631:. Scientific experiments have proven that these five tastes exist and are distinct from one another. Taste buds are able to differentiate among different tastes through detecting interaction with different molecules or ions. Sweet, umami, and bitter tastes are triggered by the binding of molecules to
494:
compared to respiratory epithelium (not innervated, or supplied with nerves) gives an indication of the animal's olfactory sensitivity. Humans have about 10 cm (1.6 sq in) of olfactory epithelium, whereas some dogs have 170 cm (26 sq in). A dog's olfactory epithelium is
688:
As taste senses both harmful and beneficial things, all basic tastes are classified as either aversive or appetitive, depending upon the effect the things they sense have on our bodies. Sweetness helps to identify energy-rich foods, while bitterness serves as a warning sign of poisons.
607:
that do not contain taste buds. There are between 2000 and 5000 taste buds that are located on the back and front of the tongue. Others are located on the roof, sides and back of the mouth, and in the throat. Each taste bud contains 50 to 100 taste receptor cells.
181:
Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment. The resulting
1005:
de March, Claire A.; Ryu, SangEun; Sicard, Gilles; Moon, Cheil; Golebiowski, Jérôme (September 2015). "Structure–odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era".
228:
for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. Based on feedback from the visual system, the lens of the eye adjusts its thickness to focus light on the
1448:
472:
298:. The visual association cortex combines all sensory information perceived by the striate cortex which contains thousands of modules that are part of
1117:
240:. These signals are processed via complex feedforward and feedback processes by different parts of the brain, from the retina upstream to central
271:. However, the following applies to mammals generally and birds (in modified form): The retina in these more complex animals sends fibers (the
490:. The olfactory epithelium is made up of at least six morphologically and biochemically different cell types. The proportion of olfactory
584:
or other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds (gustatory calyculi) and other areas including the upper surface of the
394:, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of
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534:). This mucus acts as a solvent for odor molecules, flows constantly, and is replaced approximately every ten minutes.
696:, taste perception begins to fade around 50 years of age because of loss of tongue papillae and a general decrease in
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981:
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603:, which are visible to the naked eye. Within each papilla are hundreds of taste buds. The exception to this is the
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The basic tastes contribute only partially to the sensation and flavor of food in the mouth—other factors include
216:
of the eye focuses light from its surroundings onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called the
1068:
1928:
463:, where the sensory input will start to interact with parts of the brain responsible for smell identification,
204:
The visual system in animals allows individuals to assimilate information from their surroundings. The act of
201:). The various physiological components involved in vision are referred to collectively as the visual system.
1943:
17:
1322:
Miller, Greg (2 September 2011). "Sweet here, salty there: Evidence of a taste map in the mammilian brain".
530:(these are highly important, as the olfactory neurons provide a direct passage for infection to pass to the
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and things more primitive; anything with a more concentrated nervous system and better eyes than say a
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also considerably more densely innervated, with a hundred times more receptors per square centimeter.
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in the range of wavelengths between 370 and 730 nanometers (0.00000037 to 0.00000073 meters) of the
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of the olfactory sensory neurons. This may occur by diffusion or by the binding of the odorant to
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108:
917:"Integrating the biophysical and molecular mechanisms of auditory hair cell mechanotransduction"
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770:(11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education Inc. pp. 187–189.
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339:, changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the
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which does not have a specialized organ but comes from all over the body, most noticeably the
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Human
Physiology: An integrated approach 5th Edition -Silverthorn, Chapter-10, Page-354
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The perception of objects and the totality of the visual scene is accomplished by the
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Boron, W.F., E.L. Boulpaep. 2003. Medical
Physiology. 1st ed. Elsevier Science USA.
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740:, have lost the ability to sense up to four of their ancestral five taste senses.
471:. Often, land organisms will have separate olfaction systems for smell and taste (
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2009:
1984:
1979:
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Drake et al. (2010), Gray's
Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone.
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306:, a region in the visual association cortex that surrounds the striate cortex.
