St. Joseph Island (Ontario)

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large vessels. On April 11, 1796, Dorchester ordered a garrison of 14 men to set up a camp on the southwest corner of the island close to the channel between Mackinac and Sault Ste. Marie in order to prevent the island being claimed by the Americans. This advance detachment, led by Lieutenant Andrew Foster of the Queen's Rangers identified a spot of high ground nearby to suitable for a fort. In accordance with the Jay-Grenville Treaty, the British abandoned Mackinac Island in June 1796 to establish a new fort on the southeastern corner of the island. Subsequently, commanders in Quebec sent orders on July 5, 1796 that the garrison occupying the island could not be removed except on orders from the Governor General.

663:, the lieutenant governor of Upper Canada disagreed. He was insistent that a fort on Lake Huron was essential to promote good relations with First Nations people whose support was essential to secure British North America from the expansionist Americans. Land grants to the Americans resulting from the Treaty of Paris and the Jay Treaty had left First Nations feeling badly betrayed by the British. To Simcoe, abandoning Lake Huron entirely would do nothing to repair relations and would only add to their discontent. Simcoe pressed forcefully for a garrison on the lake, though his preference was for 598: 675: 2896: 2146:, provides 940 hectares at the southern-most tip of the island as a habitat for waterfowl and other wetland-dependant migratory birds during critical periods of their life cycle. The sanctuary, established in 1951 to protect migratory birds from extensive hunting, includes a large marsh along the St. Marys River shoreline, a few small lakes and swamps as well as several islands. Among the species of birds that frequent the sanctuary are American black duck, common merganser, red-breasted merganser, lesser scaup, greater scaup, black tern, herring gull and bald eagle. 719:, the appointed storekeeper described the situation to his brother in January 1808: "To give you some idea of this place, first its an Island abounding with Rocks, and not a Deer, Bear, Racoon, Moose, Cariboux or Muskrat about it. A few Hares is caught and pheasants. The Indians live entirely on fish. They make their mokasins with the skins of sturgeon and Lace their snow shoes with the same skin ... They have sold to the only 5 Bever skins, 20 Martins, and 8 Fox skins which is the whole of the Hunt of upwards of 120 Men since 24th of Sept. last." 2976: 712:. However, conditions at the fort and settlement were grim for soldiers and settlers alike, particularly in the winter months. The commandant, Lieutenant Robert Cowell complained to his superiors that all the fort's buildings were drafty and susceptible to snow and rain. A fire in January 1802 destroyed the bakehouse; the other buildings were saved by villagers and soldiers fighting the flames. Desertions were a frequent occurrence, with soldiers recovered having frozen to death, or requiring amputation of frost-bitten limbs. 760: 64: 834:

few settlers came to the island. By 1836, Rains, short on capital for the settlement due to poor investments of his agent, had become estranged from his fellow investors and relocated to a point of land not far from the site of Fort St. Joseph which he named Hentlan (today, Rains Point). Rains' wife Frances and her sister Eliza bore nineteen of Rains' children, many of whom remained in the area. His son Tudor Rains would go on to establish a successful store at Sailors Encampment on the northwest of the island.

2112:"On the dry gravelly soil of St. Joseph Island a very heavy growth of hard-wood forest was found, consisting of beech, hard maple, hemlock, basswood, black and yellow birch, with a few rather scraggy white pines; while on the lower ground they were almost replaced with black ash, cedar, balm-of-Gilead and aspen-poplar, balsam-fir, elm, mountain-ash, and many small and arborescent shrubs. The red elder was very conspicuous by its abundance and the profusion of its clusters of bright scarlet berries." 842: 5176: 931: 908:

Joseph Island and built a large manor house. An eccentric, Evenden planned to bring Himalayan goats to the island and start a Gruyere cheese factory. He boasted to a newspaper of the abundant fishing in the area and the ease of flagging down passing steamers for transportation. Evenden sold the island to Arnold Scudder in 1902 who promptly began marketing several lots to wealthy Americans. As an attraction, he built a replica of the blockhouse on

452: 995: 667:, some 400 km east of St. Joseph Island. Simcoe argued against St. Joseph, citing the then still ambiguous border on the Great Lakes to say that the island was outside British territory; writing in 1794 that "from the map of the Sault of St. Mary's in Charlevoix which I have generally found to be true it would appear that the Island of St. Joseph by treaty is within the line of the United States." 71: 2078:

hottest month of July seeing an average temperature range between 12 °C (54 °F) and 24 °C (75 °F). Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed through the year with the wettest month of October seeing an average of 69.6 millimetres (2.74 in) of precipitation and the driest month of February receiving an average over just over 20 millimetres (0.79 in).

