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853:, and is one of the features that makes Soyuz cheaper to prepare for launch. Assembling a horizontally positioned rocket is relatively simple as all modules are easily accessible. Assembling the rocket in vertical position would require a windproof high-rise hangar, which was not considered financially feasible at the time the rocket was designed, due to the failing economy of the
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booms track the movement of the rocket. After the support boom heads emerge from the special support recess in the nose sections of the strapons, the support booms and trusses disconnect from the rocket airframe, swiveling on the support axes and freeing the way for the rocket to lift off. During launch, the rocket and the launch facility form a single dynamic system.
767:
959:
fairing is used for commercial launches by
Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 7.7 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser. S-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the following
917:
The engines are ignited by electrically initiated pyrotechnic flares, mounted on birch poles, which are ignited at approximately T-20 seconds, a few seconds before fuel components are introduced into the combustion chamber. This sequence rarely fails due to its simplicity. During launch, the support
880:
The entire rocket is suspended in the launch system by the load-bearing mechanisms on the strap-on boosters where they are attached to the central core. The latter rests on the nose sections of the strap-on boosters. This scheme resembles flight conditions when the strap-on boosters push the central
1001:
fairing is used for commercial launches by
Starsem. Its external diameter is 4.1 m and its length is 11.4 m. It can be used with the Soyuz-2 only, because older analog control system cannot cope with aerodynamic instability introduced by a fairing this large. This carbon-plastic fairing is based on
406:
The production of Soyuz launchers reached a peak of 60 per year in the early 1980s. It has become the world's most used space launcher, flying over 1700 times, far more than any other rocket. Despite its age and perhaps thanks to its simplicity, this rocket family has been notable for its low cost
990:
fairing is used for commercial launches by
Starsem. The fairing has external diameter of 3.7 m and a length of 8.45 m. The Fregat upper stage is encapsulated in the fairing with the payload and a payload adapter/dispenser. SL-type fairing along with Fregat upper stage were used to launch the
1197:
564:. The flight ended six minutes after the launch because of a failure of the third stage engine or an unfulfilled order to separate the second and third stages. The rocket's second and third stages, which are identical to the Soyuz, and its payload (a Molniya-3K satellite) crashed in the
1212:
The second stage of the Soyuz booster is a single, generally cylindrical stage with one motor at the base and is activated with the first stage. Like each of the first-stage rockets, it also has four combustion chambers and one set of turbopumps, but four (instead of two)
518:
fleet, Soyuz was the only means of transportation to and from the
International Space Station. This included the transfer of supplies, via Progress spacecraft, and crew changeovers. After the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011, the
848:
The rocket is assembled horizontally in the
Assembly and Testing Building. The assembled rocket is transported to the launch site in its horizontal state and then raised. This is different from the vertical assembly of, for example, the
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Since the launch pad has been eliminated, the bottom portion of the rocket is lowered. The launch system trusses bear the wind loads. Resistance to high wind is an important feature of the launch system, as the
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This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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The first stage of Soyuz rockets consists of four identical conical liquid booster rockets, strapped to the second stage core. Each booster has a single rocket motor with four combustion chambers, two
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in 1993 and designated "Rus" as a
Russification and modernisation of Soyuz, and later renamed Soyuz-2, a funding shortage prevented implementation of the plan. The creation of
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On 24 August 2011, an uncrewed Soyuz-U carrying cargo to the
International Space Station crashed, failing to reach orbit. On December 23, 2011, a Soyuz-2.1b launching a
840:
Soyuz rocket assembly (Soyuz TMA-5): the first and second stages are in the background, already joined; the third stage is in the lower left corner of the image. The
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is used for various
Russian uncrewed missions and is also marketed by Starsem for commercial satellite launches. Presently the following fairing types are used:
1905:
686:, depending on the third-stage engine used. Construction of a new pad started in 2005 and was completed in April 2011. The pad used vertical loading common at
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Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
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in July 1996 provided new funding for the creation of a less ambitious variant, the Soyuz-Fregat or Soyuz-U/Fregat. This consisted of a slightly modified
6228:
383:. It was initially a three-stage rocket with a Block I upper stage. The first four test launches were all failures, but eventually it worked. Later a
694:. A simulated launch was conducted in early May 2011. The first operational launch happened on 21 October 2011, bearing the first two satellites in
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When the strap-on booster engines stop, the boosters fall away, providing nonimpact separation. If the skies are clear, ground observers can see a
647:, which has a new digital guidance system and a highly modified third stage with a new engine. The first development version of Soyuz-2 called
1756:
5341:
651:, which is equipped with the digital guidance system, but is still propelled by an old third stage engine, started on 4 November 2004 from
498:, between 22 September 1999 and 22 November 1999. After successful test flights of Soyuz-Fregat on 9 February 2000 and 20 March 2000, the
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fell back near the launch pad and exploded 29 seconds after lift-off. One person from the ground crew was killed and eight were injured.
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vehicles, with its length increased by approximately one additional meter. The fairing has been developed and is being manufactured by
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was dependent on the Soyuz to send crew into space until 2020. NASA resumed crewed flights from the United States in 2020 through the
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combustion chambers. The second stage tapers toward the bottom to allow the four first-stage rockets to fit more closely together.