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Kung C. (2005-08-04). "A possible unifying principle for mechanosensation".
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287:. Signals from the retina can also travel directly from the retina to the
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of smell. Olfaction has many purposes, such as the detection of hazards,
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scientificamerican.com. Dr. Tim Jacob, Cardiff
University. 22 May 2009.
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In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the
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Neurogastronomy : how the brain creates flavor and why it matters
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stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines
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that lines the superior portion of the cavity and are detected by
251:
Note that up until now much of the above paragraph could apply to
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of the retina, also known as the rods and cones, which detect the
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439:, and food. It integrates with other senses to form the sense of
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35:
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aggregate signals from these receptors and transmit them to the
185:
is also known as visual perception, eyesight, sight, or vision (
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709:
705:
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The sensation of taste includes five established basic tastes:
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100:
1365:
Henry M Seidel; Jane W Ball; Joyce E Dains (1 February 2010).
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production. Humans can also have distortion of tastes through
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Taste is the sensation produced when a substance in the mouth
479:), but water-dwelling organisms usually have only one system.
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Bear, Connors and
Paradiso, Mark, Barry and Michael (2007).
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Hearing, or auditory perception, is the ability to perceive
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2376:
1310:
Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together?
654:
647:
599:
The tongue is covered with thousands of small bumps called
581:
260:
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1032:
Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2011).
1603:
717:
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of taste buds. Saltiness and sourness are perceived when
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352:
340:
72:
1278:
Food texture: measurement and perception (page 36/311)
1164:. United States of America: Worth Publishers. p.
1148:
Daniel D. Chiras. Jones & Bartlett
Learning, 2005.
401:
There are three main components of the human ear: the
302:. The neurons in the striate cortex send axons to the
1298:
Food texture: measurement and perception (page 4/311)
1284:
Food texture: measurement and perception (page 3/311)
1031:
1004:
915:
Peng, AW.; Salles, FT.; Pan, B.; Ricci, AJ. (2011).
1102:. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
971:
823:
Schacter, Daniel L. et al.,,"Worth
Publishers",2011
759:
1095:
1033:
914:
2666:
1182:
833:Jan Schnupp; Israel Nelken; Andrew King (2011).
669:, muscle nerves, etc.; temperature, detected by
119:– information from special senses is carried in
359:; partial or total inability to hear is called
1358:
518:. The mucus overlying the epithelium contains
382:into nerve impulses that are perceived by the
1442:
1456:
1116:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
596:is responsible for the perception of taste.
1151:
793:Vision and art : the biology of seeing
1449:
1435:
1066:
498:Molecules of odorants passing through the
374:, known as vibrations are detected by the
355:matter. It is one of the traditional five
1371:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 303.
948:
790:
1157:
1069:"Taste, Smell, and Touch: Lecture Notes"
908:
1394:"The Animals That Taste Only Saltiness"
1129:
1127:
863:
765:
14:
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1321:
502:of the nasal passages dissolve in the
159:), and such information is carried in
1667:Somatosensory system (sense of touch)
1430:
1368:Mosby's Guide to Physical Examination
720:cannot taste sweetness but can taste
482:In vertebrates, smells are sensed by
220:. The retina is actually part of the
1652:Vestibular system (sense of balance)
1300:Andrew J. Rosenthal. Springer, 1999.
1286:Andrew J. Rosenthal. Springer, 1999.
1280:Andrew J. Rosenthal. Springer, 1999.
1197:
1191:
1124:
795:. Hubel, David H. New York: Abrams.
107:The distinction between special and
1230:"How does our sense of taste work?"
1084:Doty, R. L. (2001). Olfaction. 425.
24:
1647:Auditory system (sense of hearing)
1391:
1303:
972:Shepherd, Gordon M. (2013-07-16).
708:share the same taste senses: some
309:The human visual system perceives
236:of light and respond by producing
25:
2686:
1662:Gustatory system (sense of taste)
1657:Olfactory system (sense of smell)
1415:
1098:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain
965:
1914:Infrared sensing in vampire bats
1266:washington.edu, Eric H. Chudler.
