Knowledge

Sports Car Club of America

Source đź“ť

480: 531: 132: 331:-style starts, complete with reaction and 60-foot times. Class winners and other qualifiers (based on time differential against the class winner) then compete in a handicapped elimination round called the "Challenge". Points are awarded in both class and Challenge competition, and an annual champion is crowned each September at the ProSolo Finale event in Lincoln, Nebraska. 404:
division where drivers race on either dedicated race tracks or on temporary street circuits. Competitors require either a regional or a national racing license. Both modified production cars (ranging from lightly modified cars with only extra safety equipment to heavily modified cars that retain only
624:
The SCCA is organized into six conferences, nine divisions and 115 regions, each organizing events in that area to make the events more accessible to people throughout the country. The number of divisions has increased since the SCCA's foundation. Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific started as a
370:
Track Night in America is a track experience program sanctioned by the SCCA. The program is designed to be low barrier to entry, and accepting to all skill levels. Events happen all over the country, on week evenings usually between Tuesday and Thursday. SCCA planned week night track events to keep
361:
are run on open, public roads. These are not races in the sense of speed, but of precision and navigation. The object is to drive on time, arriving at checkpoints with the proper amount of elapsed time from the previous checkpoint. Competitors do not know where the checkpoints are.
327:. Individual national-level events called "Championship Tours" and "Match Tours" are held throughout the racing season. The SCCA also holds national-level events in an alternate format called "ProSolo". In ProSolo, two cars compete at the same time on mirror-image courses with 374:
TNiA goes to well known tracks like Road America, VIR, even Sebring and Lime Rock. There are also smaller club tracks like CMP, AMP and Pitt Race. TNiA puts on about 150 events a year, totaling nearly 10,000 entrants each year, and as of 2024 has been running for 10 years.
318:
Competitions are held at the regional, divisional, and national levels. A national champion in each class is determined at the national championship (usually referred to as "Nationals") held in September. In 2009, Solo Nationals moved to the
314:
program is branded as "Solo". Up to four cars at a time run on a course laid out with traffic cones on a large paved surface, such as a parking lot or airport runway, without interfering with one another.
383:
In recent years, the SCCA has expanded and re-organized some of the higher-speed events under the Time Trials banner. These include Performance Driving Experience ("PDX"), Club Trials, Track Trials, and
557:
also began in 1966. Today, Trans-Am uses GT-1 class regulations, giving amateur drivers a chance to race professionally. A professional series for open-wheel racing cars was introduced in 1967 as the
1506: 625:
single Pacific Coast Division until dividing in 1966. Rocky Mountain Division is a relatively recent split. The Great Lakes Division was split from the Central Division at the end of 2006.
413:" cars can be used in Club Racing. Most of the participants in the Club Racing program are unpaid amateurs, but some go on to professional racing careers. The club is also the source for 464:
a track where the race has never been held. It was announced on 15 June 2018 that the Runoffs would go back to Road America in the year 2020. On 25 May 2019, the weekend of the
1552: 240:
bases for the SCCA's use; the SCCA relied heavily on these venues during the early and mid-1950s during the transition from street racing to permanent circuits.
217:, an SCCA member and local enthusiast who would later become Director of Pro Racing and Executive Director of the SCCA, helped organize the event for the SCCA. 1547: 1537: 1532: 1103: 1400: 1542: 1256: 566: 542: 294: 271: 1073: 1496: 1456: 1386: 1334: 1308: 1282: 221: 1522: 209:. The SCCA was formed in 1944 as an enthusiast group. The SCCA began sanctioning road racing in 1948 with the inaugural 1190: 421: 1005: 1000: 990: 389: 225: 194: 166: 50: 392:-type events and consist of driver-education and car control classroom learning combined with on-track instruction. 1160: 468:, SCCA announced they will be returning to Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 2021. The current SCCA record holder is 546: 425: 1360: 604:
for open-wheel racing. SCCA Pro Racing has also sanctioned professional series for some amateur classes such as
1107: 473: 461: 429: 248: 293:
series. In 1969, tension and infighting over Pro Racing's autonomy caused Bishop to resign and help form the
562: 279: 252: 232:. Many early SCCA events were held on disused air force bases, organized with the help of Air Force General 601: 558: 244: 798: 772: 541:
The SCCA dropped its amateur only policy in 1962 and began sanctioning professional racing. In 1963, the
453: 1111: 193:
The SCCA traces its roots to the Automobile Racing Club of America (not to be confused with the current
1527: 1010: 577: 437: 320: 260: 256: 1425: 1134: 597: 593: 449: 287: 1404: 1047: 613: 348: 267: 1209: 1501: 995: 385: 210: 479: 530: 465: 441: 237: 371:
costs down, as well as build a program that doesn't take over the entrants entire weekend.