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on a suborbital test flight, followed by an orbital flight on 23 October 2006 from
Baikonur. The fully modified launcher (version
395:. While the exact model and variant designations were kept secret from the west, the Soyuz launcher was referred to by either the
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947:. The spacecraft uses a dedicated platform and fairing and can be launched with either Soyuz-U, Soyuz-FG or Soyuz-2.
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military communications satellite failed in the 7th minute of launch because of an anomaly in the third stage.
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designation of SL-4, or the Sheldon designation of A-2 (developed by Charles S. Sheldon, an analyst with the
506:
probe from Baikonur in June 2003. Now the Soyuz-Fregat launcher is used by Starsem for commercial payloads.
403:). Both systems for naming Soviet rockets stopped being used as more accurate information became available.
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core forward. The concept of suspending the rocket was one of the novelties introduced with the R-7/Soyuz.
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using the Soyuz-Fregat. Before the introduction of this new model, Starsem launched 24 satellites of the
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rocket, Soyuz rockets were the only launch vehicles able and approved for transporting astronauts to the
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One of the common payloads of the Soyuz rocket family, a Soyuz spacecraft. This one is for
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launch from the Plesetsk launch site, which used a four-stage version of the rocket called
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A long string of successful Soyuz launches was broken on 15 October 2002 when the uncrewed
186:
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1014:). This is the only fairing type offered by Starsem/Arianespace for launches from Kourou.
8:
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was used to pull the Soyuz spacecraft away from the malfunctioning rocket. The two crew,
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were launched on 16 July 2000 and 9 August 2000. Another Soyuz-Fregat launched the ESA's
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is the only Progress Spacecraft that was launched while being enclosed in a ST fairing.
606:, followed a ballistic trajectory and landed safely over 400 km downrange from the
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to the International Space Station and for commercial launches marketed and operated by
263:, Russia. The Soyuz is the rocket with the most launches in the history of spaceflight.
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1779:"Soyuz Rocket suffers rare Abort at Ignition β Soyuz | Resurs-P No.3 |Spaceflight101"
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1942:, Iaskowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins ed., 1999, Reston, Virginia, AIAA Publications.
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was produced by adding a fourth stage, allowing it to reach the highly elliptical
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Between 1 February 2003 and 26 July 2005 with the grounding of the United States
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682:. The equatorial launch site allows the Soyuz to deliver 2.7 to 4.9 tonnes into
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combined with the Fregat upper stage, with a capacity of up to 1350 kg to
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1742:"Longest-serving rocket in history bids farewell with Progress MS-05 launch"
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The venerable Soyuz launcher was gradually replaced by a new version, named
251:) is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by
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is the cargo spacecraft for uncrewed missions to the ISS and previously to
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from 2014 until 2019. Soyuz-U was retired in 2017, while Soyuz-FG carried
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International Reference Guide to Space Launch Systems, Third Edition
1525:. Samara Space Centre. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012
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The Great Soviet Cosmonaut Conspiracy - Soyuz Conspiracy - Timeline
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367:
329:, a variant of RP-1, with LOX. The Soyuz family is a subset of the
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41:
1989:
1148:
Specific impulse 245 seconds (2.40 km/s) at liftoff (estimed)
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1561:
The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph
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The first stage hauling the Soyuz TMA-9 crew up to the ISS, 2006.
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In the early 1990s plans were made for a redesigned Soyuz with a
392:
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267:
1825:. federalspace.ru. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007
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Specific impulse 310 seconds (3.0 km/s) in vacuum (estimed)
628:
594:
failed to reach orbit after an issue with the main booster. The
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2320:
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1757:"Russia Actually Lights Rockets With an Oversized Wooden Match"
1586:"Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel"
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1086:
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569:
447:
416:
326:
279:
260:
89:
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Specific impulse 264 seconds (2.59 km/s) at liftoff (est)
1204:), creating a cross smoke pattern in the sky, also known as a
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1975:
Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel
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Specific impulse 311 seconds (3.05 km/s) in vacuum (est)
1059:
992:
965:
890:
844:, covered by its launch shroud, is in the lower right corner.
660:
372:
The Soyuz launcher was introduced in 1966, deriving from the
252:
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Propellant: 21.4-22.9 tonne (47,200 – 50,500 lb)
889:, where the Baikonur launch site is located, are known for
524:
314:
293:
The Soyuz vehicles are used as the launcher for the crewed
1181:
Specific impulse 320.2 seconds (3.140 km/s) in vacuum
5095:
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1959:
944:
523:
was without any means to take astronauts into orbit, and
396:
180:
1719:"First Soyuz almost ready for launch from French Guiana"
1564:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233β.
1302:
Specific impulse 264 seconds (2.59 km/s) at liftoff
1269:
Specific impulse 264 seconds (2.59 km/s) at liftoff
1305:
Specific impulse 311 seconds (3.05 km/s) in vacuum
1272:
Specific impulse 311 seconds (3.05 km/s) in vacuum
3476:
1605:"NASA's latest Soyuz seat procurement may be its last"
1558:
Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (12 March 2013).
1118:
Specific impulse 310 seconds (3.0 km/s) in vacuum
928:
1463:
828:(1964β2010) was also derived from the Soyuz family.
