195:
water companies." The effect of competition on the companies was described as "an immense expenditure of capital in utter waste - double or treble sets of mains and pipes being laid down in districts where one set would better have served the inhabitants. An enormous annual outlay, equally in utter waste, in the salaries of canvassers and commission to agents, who procured tenants; in the bills of plumbers, who changed the service pipes of the tenants from one set of mains to another; in the charges of taking up and relaying roads and pavements on the like occasions; in double and treble sets of turncocks and pipe-layers; and, as the climax of absurdity, a payment of all parochial and district rates in every parish on all the pipes of all the companies, in proportion to the capital expended on assumed profits or interest, which it is needless to say had no existence."
232:
307:
supplied to London during the month of
October 1876 gave a relative degree of organic impurity compared to a given volume of the Kent Company's water. He also compared the samples from those of August and September. Organic impurity was measured relative to the Kent Water Company's benchmark, who supplied part of London (in areas, in direct competition with the others). The figures were:
194:
Water
Companies and that the "results of that competition were as inconvenient to the public as they were disastrous to the companies, and afforded the very strongest illustration of the truth of the doctrine... that the principle of competition cannot with advantage be applied to the operations of
306:
Notwithstanding this, in 1878 from contamination or low-quality filtration, this water company had substantially the worst quality of water. This may in part have been due to less used, uncovered filter beds in
Battersea which were soon after 1900 made defunct. Dr. Frankland's analysis of water
386:
The water delivered by the latter five companies, drawing their supply exclusively from the Thames, when compared with that supplied in August and
September, showed a marked deterioration in quality. It had a higher proportion of contamination with organic matter. The sample of the Southwark
239:
The amalgamated company established waterworks at
Battersea Fields with two depositing reservoirs with a capacity of 32 million gallons; and two filtering reservoirs holding 11 million gallons. In 1850 the company's water was described by the
198:
The bill promoted by the two companies successfully passed through parliament, and the
Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company formed later that year. The area supplied by the SVWC was centred on the Borough of
251:
was enacted "to make provision for securing the supply to the
Metropolis of pure and wholesome water". Under the Act, it became unlawful for any water company to extract water for domestic use from the
154:. The Borough Waterworks Company purchased the licence from the New River Company later that same year, and it was renamed the Southwark Water Company. The company extracted water from the
183:
150:. The adjacent area was supplied by the London Bridge Waterworks Company. London Bridge Waterworks was dissolved in 1822, and its water supply licence was purchased by the
966:
142:
The
Borough Waterworks Company was formed in 1770, originally supplying water to a brewery and the surrounding area, which spanned the distance between
174:. In 1833 the company supplied 12,046 houses with approximately 12,000 gallons of water. In 1834, the company was renamed the Vauxhall Water Company.
704:
256:
of the Thames after 31 August 1855, and from 31 December 1855 all such water was required to be "effectually filtered". In the meantime, an
125:. The company was formed by the merger of the Southwark and Vauxhall water companies in 1845 and became part of the publicly owned
971:
961:
586:
956:
713:
295:, its main network of smaller mains spreading out along the route. A third reservoir was opened later in the year between
679:
634:
399:
257:
744:
556:
Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 27, Municipal Ownership and Municipal Franchises
284:
280:
126:
390:
By 1903 the SVWC supplied a population of 860,173 in 128,871 houses of which 122,728 (95.3%) had a constant supply.
759:
764:
739:
442:
779:
774:
387:
Company's water was poorest: "slightly turbid from insufficient filtration, and contained moving organisms".
885:
784:
749:
734:
639:
865:
579:
191:
930:
769:
754:
674:
248:
231:
855:
644:
95:
850:
845:
187:
190:. The memorial noted that since 1834 competition had increased between Southwark, Vauxhall, and
925:
895:
835:
820:
718:
654:
465:
447:
Historical and
Statistical Account of the present System of Supplying the Metropolis with Water
915:
900:
875:
840:
810:
700:
572:
288:
525:
158:
using steam engines to pump it to a cistern at the top of a 60-foot-high (18 m) tower.