665:, detected through a variety of
650:enter taste buds, respectively.
127:. In contrast, the other sense,
1642:Visual system (sense of vision)
1385:
1315:
1291:
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1257:
1248:
1222:
1139:
1087:
1078:
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1025:
791:Margaret., Livingstone (2008).
279:, to the primary and secondary
224:that is isolated to serve as a
115:fibers running to and from the
998:
857:
826:
817:
784:
766:Carlson, Neil R. (2013). "6".
750:
139:but also the internal organs (
27:Senses with specialized organs
13:
1:
1784:Auditory perception (hearing)
1422:Development of special senses
1344:10.1126/science.333.6047.1213
1200:"The science of satisfaction"
1042:. Worth Publishers. pp.
1007:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
743:
673:; and "coolness" (such as of
343:. Sound may be heard through
2430:Olfactory reference syndrome
2207:Alice in Wonderland syndrome
1146:Human biology (Page 201/464)
7:
2629:Sensory processing disorder
1799:Gustation (taste or flavor)
1789:Equilibrioception (balance)
633:G protein-coupled receptors
568:. Taste, along with smell (
10:
2691:
2583:Supernumerary phantom limb
1919:Infrared sensing in snakes
1779:Visual perception (vision)
1035:"Sensation and Perception"
541:
447:bind to specific sites on
427:Smell, or olfaction, is a
420:
324:
320:
277:lateral geniculate nucleus
174:
165:general visceral afferents
125:special visceral afferents
2646:
2591:
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2481:
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2362:
2334:Microwave auditory effect
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2008:
1997:
1965:
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1501:Transduction (physiology)
1481:
1468:
1161:Psychology Second Edition
1158:Schacter, Daniel (2009).
1067:Boroditsky, Lera (1999).
484:olfactory sensory neurons
296:visual association cortex
170:
161:general somatic afferents
147:(pressure, vibration and
121:special somatic afferents
2339:Music-specific disorders
1695:Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
537:
516:odorant-binding proteins
443:. Olfaction occurs when
416:
315:electromagnetic spectrum
2319:Auditory verbal agnosia
2173:Juxtacapillary receptor
1198:Kean, Sam (Fall 2015).
768:Physiology of Behaviour
716:(which humans cannot),
300:modular neural networks
2314:Auditory hallucination
1924:Surface wave detection
1529:Multimodal integration
1264:Smell - The Nose Knows
1204:Distillations Magazine
117:central nervous system
46:that have specialized
2573:Phantom limb syndrome
2521:Tactile hallucination
1710:Glossopharyngeal (IX)
1511:Active sensory system
836:Auditory Neuroscience
500:superior nasal concha
75:, which includes the
2382:Labyrinthine fistula
2349:Spatial hearing loss
2048:Campaniform sensilla
1763:Somatosensory cortex
1134:What Are Taste Buds?
724:, and several other
659:olfactory epithelium
488:olfactory epithelium
230:photoreceptive cells
111:is used to classify
2168:Nociceptin receptor
2038:Merkel nerve ending
2023:Mechanotransduction
1336:2011Sci...333.1213M
933:2011NatCo...2..523P
886:10.1038/nature03896
878:2005Natur.436..647K
520:mucopolysaccharides
508:olfactory receptors
449:olfactory receptors
304:extrastriate cortex
289:superior colliculus
2530:Nociception (pain)
2122:Olfactory receptor
2074:Photoreceptor cell
2028:Lamellar corpuscle
1952:Photomorphogenesis
1814:nociception (pain)
1506:Sensory processing
1392:Scully, Simone M.