1906:"Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre: User's Manual"
1010:
in accordance with the requirements of a customer (
550:Another failure occurred on 21 June 2005, during a
1551:
1071:Diameter: 2.68 metres (8 feet 10 inches)
752:From left: Soyuz-2.1v, Soyuz-2.1a, Soyuz-2.1b and
1400:Diameter: 2.66 metres (8 feet 9 inches)
1240:Diameter: 2.95 metres (9 feet 8 inches)
376:launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or
6215:
1074:Length: 19.6 metres (64 feet 4 inches)
1051:combustion chambers, and one set of turbopumps.
1002:the proven configuration used for Arianespace's
450:upper stage. The Fregat engine was developed by
1557:
1489:, including launches of the Soyuz rocket family
1372:There are two variant upper stages in use, the
1237:Length: 28 metres (91 feet 10 inches)
613:
494:constellation in 6 launches with a restartable
1200:Here the four first stage boosters fall away (
5799:
3899:
3462:
2005:
1448:Specific impulse 359 seconds (3.52 km/s)
1424:Specific impulse 330 seconds (3.2 km/s)
690:, unlike the horizontal loading used at the
321:(LOX) propellant, with the exception of the
1596:
678:agreed to launch Soyuz/ST rockets from the
5806:
5792:
3913:
3906:
3892:
3469:
3455:
2042:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
2012:
1998:
1697:"Soyuz launch site ready for first flight"
659:) flew first on 27 December 2006 with the
34:
6229:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union
2037:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
1823:"Carrier rocket Soyuz-FG with RB Frigate"
1231:propellant): 96.4 tonne (212,000 lb)
1221:Gross mass: 105.4 tonne (232,400 lb)
953:fairing is used for commercial launches.
19:For the spacecraft of the same name, see
1911:. Arianespace. June 2006. Archived from
1859:"Arianespace and Starsem to orbit COROT"
1739:
1652:. European Space Agency. 19 January 2005
1482:Comparison of orbital launchers families
1364:, an international docking mission with
1355:
1234:Dry mass: 6,875 kg (15,157 lb)
1224:Propellant: 95.4 tonne (210,000 lb)
1195:
1038:
1025:
900:
864:
835:
765:
627:
420:
340:
3435:The β sign designates failed missions.
1394:Dry mass: 2,355 kg (5,192 lb)
1388:Gross mass: 25.2 tonne (55,600 lb)
1115:245 seconds (2.40 km/s) at liftoff
1068:Dry mass: 3,784 kg (8,342 lb)
1065:Propellant: 39.2 tonne (86,400 lb)
6216:
1677:. European Space Agency. November 2007
543:launch of the Photon-M satellite from
5787:
3887:
3450:
1993:
1699:. European Space Agency. 1 April 2011
1602:
509:
3931:Comparison of orbital launch systems
3433:; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
3425:Uncrewed missions are designated as
1740:Gebhardt, Chris (21 February 2017).
1650:"Closer ties between ESA and Russia"
1625:
1451:Chamber pressure 16.2 MPa (2350 psi)
724:until September 2019 (final flight,
488:Cluster II plasma science satellites
2019:
1781:. spaceflight101.com. 12 March 2016
1754:
1721:. European Space Agency. 4 May 2011
1628:"Another Soyuz rocket launch fails"
1626:Amos, Jonathan (23 December 2011).
1341:Chamber pressure 5.85 MPa (848 psi)
1154:Chamber pressure 5.85 MPa (848 psi)
1121:Chamber pressure 5.85 MPa (848 psi)
929:Fairings used for uncrewed missions
712:rockets were gradually replaced by
534:
397:United States Department of Defense
13:
1933:
1523:""Soyuz" - series launch vehicles"
1427:Chamber pressure 6.8 MPa (986 psi)
1308:Chamber pressure 5.1 MPa (740 psi)
1275:Chamber pressure 5.1 MPa (740 psi)
454:from the propulsion module of its
381:intercontinental ballistic missile
52:, Kazakhstan on 18 September 2006.
14:
6310:
1985:Soyuz User's Manual - Arianespace
1953:
1672:"Soyuz at the European Spaceport"
410:
266:For nearly a decade, between the
6197:Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre
5842:
2098:
1466:
1282:Soyuz-U2 model with Syntin fuel
1054:Statistics (each of 4 boosters)
1030:Exploded plan of Soyuz FG rocket
925:formed by the falling boosters.
909:on the launch pad, ahead of the
745:
733:
624:Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre
301:, as well as to launch uncrewed
16:Russian and Soviet rocket family
6289:Space launch vehicles of Russia
5813:
5759:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1898:
1876:
1851:
1815:
1793:
1771:
1748:
1733:
1711:
1191:
808:11A511U2 or 11A511K (1982β1995)
3926:List of orbital launch systems
3849:Cancelled (no launch attempts)
3439:designates cancelled missions.
1755:Zak, Anatoly (17 March 2016).
1689:
1664:
1642:
1619:
1603:Clark, Stephen (27 May 2014).
1578:
1515:
1504:
1397:Length:6.7 m (22 ft)
1351:
1034:
913:(ASTP) launch on 15 July 1975.
353:
1:
2090:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1498:
486:(ESA) to launch two pairs of
482:obtained a contract from the
274:program in 2011 and the 2020
6279:Projects established in 1967
1417:Thrust 298 kN (67.0 klb
1295:Thrust 1009 kN (227 klb
1141:Thrust 1021 kN (230 klb
876:launch pad, 10 October 2008.