920:
890:
815:
267:
To comply with the legislation, the Southwark and Vauxhall Company built new waterworks in
495:
8:
935:
910:
830:
805:
629:
905:
880:
870:
695:
664:
825:
800:
659:
614:
167:
151:
860:
619:
147:
85:
268:
171:
108:
482:
An Act to make better Provision respecting the Supply of Water to the Metropolis
264:
in 1854 led to the deaths of an estimated 4,267 people supplied by the company.
649:
609:
241:
950:
143:
595:
276:
272:
155:
115:
111:
30:
428:
Southwark & Vauxhall Water Company - Brief History during the Snow era
624:
300:
204:
496:"Cholera and the Water Supply in the South Districts of London, in 1854"
708:
208:
669:
292:
212:
200:
244:
Arthur Hassall as "the most disgusting which I have ever examined".
296:
261:
253:
220:
216:
182:
On 10 January 1845 the two companies submitted a memorial to the
122:
564:
279:
Locks in 1855. The site was shared in a joint venture with the
166:
The South London Waterworks Company was established by private
118:
59:
235:
Southwark and Vauxhall Water Works Reservoirs, Vauxhall, 1897.
170:
in 1805. The company extracted water from the Thames beside
291:
and a 36-inch-diameter (910 mm) direct water main to
526:"Underground London: Its railways, subways and sewers"
552:
The Water, Gas, and Electric Light Supply of London
967:Former water company predecessors of Thames Water
948:
523:
580:
451:Journal of the Statistical Society of London
453:, Vol. 8, No. 2. (Jun., 1845), pp. 148-181.
16:Former water supply company in south London
587:
573:
438:
436:
137:
519:
517:
161:
105:Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company
22:Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company
423:
421:
419:
417:
415:
230:
461:
459:
433:
949:
514:
568:
412:
714:Thames Gateway Water Treatment Works
493:
456:
287:. The company also constructed the
13:
680:1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
532:. Institute of Historical Research
400:London water supply infrastructure
14:
983:
745:Coppermills Water Treatment Works
430:, UCLA Department of Epidemiology
285:West Middlesex Waterworks Company
281:Grand Junction Waterworks Company
226:
760:Crossness Sewage Treatment Works
594:
470:The Pictorial Handbook of London
765:Deephams Sewage Treatment Works
177:
972:1845 establishments in England
740:Beckton Sewage Treatment Works
544:
487:
475:
1:
962:Companies established in 1845
780:Mogden Sewage Treatment Works
775:Hampton Water Treatment Works
405:
184:Health of Towns Commissioners
886:Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir
785:Walton water treatment works
530:Old and New London: Volume 5
40:Southwark Waterworks Company
7:
957:London water infrastructure
750:Cricklewood Pumping Station
735:Abbey Mills Pumping Station
640:Metropolitan Board of Works
393:
42:Vauxhall Waterworks Company
10:
988:
866:Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
484:, (15 & 16 Vict. C.84)
211:and in the west including
132:
931:William Girling Reservoir
793:
770:Greenwich pumping station
755:Crossness Pumping Station
727:
688:
602:
558:(January 1906), pp. 20-36
249:Metropolis Water Act 1852
91:
81:
66:
46:
36:
26:
856:King George VI Reservoir
645:Metropolitan Water Board
500:Journal of Public Health
127:Metropolitan Water Board
96:Metropolitan Water Board
851:King George V Reservoir
846:Kempton Park Reservoirs
524:Edward Walford (1878).
138:Southwark Water Company
70:June 24, 1904
926:West Warwick Reservoir
921:Walthamstow Reservoirs
896:Queen Mother Reservoir
836:High Maynard Reservoir
821:East Warwick Reservoir
719:Thames Water Ring Main
655:William Chadwell Mylne
236:
162:Vauxhall Water Company
916:Tilehurst Water Tower
901:Stain Hill Reservoirs
876:Low Maynard Reservoir
841:Island Barn Reservoir
811:Bessborough Reservoir
705:Thames Tideway Tunnel
701:Thames Tideway Scheme
289:Stain Hill Reservoirs
234:
891:Queen Mary Reservoir
816:Chingford Reservoirs
936:Wraysbury Reservoir
911:Sunnyside Reservoir
831:Grimsbury Reservoir
806:Bath Road Reservoir
635:London water supply
630:London sewer system
494:Snow, John (1856).