941:10.1038/ncomms1533
657:, detected by the
386:(primarily in the
143:). Touch includes
2662:
2661:
2647:Biases and errors
2642:
2641:
2578:Somatoparaphrenia
2547:Pain dissociation
2392:Ménière's disease
2324:Cortical deafness
2202:Visual impairment
2181:
2180:
2043:Bulbous corpuscle
2033:Tactile corpuscle
2001:sensory receptors
1993:
1992:
1876:
1875:
1829:
1828:
1794:Olfaction (smell)
1748:Vestibular cortex
1730:Cerebral cortices
1567:
1566:
1554:Motion perception
1378:978-0-323-07357-8
1236:. January 6, 2012
1175:978-1-4292-3719-2
1053:978-1-4292-3719-2
872:(7051): 647–654.
846:978-0-262-11318-2
777:978-0-205-23939-9
677:) and "hotness" (
605:filiform papillae
556:cells located on
550:reacts chemically
177:Visual perception
81:vestibular system
50:devoted to them:
16:(Redirected from
2682:
2309:Auditory agnosia
2241:Optic neuropathy
2190:
2189:
2058:Stretch receptor
2006:
2005:
1904:Magnetoreception
1899:Electroreception
1887:
1886:
1809:mechanoreception
1758:Gustatory cortex
1753:Olfactory cortex
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1496:Sensory receptor
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1002:
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849:. Archived from
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788:
782:
781:
763:
757:
754:
667:mechanoreceptors
594:gustatory cortex
574:trigeminal nerve
564:, mostly on the
477:retronasal smell
473:orthonasal smell
396:mechanosensation
372:mechanical waves
208:starts when the
145:mechanoreception
21:
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2689:
2685:
2684:
2683:
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2675:Sensory systems
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2658:
2638:
2587:
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2281:Stereoblindness
2222:Color blindness
2177:
2154:
2131:
2103:
2062:
2010:Mechanoreceptor
1999:
1989:
1985:Machine hearing
1980:Computer vision
1975:Robotic sensing
1961:
1938:
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1743:Auditory cortex
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1634:Sensory systems
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671:thermoreceptors
546:
540:
451:located in the
431:that forms the
425:
419:
368:auditory system
329:
323:
238:neural impulses
187:adjectival form
179:
173:
77:auditory system
28:
23:
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2561:Proprioception
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1013:(5): 342–361.
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637:cell membranes
554:taste receptor
542:Main article:
539:
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461:olfactory bulb
429:chemoreception
421:Main article:
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325:Main article:
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175:Main article:
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18:Special sense
2552:Phantom pain
2537:Hyperalgesia
2511:Hypoesthesia
2329:Hearing loss
2150:TRP channels
2127:Osmoreceptor
2094:Photopigment
2018:Baroreceptor
1957:Gravitropism
1929:Frog hearing
1909:Echolocation
1705:Facial (VII)
1401:. Retrieved
1397:
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1238:. Retrieved
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1212:. Retrieved
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1074:. p. 1.