860:
614:Soyuz-2 and Guiana spaceport
476:geostationary transfer orbit
456:Phobos interplanetary probes
257:Progress Rocket Space Centre
76:Progress Rocket Space Centre
7:
1965:Soyuz launch log at Starsem
1459:
1328:Thrust 990 kN (222 klb
1321:Thrust 792 kN (178 klb
1288:Thrust 811 kN (182 klb
1262:Thrust 997 kN (224 klb
1255:Thrust 779 kN (175 klb
1134:Thrust 838 kN (188 klb
1105:Thrust 991 kN (223 klb
831:
761:
592:International Space Station
529:Commercial Crew Development
521:United States space program
464:Russian Ministry of Defence
458:. Although endorsed by the
288:International Space Station
10:
6315:
5749:Medium-lift launch vehicle
1441:Thrust 294 kN (66 klb
1227:Propellant (Soyuz-U2 with
773:
617:
414:
391:. A later variant was the
357:
336:
303:Progress supply spacecraft
18:
6299:1970s in the Soviet Union
6294:1960s in the Soviet Union
6184:
6101:
6022:
5990:
5942:
5919:
5881:
5858:
5851:
5840:
5821:
5767:
5754:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
5744:Small-lift launch vehicle
5731:
4581:
4355:
3939:
3921:
3848:
3579:
3553:
3491:
3423:
3387:
3366:
3215:
3101:
2977:
2789:
2678:
2647:
2600:
2414:
2388:
2362:
2337:
2225:
2116:
2107:
2096:
2050:
2027:
1843:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1543:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1362:Apollo Soyuz Test Project
1249:Soyuz and Soyuz-U models
1083:Soyuz and Soyuz-U models
1021:
911:Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
896:
728:, on 25 September 2019).
699:global positioning system
241:
220:
206:
198:
136:
128:
123:
113:
108:
100:
95:
81:
67:
57:
48:spacecraft launches from
33:
670:On 19 January 2005, the
586:On 11 October 2018, the
558:communications satellite
313:. All Soyuz rockets use
207:Type of passengers/cargo
3915:Orbital launch systems
2032:List of Soyuz missions
1801:"Soyuz Launch Vehicle"
1744:. NasaSpaceFlight.com.
1403:Burn time: 240 seconds
1369:
1243:Burn time: 290 seconds
1209:
1077:Burn time: 118 seconds
1044:
1031:
991:following spacecraft:
914:
877:
845:
814:11A511U-FG (2001β2019)
771:
636:
635:ready to launch (2007)
443:
407:and high reliability.
350:
345:Soyuz rocket engines (
2058:Soyuz (rocket family)
1590:European Space Agency
1493:Delta (rocket family)
1368:of the United States.
1359:
1199:
1042:
1029:
904:
872:being erected at the
868:
839:
769:
684:Sun-synchronous orbit
672:European Space Agency
631:
500:Cluster II satellites
484:European Space Agency
424:
344:
2233:Zond lunar programme
2110:(by spacecraft type)
1980:Soyuz Booster Family
1487:List of R-7 launches
820:14A14 (2006βpresent)
596:launch escape system
276:first crewed mission
255:and manufactured by
44:rocket carrying the
6274:1973 in spaceflight
6269:1972 in spaceflight
6264:1971 in spaceflight
6259:1970 in spaceflight
6254:1969 in spaceflight
6249:1968 in spaceflight
6244:1967 in spaceflight
6239:R-7 (rocket family)
2068:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1759:. Popular Mechanics
802:11A511U (1973β2017)
796:11A511M (1971β1976)
790:11A511L (1970β1971)
776:R-7 (rocket family)
692:Baikonur Cosmodrome
680:Guiana Space Centre
665:Baikonur Cosmodrome
663:satellite from the
608:Baikonur Cosmodrome
430:Baikonur Cosmodrome
401:Library of Congress
244:, meaning "union",
50:Baikonur Cosmodrome
30:
6284:Russian inventions
4921:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
3340:(uncrewed landing)
2547:(uncrewed landing)
2063:Soyuz (spacecraft)
1474:Spaceflight portal
1370:
1210:
1045:
1032:
915:
887:Kazakhstan steppes
878:
846:
784:11A511 (1966β1975)
772:
637:
510:ISS crew transport
444:
351:
109:Associated rockets
28:
21:Soyuz (spacecraft)
6234:Soviet inventions
6211:
6210:
6018:
6017:
5781:
5780:
3881:
3880:
3444:
3443:
3362:
3361:
3349:(uncrewed launch)
2562:(uncrewed launch)
2373:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
2348:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
2085:Soyuz abort modes
1918:on 13 August 2012
1884:"Soyuz: Overview"
1607:. Spaceflight Now
1571:978-1-4614-5459-5
1432:Improved Block I
1366:Apollo spacecraft
1058:Gross mass: 44.5
740:Soyuz-2.1b (2018)
478:. In April 1997,
231:
230:
82:Country of origin
6306:
6005:Soyuz 2.1b / STB
6000:Soyuz 2.1a / STA
5856:
5855:
5846:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5630:Universal Rocket
4001:Falcon 9 Block 5
3908:
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3894:
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3471:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3367:Current missions
3350:
3341:
3297:
2805:
2705:
2635:
2563:
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2487:
2183:
2138:
2133:Soyuz 7K-OK No.1
2114:
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1592:. 29 March 2013.
