2358:
the orbiter had to be disassembled for inspection, which was long and arduous. Furthermore, the RS-25 engines had to be replaced every few flights. Each of the heat shielding tiles had to go in one specific area on the orbiter, increasing complexity more. Adding to this, the shuttle was a rather dangerous system, with fragile heat shielding tiles, some being so fragile that one could easily scrape it off by hand, often having been damaged in many flights. After 30 years in service from 1981 to 2011 and 135 flights, the shuttle was retired from service due to the cost of maintaining the shuttles, and the 3 remaining orbiters (the other two were destroyed in accidents) were prepared to be displayed in museums.
1543:
1147:
993:
2198:
1250:
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1183:
197:
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155:
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5025:
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56:
2782:(RTG) to generate electrical power. Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a low Earth orbit spacecraft is
3053:
525:
1980:
1260:
1880:
865:
3650:
3579:
2921:, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility,
3557:"BREAKING: On May 27, @NASA will once again launch American astronauts on American rockets from American soil! With our @SpaceX partners, @Astro_Doug and @AstroBehnken will launch to the @Space_Station on the #CrewDragon spacecraft atop a Falcon 9 rocket. Let's #LaunchAmerica pic.twitter.com/RINb3mfRWI"
1309:
are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized
2357:
Though the shuttle’s goals were to drastically decrease launch costs, it did not do so, ending up being much more expensive than similar expendable launchers. This was due to expensive refurbishment costs and the external tank being expended. Once a landing had occurred, the SRBs and many parts of
2433:
The
Mission Extension Vehicle is a robotic spacecraft designed to prolong the life on another spacecraft. It works by docking to its target spacecraft, then correcting its orientation or orbit. This also allows it to rescue a satellite which is in the wrong orbit by using its own fuel to move its
2326:
and the cold of space, was made up of different materials depending on weight and how much heating a particular area on the shuttle would receive during reentry, which ranged from over 2,900 °F (1,600 °C) to under 700 °F (370 °C). The orbiter was manually operated, though an
2711:
The C&DH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft
1310:
in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit. Multiple space probes were sent to study Moon, the planets, the Sun, multiple small Solar System bodies (comets and asteroids).
1520:
and so are obstructed by the curve of the Earth. The purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated geographical points. Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and
2094:
was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space
Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the
2872:
Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending on mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the
1528:. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or "bands" certain organizations are allowed to use. This allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference.
2419:, extrapolating this from Starship's payload to orbit and how much fuel a fully fueled Starship contains. To land on bodies without an atmosphere, such as the Moon, Starship will fire its engines and thrusters to slow down.
1998:
spaceplane, which conducted two crewed flights which reached an altitude of over 100 kilometres (62 mi) in the 1960s. This first reusable spacecraft was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963.
1793:
is 134 AU away from the Sun as of August 2023. NASA provides real time data of their distances and data from the probe’s cosmic ray detectors. Because of the probe’s declining power output and degradation of the
2442:
on 25 February 2020. It will remain with the satellite until 2025 before the satellite is moved to a final graveyard orbit and the vehicle does a rendezvous with another satellite. The other one launched on an
2406:
flights for a crew of up to 100 people. It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, the spacecraft will be used to
1802:
has had to shut down certain instruments to conserve power. The probes may still have some scientific instruments on until the mid-2020s or perhaps the 2030s. After 2036, they will both be out of range of the
2859:
adjustment maneuvers. A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and
2342:
Refurbishing the orbiters and the solid rocket boosters after flight was very complex, expensive and slow. The shortest time between landing and reflight for a Space
Shuttle was 54 days for the Space Shuttle
2691:, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude-control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth pointing for communications.
2854:
spacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (drag make-up maneuvers) and
2864:. The thermal control system interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.
953:
While
Sputnik 1 was the first spacecraft to orbit the Earth, other human-made objects had previously reached an altitude of 100 km, which is the height required by the international organization
1941:
Space capsules are a type of spacecraft that can return from space at least once. They have a blunt shape, do not usually contain much more fuel than needed, and they do not possess wings unlike
2402:. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the Moon, Mars, and potentially beyond. It is intended to enable long duration
2327:
autonomous landing system was added while the shuttle was still on service. It had an in orbit maneouvreing system known as the
Orbital Manoeuvring System, which used the hypergolic propellants
2106:, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 mainly due to its old age and high cost of program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by
1645:
rocket that cost over a billion dollars per launch, adjusted for inflation) and so allows for lighter, less expensive rockets. Space probes have visited every planet in the Solar System and
2699:
Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's
2885:
The payload depends on the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (
2310:
the launch took place with 8 crew onboard. The orbiters had 4.6 metres (15 ft) wide by 18 metres (59 ft) long payload bays and also were equipped with a 15.2 metres (50 ft)
903:
on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the
Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the
2246:
rocket, with a liftoff thrust of 2,800,000 pounds-force (12 MN), which soon increased to 3,300,000 pounds-force (15 MN) per booster, and were fueled by a combination of
1637:
by the fact that they work in open space, not on planetary surfaces or in planetary atmospheres. Being robotic eliminates the need for expensive, heavy life support systems (the
1919:, especially for more distant destinations. This involves the spacecraft using a fuel burn to change its trajectory so it will pass through a planet (or a moon's) atmosphere.
4019:
1923:
caused by the spacecraft hitting the atmosphere enables it to slow down without using fuel, however this generates very high temperatures and so adds a requirement for a
947:). The satellite travelled at 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph), taking 96.2 minutes to complete an orbit, and emitted radio signals at 20.005 and 40.002
839:
2716:
or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.
2810:
as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such as
3836:
2290:, was revamped so it could be used to launch the shuttles, but it was never used. The launch system could lift about 29 tonnes (64,000 lb) into an eastward
2434:
target to the correct orbit. The project is currently managed by
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. As of 2023, 2 have been launched. The first launched on a
2017:'s flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space.
2830:
can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain
3371:
4741:
3994:
2306:
still heavier than the other three. The orbiter structure was mostly composed of aluminium alloy. The orbiter had seven seats for crew members, though on
4282:
2122:. Dragon 2's first crewed flight occurred on May 30, 2020. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the
1236:
3241:
2826:
carbon–carbon composites are used. Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The
2766:
Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the
1274:
Uncrewed spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input; they may be
2975:(estimated 343,000 km/h or 213,000 mph at first sun close pass, will reach 700,000 km/h or 430,000 mph at final perihelion)
954:
3598:"Standing down from launch today due to unfavorable weather in the flight path. Our next launch opportunity is Saturday, May 30 at 19:22 UTC"
3132:
2099:, prevented any further flights of Buran. The Space Shuttle was subsequently modified to allow for autonomous re-entry in case of necessity.
831:
755:
553:
3437:
2925:
to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.