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683:chemesthesis
652:
641:alkali metal
610:
598:
547:
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453:nasal cavity
426:
400:
365:
361:hearing loss
330:
308:
293:
250:
203:
198:
194:
190:
180:
155:) and heat (
106:
39:
29:
2634:Synesthesia
2542:Hypoalgesia
2516:Paresthesia
2501:Formication
2496:CMT disease
2463:Hypergeusia
2286:Visual snow
2261:Photophobia
2256:Papilledema
2246:Oscillopsia
2232:Hemeralopia
2099:Aureochrome
1934:Toad vision
1858:Suffocation
1772:Perceptions
681:), through
562:oral cavity
273:optic nerve
153:nociception
2654:Pareidolia
2609:Allochiria
2592:Multimodal
2473:Parageusia
2468:Hypogeusia
2440:Phantosmia
2420:Hyperosmia
2364:Vestibular
2344:Palinopsia
2304:Amblyaudia
2251:Palinopsia
2236:Nyctalopia
2160:Nociceptor
1967:Artificial
1690:Optic (II)
1521:Perception
1470:Processes
1462:perception
1040:Psychology
921:Nat Commun
744:References
728:including
726:carnivores
712:can taste
704:. Not all
625:bitterness
590:epiglottis
558:taste buds
528:antibodies
492:epithelium
437:pheromones
409:, and the
407:middle ear
380:transduced
337:vibrations
226:transducer
183:perception
2450:Gustatory
2402:Olfactory
2266:Photopsia
2212:Amaurosis
2186:Disorders
2079:Cone cell
1998:Types of
1609:Inner ear
1544:Cognition
1534:Awareness
1483:Sensation
1458:Sensation
1112:cite book
992:882238865
811:192082768
738:sea lions
702:dysgeusia
621:saltiness
613:sweetness
570:olfaction
522:, salts,
512:dendrites
457:Glomeruli
423:Olfaction
411:inner ear
403:outer ear
275:) to the
269:jellyfish
253:octopuses
151:), pain (
2669:Category
2435:Parosmia
2425:Hyposmia
2415:Dysosmia
2354:Tinnitus
2296:Auditory
2271:Polyopia
2227:Diplopia
2084:Rod cell
1882:Nonhuman
1835:Internal
1676:Sensory
1582:External
1491:Stimulus
1474:concepts
1403:8 August
1398:Nautilus
1352:21885750
1214:22 March
959:22045002
894:16079835
734:dolphins
679:pungency
645:hydrogen
617:sourness
601:papillae
588:and the
445:odorants
390:). Like
257:mollusks
42:are the
32:medicine
2604:Agnosia
2483:Tactile
2458:Ageusia
2410:Anosmia
2372:Vertigo
2276:Scotoma
2217:Anopsia
1678:cranial
1549:Feeling
1332:Bibcode
1324:Science
1240:5 April
1104:265–275
1044:166–171
950:3418221
929:Bibcode
927:: 523.
902:4374012
874:Bibcode
710:rodents
706:mammals
675:menthol
663:texture
635:on the
578:flavors
560:in the
524:enzymes
510:on the
486:in the
469:emotion
353:gaseous
327:Hearing
321:Hearing
283:of the
265:insects
244:in the
242:ganglia
234:photons
195:optical
141:viscera
131:, is a
69:balance
65:hearing
36:anatomy
2194:Visual
2145:Cilium
1891:Animal
1863:Nausea
1853:Thirst
1848:Hunger
1720:Spinal
1559:Qualia
1375:
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1234:PubMed
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736:, and
730:hyenas
714:starch
698:saliva
694:humans
692:Among
627:, and
592:. The
586:tongue
572:) and
566:tongue
526:, and
467:, and
465:memory
441:flavor
405:, the
357:senses
349:liquid
218:retina
210:cornea
206:seeing
199:ocular
191:visual
171:Vision
101:tongue
55:vision
48:organs
44:senses
38:, the
2089:ipRGC
1944:Plant
1804:Touch
1619:Mouth
1573:Human
1072:(PDF)
898:S2CID
655:smell
629:umami
552:with
544:Taste
538:Taste
532:brain
504:mucus
433:sense
417:Smell
392:touch
384:brain
351:, or
345:solid
333:sound
285:brain
261:worms
246:brain
222:brain
197:, or
129:touch
113:nerve
99:(the
97:taste
89:(the
87:smell
71:(the
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2624:HSAN
2599:Aura
2377:BPPV
2234:and
1680:and
1624:Skin
1614:Nose
1604:Ears
1599:Eyes
1472:and
1460:and
1405:2014
1373:ISBN
1348:PMID
1242:2016
1216:2018
1170:ISBN
1118:link
1048:ISBN
988:OCLC
978:ISBN
955:PMID
890:PMID
841:ISBN
807:OCLC
797:ISBN
772:ISBN
718:cats
648:ions
582:food
475:and
378:and
214:lens
163:and
137:skin
123:and
91:nose
79:and
67:and
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945:PMC
937:doi
882:doi
870:436
722:ATP
643:or
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580:of
376:ear
341:ear
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.