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1471:
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1469:
1378:Improved Block-I
1318:RD-118 (11D512)
1315:Soyuz-ST models
1164:RD-107A (14D22)
1131:RD-107A (14D22)
1128:Soyuz-ST models
1113:Specific impulse
1062:(98,100 lb)
842:Soyuz spacecraft
749:
737:
600:Aleksey Ovchinin
535:Recent incidents
496:Ikar upper stage
442:, October 2008).
295:Soyuz spacecraft
243:
224:edit on Wikidata
202:28 November 1966
38:
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5739:Sounding rocket
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3388:Future missions
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2021:Soyuz programme
2018:
1956:
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1934:Further reading
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874:Gagarin's Start
863:
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778:
770:Soyuz-FG launch
764:
757:
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741:
738:
718:astronaut crews
626:
618:Main articles:
616:
590:mission to the
537:
512:
435:Gagarin's Start
432:launch pad 1/5
428:erected at the
419:
413:
385:Molniya variant
370:
358:Main articles:
356:
339:
299:Soyuz programme
297:as part of the
227:
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5852:Launch systems
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4356:In development
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3112:Soyuz TMA-01M
3110:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:Past missions
2106:
2101:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
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2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1948:1-56347-353-4
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1886:. Arianespace
1885:
1879:
1860:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1818:
1802:
1796:
1780:
1774:
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1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:Korolev cross
1203:
1198:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1147:
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1120:
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1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
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1052:
1050:
1041:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1016:Progress M-UM
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
994:
989:
985:
983:
979:
978:Venus Express
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
954:
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
936:
926:
924:
923:Korolev cross
919:
912:
908:
903:
894:
892:
888:
882:
875:
871:
867:
858:
856:
852:
843:
838:
829:
827:
819:
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804:
801:
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792:
789:
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755:
748:
743:
736:
731:
730:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
697:
693:
689:
688:French Guiana
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
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658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
630:
625:
621:
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582:
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575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
548:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
522:
517:
516:Space Shuttle
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:NPO Lavochkin
449:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
418:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Molniya orbit
386:
382:
379:
375:
369:
365:
361:
348:
343:
334:
332:
328:
325:, which used
324:
320:
319:liquid oxygen
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:Space Shuttle
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
239:
235:
225:
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
191:
188:
185:
182:
178:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
153:
149:
145:
142:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
6023:Launch sites
5952:Soyuz/Vostok
5943:
5829:R-7 Semyorka
5529:Thorad-Agena
5202:Soyuz/Vostok
5164:
4006:Falcon Heavy
3698:Soyuz/Vostok
3660:
3436:
3430:
3426:
2632:ApolloβSoyuz
2390:Soyuz 7K-OKS
2364:Soyuz 7K-LOK
2339:Soyuz 7K-L1E
2326:
2319:
2057:
1939:
1920:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1853:
1827:. Retrieved
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1750:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1598:
1589:
1580:
1560:
1553:
1527:. Retrieved
1517:
1506:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1325:) at liftoff
1292:) at liftoff
1259:) at liftoff
1211:
1202:Soyuz TMA-12
1192:Second stage
1178:) at liftoff
1138:) at liftoff
1102:) at liftoff
1053:
1046:
998:
997:
987:
986:
970:Mars Express
960:spacecraft:
956:
955:
950:
949:
940:
939:
932:
920:
916:
883:
879:
870:Soyuz TMA-13
855:Soviet Union
847:
823:
703:
669:
638:
585:
578:
549:
538:
513:
504:Mars Express
445:
440:Soyuz TMA-13
433:
405:
371:
292:
268:final flight
265:
248:
233:
232:
199:First flight
137:Launch sites
68:Manufacturer
25:
5815:R-7 rockets
5019:LauncherOne
4970:Kaituozhe-1
4747:Black Arrow
4499:Orbex Prime
4398:Hyperbola-2
4363:Antares 330
4063:Kaituozhe 2
4036:Hyperbola-1
3429:instead of
3226:Soyuz MS-01
3105:(2010β2016)
3103:Soyuz-TMA-M
2988:Soyuz TMA-1
2981:(2002β2012)
2793:(1986β2002)
2689:Kosmos 1001
2682:(1978β1986)
2651:(1974β1976)
2604:(1974β1976)
2602:Soyuz 7K-TM
2418:(1972β1981)
2366:(1971β1972)
2341:(1969β1970)
2229:(1967β1970)
2227:Soyuz 7K-L1
2120:(1966β1970)
2118:Soyuz 7K-OK
2051:Main topics
1352:Third stage
1332:) in vacuum
1299:) in vacuum
1266:) in vacuum
1167:Thrust 775
1145:) in vacuum
1109:) in vacuum
1091:Thrust 813
1035:First stage
726:Soyuz MS-15
588:Soyuz MS-10
354:Development
347:Soyuz TMA-5
311:Arianespace
46:Soyuz TMA-9
6218:Categories
6010:Soyuz 2-1v
5024:Long March
4928:Feng Bao 1
4541:Tianlong-3
4467:New Line 1
4425:Long March
4373:Cyclone-4M
4313:Tianlong-2
4291:2.1b / STB
4286:2.1a / STA
4229:Pegasus XL
4095:Long March
4068:Kinetica 1
3991:Chollima-1
3296:(uncrewed)
2804:(uncrewed)
2800:Soyuz TM-1
2704:(uncrewed)
2658:Kosmos 670
2649:Soyuz 7K-S
2611:Kosmos 638
2486:(uncrewed)
2450:Kosmos 656
2440:Kosmos 613
2425:Kosmos 496
2416:Soyuz 7K-T
2354:Kosmos 382
2253:Zond 1967A
2242:Kosmos 146
2182:(uncrewed)
2153:Kosmos 186
2142:Kosmos 140
2137:(uncrewed)
2127:Kosmos 133
1785:4 December
1630:. BBC News
1499:References
1382:Soyuz-2-1b
933:The Soyuz
891:windstorms
774:See also:
657:Soyuz-2-1b
649:Soyuz-2-1a
604:Nick Hague
581:Meridian 5
568:region of
492:Globalstar
331:R-7 family
246:GRAU index
6176:2020β2024
6171:2015β2019
6166:2010β2014
6161:2005β2009
6156:2000β2004
6151:1995β1999
6146:1990β1994
6141:1985β1989
6136:1980β1984
6131:1975β1979
6126:1970β1974
6121:1965β1969
6116:1960β1964
6111:1957β1959
6074:Vostochny
6067:Site 43/4
6062:Site 43/3
6057:Site 16/2
6052:Site 41/1
6040:Site 31/6
5934:Molniya-M
5911:Vostok-2M
5123:Paektusan
4752:Conestoga
4509:Red Dwarf
4462:New Glenn
4393:Gravity-2
4383:Epsilon S
4016:Gravity-1
3856:Tsyklon-4
2979:Soyuz-TMA
2700:Soyuz T-1
2078:Site 31/6
1864:. Starsem
1803:. Starsem
1763:11 August
1380:(used in
1246:Engines:
1161:Soyuz-FG
1080:Engines:
962:Galaxy 14
861:Prelaunch
826:Molniya-M
676:Roscosmos
562:Molniya-M
531:program.
460:Roscosmos
187:Vostochny
6204:(engine)
6185:See also
6103:Launches
6047:Plesetsk
6035:Site 1/5
6030:Baikonur
5982:Soyuz-FG
5977:Soyuz-U2
5906:Vostok-2
5901:Vostok-K
5896:Vostok-L
5822:Missiles
5667:original
5657:Vanguard
5640:Proton-K
5613:original
5461:Ablestar
5446:Terran 1
5404:original
5263:Rocket 3
5170:original
4980:original
4906:Falcon 9
4901:Falcon 1
4857:IV Heavy
4573:Zuljanah
4536:Terran R
4519:Block 1B
4504:Pallas-1
4408:Kuaizhou
4368:Bloostar
4308:Starship
4259:Shavit 2
4244:Qaem 100
4234:Proton-M
4192:Minotaur
4073:Kuaizhou
3996:Electron
3964:Ariane 6
3796:Proton-K
3769:original
3666:original
3543:Proton-M
3217:Soyuz MS
2791:Soyuz-TM
2621:Soyuz 16
2455:Soyuz 14
2445:Soyuz 13
2435:Soyuz 12
2399:Soyuz 10
2298:Zond-M 1
2073:Site 1/5