718: 8: 609: 501: 497: 351:. At the end of the 2004 season SCCA dropped ProRally and ClubRally. A new organization, 339:
The SCCA sanctions "RallyCross" events, similar to autocross, but on a non-paved course.
214: 198: 1260: 931: 585: 311: 30: 979: 414: 324: 1081: 681: 493: 410: 275: 229: 224:
was formed from existing marquee events around the nation, including Watkins Glen,
154: 1453: 1338: 1312: 1286: 185:. Formed in 1944, it runs many programs for both amateur and professional racers. 1460: 605: 589: 573: 550: 525: 283: 150: 1030:
Smith, Steven Cole (30 October 2017). "New SCCA Leader is a Consensus Builder".
726: 722: 457: 406: 96: 1516: 802: 673: 669: 352: 340: 236:, a renowned enthusiast of sports car racing. LeMay loaned out facilities of 182: 131: 60: 1194: 768: 764: 689: 685: 581: 469: 445: 433: 233: 206: 178: 1437: 894: 831: 734: 653: 513: 509: 401: 328: 202: 174: 46: 1476: 1234: 1168: 945: 911: 865: 677: 170: 162: 42: 34: 1364: 886: 847: 776: 756: 730: 554: 535: 505: 264: 158: 405:
the basic shape of the original vehicle) and designed-from-scratch "
1032: 857: 843: 839: 835: 819: 815: 786: 752: 738: 697: 665: 657: 358: 344: 941: 919: 873: 861: 794: 714: 710: 693: 1486: 953: 949: 927: 923: 907: 827: 420:
The annual national championship for Club Racing is called the
290: 1193:. Sports Car Club of America. 22 November 2006. Archived from 915: 890: 661: 1074:"The Ardent Alligator and The 1949 Watkins Glen Grand Prix" 869: 823: 790: 760: 549:(Can-Am) was created for Group 7 open-top sportscars. The 270:. SCCA Executive Director John Bishop helped to create the 38: 1491: 278:
sports cars to recover races that had been taken by rival
1507:
How professional racing changed the SCCA – and the world
1481: 1387:"Back to Indianapolis Motor Speedway for 2021 Runoffs" 117: 1439:
1967 SCCA Grand Prix Championship Review, myf5000.com
619: 1509:- Jeff Zurschmeide, Racer Magazine, 10 February 2014 492:
The seven national classes of the formula group are
487: 282:. Bishop was also instrumental in founding the SCCA 243:
By 1962, the SCCA was tasked with managing the U.S.
1401:"Jerry Hansen Race Car Driver | E3 Sparkplug News" 1257:"SCCA Solo National Championships Move to Lincoln" 456:(2017). In 2018, the Runoffs will go back west to 1514: 1553:Auto racing organizations in the United States 476:), with twenty-seven national championships. 1548:Automobile associations in the United States 1363:. Sports Car Club of America. Archived from 1337:. Sports Car Club of America. Archived from 1311:. Sports Car Club of America. Archived from 1285:. Sports Car Club of America. Archived from 1161:"SCCA National Sports Car Championship 1951" 205:, and dissolved in 1941 at the outbreak of 355:, picked up both series starting in 2005. 612:Pro. SCCA Pro Racing also sanctioned the 365: 197:). ARCA was founded in 1933 by brothers 1538:Sports organizations established in 1944 1533:1944 establishments in the United States 1207: 1191:"SCCA Announces 2007 Hall of Fame Class" 567:1976 SCCA/USAC Formula 5000 Championship 529: 478: 572:Current SCCA-sanctioned series include 388:events. PDX events are non-competition 1515: 543:United States Road Racing Championship 519: 295:International Motor Sports Association 272:United States Road Racing Championship 1029: 263:. The club was also involved in the 222:SCCA National Sports Car Championship 1104:"The History of VIR and Road Racing" 460:. In 2019, the race will be held at 300: 305: 13: 1259:. 11 November 2008. Archived from 1208:Gousseau, Alexis (23 April 2006). 1158: 1071: 620:Conferences, divisions and regions 561:. This series was then held under 422:SCCA National Championship Runoffs 14: 1564: 1543:Organizations established in 1944 1470: 1463:webpage. Retrieved 7 August 2010. 