2239:
that landed by parachute, were recovered at sea, and were the most powerful rocket motors ever made until they were superseded by those of
4104:
2294:. Each orbiter weighed roughly 78 tonnes (172,000 lb), however the different orbiters had differing weights and thus payloads, with
506:
3726:
1375:' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced
1537:
1133:
of the Soviet Union, the latter of which only ever had one uncrewed test flight, all of the recoverable crewed orbital spacecraft were
3390:
2251:
1146:
4049:
4009:
3189:
4719:
4309:
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2319:
3216:
2366:
Some spacecraft do not fit particularly well into any of the general spacecraft categories. This is a list of these spacecraft.
3627:
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1450:
1501:
antennas of ground stations can be aimed permanently at that spot and do not have to move to track the satellite. Others form
842:
the technology for orbital launches independently from government agencies. The most prominent examples of such companies are
4299:
4234:
4163:
2779:
1795:
511:
4183:
3127:
1007:
As of 2016, only three nations have flown crewed spacecraft: USSR/Russia, USA, and China. The first crewed spacecraft was
4197:
3677:
3477:
2580:
120:
2774:
are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example
1209:, crewed since November 2000, is a joint venture between Russia, the United States, Canada and several other countries.
4319:
2552:
2236:
1509:, where antennas on the ground have to follow the position of the satellites and switch between satellites frequently.
92:
3844:
1945:. They are the simplest form of recoverable spacecraft, and so the most commonly used. The first such capsule was the
1182:
4339:
4072:
3415:
2599:
2283:
1322:
723:
Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. Most are not. Recoverable spacecraft may be subdivided by a method of
546:
501:
139:
2537:
1725:
that would allow a spacecraft to visit all four planets in one mission, and get to each destination faster by using
2747:
2631:
1194:
36:
2622:
system comprises different subsystems, depending on the mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems are mounted in the
2559:
99:
4494:
3503:
2396:
2077:
4869:
4731:
4314:
2533:
928:
77:
1282:, meaning they have a pre-programmed list of operations, which they will execute unless otherwise instructed.
2849:
2415:, the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that 8 launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in
1170:
3789:
2566:
1825:
in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion of
653:. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (
106:
4435:
3700:
3087:
2815:
2675:
A spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external
2375:
2103:
1709:, weighing 721.9 kilograms (1,592 lb), were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a rare alignment of
539:
2274:
from which the RS-25 engines sourced their fuel. The orbiter was a spaceplane that was launched at NASA’s
2090:, launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight and this was uncrewed. This
1158:
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3117:
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2315:
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2214:
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into space in 1961, and completed a full Earth orbit. There were five other crewed missions which used a
908:
807:
763:
583:
265:
230:
170:
73:
17:
3770:
1321:
in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. The first operational telescopes were the
American
4919:
4688:
4361:
2771:
2635:
2548:
2403:
1358:
473:
88:
3814:
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communication. In addition, some spacecraft payloads are explicitly for the purpose of ground–ground
1289:
operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as
1033:
to an altitude of just over 187 kilometers (116 mi). There were five other crewed missions using
5070:
4842:
4724:
4462:
4227:
3533:
3082:
2874:
2827:
2634:(GNC or GN&C), communications (comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS),
2473:
2428:
1826:
1517:
1342:
1338:
1275:
983:
962:
253:
3190:"Russia is back on the lunar path. A rocket blasts off on its first moon mission in nearly 50 years"
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1350:
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2019:
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1244:
637:
and then returns to the surface without having gained sufficient energy or velocity to make a full
428:
260:
240:
32:
3040:
as of
December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.37 AU/a (40,400 km/h; 25,100 mph)
3016:
as of
December 2018, traveling outward at about 2.52 AU/a (43,000 km/h; 26,700 mph)
4961:
4897:
4676:
4578:
4489:
4393:
4366:
4267:
3028:
as of January 2020, traveling outward at about 3.24 AU/a (55,300 km/h; 34,400 mph)
2739:
2661:
2522:
2096:
2057:
2045:
2028:
1846:
1502:
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could operate autonomously but also had manual controls, though it never flew with crew onboard.
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1026:
626:
463:
225:
66:
3429:
1911:, land entirely by using their fuel supply, however many landers (and landings of spacecraft on
5009:
4971:
4405:
4324:
4262:
3255:
3004:
as of April 2022, traveling outward at about 3.58 AU/a (61,100 km/h; 38,000 mph)
2950:
2721:
2435:
2344:
2210:
2127:
2051:
2033:
2007:
1612:
1354:
1253:
859:
445:
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235:
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158:
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other Starship vehicles to allow them to reach higher orbits to and other space destinations.
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4859:
4666:
4304:
3307:
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2839:
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or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements.
2255:
2161:
2003:
1607:
1593:
1454:
1419:
1119:
1091:
907:. Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper
775:
744:
658:
615:
1553:
Cargo or resupply spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed specifically to carry
992:
5028:
4929:
4912:
4549:
4484:
4477:
4334:
4220:
3910:
3601:
3560:
3072:
2332:
2275:
2177:
1658:
1442:
892:
823:
483:
285:
180:
3556:
2945:, the exact orbit being dependent on the mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be
2738:, have various communications systems for communication with terrestrial stations and for
8:
5060:
4924:
4902:
4837:
4556:
4400:
4041:
3391:"Taiwan's New Ballistic Missile Capable of Launching Microsatellites – SpaceWatch.Global"
3092:
2795:
2743:
2650:
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2173:
2123:
1995:
1946:
1908:
1888:
1874:
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4135:
2573:
1403:
Some spacecrafts can operate as both a crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. For example, the
113:
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4748:
4603:
4499:
4351:
3058:
2972:
2731:
2389:
1958:
1954:
1804:
1749:
moves at about 15 km/s (9.3 mi/s) kilometres per second as of 2023. In 2012,
1650:
1497:, so that the satellite appears stationary at the same point in the sky; therefore the
1404:
1279:
1249:
1130:
1041:
1020:
932:
883:
became the first spacecraft when it reached an altitude of 189 km in June 1944 in
748:
682:
670:
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579:
529:
324:
290:
280:
162:
5035:
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4529:
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4450:
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4192:
4159:
3995:"Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4)"
3496:"Средства обеспечения работ с полезным грузом: система бортовых манипуляторов "Аист""
3411:
3235:
3102:
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3037:
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3013:
3001:
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subsystem, depending on whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The
2799:
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2338:
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2119:
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987:
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358:
270:
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1546:
A collage of automated cargo spacecraft used in the past or present to resupply the
4907:
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4693:
4659:
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4561:
4514:
4356:
3163:
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such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.
2700:
2197:
1581:
1392:
1364:
1230:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1045:
958:
911:'s density, by measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on
662:
638:
611:
392:
341:
196:
3982:
Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.