1922:29 March
1890:29 March
1868:29 March
1839:cite web
1829:29 March
1807:29 March
1725:29 March
1703:29 March
1681:29 March
1656:29 March
1634:29 March
1539:cite web
1529:29 March
1460:See also
1438:(11D451)
1409:Block I
1406:Engine:
1004:Ariane 4
941:Progress
851:Saturn V
832:Assembly
812:Soyuz-FG
806:Soyuz-U2
762:Variants
710:Soyuz-FG
653:Plesetsk
645:Soyuz/ST
555:military
545:Plesetsk
462:and the
426:Soyuz-FG
368:Soyuz-FG
323:Soyuz-U2
284:Falcon 9
215:Progress
157:Plesetsk
144:Baikonur
58:Function
42:Soyuz-FG
6079:Site 1S
5992:Soyuz-2
5972:Soyuz-U
5967:Soyuz-M
5962:Soyuz-L
5929:Molniya
5921:Molniya
5873:Voskhod
5863:Sputnik
5732:Classes
5603:Tsyklon
5441:Start-1
5212:Voskhod
5207:Sputnik
5143:Molniya
5128:Pilot-2
4965:Juno II
4879:Epsilon
4874:Energia
4864:Diamant
4740:Centaur
4589:Antares
4582:Retired
4531:Soyuz-7
4524:Block 2
4457:Neutron
4447:Miura 5
4281:Soyuz-2
4274:Block 1
4264:Simorgh
4041:Jielong
3969:Atlas V
3940:Current
3764:Tsyklon
3759:Start-1
3708:Voskhod
3703:Sputnik
3639:Molniya
3592:Energia
3580:Retired
3571:Yenisei
3516:Soyuz-2
3482:Russian
3437:Italics
3207:TMA-20M
3202:TMA-19M
3197:TMA-18M
3192:TMA-17M
3187:TMA-16M
3182:TMA-15M
3177:TMA-14M
3172:TMA-13M
3167:TMA-12M
3162:TMA-11M
3157:TMA-10M
3152:TMA-09M
3147:TMA-08M
3142:TMA-07M
3137:TMA-06M
3132:TMA-05M
3127:TMA-04M
3122:TMA-03M
3117:TMA-02M
2680:Soyuz-T
2178:Soyuz 2
2147:Soyuz 1
1960:Starsem
1436:RD-0124
1413:RD-0110
1374:Block I
1285:RD-108
1252:RD-108
1215:vernier
1049:vernier
1012:Starsem
999:ST-type
988:SL-type
982:Cluster
966:GIOVE A
907:Soyuz-U
818:Soyuz-2
800:Soyuz-U
794:Soyuz-M
788:Soyuz-L
754:Soyuz-5
720:to the
714:Soyuz-2
706:Soyuz-U
696:Galileo
641:Soyuz-2
633:Soyuz 2
620:Soyuz-2
574:Siberia
566:Uvatsky
552:Molniya
541:Soyuz-U
480:Starsem
472:Soyuz-U
468:Starsem
393:Soyuz-U
364:Soyuz-U
337:History
307:Starsem
270:of the
238:Russian
190:Site 1S
6202:RD-107
6086:Guiana
5883:Vostok
5868:Polyot
5716:Zhuque
5650:Strela
5608:R-36-O
5551:II GLV
5539:SLV-2H
5534:SLV-2G
5522:DSV-2U
5500:Burner
5436:SS-520
5431:Sparta
5399:Shavit
5290:Saturn
5251:Shtil'
5217:Vostok
5160:Polyot
5118:Naro-1
5007:Lambda
4975:Kosmos
4960:Juno I
4884:Europa
4658:Athena
4621:Ariane
4561:Zhuque
4551:Vega E
4403:Irtysh
4340:Zhuque
4058:KAIROS
3947:Angara
3871:Medium
3861:Proton
3806:Strela
3791:UR-500
3747:Shtil'
3713:Vostok
3656:Polyot
3597:Kosmos
3566:Irtysh
3499:Angara
3492:Active
3478:Soviet
3427:Kosmos
3347:
3338:
3294:
3093:TMA-22
3088:TMA-21
3083:TMA-20
3078:TMA-19
3073:TMA-18
3068:TMA-17
3063:TMA-16
3058:TMA-15
3053:TMA-14
3048:TMA-13
3043:TMA-12
3038:TMA-11
3033:TMA-10
2802:
2702:
2628:
2560:
2545:
2484:
2392:(1971)
2310:Zond 7
2265:Zond 4
2180:
1946:
1611:29 May
1568:
1229:Syntin
1087:RD-107
1022:Stages
974:AMOS-2
957:S-type
951:A-type
897:Launch
570:Tyumen
448:Fregat
417:Fregat
374:Vostok
366:, and
327:Syntin
280:SpaceX
261:Samara
249:11A511
179:(with
174:Kourou
159:Sites
146:Sites
132:Active
129:Status
114:Family
101:Stages
90:Russia
5957:Soyuz
5944:Soyuz
5679:Zenit
5674:VLS-1
5645:Rokot
5546:Titan
5517:Delta
5478:Agena
5426:SPARK
5312:Scout
5268:Safir
5256:Volna
5165:Soyuz
4955:H-IIB
4869:Dnepr
4757:Delta
4735:Agena
4725:SLV-3
4720:LV-3B
4675:Atlas
4249:Qased
4224:OS-M1
4026:H-IIA
3974:Ceres
3866:Light
3813:Zenit
3801:Rokot
3752:Volna
3661:Soyuz
3587:Dnepr
3431:Soyuz
3413:MS-29
3409:2026
3403:MS-28
3398:MS-27
3394:2025
3379:MS-26
3374:MS-25
3354:MS-24
3345:MS-23
3336:MS-22
3331:MS-21
3326:MS-20
3321:MS-19
3316:MS-18
3311:MS-17
3306:MS-16
3301:MS-15
3292:MS-14
3287:MS-13
3282:MS-12
3277:MS-11
3271:MS-10
3266:MS-09
3261:MS-08
3256:MS-07
3251:MS-06
3246:MS-05
3241:MS-04
3236:MS-03
3231:MS-02
3028:TMA-9
3023:TMA-8
3018:TMA-7
3013:TMA-6
3008:TMA-5
3003:TMA-4
2998:TMA-3
2993:TMA-2
2969:TM-34
2964:TM-33
2959:TM-32
2954:TM-31
2949:TM-30
2944:TM-29
2939:TM-28
2934:TM-27
2929:TM-26
2924:TM-25
2919:TM-24
2914:TM-23
2909:TM-22
2904:TM-21
2899:TM-20
2894:TM-19
2889:TM-18
2884:TM-17
2879:TM-16
2874:TM-15
2869:TM-14
2864:TM-13
2859:TM-12
2854:TM-11
2849:TM-10
2750:T-10a
2292:1969A
2276:1968B
2270:1968A
2259:1967B
1916:(PDF)
1909:(PDF)
