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184:, the tidal forces would kill even before the astronaut reaches the event horizon. For example, for a black hole of 10 Sun masses the above-mentioned rod breaks at a distance of 320 km, well outside the Schwarzschild radius of 30 km. For a supermassive black hole of 10,000 Sun masses, it will break at a distance of 3,200 km, well inside the Schwarzschild radius of 30,000 km.
104:
force exerted by the singularity would be much stronger at one end of the body than the other. If one were to fall into a black hole feet first, the gravity at their feet would be much stronger than at their head, causing the person to be vertically stretched. Along with that, the right side of the
130:
47:. In this diagram, the gravitational force originates from a source to the right. It shows both the tidal field (thick red arrows) and the gravity field (thin blue arrows) exerted on the body's surface and center (label O) by a source (label S).
82:, the stretching and compression are so powerful that no object can resist it. Within a small region, the horizontal compression balances the vertical stretching so that a small object being spaghettified experiences no net change in volume.
176:, so an astronaut may cross the event horizon without noticing any squashing and pulling, although it remains only a matter of time, as once inside an event horizon, falling towards the center is inevitable. For small black holes whose
152:. If the tidal forces are too large, the body may yield and flow plastically before the tidal forces can be balanced, or fracture, producing either a filament or a vertical line of broken pieces.
148:
These four objects are connected parts of a larger object. A rigid body will resist distortion, and internal elastic forces develop as the body distorts to balance the tidal forces, so attaining
404:
From our electrodynamical experience we can infer immediately that any rotating spherical body (e.g., the sun or the earth) will be surrounded by a radial gravitoelectric (Newtonian) field
1445:
137:
In this example, four separate objects are in the space above a planet, positioned in a diamond formation. The four objects follow the lines of the
105:
body will be pulled to the left, and the left side of the body will be pulled to the right, horizontally compressing the person. However, the term
145:, the lowest of the four objects experiences the biggest gravitational acceleration, so that the whole formation becomes stretched into a line.
801:
806:
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109:
was established well before this. Spaghettification of a star was imaged for the first time in 2018 by researchers observing a pair of
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416:. The gravitoelectric monopole moment is the body's mass M; the gravitomagnetic dipole moment is its spin angular momentum S.
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The point at which tidal forces destroy an object or kill a person will depend on the black hole's size. For a
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1032:
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978:
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1085:
430:"Eddington Envelopes: The Fate of Stars on Parabolic Orbits Tidally Disrupted by Supermassive Black Holes"
28:
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428:
Price, Daniel J.; Liptai, David; Mandel, Ilya; Shepherd, Joanna; Lodato, Giuseppe; Levin, Yuri (2024).
390:. In Fairbank, J. D.; Deaver, Jr., B. S.; Everitt, C. F.; Micelson, P. F. (eds.).
63:) is the vertical stretching and horizontal compression of objects into long thin shapes (rather like
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100:(difference in gravitational force) from head to toe. The reason this happens would be that the
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Astronaut falling into a black hole (schematic illustration of the spaghettification effect)
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211:(2nd ed.). Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 182.
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485:(2nd ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 253.
361:(Press release). National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Phys.org. June 14, 2018
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Cosmic catastrophes: exploding stars, black holes, and mapping the universe
52:
385:"Gravitomagnetism, Jets in Quasars, and the Stanford Gyroscope Experiment"
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Neil DeGrasse Tyson: Death by Black Hole (clear explanation of the term)
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Hobson, Michael Paul; Efstathiou, Georges; Lasenby, Anthony N. (2006).
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172:, such as those found at a galaxy's center, this point lies within the
141:, directed towards the celestial body's centre. In accordance with the
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539:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
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359:"Astronomers See Distant Eruption as Black Hole Destroys Star"
133:
The spaghettification of four objects falling towards a planet
427:
341:
164:
Spaghettification of a star by a supermassive black hole
505:
269:
512:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
479:
Hawley, John
Frederick; Holcomb, Katherine A. (2005).
155:
313:
The Key to the
Universe: A Report on the New Physics
564:
509:General relativity: an introduction for physicists
310:
1576:
43:acting on a spherical body in a non-homogeneous
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478:
249:. Bantam Dell Publishing Group. p. 256.
1183:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
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567:The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy
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445:
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128:
35:
27:
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96:, is "stretched like spaghetti" by the
19:For the computer programming term, see
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410:and a dipolar gravitomagnetic field
88:described the flight of a fictional
78:. In the most extreme cases, near a
392:Near Zero: New Frontiers of Physics
156:Inside or outside the event horizon
124:
92:who, passing within a black hole's
13:
14:
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590:
536:Astronomy: a physical perspective
434:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1595:Metaphors referring to spaghetti
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1549:
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847:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
718:
340:Published as a companion to the
964:Innermost stable circular orbit
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482:Foundations of modern cosmology
1390:Timeline of black hole physics
499:
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400:W. H. Freeman and Company
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299:
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198:
59:(sometimes referred to as the
1:
1158:Nonsingular black hole models
187:
402:. pp. 3, 4 (575, 576).
7:
1380:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
1345:Hypercompact stellar system
1335:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
10:
1616:
1066:Black hole complementarity
1033:Bousso's holographic bound
1018:Quasi-periodic oscillation
716:
710:Malament–Hogarth spacetime
573:Princeton University Press
205:Wheeler, J. Craig (2007).
74:. It is caused by extreme
18:
16:Phenomenon in astrophysics
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937:Gravitational singularity
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285:. OpenStax. p. 862.
1521:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
1446:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
979:Blandford–Znajek process
533:Kutner, Marc L. (2003).
465:10.3847/2041-8213/ad6862
67:) in a very strong, non-
777:Active galactic nucleus
346:The Key to the Universe
246:A Brief History of Time
170:supermassive black hole
1405:Tidal disruption event
1375:Supermassive dark star
1293:Black holes in fiction
1278:Outline of black holes
911:Supermassive dark star
830:Gravitational collapse
563:Melia, Fulvio (2003).
180:is much closer to the
165:
150:mechanical equilibrium
134:
98:gravitational gradient
48:
33:
1283:Black Hole Initiative
1096:Holographic principle
163:
139:gravitoelectric field
132:
39:
31:
1086:Final parsec problem
1045:Schwarzschild radius
178:Schwarzschild radius
1385:Superluminal motion
1360:Population III star
1330:Gravitational waves
1288:Black hole starship
1071:Information paradox
456:2024ApJ...971L..46P
72:gravitational field
45:gravitational field
1590:Effects of gravity
1219:Optical black hole
1132:Reissner–Nordström
1091:Firewall (physics)
996:Gravitational lens
557:General references
166:
143:inverse-square law
135:
111:colliding galaxies
49:
34:
1572:
1571:
1365:Supermassive star
1355:Naked singularity
1350:Membrane paradigm
1076:Cosmic censorship
1050:Spaghettification
1038:Immirzi parameter
991:Hawking radiation
932:Astrophysical jet
901:Supermassive star
891:Binary black hole
825:Stellar evolution
767:Intermediate-mass
546:978-0-521-52927-3
519:978-0-521-82951-9
492:978-0-19-853096-1
256:978-0-553-10953-5
218:978-0-521-85714-7
113:approximately 150
107:spaghettification
57:spaghettification
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1224:Sonic black hole
1173:Dark-energy star
1028:Bekenstein bound
1013:M–sigma relation
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193:Inline citations
125:A simple example
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1101:No-hair theorem
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321:. p. 143.
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1340:Gravity well
1308:Compact star
1262:Microquasars
1247:Most massive
1151:Alternatives
1049:
916:X-ray binary
835:Neutron star
772:Supermassive
749:Hawking star
690:Supermassive
566:
535:
528:
508:
501:
481:
474:
437:
433:
423:
412:
411:
406:
405:
403:
391:
375:
363:. Retrieved
353:
345:
332:. Retrieved
319:Viking Press
312:
301:
282:
265:
244:
235:
207:
200:
167:
147:
136:
121:from Earth.
106:
84:
76:tidal forces
60:
56:
53:astrophysics
50:
41:Tidal forces
25:
1585:Black holes
1456:Centaurus A
1410:Planet Nine
1313:Exotic star
1242:Black holes
1188:Planck star
1137:Kerr–Newman
852:White dwarf
802:Radio-Quiet
760:Microquasar
633:Black holes
182:singularity
119:light-years
69:homogeneous
1579:Categories
1506:Q0906+6930
1496:Hercules A
1426:Cygnus X-1
1395:White hole
1370:Quasi-star
1323:Preon star
1318:Quark star
1303:Big Bounce
1163:Black star
1121:Derivation
969:Ergosphere
925:Properties
906:Quasi-star
896:Quark star
807:Radio-Loud
695:Primordial
685:Kugelblitz
447:2404.09381
440:(2): L46.
188:References
80:black hole
1531:AT2018hyz
1178:Gravastar
1168:Dark star
1001:Microlens
874:Hypernova
869:Micronova
864:Supernova
818:Formation
283:Astronomy
90:astronaut
65:spaghetti
1554:Category
1441:A0620-00
1400:Wormhole
1298:Big Bang
1198:Fuzzball
1081:ER = EPR
947:Theorems
745:Electron
740:Extremal
670:Rotating
396:New York
383:(1988).
365:June 15,
334:July 10,
309:(1977).
281:(2016).
243:(1988).
227:73954922
117:million
1564:Commons
1526:P172+18
1481:TON 618
1419:Notable
1271:Related
1257:Quasars
1252:Nearest
1212:Analogs
1142:Hayward
1110:Metrics
755:Stellar
680:Virtual
675:Charged
644:Outline
452:Bibcode
1501:3C 273
1491:NeVe 1
1471:OJ 287
1193:Q star
1059:Issues
792:Blazar
782:Quasar
579:
543:
516:
489:
325:
289:
253:
225:
215:
115:
1234:Lists
735:Micro
705:Rogue
653:Types
442:arXiv
388:(PDF)
1203:Geon
1127:Kerr
728:Size
577:ISBN
541:ISBN
514:ISBN
487:ISBN
367:2018
336:2022
323:ISBN
287:ISBN
251:ISBN
223:OCLC
213:ISBN
797:OVV
787:LQG
460:doi
438:971
342:BBC
51:In
1581::
575:.
571:.
458:.
450:.
436:.
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398::
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317:.
277:;
273:;
221:.
55:,
1123:)
1119:(
625:e
618:t
611:v
585:.
549:.
522:.
495:.
468:.
462::
454::
444::
413:H
407:g
369:.
348:.
338:.
295:.
259:.
229:.
23:.
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