1428:- Racer Magazine, 30 January 2014 1132: 1006:Automobile Association of America 1001:Automobile Racing Club of America 991:Hillclimbing in the United States 488:SCCA Majors formula group classes 195:stock car series of the same name 51:Hillclimbing in the United States 1492:SCCA Pro Racing official website 1139:North American Motorsports Pages 130: 1447: 1431: 1419: 1393: 1379: 1353: 1327: 1301: 1275: 1249: 973: 547:Canadian-American Challenge Cup 483:Formula Vee car of Rick Shields 426:Riverside International Raceway 1227: 1201: 1183: 1152: 1126: 1108:Virginia International Raceway 1096: 1065: 1040: 1023: 474:Brainerd International Raceway 462:Virginia International Raceway 430:Daytona International Speedway 395: 378: 1: 1016: 400:The Club Racing program is a 334: 280:USAC Road Racing Championship 1237:. Sports Car Club of America 602:Atlantic Championship Series 559:SCCA Grand Prix Championship 245:World Sportscar Championship 7: 984: 799:Lower Peninsula of Michigan 773:Upper Peninsula of Michigan 454:Indianapolis Motor Speedway 343:was a national performance 149:) is a non-profit American 80:; 80 years ago 10: 1569: 1523:Sports Car Club of America 1335:"Club Racing: Time Trials" 1210:"A tribute to John Bishop" 1135:"Introduction to the SCCA" 1048:"SCCA tax filings by year" 1011:Automobile Club of America 977: 578:GT World Challenge America 523: 512:(FV), Formula X (FX), and 438:Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course 432:(1965, 1967, 1969, 2015), 188: 143:Sports Car Club of America 22:Sports Car Club of America 961: 900: 808: 744: 598:F2000 Championship Series 594:F1600 Championship Series 545:was formed. In 1966 the 450:Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca 128: 115: 110: 102: 92: 74: 66: 56: 26: 1443:. Retrieved 17 June 2014 614:Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup 349:World Rally Championship 16:American automobile club 1502:1950s SCCA Race Results 1459:2 February 2008 at the 996:United States Auto Club 211:Watkins Glen Grand Prix 538: 484: 366:Track Night in America 347:series similar to the 1482:SCCA official website 533: 502:Formula Enterprises 2 482: 466:2019 Indianapolis 500 442:Heartland Park Topeka 424:and has been held at 238:Strategic Air Command 1426:70 years of the SCCA 428:(1964, 1966, 1968), 417:in all specialties. 1341:on 24 February 2010 1197:on 5 December 2006. 1171:on 15 November 2011 1078:Auto Racing History 632: 610:Formula Enterprises 520:Professional racing 498:Formula Continental 472:, (former owner of 448:(2009-2013, 2020), 440:(1994–2005, 2016), 215:Cameron Argetsinger 23: 1407:on 29 October 2012 1165:Racing Sports Cars 628: 539: 485: 21: 1528:Sports car racing 1263:on 7 January 2010 1072:Jaslow, Russell. 980:SCCA Hall of Fame 959: 958: 938:Southern Pacific 904:Northern Pacific 812:Midwest Division 616:during its time. 325:Lincoln, Nebraska 301:Sanctioned Events 139: 138: 1560: 1487:SCCA Time Trials 1464: 1451: 1445: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1403:. Archived from 1397: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1305: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1167:. Archived from 1159:KrejÄŤĂ­, Martin. 1156: 1150: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1133:Welty, Richard. 1130: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1110:. Archived from 1100: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1084:on 11 March 2010 1080:. Archived from 1069: 1063: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1027: 633: 631: 627: 534:Trans Am car of 494:Formula Atlantic 306:Autocross (Solo) 155:sanctioning body 135: 134: 124: 121: 119: 111:Official website 88: 86: 81: 24: 20: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1513: 1512: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1461:Wayback Machine 1452: 1448: 1436: 1432: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1315:on 30 June 2010 1307: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1289:on 28 June 2010 