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the largest body of water; and in cases where there were several channels, the boundary would be drawn to ensure that good navigation would be left to both parties. The commissioners also kept an informal process to apportion islands equally between the two countries. In their final report, the commissioners agreed to grant St. Joseph Island and Cockburn Island to Canada and

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Owing to an abundance of maple trees and production going back generations, St. Joseph Island is the largest centre of maple syrup production in Ontario, with nearly 30 companies producing 18 per cent of the province's maple syrup. Major producers on the island include Gilbertson's Maple Products and

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The population of the island first peaked at 1,996 residents at the beginning of the 1900s following a 75 per cent increase from a decade earlier. It then declined to just over 1,100 residents in 1966. Today, the majority of the population, approximately 1,400 residents, reside in St. Joseph Township

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Within the ecozone, the island forms part of the Lake Simcoe-Rideau ecoregion which is distinguished by a relatively humid climate with a growing season of 205 to 230 days, and bedrock made up of Paleozoic dolomite and limestone covered by rocks and soils deposited by glaciers and post glacial lakes.

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across the north channel to Sault Ste. Marie in 1887 opened up the region to migration by farmers and settlers. In 1909, a group of capitalists proposed a plan to connect the island to the CPR line from Richards Landing. While local residents contributed to the financing for the project, nothing came

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From the end of the war until 1829, St. Joseph Island was virtually uninhabited. Exploring a creek in the southeast corner of the island, one of the commission survey teams reported "a neat log house far up in the woods, with a patch of Indian corn, and other vegetables. It was inhabited by an Indian

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of 1794 the United Kingdom agreed to US demands that it abandon Mackinac and five other forts in US territory on the Great Lakes by June 1796. The British knew they would need to hastily establish new posts in British North America from which to protect its claim to the fur trade and retain influence

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north east of the island and a canoe route on the south west, however it shows no mission or settlement real or abandoned anywhere on the island. The name "Cariboux Island" was also given to the island briefly in the 1790s, though this only appears on a British map of the St. Marys River of the early

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The land mass that is recognizable as St. Joseph Island today emerged 5,000 years ago as glacial uplift closed off the North Bay outlet capturing glacial runoff in the Lake Huron basin. During this period, the island's shorelines were carved out by continued glacial runoff that flowed from the west,

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region attracted the well-heeled of New York state, those from the US mid-west sought to establish resorts on islands accessible by steamboat on the Great Lakes. In 1898, H.W. Evenden, the son of a wealthy English draper purchased Campement d'Ours Island adjacent to the west-north-west corner of St.

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allowed Rains to purchase over 2,200 hectares to start a colony on St. Joseph Island. Rains, his family and a company of investors established Milford Haven - named after a seaside resort near Rains' hometown in Wales - complete with a store and saw mill in the southeast of the island. However, very

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ended the war by offering no territorial concessions to either side, but returned to those boundaries set by the Treaty of Paris. However, in order to resolve territorial claims that had precipitated the war, negotiators at Ghent established a process whereby commissioners would survey the boundary

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St. Joseph Island became a strategic mid-way point for French explorers, missionaries and fur traders on the long voyage between Quebec and Lake Superior. In addition to its geographic convenience, St. Joseph Island would have offered opportunities to rest on the voyage between the strategic centres

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St. Joseph Island is located along the northwest shipping channel of the St. Marys River. Large freighters heading towards Sault Ste. Marie and on to Lake Superior pass between the west side of St. Joseph Island with Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Neebish Island on the other. Ships on the channel

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The island's maple syrup festival is held each spring, including a traditional all-you-can-eat pancake and sausage meal prepared by the local branch of the Royal Canadian Legion. In 2017, the festival served 70 gallons of locally-produced syrup, 1,400 pounds of sausage and 827 pounds of pancake mix

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The island's permanent population has grown steadily over the last fifteen years. Nearly 500 new residents were added to the island between 2006 and 2021, increasing the population to a historic high of 2,320 residents. The 2021 census recorded a year-round population increase of 14.2 per cent over

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Fitting its Ojibwe name, Anipich – place of the hardwood trees, flora on St. Joseph Island is typified by dense hardwood forest with scattered conifers. A description from the summer of 1866, before large scale commercial logging and general settlement began, provides an inventory of the impressive