1862:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1171:(174
1095:(183
1060:tonne
993:CoRoT
782:Soyuz
661:CoRoT
253:OKB-1
234:Soyuz
222:[
211:Soyuz
72:OKB-1
29:Soyuz
5891:Luna
5704:3SLB
5662:Vega
5591:CT-3
5576:IIIE
5571:IIID
5566:IIIC
5561:IIIB
5556:IIIA
5456:Able
5451:Thor
5352:X-2B
5342:X-3M
5332:X-2M
5246:R-29
5138:Luna
5113:N-II
5091:3SII
4990:2/2I
4950:H-II
4938:Mk I
4933:GSLV
4916:v1.1
4911:v1.0
4837:5000
4832:4000
4827:3000
4822:2000
4817:1000
4812:0100
4730:Able
4653:ASLV
4614:230+
4556:Zero
4482:OS-M
4477:Nova
4472:NGLV
4388:Eris
4378:Deca
4323:Vega
4318:Unha
4303:SSLV
4296:2-1v
4239:PSLV
4219:Nuri
4187:LVM3
4120:3B/E
4021:GSLV
3833:3SLB
3742:R-29
3634:Luna
3561:Amur
3531:2-1v
3526:2.1b
3521:2.1a
3480:and
2844:TM-9
2839:TM-8
2834:TM-7
2829:TM-6
2824:TM-5
2819:TM-4
2814:TM-3
2809:TM-2
2781:T-15
2776:T-14
2771:T-13
2766:T-12
2761:T-11
2756:T-10
2695:1074
2379:No.2
1944:ISBN
1924:2013
1892:2013
1870:2013
1845:link
1831:2013
1809:2013
1787:2017
1765:2018
1727:2013
1705:2013
1683:2013
1658:2013
1636:2013
1613:2014
1566:ISBN
1545:link
1531:2013
1376:and
824:The
708:and
704:The
622:and
602:and
525:NASA
378:R-7a
317:and
315:RP-1
309:and
242:Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·
167:and
152:31/6
150:and
96:Size
86:USSR
6091:ELS
5699:3SL
5694:2FG
5586:23G
5581:34D
5416:SLV
5392:G-1
5387:F-1
5382:E-1
5377:A-1
5372:D-1
5367:B-1
5347:X-4
5337:X-3
5327:X-2
5317:X-1
5133:R-7
5108:N-I
4945:H-I
4847:III
4715:III
4690:E/F
4609:230
4604:130
4599:120
4594:110
4546:VLM
4514:SLS
4452:MLV
4269:SLS
4254:RS1
4180:11H
3952:1.2
3828:3SL
3629:R-7
3504:1.2
2745:T-9
2739:T-8
2734:T-7
2729:T-6
2724:T-5
2719:T-4
2714:T-3
2709:T-2
2669:869
2663:772
2616:672
2471:18a
2430:573
2304:M 2
2247:154
2173:238
2168:213
2163:212
2158:188
1384:).
1173:klb
1097:klb
945:Mir
722:ISS
643:or
576:).
282:'s
278:of
259:in
181:ESA
177:ELS
148:1/5
118:R-7
6220::
5709:3F
5689:2M
5596:IV
5300:IB
5283:1B
5278:1A
5237:2M
5195:U2
5175:FG
5103:N1
5086:3S
5081:3H
5076:3C
5071:4S
5066:Mu
5059:4A
5054:3B
5044:2E
5039:2A
5034:1D
5012:4S
5000:3M
4894:II
4852:IV
4842:II
4710:II
4668:II
4440:12
4435:10
4418:31
4413:21
4202:IV
4175:11
4165:7A
4155:6A
4145:5B
4135:4C
4130:4B
4125:3C
4115:3A
4110:2F
4105:2D
4100:2C
4088:11
4083:1A
4031:H3
3984:1S
3957:A5
3838:3F
3823:2M
3786:UR
3733:2M
3691:FG
3686:U2
3624:N1
3617:3M
3607:2I
3538:UR
3509:A5
2639:22
2626:19
2592:40
2587:39
2582:38
2577:37
2572:36
2567:35
2558:34
2552:33
2543:32
2538:31
2533:30
2528:29
2523:28
2518:27
2513:26
2507:25
2502:24
2496:23
2491:21
2482:20
2477:18
2466:17
2460:15
2405:11
2328:10
2135:β
1841:}}
1837:{{
1588:.
1541:}}
1537:{{
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1093:kN
995:.
984:.
980:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
964:,
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893:.
857:.
701:.
667:.
610:.
362:,
333:.
290:.
240::
169:43
165:16
163:,
161:41
40:A
5807:e
5800:t
5793:v
5721:1
5684:2
5623:3
5618:2
5510:2
5505:1
5493:D
5488:B
5483:A
5471:2
5466:1
5409:1
5362:A
5357:B
5305:V
5295:I
5273:1
5232:2
5227:K
5222:L
5190:U
5185:M
5180:L
5153:L
5148:M
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5049:3
5029:1
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4889:I
4807:N
4802:M
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4787:G
4782:E
4777:D
4772:C
4767:B
4762:A
4705:I
4700:H
4695:G
4685:D
4680:B
4663:I
4646:5
4641:4
4636:3
4631:2
4626:1
4566:3
4492:4
4487:2
4430:9
4345:2
4328:C
4212:C
4207:V
4197:I
4170:8
4160:7
4150:6
4140:5
4078:1
4051:3
4046:1
3979:1
3907:e
3900:t
3893:v
3818:2
3779:3
3774:2
3728:2
3723:K
3718:L
3681:U
3676:M
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3649:L
3644:M
3612:3
3602:1
3470:e
3463:t
3456:v
3273:β
2752:β
2741:β
2691:β
2671:β
2665:β
2634:)
2630:(
2554:β
2509:β
2498:β
2473:β
2462:β
2407:β
2401:β
2381:β
2375:β
2350:β
2321:9
2315:8
2306:β
2300:β
2294:β
2287:6
2282:5
2278:β
2272:β
2261:β
2255:β
2249:β
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2231:(
2217:9
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2006:t
1999:v
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