3906:
3751:
3597:
3372:"Taiwan To Upgrade 'Cloud Peak' Medium-range Missiles For Micro-Satellites Launch"
3332:
4952:
4852:
4805:
4703:
4644:
4629:
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4187:
4180:
3936:
3837:"Military Satellite Communications Fundamentals | The Aerospace Corporation"
3771:"Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft undocks from China's Tiangong space station (video)"
2683:
or it may use small rocket thrusters. The altitude control subsystem consists of
2482:
2416:
2393:
2291:
2267:
2169:
2131:
2111:
2084:
1837:
encounter. They are divided into two types: satellites which map the entire sky (
1830:
1816:
1773:
did not visit Uranus or Neptune, instead choosing to fly past Saturn’s satellite
1706:
1700:
1598:
1506:
1411:
1346:
1314:
1263:
1226:
1103:
1034:
896:
751:). In recent years, more space agencies are tending towards reusable spacecraft.
677:. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificial
603:
440:
295:
3357:
2335:, which was used for orbital insertion, changes to orbits and the deorbit burn.
1895:
A lander is a type of spacecraft that makes a soft landing on the surface of an
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4986:
4879:
4810:
4800:
4785:
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On October 4, 1957 Sputnik I shot into orbit and forcibly opened the Space Age.
2934:
2918:
2911:
2818:
or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density)
2680:
2157:
1920:
1862:
1769:
was taking a longer route that allowed it to visit Uranus and Neptune, whereas
1726:
1638:
1498:
1462:
1075:
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619:
435:
154:
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3481:
3308:"Watch China's Chang'e 6 probe land on far side of the moon in dramatic video"
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2713:
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1936:
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1134:
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382:
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372:
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1990:
Spaceplanes are spacecraft that are built in the shape of, and function as,
1629:
Space probes are robotic spacecraft that are sent to explore deep space, or
884:
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4608:
4593:
4294:
4289:
3107:
2439:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2023:
was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a
2014:
1950:
1949:
capsule built by the Soviet Union, that carried the first person in space,
1774:
1687:
1654:
1415:
1030:
1012:
900:
873:
717:
711:
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411:
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space stations-modules, and the SpaceX Crew Dragon configuration of their
4832:
4698:
4388:
4371:
4243:
4010:"SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander"
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2381:
1942:
1924:
1916:
1624:
1525:
1458:
1053:
1049:
847:
827:
674:
634:
575:
571:
336:
188:
2322:) of the orbiter, used to protect it from extreme levels of heat during
1118:, but a crewed flight is yet to occur. China developed, but did not fly
4966:
4874:
4817:
4571:
4272:
3217:"Odysseus becomes first US spacecraft to land on moon in over 50 years"
3112:
3067:
3032:
3008:
2938:
2619:
2613:
2287:
2235:
is a retired reusable Low Earth Orbital launch system. It consisted of
2145:
2091:
1974:
1730:
1681:
1675:
1564:
Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced
1513:
1470:
966:
940:
916:
732:
693:
687:
591:
423:
387:
220:
43:
4073:"NASA's Parker Solar Probe Just Made Its First Close Pass by the Sun!"
3495:
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4827:
4544:
4425:
4346:
4329:
3020:
2996:
2890:
2831:
2811:
2755:
2638:(TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically
2412:
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1822:
1745:
1739:
1669:
1663:
1522:
1474:
1318:
1222:
996:
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904:
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678:
418:
331:
166:
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2507:
1587:
As of 2023, three different cargo spacecraft are used to supply the
55:
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3122:
2823:
2819:
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2688:
2444:
2311:
2307:
2070:
1991:
1845:
or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from
1789:
than Earth is. This makes it the farthest spacecraft from the Sun.
1642:
1569:
1565:
1486:
1482:
1380:
1376:
1334:
1099:
1095:
1008:
936:
920:
31:"Orbiter" and "Orbital vehicle" redirect here. For other uses, see
3281:"Japan becomes the fifth country to land a spacecraft on the moon"
2712:
subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a
3922:
3672:
3653:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3613:
3582:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3572:
2807:
2806:
with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees
2775:
2751:
2639:
1979:
1722:
1710:
1561:' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies.
1494:
1306:
1294:
923:
in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for
3718:
1259:
4790:
4654:
3969:
2886:
2803:
2684:
2676:
2385:
2282:, which is part of Kennedy Space Centre. A second launch site,
2115:
2107:
1904:
1879:
1734:
1718:
1714:
1302:
1298:
1285:
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than
1107:
1087:
843:
811:
803:
759:
4212:
3727:"SNC Shooting Star Wins Contract for Unmanned Orbital Outpost"
2649:
Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a
2176:
carrying paying passengers in 2014, but was delayed after the
1337:
in 1971. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion (
864:
2942:
2259:
2224:
1912:
1900:
1646:
1554:
1478:
1466:
1446:
1368:
1326:
1290:
912:
795:
787:
779:
646:
3528:[History of the Central Research Institute of RTK].
3433:
2794:
Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through
2240:
1962:
1799:
819:
799:
791:
783:
771:
756:
only a few nations have the technology for orbital launches
618:
vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a
578:. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including
3525:
3164:"Spacecraft | Definition, Types, & Facts | Britannica"
1297:
are too hostile for human survival. Outer planets such as
4671:
2957:
rocket, the rocket can be considered a spacecraft itself.
2937:
propels the spacecraft from Earth's surface, through the
2767:
2206:
1786:
1743:
is travelling at roughly 17 km/s (11 mi/s) and
1573:
1384:
1066:
969:, some of which reached altitudes well over 100 km.
948:
880:
169:
version shown) have flown since 1967 and now support the
2270:
propellant combination, and the bright orange throwaway
1110:
also developed and flown a spacecraft of their own, the
4207:
2877:, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.
957:
to count as a spaceflight. This altitude is called the
2013:, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of
1489:
applications. Many communications satellites are in
3628:"NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates"
3458:
3358:"Taiwan's upgraded 'Cloud Peak' mi... – Taiwan News"
3048:
2438:
rocket on 9 October 2019, and did a rendezvous with
1785:, which means it is over 160 times farther from the
1729:. In fact, the rocket that launched the probes (the
3959:
3957:
3701:"Sierra Nevada explores other uses of Dream Chaser"
3459:Swenson, L. Jr.; Grimwood, J. M.; Alexander, C. C.
2989:
2134:rocket, as well as the commercial launch vehicles.
1653:has an orbit that, at its closest point, is in the
80:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3215:Wattles, Elise Hammond,Jackie (22 February 2024).
1237:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
739:(can be launched again or several times, like the
4158:(3rd ed.). Torrance, California: Microcosm.