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Initially, officials in Quebec felt the island was too remote a location for a fort. Principally, it was Dorchester who was opposed to a garrison on the upper Great Lakes. He felt the strongest defensive position in the event of an American attack would be to concentrate the relatively thin British

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labels it "Anipich", after a Ojibwe word meaning "place of the hardwood trees". The Ojibwe would call the island "Payentanassin" as well. But by the 1740s the island came to be called "Saint Joseph" by Europeans, presumably so-named by Jesuit missionaries in honour of the church they were building

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who travelled north from the Great Plains of the continent between 9000 BCE and 6000 BCE. These peoples followed the bison and other animals into the areas revealed by retreating glaciers. Evidence of Plano migrations – particularly projectile point tools - has been found in the Great Lakes basin

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The much longer 68 km (42 mi) continuous loop segment circles most of the island. To assist in navigation and street addressing, stretches of the loop have been given suffix letters which generally correspond to the local road name. For example, the portion of Highway 548 which is signed

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Festivals and events geared towards the tourist economy are held throughout the year, including the annual Maple Syrup Festival in Richards Landing, Arts at the Dock in Hilton Beach, the Great Canadian Arts Festival and Canada Day Tractor Trot in Richards Landing, private arts and craft sales, the

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Tourism is the primary source of income on St. Joseph Island. The island is a popular tourist destination, especially for cottagers from nearby Sault Ste. Marie, and visitors from the United States. Most of the island is privately owned, with many seasonal cottages situated near Richards Landing

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Today, tree growth on the island is typically hardwood with scattered conifers, including red maple, red oak, beech, yellow birch, white birch, black ash, hemlock, black spruce, white spruce and eastern white cedar. Sugar maple trees that support the island's robust maple syrup production are also

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The island is dotted by nearly 60 small lakes, the largest being Twin Lakes near the centre of the island, Caufield Lake, Otter Lake and Rains Lake. Several rivers and streams cut through the island, the longest being the Koshkawong River connecting Twin Lakes south to the bay at Milford Haven and

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Beginning in 1953, a government-run diesel ferry, the "St. Joseph Islander", operated from Humbug Point providing free, 24-hour access to the island for residents, cottagers and tourists. Before this, Islanders had relied upon two cable ferries. The first began operating in 1919 and ran on a 610

920:, then an apprentice architect, to design him a home. Completed in 1902, the 130 m Pitkin Cottage is one of only two, and the only surviving, buildings designed by the American architect in Canada. In 1916, the cottage was purchased from Pitkin by another Illinois businessman, James Heyworth. 871:

Two lumber mills began operating on the island in the early 1880s. In 1912, the Stone Lumber Company at Marksville had added 13 km of railroad with a locomotive to reach dense woodlots up the mountain and deliver timber to the mill. For a time both the train and mill were operated around the

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met in New York City for four weeks in November and December 1821. They were guided by four principles: first, that the boundary would not divide islands; that the boundary would follow the most navigable channel; where several navigable channels existed, the boundary would go through the one with

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A reciprocity agreement reached in early 1808 between Britain and the United States on the import and export of furs put additional pressure on economic activity at St. Joseph as the trading companies deemed it more affordable to pay duties to trade at Mackinac than to sell for lower prices at St.

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Though it was generally unpopulated to that point, the island was understood to be the territory of the Ojibwe who in time began visiting the new fort and asking about payment for the island. On June 16, 1798, the deputy superintendent of Indian affairs, Alexander McKee departed Amherstburg on the

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Nevertheless, following a year of consideration, Dorchester relented and settled on St. Joseph Island as the site for the new fort to replace Mackinac. The site was preferred to other locations on the mainland including Thessalon and Sault Ste. Marie as it had a relatively deep shoreline suited to

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Popular events are organized for islanders and visitors by number of service clubs and volunteer associations on the island including the Lions Club, Matthews Memorial Hospital Association, St. Joseph Island Arts Association, St. Joseph Island Historical Association and the Royal Canadian Legion,

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that stretches through southern Ontario to the St. Lawrence shore to Quebec City. This makes the island relatively unique from the Ontario mainland across the North Channel as only it and Manitoulin Island are considered parts of this ecozone. The ecozone is characterized by a relatively mild and

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limestone, shale and white sandstone some of which appears as outcrops in the northern part of the island. This bedrock slopes southward dropping 100 m from the north of the island to the south, so that a very large part of the island's bedrock is actually below Lake Huron levels. As a geological