203:, reaching east to
23:
906:Staines Reservoirs
881:Molesey Reservoirs
871:Lockwood Reservoir
696:Abingdon Reservoir
316:Relative impurity
237:
21:
944:
943:
826:Farmoor Reservoir
801:Banbury Reservoir
660:New River Company
615:Joseph Bazalgette
502:: Table V (p 255)
384:
383:
313:Competing Company
168:act of parliament
152:New River Company
148:Southwark Bridges
101:
100:
979:
861:Knight Reservoir
620:Edmund Colthurst
589:
582:
575:
566:
565:
559:
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
521:
512:
511:
509:
507:
491:
485:
479:
473:
463:
454:
440:
431:
425:
310:
309:
77:
75:
57:
55:
24:
20:
987:
986:
982:
981:
980:
978:
977:
976:
947:
946:
945:
940:
789:
723:
684:
675:William Webster
598:
593:
563:
562:
549:
545:
535:
533:
522:
515:
505:
503:
492:
488:
480:
476:
464:
457:
443:Joseph Fletcher
441:
434:
426:
413:
408:
396:
229:
180:
172:Vauxhall Bridge
164:
140:
135:
112:supplying water
109:utility company
73:
71:
53:
51:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
985:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
797:
795:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
728:Infrastructure
725:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
698:
692:
690:
689:Major projects
686:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
650:Hugh Myddelton
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
610:John Backhouse
606:
604:
600:
599:
592:
591:
584:
577:
569:
561:
560:
550:Percy Ashley,
543:
513:
486:
474:
472:, London, 1854
455:
432:
410:
409:
407:
404:
403:
402:
395:
392:
382:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
366:
365:
362:
358:
357:
354:
353:Grand Junction
350:
349:
346:
345:West Middlesex
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
242:microbiologist
228:
227:Infrastructure
225:
179:
176:
163:
160:
139:
136:
134:
131:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
68:
64:
63:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
984:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
792:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
726:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
706:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
691:
687:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
601:
597:
590:
585:
583:
578:
576:
571:
570:
567:
557:
553:
547:
531:
527:
520:
518:
501:
497:
490:
483:
478:
471:
467:
462:
460:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
429:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
411:
401:
398:
397:
391:
388:
379:
376:
375:
371:
368:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
308:
304:
302:
299:Cemetery and
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:tidal reaches
250:
245:
243:
233:
224:
222:
218:
215:and parts of
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
169:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
97:
94:
90:
87:
86:Municipalised
84:
80:
69:
65:
61:
49:
45:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
19:
703:, including
596:Thames Water
555:
551:
546:
534:. Retrieved
529:
504:. Retrieved
499:
489:
481:
477:
469:
450:
446:
427:
389:
385:
305:
266:
246:
238:
197:
188:amalgamation
181:
178:Amalgamation
165:
156:River Thames
141:
114:to parts of
104:
102:
37:Predecessors
31:Water supply
18:
625:Great Stink
337:East London
301:Peckham Rye
207:, south to
205:Rotherhithe
951:Categories
794:Reservoirs
709:Lee Tunnel
466:John Weale
406:References
209:Camberwell
186:proposing
74:1904-06-24
670:John Snow
665:New River
377:Southwark
321:New River
293:Battersea
213:Battersea
201:Southwark
129:in 1904.
92:Successor
394:See also
283:and the
271:between
258:outbreak
27:Industry
603:History
536:26 June
506:6 March
369:Chelsea
361:Lambeth
297:Nunhead
277:Sunbury
273:Molesey
269:Hampton
262:cholera
221:Lambeth
217:Clapham
192:Lambeth
133:Origins
123:England
72: (
67:Defunct
52: (
47:Founded
144:London
119:London
107:was a
60:London
116:south
707:and
538:2013
508:2008
380:4.5
372:4.2
364:4.1
356:3.3
348:2.8
340:2.4
329:Kent
324:0.9
275:and
247:The
219:and
146:and
103:The
82:Fate
62:, UK
54:1845
50:1845
449:in
260:of
121:in
58:in
953::
554:,
528:.
516:^
498:.
468:,
458:^
445:,
435:^
414:^
332:1
303:.
223:.
588:e
581:t
574:v
540:.
510:.
76:)
56:)
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