2083:The first autonomous reusable spaceplane was the
1733:) could not even send the probes to the orbit of
972:
5052:
3954:
2384:under development by American aerospace company
2031:. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was
1410:Other dual crewed/uncrewed spacecrafts include:
4203:Basics of Spaceflight tutorial from JPL/Caltech
3421:
1152:American Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo spacecraft
1074:. Other American crewed spacecraft include the
2314:, an upgraded version of which is used on the
2002:The first reusable orbital spaceplane was the
1633:other than Earth. They are distinguished from
4228:
4034:
3829:
3620:
3133:U.S. Space Exploration History on U.S. Stamps
2205:flew 135 times from 1981 to 2011, supporting
1641:crewed Moon landings required the use of the
927:detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the
547:
3768:
3461:This New Ocean, A History of Project Mercury
3240:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2422:
1821:A space telescope or space observatory is a
1516:used for telecommunications links travel by
1264:Jules Verne Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)
645:, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the
195:
4153:
3554:
3488:
3480:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
2536:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1430:
1040:Other Soviet crewed spacecraft include the
27:Vehicle or machine designed to fly in space
4235:
4221:
4193:NSSDC Master Catalog Spacecraft Query Form
4001:
3692:
3305:
2156:on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the
1841:), and satellites which focus on selected
1538:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
554:
540:
3470:
2600:Learn how and when to remove this message
2227:, which had a white external tank, shown)
2006:. The first orbiter to fly in space, the
1469:. Communications satellites are used for
1019:. The second crewed spacecraft was named
961:. In particular, in the 1940s there were
140:Learn how and when to remove this message
3929:
3787:
2656:
2337:
2196:
1978:
1961:capsules, built by the Soviet Union and
1878:
1541:
1493:22,300 miles (35,900 km) above the
1313:Special class of uncrewed spacecraft is
1258:
1248:
1126:(its first crewed mission was in 2003).
991:
863:
754:Humanity has achieved space flight, but
673:used to support scientific research are
153:
4720:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
4181:NASA: Space Science Spacecraft Missions
4154:Wertz, James; Larson, Wiley J. (1999).
4070:
3815:"Satellites - Communication Satellites"
3388:
3214:
2985:(252,792 km/h or 157,078 mph)
2168:. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by
1657:. There are five space probes that are
1353:encounter. The best-known examples are
14:
5053:
4742:Psychological and sociological effects
4133:
4105:"Spacecraft escaping the Solar System"
3904:
3595:
3427:
2630:(variously called ADAC, ADC, or ACS),
2353:Criticism of the Space Shuttle Program
1765:but it reached Jupiter sooner because
1425:
1212:
955:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale
4216:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4022:from the original on 29 November 2021
4007:
3788:Labrador, Virgil (19 February 2015).
3698:
2966:
2961:
2780:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
2027:and gliding to deadstick landings at
1129:Except for the Space Shuttle and the
895:. It was launched into an elliptical
3440:from the original on 22 January 2023
3428:Garcia, Mark, ed. (4 October 2017).
3128:Timeline of Solar System exploration
2875:atmosphere of another planetary body
2534:adding citations to reliable sources
2501:
2454:
2392:, it composes the identically named
1994:. The first example of such was the
1863:other types of information gathering
1753:exited the heliosphere, followed by
1188:1967 Soviet/Russian Soyuz spacecraft
1029:in 1961 carrying American astronaut
977:
78:adding citations to reliable sources
49:
4071:Bartels, Meghan (6 November 2018).
3724:
3555:Bridenstine, Jim (17 April 2020).
3518:
3430:"60 years ago, the Space Age began"
2664:thrusters on the front of the U.S.
1810:
1531:
716:are on trajectories that leave the
24:
4451:Weather and environment monitoring
4090:
4052:from the original on 11 March 2008
3506:from the original on 30 April 2020
2679:and forces properly. This may use
2628:attitude determination and control
2369:
2237:two reusable Solid Rocket Boosters
1694:
1176:Soviet Voskhod (variant of Vostok)
25:
5082:
4174:
4156:Space Mission Analysis and Design
3937:"Space Launchers - Space Shuttle"
3769:Andrew Jones (10 November 2022).
3680:from the original on 8 March 2019
3634:. 6 February 2019. Archived from
3632:NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog
3389:Sheldon, John (30 January 2018).
2844:Spacecraft may or may not have a
2284:Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6
2080:during reentry in February 2003.
1930:
1441:A communications satellite is an
1329:launched in 1968, and the Soviet
1323:Orbiting Astronomical Observatory
1011:, which carried Soviet cosmonaut
5034:
5024:
5023:
4208:International Spaceflight Museum
4136:"Spacecraft skin 'heals' itself"
4134:Knight, Will (23 January 2006).
3648:
3577:
3536:from the original on 13 May 2020
3051:
2990:Furthest spacecraft from the Sun
2632:guidance, navigation and control
2506:
2459:
2186:
1761:actually launched 16 days after
1449:telecommunication signals via a
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
868:The first artificial satellite,
735:. Recoverable spacecraft may be
523:
54:
37:Orbital vehicle (disambiguation)
4495:Space launch market competition
4242:
4064:
3987:
3898:
3884:
3859:
3807:
3781:
3762:
3744:
3699:Foust, Jeff (14 January 2020).
3660:
3589:
3548:
3452:
3401:
3382:
3360:. Taiwan News. 25 January 2018.
1849:, which point toward Earth for
1618:
657:) only, whereas those used for
65:needs additional citations for
4732:Health threat from cosmic rays
4008:Foust, Jeff (6 January 2021).
3843:. 1 April 2010. Archived from
3752:"Tianzhou Spacecraft Overview"
3364:
3350:
3325:
3299:
3273:
3248:
3208:
3182:
3156:
2172:was planned to begin reusable
1968:
1829:which they observe, and avoid
1345:which they observe, and avoid
973:Crewed and uncrewed spacecraft
929:International Geophysical Year
570:is a vehicle that is designed
13:
1:
3144:
2450:
2380:Starship is a spacecraft and
1953:. Other examples include the
1331:Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope
681:. To date, only a handful of
4042:"The Rosetta ground segment"
3149:
3088:List of fictional spacecraft
2897:, for example), cargo, or a
2388:. Stacked atop its booster,
2376:SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)
2298:being the heaviest orbiter,
2104:Vision for Space Exploration
915:-signal distribution in the
774:), the member states of the
7:
4848:Self-replicating spacecraft
4684:International Space Station
4198:Early History of Spacecraft
3725:Ben, Evans (17 July 2020).
3668:"Crew Demo-1 | Launch"
3118:List of spaceflight records
3044:
2472:to comply with Knowledge's
2316:International Space Station
2272:Space Shuttle external tank
2215:International Space Station
1589:International Space Station
1578:International Space Station
1548:International Space Station
1389:International Space Station
1268:International Space Station
1241:list of Solar System probes
1207:International Space Station
1200:Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft
840:developed or are developing
496:List of space organizations
171:International Space Station
10:
5087:
4362:Space Liability Convention
4126:
3867:"Voyager 1 - NASA Science"
3408:Peenemünde (Dokumentation)
3306:Robert Lea (3 June 2024).
2909:
2719:
2611:
2447:rocket on 15 August 2020.