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A government report on the progress of the settlement in July 1839 found only ten small homes at the Milford Haven, several of which were occupied by French Canadians and Metis fishermen who had been living on the island prior to the start of Rains' colony. The only other occupant was an American

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moved from Fort St. Joseph to reclaim the fort at Mackinac Island. Abandoned, Fort St. Joseph was burned by a U.S. force in July 1814. As a result of shifting strategic considerations and the decline of the fur trade, the British did not rebuild the Fort St. Joseph following the war. In 1974, the

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had ended the American Revolution and established the boundary between the newly independent United States of America and British North America as running "through the middle of said Lake Huron to the water communication between that Lake and Lake Superior..." While the treaty very clearly placed

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By the 1890s, regular steamer traffic was a feature of the upper Great Lakes, providing passenger service and routine mail delivery. Steamboats of the Great Northern Transit Company served Hilton and Richards Landing and marketed the stops as destinations for tourists on their Georgian Bay Route

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to negotiate with Ojibwe chiefs for the purchase of St. Joseph Island, held under lease to that point. On June 30, 1798, the Ojibwe agreed to sell the island to the British for £1,200 Quebec currency of trade goods, an annual gift exchange and the right to continue to harvest the island and bury

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That summer, Royal Engineers led by Lieutenant George Landmann were sent from Quebec with general instructions to build a fort consisting of a blockhouse, guard house, powder magazine, Indian council house, bake house, and storehouse for the Indian Department all of which would be enclosed on a

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to survey the area from the Straits of Mackinac to Lake Superior to attempt to clarify the boundary left unclear by the Treaty of Paris and to locate a suitable site for a new fort. In his report, the chief surveyor wrote "St. Joseph's Island is a very fine island about 27 miles long, one of a

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Today, elementary students from junior kindergarten to grade six on the island attend St. Joseph Island Central School. Students in grades 7 to 12 attend Central Algoma Secondary School on the mainland. School buses operate on the island to take children to both schools. Both St. Joseph Island

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Throughout the history of settlement on St. Joseph Island, many small schools operated in various places across the Island. However, since 1964 all elementary age students have attended the St. Joseph Island Central Public School in Richards Landing. Following years of community organizing and

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contains buildings and artifacts representing over two centuries of island history. The original and restored buildings that make up the museum grounds include a log school originally built at Sailor's Encampment in 1877, a stone church built in 1899, a brick schoolhouse built in 1933, and the

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system). With Lake Huron helping to moderate temperatures, winters tend to be cold and snowy and summers relatively warm. The coldest month is January during which temperatures range between −5 °C (23 °F) and −13 °C (9 °F). Summer months tend to be moderately warm, with the

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finally established the boundary "along the ship channel between Saint Joseph and St. Tammany Islands, to the division of the channel at or near the head of St. Joseph's Island ; thence, turning eastwardly and northwardly, around the lower end of SE George's or Sugar Island" so as to assign

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production in Ontario, with nearly 30 companies producing 18 per cent of the province's maple syrup. Its location on the Great Lakes, ease of reach by road and boat and the availability of local services have made it a destination for tourists and cottagers in northeastern Ontario.

3783:"Reports of International Arbitral Awards: Declaration and decision of the Commissioners of Great Britain and the United States, under Article VI of the Treaty of Ghent of 1814, respecting Boundaries, relating to lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron and River St. Lawrence. 18 June 1822" 2199:

electoral district that includes the City of Sault Ste. Marie and returning it to the more rural Algoma—Manitoulin—Kapuskasing district on the basis that the island has "some community of interest with other similar-sized communities along Highway 17" in that electoral district.

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clock. By the end of the 1910s, the mill had produced and shipped two and a half million board feet of maple and pine lumber around the world. The rail line operated for almost 25 years until mill ceased operation in the depression of the 1930s and the tracks were dismantled.

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Many small family farms or hobby farms operate on the island producing corn and other vegetables, beef, dairy, lamb, poultry and eggs. There are currently three dairy farms operating on the island that produce and provide milk to regional dairies, including Farquhar Dairies.

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The island is 365 km (141 sq mi) in area. On its longest - northeast to southwest - axis the island is about 30 km (19 mi) and about 20 km (12 mi) at its widest point. The circumference of the island's coastline is 145 km (90 mi).

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the 2016 census. Every census subdivision saw an increase in population; the largest increase of 24.4 per cent occurred in Hilton Township. St. Joseph Township and the Village of Hilton Beach both saw an increase of about 15 per cent and Jocelyn Township grew 0.3 per cent.

