Персоналии"
777:St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod,
588:of Western Europe, rather than of
469:An 11th-century fresco on the wall
25:
1137:
1030:St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod
859:St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod
844:
740:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk
597:namesake and contemporary in Kyiv
398:St. Petersburg Spiritual Academy
1116:11th-century churches in Russia
1043:
1014:
993:
980:
967:
951:
935:
889:Russian History/ Histoire Russe
607:Cathedral (1117) clearly show.
18:St Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
941:Valentin Lavrent'evich Ianin,
910:
894:
877:
864:
831:
805:
769:
756:
33:Cathedral of Saint Sophia
13:
1:
988:Multimedialna Historia Płocka
885:Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis
872:Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis
750:
592:churches built at that time.
307:and the mother church of the
811:See his biography online at
735:Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv
7:
1126:Church buildings with domes
792:Novgorodian Third Chronicle
781:Sofiiskii sobor v Novgorode
728:
567:
524:looted by Ivan the Terrible
10:
1142:
1081:Churches completed in 1052
901:Sofiiskaia Pervaia Letopis
473:The House of Holy Wisdom (
454:, which sprawled from the
314:
211:UNESCO World Heritage Site
712:
617:Mother of God of the Sign
603:Cathedral (1119) and the
369:
296:
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97:
87:
77:
65:
60:
48:
37:
32:
1050:Янин, В.Л., ed. (2007).
917:Янин, В.Л., ed. (2007).
725:who fought in Novgorod.
642:
634:One of the 11th-century
610:
305:Metropolitan of Novgorod
681:for around 250 years).
586:Romanesque architecture
553:Russian Orthodox Church
357:Exaltation of the Cross
193:38 metres (125 ft)
1020:Jadwiga Irena Daniec,
639:
577:
533:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
519:
511:
497:
470:
420:
335:outside the Caucasus (
118:Geographic coordinates
990:, E-MOTION Sp. z o.o.
786:Sofia First Chronicle
633:
575:
517:
503:
495:
468:
411:Inside the church is
410:
140:58.52167°N 31.27611°E
762:A. N. Nasonov, ed.,
719:Massacre of Novgorod
660:to his residence in
562:Patriarch Alexius II
505:Millennium of Russia
413:Our Lady of the Sign
321:Vladimir of Novgorod
1026:Srednevekovaia Rus’
870:A. N. Nasonov, ed.
309:Novgorodian Eparchy
136: /
1040:9 (1995): 230-242.
701:, Lithuanian Duke
699:Władysław Jagiełło
679:Cathedral in Płock
640:
605:Antoniev Monastery
578:
522:The cathedral was
520:
512:
498:
471:
421:
417:Andrei Bogolyubsky
329:Ioakim Korsunianin
145:58.52167; 31.27611
1096:Novgorod Republic
986:Borkowski Robert,
582:Byzantine pattern
479:Dom svyatoy Sofii
452:Novgorod Republic
419:'s troops in 1170
394:Yaroslav the Wise
365:Sophia the Martyr
285:
284:
251:
44:
16:(Redirected from
1133:
1066:
1065:
1047:
1041:
1018:
1012:
999:Teresa Mroczko,
997:
991:
984:
978:
971:
965:
955:
949:
939:
933:
932:
914:
908:
898:
892:
881:
875:
868:
862:
855:
842:
835:
829:
828:
826:
825:
816:. Archived from
809:
803:
773:
767:
760:
693:or the dukes of
601:Yuriev Monastery
545:Spanish infantry
475:Дом святой Софии
372:
371:
298:
245:
151:
150:
148:
147:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
129:
89:Year consecrated
72:Russian Orthodox
53:
43:
40:
39:
35:
30:
29:
21:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1134:
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1071:
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981:
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936:
929:
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911:
899:
895:
882:
878:
869:
865:
856:
845:
841:, No. 1 (2004).
836:
832:
823:
821:
812:
810:
806:
774:
770:
761:
757:
753:
731:
715:
645:
613:
570:
317:
301:Veliky Novgorod
213:
144:
142:
138:
135:
130:
127:
125:
123:
122:
107:Veliky Novgorod
56:
41:
38:Софийский собор
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1068:
1067:
1061:978-5981872365
1060:
1042:
1013:
992:
979:
966:
950:
934:
928:978-5981872365
927:
909:
903:, Volume 6 of
893:
876:
863:
843:
830:
804:
795:to 1052. See
768:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
730:
727:
714:
711:
707:Divine Liturgy
687:Simeon Lingwen
644:
641:
625:Vasilii Kalika
612:
609:
569:
566:
460:Ural Mountains
383:Constantinople
361:Sophia of Rome
316:
313:
283:
282:
280:Eastern Europe
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
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242:
238:
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229:
226:
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215:
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209:
206:
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202:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
185:Specifications
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178:
174:
173:
170:
169:Groundbreaking
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158:
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153:
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120:
114:
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94:
91:
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69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
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1079:
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1076:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1009:83-221-0307-7
1006:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
964:
960:
957:Tsarevskaia,
954:
948:
944:
938:
930:
924:
920:
913:
906:
902:
897:
890:
886:
883:Nasonov, ed.
880:
873:
867:
860:
857:Tsarevskaia,
854:
852:
850:
848:
840:
834:
820:on 2007-03-13
819:
815:
808:
802:
798:
794:
793:
788:
787:
782:
778:
772:
765:
759:
755:
746:
743:
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738:
736:
733:
732:
726:
724:
723:Blue Division
720:
710:
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692:
688:
682:
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822:. Retrieved
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799:, online at
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745:Hagia Sophia
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379:Hagia Sophia
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337:Tkhaba-Yerdy
318:
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190:Height (max)
156:Architecture
93:1050 or 1052
42:(in Russian)
1011:, page 142.
538:During the
323:and Bishop
266:State Party
143: /
67:Affiliation
1075:Categories
824:2007-08-02
751:References
662:Alexandrov
456:Baltic Sea
445:clocktower
341:Ingushetia
241:Designated
236:ii, iv, vi
131:31°16′34″E
128:58°31′18″N
907:, p. 251.
874:, 82, 310
703:Lengvenis
671:Magdeburg
441:Evfimy II
437:belltower
177:Completed
1032:; Idem,
729:See also
568:Features
233:Criteria
228:Cultural
103:Location
98:Location
78:Province
61:Religion
695:Mazovia
667:Sigtuna
658:Ivan IV
458:to the
433:papter'
315:History
293:Russian
248:session
1058:
1007:
925:
713:Pigeon
654:Crimea
650:Korsun
636:Korsun
549:Madrid
429:Nifont
425:Nikita
375:sophia
349:Shoana
345:Arkhyz
333:Russia
276:Region
270:Russia
246:(16th
164:Church
111:Russia
839:Sofia
691:Płock
675:Płock
643:Gates
611:Icons
590:Greek
483:d'yak
390:Ioann
370:σοφία
299:) in
244:1992
1056:ISBN
1005:ISBN
923:ISBN
621:Ilya
540:Nazi
347:and
287:The
225:Type
199:Dome
180:1050
172:1045
161:Type
652:in
402:Lev
363:or
339:in
260:604
201:(s)
1077::
846:^
564:.
311:.
295::
109:,
1064:.
931:.
861:.
827:.
477:/
291:(
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204:5
20:)
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