2426:
2373:
2361:
2350:
2190:
2144:was a reusable suborbital
1972:
1934:
1872:
1868:
1835:ground-based observatories
1814:
1698:
1622:
1535:
1465:at different locations on
1445:that relays and amplifies
1434:
1359:James Webb Space Telescope
1351:ground-based observatories
1270:on Monday, March 31, 2008.
1234:
1216:
1114:, commonly referred to as
981:
857:
853:
747:) or expendable (like the
161:Soviet and Russian crewed
29:
5018:
4985:
4938:
4890:
4776:
4725:Space adaptation syndrome
4712:
4617:
4537:
4528:
4416:
4250:
3817:. Satellites.spacesim.org
3790:"satellite communication"
3083:List of crewed spacecraft
2828:thermal control subsystem
2802:. They must operate in a
2708:Command and data handling
2429:Mission Extension Vehicle
2423:Mission Extension Vehicle
2329:monomethylhydrazine (MMH)
2320:Thermal Protection System
2278:and landed mainly at the
1827:electromagnetic radiation
1659:escaping the Solar System
1343:electromagnetic radiation
1122:, and is currently using
1094:with undetached European
984:List of crewed spacecraft
836:several private companies
727:to Earth into non-winged
4458:Communications satellite
3139:
2816:reinforced carbon–carbon
2758:electronic technologies.
2742:. Technologies include
2485:may contain suggestions.
2470:may need to be rewritten
2280:Shuttle Landing Facility
1903:. Some landers, such as
1847:Earth imaging satellites
1503:satellite constellations
1437:Communications satellite
1431:Communications satellite
1398:
1278:, remote guided or even
1245:list of space telescopes
614:. All spacecraft except
42:Not to be confused with
33:Orbiter (disambiguation)
4962:reusable launch systems
4579:Extravehicular activity
4490:Commercial use of space
4394:Militarisation of space
4367:Registration Convention
4283:Accidents and incidents
3905:@SpaceX (30 May 2020).
3596:@SpaceX (27 May 2020).
2740:inter-satellite service
2662:Reaction control system
2097:dissolution of the USSR
2029:Edwards AFB, California
1027:sub-orbital spaceflight
627:sub-orbital spaceflight
226:Timeline of spaceflight
5010:Mission control center
4972:Non-rocket spacelaunch
4406:Billionaire space race
2756:receiver/retransmitter
2722:On-Board Data Handling
2668:
2348:
2318:. The heat shield (or
2228:
2211:Hubble Space Telescope
1987:
1892:
1613:Tiangong space station
1557:, possibly to support
1550:
1371:, possibly to support
1367:are designed to carry
1355:Hubble Space Telescope
1271:
1256:
1254:Hubble Space Telescope
1004:
876:
860:History of spaceflight
745:Space Shuttle orbiters
659:robotic space missions
530:Spaceflight portal
446:Non-rocket spacelaunch
216:History of spaceflight
200:
173:
4860:Spacecraft propulsion
4310:European Space Agency
4109:www.heavens-above.com
3463:. pp. 66–62424.
3410:Berlin: Moewig, 1984.
3333:"Spacecraft Missions"
2955:single stage to orbit
2840:Spacecraft propulsion
2720:Further information:
2660:
2341:
2256:Space Shuttle Orbiter
2200:
2162:The Spaceship Company
2065:was built to replace
2004:Space Shuttle orbiter
1982:
1882:
1777:. As of August 2023,
1545:
1536:Further information:
1455:communication channel
1333:aboard space station
1262:
1252:
1164:Soviet Vostok capsule
1025:, and it performed a
995:
963:several test launches
867:
776:European Space Agency
616:single-stage-to-orbit
600:planetary exploration
199:
157:
4485:Satellite navigation
4048:. 17 February 2004.
3376:www.defenseworld.net
3073:Commercial astronaut
2530:improve this section
2333:dinitrogen tetroxide
2276:Kennedy Space Centre
2262:engines that used a
2148:that carried pilots
1843:astronomical objects
1443:artificial satellite
1048:, flown uncrewed as
893:artificial satellite
643:orbital spaceflights
74:improve this article
4870:Electric propulsion
4557:Life-support system
4441:Imagery and mapping
4401:Private spaceflight
3965:"SpaceX - Starship"
3847:on 5 September 2015
3093:Private spaceflight
2744:space radio station
2651:life support system
2324:atmospheric reentry
2302:being lighter than
2174:private spaceflight
2124:Space Launch System
1996:North American X-15
1909:Apollo Lunar Module
1889:Apollo Lunar Module
1875:Lander (spacecraft)
1839:astronomical survey
1631:astronomical bodies
1512:The high frequency
1491:geostationary orbit
1426:Types of spacecraft
1293:or the vicinity of
1219:Uncrewed spacecraft
1213:Uncrewed spacecraft
1090:space station, the
1084:Apollo Lunar Module
945:Baikonur Cosmodrome
683:interstellar probes
368:Apollo Lunar Module
4823:Robotic spacecraft
4749:Space and survival
4604:Space colonization
4500:Space architecture
4352:Outer Space Treaty
4186:2005-11-08 at the
3526:"История ЦНИИ РТК"
3168:www.britannica.com
3059:Spaceflight portal
2973:Parker Solar Probe
2967:Fastest spacecraft
2962:Spacecraft records
2895:particle detectors
2796:Earth's atmosphere
2669:
2349:
2229:
2164:built a successor
1988:
1893:
1805:Deep Space Network
1783:astronomical units
1655:Sun's chromosphere
1651:Parker Solar Probe
1611:is used to supply
1551:
1272:
1257:
1035:Mercury spacecraft
1005:
877:
872:, launched by the
671:Robotic spacecraft
622:(carrier rocket).
596:space colonization
325:Robotic spacecraft
201:
174:
5048:
5047:
4995:Flight controller
4772:
4771:
4530:Human spaceflight
4505:Space exploration
4431:Earth observation
4165:978-1-881883-10-4
3997:. 18 August 2021.
3395:spacewatch.global
3287:. 19 January 2024
3103:Space exploration
3098:Spacecraft design
2800:space environment
2778:, might employ a
2730:Spacecraft, both
2610:
2609:
2602:
2584:
2500:
2499:
2474:quality standards
2138:Scaled Composites
2120:CST-100 Starliner
2073:in January 1986.
1897:astronomical body
1851:satellite imaging
1457:between a source
1276:remote controlled
1141:Crewed spacecraft
1080:Apollo spacecraft
1076:Gemini spacecraft
1017:Vostok spacecraft
988:human spaceflight
978:Crewed spacecraft
909:atmospheric layer
584:Earth observation
564:
563:
458:Spaceflight types
402:
401:
359:Crewed spacecraft
351:
350:
266:Earth observation
150:
149:
142:
124:
16:(Redirected from
5078:
5071:Pressure vessels
5038:
5027:
5026:
4737:Space psychology
4562:Animals in space
4535:
4534:
4515:Space technology
4357:Rescue Agreement
4237:
4230:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4169:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3892:"Mission Status"
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3871:science.nasa.gov
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3676:. 2 March 2019.