991:, a huge glacier extending into the present-northern United States, melted about 11,000 years ago, it carved deep gouges into the earth, scraped off top soil and deposited rock and sand. The glacier's retreat also allowed land compacted by the weight of the ice to rise. 1058:" sourced from St. Joseph Island, Ontario. This type of rock can be found along the far northwestern shore of Lake Huron. In the early 1800s, English settlers gave the stone its unusual name believing it looked like boiled suet pudding with currants and red cherries. 2870:

fundraising, the St. Joseph Island District High School opened in Richards Landing in 1960. It was operated by the Township of St. Joseph through the 1960s until 1972 when the opening of the bridge to the mainland coincided with the opening of the newly constructed

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rock formation is little evident on the island itself. Shield outcrops are found along the north edge of the island, including Boulanger Point, Humbug Point where the bridge meets the island, Gawas Bay, and in the northeastern third of Campement d'Ours Island.

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On most of the island, surface soil consists of boulders, pebbles, sand, silt, and clay believed to have been deposited by retreating glacial ice. In large parts this till is covered by sediments of varying depths deposited when the island was submerged by

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Tourists can dock at municipal marinas that operate at Hilton Beach and Richards Landing. The Hilton Beach Marina consists of over 160 slips, with approximately 30 available to visiting boats. The Richards Landing Municipal Marina has 70 slips and is a

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For a time, the British exploited this uncertainty as well as the relatively weak American administration in their newly acquired territory, to keep a British garrison at Fort Mackinac. However, this arrangement would soon become untenable. Under the

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metre cable between Campement D'Ours Island and the mainland. The second ferry, the "Magic Carpet" operated from Pine Island to the mainland. In 1934, both ferries were sold to the provincial government which began providing a free service.

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Joseph E. and Estelle L. Bayliss. River of Destiny: The Saint Marys. Wayne University Press, Detroit. 1955. p. 122. and John Abbott, Graeme S. Mount, and Michael J. Mulloy. The History of Fort St. Joseph. Dundurn Group, Toronto. 2000. p.

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Branch 374. Particularly in the summer months St. Joseph Island draws live musical acts from across Canada and the United States. The St. Joseph Island Maple Syrup Festival is held annually during the first and second week of April.

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Wild turkeys were introduced to the island in 2004 and 2005. A total of 84 of the birds were released at three separate sites as part of a project of the Ontario government and St. Joseph Island Hunters & Anglers Association.

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became an important point for trade and commerce in the region, receiving vessels and their goods from Detroit, Mackinac and Sault Ste. Marie. Settlers, many of whom had lived near the fort at Mackinac as well as merchants of the

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Unlike neighbouring islands, little evidence has been found of early human activity on St. Joseph Island. Archeologists have found very little to confirm settlement, farming or hunting on the island before the 17th century.

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The population is served by three libraries. The St. Joseph Township Public Library and the Florence Orrell Children's Library are located in Richards Landing and the Hilton Union Public Library is located in Hilton Beach.

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preserve on the island for many years, in the 1960's, but even with a pheasant release by the SJI Hunters and Anglers, the pheasants have not done as well as the turkeys. The island is also popular for hunting and fishing.

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and Manitoulin Island). Mapping this corner of Lake Huron was a challenge given how little was actually known about the shores and depths of the channels between the islands. The agent for the American survey team, Major

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complained "No map that I have seen has any truth as it respects the position of Drummond's or the other islands about St. Marys. We entered this bay without a pilot, but are told we cannot proceed up river without one."

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Given its northern latitude, winter days are quite short, with as little as eight and a half hours of daylight on the December solstice. The June solstice experiences 15 hours and 48 minutes between sunrise and sunset.

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Among the first to see this potential was Major William Kingdom Rains. A veteran of British wars in Europe, Rains resigned the military in 1830 to start a new life in British North America. In 1834, Lieutenant Governor

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peoples. The Laurentian people, hunters and fishers who came from the southeast, settled in the lower St. Lawrence and eastern Great Lakes region. The Shield people, likely descendants of the Plano, came south from the

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In 2011, nearly two-thirds of the population (63%) was between the ages of 15 and 64, over a quarter (27%) is 65 or older, and ten per cent are children under the age of 15. The median age for the island was 56.3.

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The coastal waters and inland lakes provide ideal habitat for loons, eagles, owls, songbirds, osprey, sandpipers, caspian terns, sandhill cranes, blue herons, blue jays, turkey vultures and many species of duck.

