292:
20:
27:
643:
Report of
Captain A. A. Humphreys, Topographical Engineers, Upon the progress of the Pacific Railroad Expeditions and Surveys, Report of the Secretary of War, Dec. 1, 1856, Message from the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress at the Commencement of the third session of the
88:. Unlike the more northern routes, pioneer wagons could travel year round, mountain passes not being blocked by snows; however, it had the disadvantage of summer heat and lack of water in the desert regions through which it passed in
165:
with wagons Kearny could not take across the mountains of New Mexico, followed a route south along the west bank of the Rio Grande from where Kearny had left the river, to a point just north of what later became the site of
578:, Published by Authority of the War Department, New York, Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square, 1859. List of Itineraries, XIV. Wagon-road from San Antonio, Texas, to El Paso, N.M., and Fort Yuma, Cal.
459:, saving the longer route via the San Diego Crossing. The Pacific Wagon Road then followed Cooke's Wagon Road and the Tucson Cutoff as far as the west side of the Apache Pass. There it made another shortcut across
536:
with Apache that tried to ambush them there. Traffic returned to the
Pacific Wagon Road route which then remained a primary east–west route in the southwest until the advent of the railroads in the 1880s.
96:
of
California. Subsequently, it was a route of travel and commerce between the eastern United States and California. Many herds of cattle and sheep were driven along this route and it was followed by the
527:
in 1861, this route was abandoned. Favored ambush country, the shortcut was unwise to use unless the travelers were a strong detachment of soldiers or under military escort by one. Even so, in May 1864,
408:
241:. He then followed Cooke's wagon route along the Mexican border region but went farther west beyond the San Pedro River along an older Spanish trail to the headwaters of the
206:
an old
Spanish route reestablished by Mexico from 1828. This established the first southern wagon road from New Mexico to California. This new wagon route became known as
576:
The
Prairie Traveler. A Hand-Book For Overland Expeditions. With maps, illustrations, and itineraries of the Principal Routes between the Mississippi and the Pacific
250:
700:
448:
226:
660:
690:
680:
523:. However following the destruction of stage stations and coaches and the killing of their keepers and drivers at the outbreak of war with the
670:
187:
644:
34th
Congress, 34th Congress, 3d Session, House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. No.1, Vol. II, Cornelius Wendell, Washington, 1856, pp. 206–209
194:
in 1774, they marched on a three-day journey north over the desert before linking up with Kearny’s route on the Gila River just east of the
529:
475:. From this crossing the Pacific Wagon Road ran due west to link up again with Cooke's Wagon Road at Mescal Springs to continue on to
340:
618:
Robert
Eccleston, Overland to California on the Southwestern Trail 1849, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1950, pp. 174–193
344:
564:
Harlan Hague, The Search for a
Southern Overland Route to California, California Historical Quarterly, Summer 1976, (pp. 150–161)
285:
516:
554:
Philip St. George Cooke, The
Conquest of New Mexico and California, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1878 pp. 91–109, 125–196
281:
222:
391:
with a party of forty-niners in late 1849. This route avoided the long distance traveled to the south by passing through
695:
372:
573:
588:
603:
127:
98:
347:. From either of these towns the traveler could continue north by land to the gold fields on the coast via the
675:
214:, as much of the central part of the route passed through what was then the northern frontier of the state of
685:
456:
432:
In 1856, a
Railroad Survey Expedition modified the Tucson Cutoff route, passing south of Nugent's Pass using
360:
316:
249:
then turned north on the old Spanish road to Tucson along the Santa Cruz River. Graham's detour, known as
533:
348:
238:
171:
254:
665:
324:
242:
508:
320:
179:
170:. There Cooke left the Rio Grande, establishing a wagon road that reached far southwest through the
102:
352:
484:
471:
to the San Pedro River. The route then descended northward on the right bank of the river to the
336:
332:
265:
158:
31:
460:
312:
167:
135:
422:
207:
191:
412:
284:, then northwest into California again across the desert to Carrizo Creek and the oasis at
203:
119:
89:
85:
174:
and then west just south of the current border with Mexico then west to and beyond modern
8:
452:
451:, a military road being built between El Paso and Fort Yuma, a wagon road was built from
437:
147:
356:
246:
383:
Subsequently, the distance of the Cooke–Graham route was drastically shortened by the
512:
400:
308:
300:
444:
404:
388:
328:
291:
234:
162:
630:
The Handbook to Arizona: Its Resources, History, Towns, Mines, Ruins, and Scenery
627:
553:
520:
476:
472:
416:
392:
364:
304:
273:
261:
93:
41:
492:
415:. From there it linked up with Cooke's Wagon Road at a waterhole, near modern
230:
215:
77:
45:
654:
480:
384:
368:
199:
195:
143:
499:. The Pacific Wagon Road shortened the route still further for travelers.
468:
464:
433:
423:
1855 to the 1880s: Dragoon Pass, Pacific Wagon Road, Doubtful Canyon Cutoff
396:
311:. From Warner's the road then ran either northwest to Los Angeles, (via
277:
175:
19:
488:
139:
131:
123:
81:
73:
26:
593:..., List of Itineraries, XV.—From Fort Yuma to San Diego, California.
496:
257:
following Cooke's route the next year, despite its greater distance.
608:..., List of Itineraries, XXI.—From Fort Yuma to Benicia, California
198:. Cooke followed the Anza–Kearny route westward along the Gila to
295:
Remains of the Southern Emigrant Trail at Warner's Ranch in 2017
524:
276:
to the west and northwest), to follow the waterholes along the
269:
183:
440:
of the river instead of the Lower Crossing below Los Alamos.
40:
The Southern Emigrant Trail should not be confused with the
511:, the stages and other traffic ran over a shortcut between
260:
From Yuma Crossing the Southern Emigrant Trail crossed the
146:
where he crossed the river and then the Colorado Desert to
427:
113:
299:
From Vallecito the trail then ran northwest into the
142:
which he then followed to the Colorado River, at the
76:from the eastern United States that followed the
16:19th-century immigrant route in the United States
652:
264:, dipping south along the Colorado River, into
359:and then north by what would later become the
72:, was a major land route for immigration into
701:Historic trails and roads in Baja California
126:found the route over the mountains from the
378:
507:From 1859 to 1861, during the time of the
367:. Alternatively they could take ships to
237:, then westward to strike Cooke's road at
661:Trails and roads in the American Old West
502:
245:which he followed to the Sonoran town of
612:
290:
25:
691:Historic trails and roads in New Mexico
681:Historic trails and roads in California
574:Randolph B. Marcy, Captain U. S. Army,
428:Dragoon Pass and the Pacific Wagon Road
108:
653:
473:Middle Crossing of the San Pedro River
438:Middle Crossing or San Pedro Crossing
409:Lower Crossing of the San Pedro River
335:) or west southwest to San Diego via
114:1846–1848: Kearney, Cooke, and Graham
671:Historic trails and roads in Arizona
491:following it to the ferries on the
487:where it turned westward along the
221:In 1848, a U.S. Army expedition of
202:where it had its junction with the
178:, before turning northward via the
13:
632:, Payot, Upham & Company, 1878
122:and his dragoons with their scout
18:
14:
712:
253:, would be taken by most of the
128:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
479:, then turned northward to the
99:San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line
637:
621:
597:
582:
567:
558:
547:
1:
540:
190:to California established by
7:
534:Skirmish in Doubtful Canyon
186:. Linking there with the
30:An American wagon train at
10:
717:
696:History of Baja California
515:and Apache Pass, over the
101:in 1857–1858 and then the
509:Butterfield Overland Mail
361:Stockton–Los Angeles Road
157:One month later, Colonel
150:. This was known as the
118:In October 1846, General
103:Butterfield Overland Mail
379:1849–1854: Tucson Cutoff
46:Northern Emigrant Trails
233:to California, through
159:Philip St. George Cooke
70:Butterfield Stage Trail
54:Southern Emigrant Trail
44:, which is part of the
503:Doubtful Canyon Cutoff
461:Sulphur Springs Valley
443:In 1857 following the
296:
35:
23:
676:History of California
530:California Volunteers
294:
272:, (avoiding the vast
192:Juan Bautista de Anza
29:
22:
686:New Mexico Territory
606:The Prairie Traveler
591:The Prairie Traveler
517:Peloncillo Mountains
204:El Camino del Diablo
120:Stephen Watts Kearny
109:History of the Route
90:New Mexico Territory
86:California Gold Rush
56:, also known as the
628:Richard J. Hinton,
251:Major Graham's Road
148:Southern California
105:from 1858 to 1861.
449:Pacific Wagon Road
371:from San Diego or
357:San Joaquin Valley
345:Rancho Peñasquitos
297:
227:Lawrence P. Graham
36:
24:
666:Arizona Territory
447:, as part of the
301:Peninsular Ranges
708:
645:
641:
635:
634:pp. xix–xx, xxxi
625:
619:
616:
610:
601:
595:
586:
580:
571:
565:
562:
556:
551:
467:, and then down
445:Gadsden Purchase
405:Tres Alamos Wash
389:John Coffee Hays
243:Santa Cruz River
163:Mormon Battalion
716:
715:
711:
710:
709:
707:
706:
705:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
638:
626:
622:
617:
613:
602:
598:
587:
583:
572:
568:
563:
559:
552:
548:
543:
521:Doubtful Canyon
505:
477:Tucson, Arizona
430:
425:
381:
365:El Camino Viejo
274:Algodones Dunes
266:Baja California
262:Colorado Desert
182:, then west to
180:San Pedro River
116:
111:
94:Colorado Desert
42:Applegate Trail
17:
12:
11:
5:
714:
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
647:
646:
636:
620:
611:
596:
581:
566:
557:
545:
544:
542:
539:
504:
501:
493:Colorado River
485:Maricopa Wells
457:Cooke's Spring
429:
426:
424:
421:
380:
377:
353:old Tejon Pass
349:El Camino Real
309:Warner's Ranch
239:Guadalupe Pass
216:Sonora, Mexico
172:Guadalupe Pass
115:
112:
110:
107:
78:Santa Fe Trail
66:Southern Trail
51:
50:
32:Maricopa Wells
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
713:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
640:
633:
631:
624:
615:
609:
607:
600:
594:
592:
585:
579:
577:
570:
561:
555:
550:
546:
538:
535:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Pima Villages
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:Nugent’s Pass
398:
394:
390:
387:pioneered by
386:
385:Tucson Cutoff
376:
374:
370:
369:San Francisco
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:marched from
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Yuma Crossing
197:
196:Pima Villages
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
144:Yuma Crossing
141:
138:mines to the
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
106:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
47:
43:
38:
37:
33:
28:
21:
639:
629:
623:
614:
605:
599:
590:
584:
575:
569:
560:
549:
506:
495:across from
469:Dragoon Wash
465:Dragoon Pass
455:westward to
442:
434:Dragoon Pass
431:
403:, then down
393:Stein's Pass
382:
351:or over the
337:Santa Ysabel
305:Warners Pass
298:
259:
255:Forty-niners
225:under Major
223:1st Dragoons
220:
211:
208:Cooke's Road
156:
151:
117:
69:
65:
62:Kearny Trail
61:
57:
53:
52:
39:
513:Ojo de Vaca
413:Tres Alamos
397:Apache Pass
363:or via the
341:San Pasqual
333:San Gabriel
212:Sonora Road
188:Sonora Road
176:Agua Prieta
84:during the
655:Categories
541:References
489:Gila River
282:New Rivers
247:Santa Cruz
168:Fort Thorn
152:Gila Trail
140:Gila River
136:Santa Rita
134:, via the
132:Rio Grande
124:Kit Carson
82:New Mexico
74:California
58:Gila Trail
532:fought a
497:Fort Yuma
436:and the
373:San Pedro
355:into the
329:La Puente
317:La Laguna
303:crossing
286:Vallecito
231:Chihuahua
519:through
321:Temescal
313:Temecula
161:and the
92:and the
68:and the
604:Marcy,
589:Marcy,
453:Mesilla
407:to the
130:on the
34:in 1857
525:Apache
417:Mescal
411:below
270:Mexico
184:Tucson
60:, the
325:Chino
278:Alamo
235:Janos
210:, or
483:and
399:and
343:and
331:and
280:and
463:to
307:to
80:to
657::
419:.
395:,
375:.
339:,
327:,
323:,
319:,
315:,
288:.
268:,
218:.
154:.
64:,
48:.
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