3664:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3484:on 29 June 2011.
3474:
3468:
3467:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3196:. 10 August 2023
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3160:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
2701:orbital elements
2672:Attitude control
2626:and may include
2605:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2542:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2463:
2455:
2397:super heavy-lift
2223:
1965:, respectively.
1891:, a lunar lander
1855:weather analysis
1811:Space telescopes
1532:Cargo spacecraft
1405:Buran spaceplane
1365:Cargo spacecraft
1315:space telescopes
1231:cargo spacecraft
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1131:Buran spaceplane
834:). In addition,
651:celestial bodies
649:or around other
556:
549:
542:
528:
527:
526:
353:
352:
342:Cargo spacecraft
319:
318:
176:
175:
145:
138:
134:
131:
125:
123:
82:
58:
50:
47:
40:
21:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5014:
4981:
4953:Escape velocity
4934:
4886:
4853:Space telescope
4806:Reentry capsule
4768:
4708:
4613:
4584:Overview effect
4567:Bioastronautics
4524:
4412:
4246:
4241:
4188:Wayback Machine
4177:
4172:
4166:
4144:
4142:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4103:
4102:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4006:
4002:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3975:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3945:
3943:
3941:www.braeunig.us
3935:
3934:
3930:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3786:
3782:
3767:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3649:
3641:
3639:
3638:on 2 March 2019
3626:
3625:
3621:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3564:
3553:
3549:
3539:
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3524:
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3519:
3509:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3422:
3406:
3402:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3337:www.isro.gov.in
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3047:
2992:
2969:
2964:
2923:ground stations
2914:
2791:Thermal control
2724:
2681:reaction wheels
2636:thermal control
2616:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2477:
2464:
2453:
2431:
2425:
2417:low Earth orbit
2378:
2372:
2370:SpaceX Starship
2364:
2355:
2292:Low Earth Orbit
2268:liquid hydrogen
2221:
2195:
2189:
2170:Virgin Galactic
2112:SpaceX Dragon 2
1986:orbiter landing
1977:
1971:
1939:
1933:
1877:
1871:
1831:light pollution
1819:
1817:Space telescope
1813:
1781:has passed 160
1703:
1701:Voyager program
1697:
1695:Voyager program
1627:
1621:
1599:SpaceX Dragon 2
1584:space station.
1540:
1534:
1507:low Earth orbit
1453:; it creates a
1439:
1433:
1428:
1412:SpaceX Dragon 2
1401:
1395:space station.
1347:light pollution
1266:approaches the
1247:
1233:
1227:space telescope
1217:Main articles:
1215:
1201:
1198:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1098:and private US
999:Command Module
990:
980:
975:
897:low Earth orbit
862:
856:
667:telerobotically
661:operate either
574:and operate in
560:
524:
522:
517:
516:
497:
489:
488:
459:
451:
450:
441:Escape velocity
436:launch vehicles
414:
404:
403:
398:
397:
361:
347:
346:
327:
316:
306:
305:
256:
246:
245:
211:
146:
135:
129:
126:
83:
81:
71:
59:
48:
41:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5084:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5031:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5000:Ground station
4997:
4991:
4989:
4987:Ground segment
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:Interplanetary
4917:
4916:
4915:
4913:Geosynchronous
4910:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4880:Gravity assist
4877:
4872:
4867:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4811:Service module
4808:
4803:
4801:Orbital module
4793:
4788:
4786:Launch vehicle
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4764:Space sexology
4761:
4756:
4754:Space medicine
4751:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
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4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Weightlessness
4586:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Space research
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4446:Reconnaissance
4443:
4438:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4408:
4398:
4397:
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4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:European Union
4312:
4307:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4260:
4254:
4252:
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4240:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4176:
4175:External links
4173:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4151:
4130:
4128:
4125:
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4121:
4089:
4063:
4033:
4000:
3986:
3953:
3928:
3897:
3883:
3858:
3828:
3806:
3794:Britannica.com
3780:
3761:
3743:
3717:
3691:
3659:
3619:
3588:
3547:
3517:
3502:(in Russian).
3487:
3469:
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3420:
3400:
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3005:
2991:
2988:
2987:
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2976:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2941:, and into an
2935:launch vehicle
2931:
2930:Launch vehicle
2927:
2926:
2919:ground segment
2912:Ground segment
2910:Main article:
2908:
2907:
2906:Ground segment
2903:
2902:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2728:
2727:Communications
2718:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2673:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2612:Main article:
2608:
2607:
2514:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2427:Main article:
2424:
2421:
2404:interplanetary
2374:Main article:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2351:Main article:
2191:Main article:
2188:
2185:
2158:Ansari X Prize
2088:-class shuttle
2037:, followed by
2025:Boeing 747 SCA
2008:Space Shuttle
1973:Main article:
1970:
1967:
1935:Main article:
1932:
1931:Space capsules
1929:
1927:of some sort.
1873:Main article:
1870:
1867:
1853:, applied for
1815:Main article:
1812:
1809:
1727:gravity assist
1707:Voyager probes
1705:The identical
1699:Main article:
1696:
1693:
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1559:space stations
1533:
1530:
1499:satellite dish
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1400:
1397:
1373:space stations
1214:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1135:space capsules
1082:including the
1072:space stations
1003:in lunar orbit
979:
976:
974:
971:
919:. Pressurized
891:was the first
855:
852:
729:space capsules
655:space stations
620:launch vehicle
604:transportation
580:communications
562:
561:
559:
558:
551:
544:
536:
533:
532:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
504:
502:Space agencies
498:
495:
494:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
476:
474:Interplanetary
471:
466:
460:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
438:
426:
421:
415:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:Space stations
380:
375:
373:Space capsules
370:
365:
362:
357:
356:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
334:
328:
323:
322:
317:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Communications
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
236:Lunar missions
233:
228:
223:
218:
212:
207:
206:
203:
202:
192:
191:
185:
184:
148:
147:
62:
60:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5083:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Direct ascent
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4930:Intergalactic
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Rocket engine
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4796:Space capsule
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Space nursing
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:Health issues
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4667:Space Shuttle
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Space tourism
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4520:Space weather
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Space command
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:Space warfare
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4340:United States
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Astrodynamics
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4141:
4140:New Scientist
4137:
4132:
4131:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:IEEE Spectrum
4011:
4004:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3924:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3816:
3810:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3706:
3705:spacenews.com
3702:
3695:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3655:public domain
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3615:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3584:public domain
3574:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3416:3-8118-4341-9
3413:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3170:. 6 June 2024
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Flying saucer
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:communication
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:data recorder
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:Space Shuttle
2663:
2659:
2653:for the crew.