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widow and her daughter. Nothing could exceed the cleanliness of the lodge in the wilderness. The surveyors saw no one else on the island and reported it as a jungle containing only bears and other wild animals."

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moist climate with rich, fertile soils capable of supporting mixed deciduous and evergreen forests and tolerant hardwood forests. This zone is home to fauna and flora that are among the most diverse in Canada.

1094:"The Mountain" is a glacial moraine of rock debris pushed by a glacial lobe before it receded. This formation is of particular interest to geologists as it would have been an island itself during the glacial 1014:

that existed as a single body of water atop the basins of today's lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan. As the land surface to the lake's south rebounded 9,000 years ago, it began draining eastward through the

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Until the construction of the bridge in 1972, residents and tourists relied on watercraft to reach the island. Many waterfront cottages and homes have docks to service small motor boats and pleasure craft.

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has its origins on St. Joseph Island. The first such coats were created at Fort St. Joseph when an expected shipment of great coats failed to arrive in November 1811. The British commander asked storekeeper

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The island is an attractive destination for cyclists, with the 70 km Highway 548 loop around the island being a particularly popular route, offering a variety of hills, straightaways and scenery.

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Carroll, Francis M. (Fall 2004). "The Search for the Canadian-American boundary along the Michigan frontier, 1819-1827: The Boundary Commissions under Articles Six and Seven of the Treaty of Ghent".

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At the close of the 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, it became very fashionable among wealthy Americans and others to have summer residences along the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. While the

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However, the commissioners were unable to agree on where the border should go upon exiting the channel between St. Joseph and St. Tammany. This question would wait another 20 years until the 1842

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Electrical power came to St. Joseph Island in the 1930s, with a few commercial and residential customers connected in Richards Landing and Hilton Beach in the summer of 1933. The community of

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Its highest point, known colloquially and by surveyors as "the Mountain", is near the centre of the island near Carterton with an elevation of 345.6 m, which is about 169 m above Lake Huron.

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11" is one of the Upper Canada Land Surrender treaties conducted by the British government and First Nations in the period between the end of the American Revolution and Confederation.

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of 1817, offered greater certainty in the region. Increasingly Europeans began to see St. Joseph Island and its environs for their abundant resources and potential for settlement.

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The St. Marys River and North Channel provide habitat for a number of Great Lakes fish species including northern pike, trout, bass and salmon, perch, pickerel and lake herring.

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In the early years of settlement maple sugar was exported in large quantities. Over 2,041 kg were sent to Amherstburg in 1798 and 454,000 metric tons to Detroit in 1839.

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Beginning in the mid-1850s, population growth of the island began to shift from the south and west to better agricultural land in the north. Government policies including the

655:. It is naturally fertile and well suited to cultivation but not so well fitted for military purposes. However, I have claimed it for the British crown and built a stockade." 3653: 678:

Instrument of treaty between seven principal chiefs of the Chippewa (Ojibwe) Nation and the United Kingdom of Great Britain for the Island of St. Joseph dated 30 June 1798.

429:. The island is the subject of one of the Upper Canada Land Surrender treaties conducted by the British government and First Nations in the period between the end of the 2841: 2747: 2716: 631:

with the aboriginal peoples. However, there was great dispute among British officials where these new posts should be located and whether one was needed west of the

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This detail of Abel Buell's famous 1783 map shows the international border appearing to divide St. Joseph Island between the United States and British North America.

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were created when their north shore rebounded from the retreating ice, capturing glacial runoff. Initially, the island was submerged entirely up to 75 metres under

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in August. Two events organized in the spring and fall by the local arts community invite people to visit the home studios and shops of artists around the island.

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forces closer to the strategic centres of Quebec and Montreal. Upper Canada, he felt, was indefensible and not worth defending if it meant losing Quebec. However,

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in 1763. Under the terms of treaty, France relinquished virtually all of its interests in North America to the British. For the first time, the British and their

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Among the regular arts events are Arts on the Dock held in Hilton Beach and the Canadian Arts Festival in Richards Landing in July, and Arts and Artifacts at the

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The ferry was retired in 1972 when a bridge was constructed. In December 1994, the bridge was named the Bernt Gilbertson St. Joseph Island Bridge in honour of

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resided on the island for over 50 years. His watercolour paintings, often of island scenes, are found in the collections of prominent individuals including

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at the island's north-west end. The largest population centre on St. Joseph Island is the village of Richards Landing on the island's northern shore.

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The much smaller Campement d'Ours Island, located at the north side of the island is connected to St. Joseph Island by a small bridge and causeway.