1281: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1114:on 12 June 2010 1102: 1101: 1097: 1087: 1085: 1070: 1066: 1056: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1028: 1024: 1019: 987: 982: 976: 964: 854:Rocky Mountain 801:, and Southern 696:, and Northern 629: 622: 606:Spec Racer Ford 590:Global MX-5 Cup 565:through to the 551:Trans-Am Series 528: 526:SCCA Pro Racing 522: 490: 398: 381: 368: 337: 321:Lincoln Airpark 308: 303: 284:Trans-Am Series 268:U.S. Grand Prix 191: 151:automobile club 129: 116: 84: 82: 79: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1566: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1471:External links 1469: 1466: 1465: 1446: 1430: 1418: 1392: 1378: 1367:on 26 May 2010 1352: 1326: 1300: 1274: 1248: 1226: 1200: 1182: 1151: 1125: 1095: 1064: 1039: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 986: 983: 978:Main article: 975: 972: 971: 970: 963: 960: 957: 956: 939: 935: 934: 905: 902: 898: 897: 893:, and coastal 884: 881: 877: 876: 855: 851: 850: 846:, and Western 813: 810: 806: 805: 784: 780: 779: 749: 746: 742: 741: 727:South Carolina 723:North Carolina 708: 705: 701: 700: 651: 648: 644: 643: 640: 637: 630:SCCA Divisions 621: 618: 521: 518: 489: 486: 458:Sonoma Raceway 397: 394: 380: 377: 367: 364: 336: 333: 307: 304: 302: 299: 190: 187: 137: 136: 126: 125: 113: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 97:Topeka, Kansas 94: 90: 89: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1565: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1361:"Club Racing" 1356: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1236: 1230: 1215: 1211: 1204: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1155: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1022: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 981: 969: 966: 965: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 937: 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 903: 899: 896: 892: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 856: 853: 852: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 811: 807: 804: 803:West Virginia 800: 796: 792: 788: 785: 782: 781: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 743: 740: 737:and Southern 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 709: 706: 703: 702: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 674:New Hampshire 671: 670:Massachusetts 667: 663: 659: 655: 652: 649: 646: 645: 641: 638: 635: 634: 626: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 563:various names 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 537: 532: 527: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 481: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 444:(2006–2008), 443: 439: 436:(1970–1993), 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 403: 393: 391: 387: 376: 372: 363: 360: 356: 354: 353:Rally America 350: 346: 342: 341:SCCA ProRally 332: 330: 326: 322: 316: 313: 298: 296: 292: 289: 286:and the SCCA/ 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 257:Bridgehampton 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220:In 1951, the 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 186: 184: 183:United States 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 133: 127: 123: 114: 109: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 61:United States 59: 55: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 29: 25: 19: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1421: 1409:. Retrieved 1405:the original 1395: 1381: 1369:. Retrieved 1365:the original 1355: 1343:. Retrieved 1339:the original 1329: 1317:. Retrieved 1313:the original 1309:"Road Rally" 1303: 1291:. Retrieved 1287:the original 1283:"Rallycross" 1277: 1265:. Retrieved 1261:the original 1251: 1239:. Retrieved 1229: 1217:. Retrieved 1213: 1203: 1195:the original 1185: 1173:. Retrieved 1169:the original 1164: 1154: 1142:. Retrieved 1138: 1128: 1116:. Retrieved 1112:the original 1098: 1086:. Retrieved 1082:the original 1077: 1067: 1055:. Retrieved 1051: 1042: 1031: 1025: 974:Hall of fame 968:See footnote 967: 783:Great Lakes 769:South Dakota 765:North Dakota 690:Rhode Island 686:Pennsylvania 623: 586:touring cars 571: 540: 491: 470:Jerry Hansen 452:(2014), and 446:Road America 434:Road Atlanta 419: 415:race workers 411:sports racer 399: 382: 373: 369: 359:Road rallies 357: 338: 317: 309: 261:Watkins Glen 242: 234:Curtis LeMay 230:Elkhart Lake 226:Pebble Beach 219: 207:World War II 192: 146: 142: 140: 106:Michael Cobb 93:Headquarters 67:Abbreviation 57:Jurisdiction 18: 1497:SCCA Awards 1454:SCCA Awards 944:, Southern 922:, Northern 910:, Northern 895:Mississippi 832:Mississippi 830:, Northern 818:, Southern 809:Mid-States 735:Puerto Rico 654:Connecticut 636:Conference 514:Formula 600 510:Formula Vee 402:road racing 396:Club Racing 379:Time Trials 329:drag racing 274:series for 203:Sam Collier 179:Hill Climbs 175:Road Racing 157:supporting 47:Road racing 1517:Categories 1241:4 November 1057:2 December 1052:ProPublica 1017:References 946:California 932:Washington 918:, Western 912:California 883:Southwest 866:New Mexico 860:, Eastern 822:, Western 759:, Eastern 729:, Eastern 707:Southeast 704:Southeast 678:New Jersey 650:Northeast 647:Northeast 642:Territory 592:, and the 524:See also: 386:Hill Climb 335:Rallycross 247:rounds at 171:Time Trial 163:Rallycross 43:Time Trial 35:Rallycross 1477:SCCA TNiA 887:Louisiana 880:Southern 848:Tennessee 777:Wisconsin 757:Minnesota 751:Northern 745:Northern 731:Tennessee 639:Division 555:pony cars 536:Ty Dillon 506:Formula F 312:autocross 265:Formula 1 159:Autocross 103:President 31:Autocross 1457:Archived 1214:IMSAblog 1033:Autoweek 985:See also 858:Colorado 844:Oklahoma 840:Nebraska 836:Missouri 820:Illinois 816:Arkansas 787:Kentucky 753:Illinois 748:Central 739:Virginia 698:Virginia 682:New York 666:Maryland 658:Delaware 608:Pro and 574:Trans Am 516:(F600). 942:Arizona 920:Montana 874:Wyoming 862:Montana 795:Indiana 719:Georgia 715:Florida 711:Alabama 694:Vermont 504:(FE2), 409:" and " 407:formula 276:Group 7 253:Sebring 249:Daytona 189:History 181:in the 83: ( 75:Founded 1411:16 May 1371:29 May 1345:29 May 1319:29 May 1293:29 May 1267:29 May 1235:"Solo" 1219:29 May 1175:29 May 1144:29 May 1118:29 May 1088:29 May 962:Awards 954:Nevada 952:, and 950:Hawaii 930:, and 928:Oregon 924:Nevada 908:Alaska 872:, and 828:Kansas 600:, and 588:, the 576:, the 508:(FF), 500:(FC), 496:(FA), 291:Can-Am 228:, and 177:, and 1036:: 47. 916:Idaho 901:West 891:Texas 662:Maine 345:rally 199:Miles 120:.scca 27:Sport 1413:2012 1373:2010 1347:2010 1321:2010 1295:2010 1269:2010 1243:2016 1221:2010 1177:2010 1146:2010 1120:2010 1090:2010 1059:2019 870:Utah 824:Iowa 791:Ohio 775:and 761:Iowa 584:and 580:for 553:for 390:HPDE 310:The 288:CASC 259:and 201:and 167:HPDE 153:and 147:SCCA 141:The 122:.com 85:1944 78:1944 70:SCCA 39:HPDE 323:in 213:. 118:www 1519:: 1212:. 1163:. 1137:. 1106:. 1076:. 1050:. 948:, 926:, 914:, 889:, 868:, 864:, 842:, 838:, 834:, 826:, 797:, 793:, 789:, 771:, 767:, 763:, 755:, 733:, 725:, 721:, 717:, 713:, 692:, 688:, 684:, 680:, 676:, 672:, 668:, 664:, 660:, 656:, 596:, 582:GT 569:. 297:. 255:, 251:, 173:, 169:, 165:, 161:, 1415:. 1389:. 1375:. 1349:. 1323:. 1297:. 1271:. 1245:. 1223:. 1179:. 1148:. 1122:. 1092:. 1061:. 145:( 87:)

Index

Autocross
Rallycross
HPDE
Time Trial
Road racing
Hillclimbing in the United States
United States
Topeka, Kansas
www.scca.com
United States
automobile club
sanctioning body
Autocross
Rallycross
HPDE
Time Trial
Road Racing
Hill Climbs
United States
stock car series of the same name
Miles
Sam Collier
World War II
Watkins Glen Grand Prix
Cameron Argetsinger
SCCA National Sports Car Championship
Pebble Beach
Elkhart Lake
Curtis LeMay
Strategic Air Command

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