2652:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:satellite bus
2621:
2618:A spacecraft
2615:
2604:
2601:
2593:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551: –
2550:
2546:
2545:Find sources:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2515:This section
2513:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2494:
2491:November 2022
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2468:This section
2466:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2400:space vehicle
2398:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:liquid oxygen
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:Space Shuttle
2226:
2225:maiden launch
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:Space Shuttle
2199:
2194:
2193:Space Shuttle
2187:Space Shuttle
2184:
2182:
2181:
2178:crash of VSS
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
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2005:
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1937:Space capsule
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493:
492:
485:
484:Intergalactic
482:
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376:
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241:Mars missions
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156:
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91: –
90:
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85:Find sources:
79:
75:
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68:
63:This article
61:
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52:
51:
45:
38:
34:
19:
5066:Astronautics
4940:Space launch
4925:Interstellar
4891:Destinations
4777:
4660:Apollo–Soyuz
4609:Space diving
4594:Space toilet
4418:Applications
4335:Soviet Union
4295:Space policy
4290:Space launch
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4139:
4112:. Retrieved
4108:
4080:. Retrieved
4076:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4045:
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4013:
4003:
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3981:
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3968:
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3940:
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3915:. Retrieved
3900:
3886:
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3870:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:the original
3840:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3783:
3774:
3764:
3756:Space Flight
3755:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3731:AmericaSpace
3730:
3720:
3708:. Retrieved
3704:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3671:
3662:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:the original
3631:
3622:
3612:– via
3606:. Retrieved
3591:
3571:– via
3565:. Retrieved
3550:
3538:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3508:. Retrieved
3499:
3490:
3482:the original
3472:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3423:
3407:
3403:
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3384:
3375:
3366:
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3340:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3259:
3250:
3224:. Retrieved
3220:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3193:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3167:
3158:
3108:Space launch
3031:
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:Solar Probes
2982:
2850:
2772:solar panels
2646:Life support
2617:
2596:
2587:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:"Astrionics"
2544:
2528:Please help
2516:
2488:
2479:You can help
2469:
2440:Intelsat-901
2432:
2382:second stage
2379:
2365:
2356:
2304:Columbia but
2303:
2299:
2295:
2230:
2218:
2179:
2166:SpaceShipTwo
2154:Brian Binnie
2150:Mike Melvill
2142:SpaceShipOne
2136:
2101:
2085:
2082:
2074:
2069:when it was
2066:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2018:
2015:Yuri Gagarin
2009:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1951:Yuri Gagarin
1940:
1894:
1820:
1790:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1704:
1688:New Horizons
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1661:, these are
1628:
1619:Space probes
1606:
1592:
1586:
1563:
1552:
1511:
1440:
1416:Dream Chaser
1409:
1402:
1363:
1312:
1284:
1273:
1204:
1128:
1065:
1039:
1031:Alan Shepard
1021:
1013:Yuri Gagarin
1006:
1000:
952:
943:(now at the
901:Soviet Union
878:
874:Soviet Union
753:
722:
718:Solar System
712:New Horizons
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
675:space probes
663:autonomously
624:
567:
565:
507:Space forces
479:Interstellar
412:Space launch
313:
254:Applications
231:Space probes
165:spacecraft (
151:
136:
127:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:"Spacecraft"
84:
72:Please help
67:verification
64:
4898:Sub-orbital
4833:Space probe
4699:New Shepard
4677:Shuttle–Mir
4436:Archaeology
4389:Space force
4372:Moon Treaty
4244:Spaceflight
4145:11 February
4114:16 December
4082:16 December
4056:11 February
4026:29 November
3976:29 November
3946:16 February
3876:22 November
3851:10 February
3821:10 February
3799:10 February
3444:1 September
3260:www.esa.int
2857:inclination
2390:Super Heavy
1969:Spaceplanes
1943:spaceplanes
1925:heat shield
1917:aerobraking
1899:other than
1798:over time,
1625:Space probe
1597:, American
1526:frequencies
1514:radio waves
1459:transmitter
1451:transponder
959:Kármán line
933:Site No.1/5
887:, Germany.
848:Blue Origin
828:North Korea
733:spaceplanes
731:and winged
639:Earth orbit
588:meteorology
576:outer space
464:Sub-orbital
388:Spaceplanes
337:Space probe
271:Exploration
189:Spaceflight
18:Space craft
5061:Spacecraft
5055:Categories
4967:Launch pad
4958:Expendable
4908:Geocentric
4875:Solar sail
4818:Spaceplane
4778:Spacecraft
4572:Space suit
4550:commercial
4478:Television
4273:Space Race
3907:"Liftoff!"
3642:6 February
3145:References
3113:Space suit
3068:Astrionics
3036:at 101.17
3033:Pioneer 11
3024:at 122.82
3012:at 122.48
3009:Pioneer 10
3000:at 156.13
2947:expendable
2939:atmosphere
2899:human crew
2891:telescopes
2869:Structures
2846:propulsion
2620:astrionics
2614:Astrionics
2560:newspapers
2451:Subsystems
2312:CanadaArm1
2300:Challenger
2288:California
2213:, and the
2180:Enterprise
2146:spaceplane
2092:spaceplane
2067:Challenger
2040:Challenger
2020:Enterprise
1975:Spaceplane
1731:Titan IIIE
1682:Pioneer 11
1676:Pioneer 10
1649:, and the
1605:. Chinese
1591:: Russian
1471:television
1280:autonomous
1235:See also:
1060:, and the
982:See also:
967:V-2 rocket
941:Kazakh SSR
939:range, in
917:ionosphere
885:Peenemünde
858:See also:
688:Pioneer 10
685:, such as
679:satellites
592:navigation
568:spacecraft
429:Expendable
424:Launch pad
314:Spacecraft
296:Telescopes
291:Settlement
286:Navigation
221:Space Race
100:newspapers
44:spaceplane
4977:Spaceport
4828:Satellite
4545:Astronaut
4473:Telephone
4426:Astronomy
4347:Space law
4300:Australia
4077:Space.com
3841:Aerospace
3775:Space.com
3312:Space.com
3150:Citations
3021:Voyager 2
2997:Voyager 1
2981:I and II
2862:thrusters
2832:actuators
2812:beryllium
2786:by Earth.
2689:actuators
2517:does not
2483:talk page
2413:Elon Musk
2258:, with 3
2063:Endeavour
2058:Endeavour
2046:Discovery
1992:airplanes
1887:Extended
1885:Apollo 16
1859:espionage
1823:telescope
1791:Voyager 2
1779:Voyager 1
1771:Voyager 1
1767:Voyager 2
1763:Voyager 2
1759:Voyager 1
1757:in 2018.
1755:Voyager 2
1751:Voyager 1
1746:Voyager 2
1740:Voyager 1
1670:Voyager 2
1664:Voyager 1
1523:microwave
1475:telephone
1319:telescope
1223:satellite
1116:Starliner
1022:Freedom 7
997:Apollo 17
925:meteoroid
905:Space Age
889:Sputnik 1
879:A German
870:Sputnik 1
764:Roscosmos
700:Voyager 1
512:Companies
419:Spaceport
332:Satellite
276:Espionage
5029:Category
4694:Tiangong
4689:Shenzhou
4618:Programs
4463:Internet
4268:Timeline
4184:Archived
4050:Archived
4020:Archived
3678:Archived
3567:17 April
3540:13 April
3534:Archived
3510:13 April
3504:Archived
3500:Buran.ru
3478:"Vostok"
3438:Archived
3256:"Euclid"
3236:cite web
3123:Starship
3045:See also
2951:reusable
2824:ablative
2820:tungsten
2798:and the
2784:eclipsed
2640:payloads
2590:May 2024
2445:Ariane 5
2394:Starship
2345:Atlantis
2308:STS-61-A
2296:Columbia
2219:Columbia
2102:Per the
2078:broke up
2075:Columbia
2052:Atlantis
2034:Columbia
2010:Columbia
1984:Columbia
1907:and the
1643:Saturn V
1608:Tianzhou
1594:Progress
1582:Tiangong
1570:Salyut 7
1566:Salyut 6
1487:military
1483:internet
1463:receiver
1420:Tianzhou
1393:Tiangong
1381:Salyut 7
1377:Salyut 6
1335:Salyut 1
1124:Shenzhou
1120:Shuguang
1104:Dragon 2
1100:Spacehab
1096:Spacelab
1009:Vostok 1
937:Tyuratam
921:nitrogen
743:and the
737:reusable
433:reusable
281:Military
181:a series
179:Part of
130:May 2024
4903:Orbital
4704:Artemis
4635:Voskhod
4630:Mercury
4538:General
4278:Records
4263:History
4251:General
4127:Sources
4046:ESA.int
3923:Twitter
3736:20 July
3710:11 July
3684:8 March
3673:YouTube
3614:Twitter
3573:Twitter
3342:13 July
3317:13 July
3291:13 July
3285:AP News
3265:13 July
3226:13 July
3200:13 July
3194:AP News
3174:13 July
2953:. In a
2887:cameras
2882:Payload
2808:Celsius
2776:Jupiter
2748:optical
2732:robotic
2685:sensors
2677:torques
2574:scholar
2538:removed
2523:sources
1869:Landers
1723:Neptune
1711:Jupiter
1635:landers
1495:equator
1307:Neptune
1295:Jupiter
1112:CST-100
1070:crewed
1050:Zond/L1
1042:Voskhod
1001:America
965:of the
854:History
826:), and
766:), the
725:reentry
633:enters
469:Orbital
301:Tourism
209:History
114:scholar
5040:Portal
5033:
5022:
4838:Lander
4791:Rocket
4655:Skylab
4650:Apollo
4640:Gemini
4625:Vostok
4330:Russia
4162:
3970:SpaceX
3917:31 May
3608:27 May
3530:RTC.ru
3414:
2979:Helios
2804:vacuum
2754:using
2736:crewed
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2481:. The
2436:Proton
2409:refuel
2386:SpaceX
2254:, the
2241:NASA’s
2222:'s
2209:, the
2132:Vulcan
2116:Boeing
2108:SpaceX
2055:, and
1947:Vostok
1915:) use
1905:Philae
1861:, and
1833:which
1737:, yet
1735:Saturn
1719:Uranus
1715:Saturn
1685:, and
1639:Apollo
1603:Cygnus
1576:, the
1485:, and
1461:and a
1418:, and
1387:, the
1349:which
1305:, and
1303:Uranus
1299:Saturn
1287:crewed
1243:, and
1229:, and
1108:Boeing
1088:Skylab
1086:, the
1078:, the
1062:Salyut
844:SpaceX
812:Israel
804:Taiwan
760:Russia
709:, and
641:. For
608:humans
602:, and
572:to fly
393:Vostok
116:
109:
102:
95:
87:
4843:Rover
4645:Soyuz
4468:Radio
4325:Japan
4320:India
4305:China
3911:Tweet
3602:Tweet
3561:Tweet
3140:Notes
2943:orbit
2893:, or
2851:Swift
2763:Power
2581:JSTOR
2567:books
2362:Other
2260:RS-25
2086:Buran
1959:Orion
1955:Soyuz
1913:Earth
1901:Earth
1775:Titan
1647:Pluto
1555:cargo
1479:radio
1467:Earth
1447:radio
1399:Other
1369:cargo
1341:) of
1327:OAO-2
1291:Venus
1046:Soyuz
931:from
913:radio
838:have
796:India
788:China
780:Japan
749:Soyuz
647:Earth
635:space
625:On a
612:cargo
163:Soyuz
121:JSTOR
107:books
5005:Pass
4960:and
4160:ISBN
4147:2008
4116:2018
4084:2018
4058:2008
4028:2021
3978:2023
3948:2018
3919:2020
3878:2023
3853:2016
3823:2016
3801:2016
3738:2020
3712:2020
3686:2019
3644:2019
3610:2020
3569:2020
3542:2020
3512:2020
3446:2023
3434:NASA
3412:ISBN
3344:2024
3319:2024
3293:2024
3267:2024
3242:link
3228:2024
3202:2024
3176:2024
2933:The
2917:The
2814:and
2746:and
2734:and
2687:and
2553:news
2521:any
2519:cite
2331:and
2252:APCP
2250:and
2248:PBAN
2231:The
2152:and
2126:and
2114:and
2071:lost
1963:NASA
1957:and
1921:Drag
1883:The
1800:NASA
1796:RTGs
1721:and
1601:and
1580:and
1391:and
1357:and
1317:, a
1205:The
1064:and
986:and
846:and
832:NADA
820:Iran
800:ISRO
792:CNSA
784:JAXA
772:NASA
703:and
691:and
629:, a
610:and
431:and
93:news
35:and
4672:Mir
3221:CNN
2949:or
2822:or
2768:Sun
2696:GNC
2532:by
2286:in
2244:SLS
2217:. (
2207:Mir
2201:US
2130:'s
2128:ULA
2118:'s
2110:'s
1787:Sun
1574:Mir
1505:in
1385:Mir
1067:Mir
1058:TKS
949:MHz
881:V-2
824:ISA
818:),
816:ISA
810:),
808:TSA
802:),
794:),
786:),
665:or
606:of
167:TMA
76:by
5057::
4138:.
4107:.
4092:^
4075:.
4044:.
4018:.
4012:.
3980:.
3967:.
3956:^
3939:.
3869:.
3839:.
3792:.
3773:.
3754:.
3729:.
3703:.
3670:.
3630:.
3532:.
3498:.
3436:.
3432:.
3393:.
3374:.
3335:.
3310:.
3283:.
3258:.
3238:}}
3234:{{
3219:.
3192:.
3166:.
3038:AU
3026:AU
3014:AU
3002:AU
2889:,
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