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between them to the United States. Importantly, they also placed the border along the western shore of St. Joseph between it and St. Tammany (today

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to 3,623 customers. The festival, which began in 1967, for a time in the 1970s included a "Maple Syrup Queen" pageant among local teenage girls.

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Relying on the surveys taken in the summers of 1820 and 1821, the commissioners, Anthony Barclay of the United Kingdom and the American General

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is a private airstrip located about halfway between Richards Landing and Hilton Beach consisting of a 732 m (2,402 ft) turf runway.

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of it. A rough roadway followed the CPR line so that by 1923, the communities along the channel were connected to Sault Ste. Marie by road.

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in the north and terminates at a T-intersection with the loop segment at Kent's Corners, 5.4 kilometres (3.4 mi) south of Highway 17.

3641:. Archives of Ontario, Library, Toronto: Reprinted from "Papers and Records of the Ontario Historical Society", Vol. III, 1901. p. 3. 2727: 3258: 3027: 924: 2707:

St. Joseph Island's appeal as a tourist destination has contributed to a culture that mixes its rural charm with a lively arts scene.

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can be found in deposits around the island and surrounding areas including Drummond Island having been scraped from formations in the

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stockade, as well as a wharf on to Lake Huron. Landmann took three summers to complete the fort, returning to Quebec in the winters.

916:. In 1900, Chicago merchant Edward H. Pitkin purchased Sapper Island to the west of Campement d'Ours Island and asked his neighbour 614:

on the American side, the text was far less clear about how St. Joseph and its neighbouring islands that fell in the middle of the

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Population and Dwellings Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities)

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study concluded, if the surface rock and soil atop the bedrock were removed, the island would be less than half its actual size.

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St. Joseph Island Bernt Gilbertson Bridge is part of Ontario Highway 548 that circles the island and connects it to the mainland

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by providing up to two hundred acres of land per head of household. The greatest influx of settlers came between 1874 and 1882.

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Native animals include deer, bears, beavers, red fox, rabbits and raccoons. More rarely seen are moose, coyotes and wolves.

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During the summer months, the influx of seasonal cottagers can boost the island's population to between 4,000 and 10,000.

216: 1046: 864:. Two years later, businessman John Marks moved from Bruce Mines and founded Marksville, which was incorporated as the 955: 639: 525:

ancestors had come from the east around 1200. The very first European believed to have seen the island would have been

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St. Joseph, Drummond and Cockburn islands and the placement of the international boundary agreed to in 1822 and 1842.

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It is speculated that the first humans to see St. Joseph Island and set foot on it were the hunter-gatherers of the

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By about 5000 BCE, St. Joseph Island would have formed part of the boundary between the Laurentian Archaic and the

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Great Northern Transit Co's steamboat line : running in close connection with the C.T.R. and C.P.R. companies

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Any claim that France may have had to all or any portion of St. Joseph Island ended with the conclusion of the

501:(a much larger Hudson Bay) and travelled along the northern shores of lakes that are today Superior and Huron. 2916: 801: 446: 838:

store owner who was shipping fish and a sizable amount of maple syrup by schooner to Detroit and Chicago.

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Central School and Central Algoma Secondary School are administered by the Algoma District School Board.

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By the time the Europeans began arriving in the 1630s, the north channel of Lake Huron was shared by the

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Conditions were not a great deal better for the Ojibwe who had come to depend upon trade with the fort.

2996: 2188: 1139: 771:, mapped the area of St. Joseph Island, Drummond Island, and Lesser and Greater Manitou Islands (today 5179: 2906:

seen in the northwest shipping channel between St. Joseph Island, Ontario and Neebish Island, Michigan

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St. Joseph Island Triathlon and the annual community nights in Richards Landing and Hilton Beach.

2776: 946:, an island resident and member of provincial parliament who had long petitioned for the bridge. 821:

The boundary commission process, combined with the demilitarization of the Great Lakes under the

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followed the garrison to establish the first permanent European settlement on the island around

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of 1868, encouraged would-be farmers in the south of Ontario to relocate to tracts of land in

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Beginning in August 1820, two teams of surveyors, including British explorer and cartographer

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eventually make a wide westerly turn at Stribling Point at St. Joseph's northernmost point.

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and is surrounded by outcrops of it on the mainland to the north. However, this distinctive

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The St. Joseph Island Bernt Gilbertson Bridge, opened in 1972, is seen leading to the island

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Poster of 1878 advertising immigration to Ontario, promising land grants of up to 200 acres

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H.J.L. Wooley. The Sword of Old St. Joe: Historical Sketches. Unknown publisher. 19??. p.2

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Wild flowers, including trilliums can be found growing along island roads and in meadows.

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was included later in the decade. Street lights were installed in the villages in 1947.

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between lakes Huron and Michigan 50 km (31 mi) west of St. Joseph Island. From

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St. Joseph Island first appeared on European maps in the 1670s. A map by French explorer

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Retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the stages of the development of the Great Lakes

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were to be apportioned. For instance, an influential map produced by American engraver

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This satellite image shows St. Joseph Island, Ontario located near the mouth of the

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forming the coasts of the St. Marys River and Lake Huron that surround the island.

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John Richards moved to St. Joseph Island from Sault Ste. Marie in 1876 and founded

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along D Line is designated 548D, along Huron Line the highway is designated 548H.

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A Good and Wise Measure: The search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842

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A Good and Wise Measure: The search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842

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A Good and Wise Measure: The search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783-1842

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The island lies approximately 45 km (28 mi) south east of the city of

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their dead there. The St. Joseph Island Treaty, or "St. Joseph's Island Treaty

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on the island. A 1735 French map is believed to be the first to use the name "

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in the Huron basin, during which St. Joseph Island was part of the mainland.

909: 841: 652: 632: 591: 587: 384: 344: 296: 129: 116: 5038: 4934: 4471:. Toronto, ON: Ontario Geological Survey. Government of Ontario. p. 18. 4456:. Toronto, ON: Ontario Geological Survey. Government of Ontario. p. 16. 2836:

Attractions include Fort St. Joseph national historical site, maintained by

582:. Included in the French assets was the strategically important fort at the 562:

1790s and is used incidentally within the St. Joseph Island Treaty in 1798.

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whose 1621 voyage to the mouth of Lake Superior took him, together with his

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Environment and Climate Change Canada – Ontario Region (7 November 2014).

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The Migration of Voyageurs From Drummond Island to Penetanguishene in 1828

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Population of the census divisions and subdivisions of St. Joseph Island

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However, British superiority on the lakes did not last long. By 1783 the

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John Roblin Abbott, Graeme Stewart Mount, and Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

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John Roblin Abbott, Graeme Stewart Mount, and Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

3370: 980:, a fertile plain that is composed primarily of post-glacial landforms. 367:. At 365 km (141 sq mi) in area, it is the sixth largest 4324: 4096:"Remember This? Did you know there was a railway on St. Joseph Island?" 4009:

A Vast and Magnificent Land: An Illustrated History of Northern Ontario

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based on the treaty instructions appears to divide St. Joseph in half.

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The Sword of Old St. Joe: Historical Sketches. Unknown publisher. 19??

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by the Member of Provincial Parliament for the electoral district of

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Census of Canada, 1971, Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921-1971

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Census of Canada, 1951, Population by Census subdivisions, 1871-1951

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John Roblin Abbott; Graeme Stewart Mount; Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

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John Roblin Abbott; Graeme Stewart Mount; Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

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John Roblin Abbott; Graeme Stewart Mount; Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

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John Roblin Abbott; Graeme Stewart Mount; Michael J. Mulloy (2000).

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Made of thick wool, often in colourfully dyed patterns, the iconic

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The island provides habitat for a rich array of animals and birds.

590:, the British were able to control the flow of trade in and out of 533:

guides, along the north channel of Lake Huron north of the island.

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The St. Joseph Island Migratory Bird Sanctuary, maintained by the

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St. Joseph Island is located near the south easterly mouth of the

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original Kentvale general store that operated from 1912 to 1932.

541:, fishing, hunting as well as gathering seasonal native berries. 364: 221: 4997:

Quaternary Geology, St. Joseph Island, Ontario Geological Survey

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Quaternary Geology, St. Joseph Island, Ontario Geological Survey

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Quaternary Geology, St. Joseph Island, Ontario Geological Survey

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Quaternary Geology, St. Joseph Island, Ontario Geological Survey

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Quaternary Geology, St. Joseph Island, Ontario Geological Survey

994: 4508:"Climate & Weather Averages in St. Joseph, Ontario, Canada" 4121:"Remember This . . .The Story of the St. Joseph Island Railway" 1113: 1110: 962:. It is the most westerly of the Manitoulin chain of islands. 510: 360: 38: 4932: 4533:"St. Joseph, Ontario, Canada — Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength" 4298: