40:. Turnipseed admitted that SCISA was founded to support a white-only education system. "We denied it had anything to do with integration, but it did. It was fear. It was racism." SCISA was founded as a "haven for segregation academies" but by 1990, according to then executive director Larry Watt, the "great majority" of SCISA's then 70 member schools were no longer segregated by race. Another founder, T.E. Wannamaker also stated that the organization was a response to mass integration and that "Many (Negroes) are little more than field hands."
75:
285:
annually, which can only help to create a more welcoming environment as students interact with more of their peers who come from different backgrounds and have different lived experiences. There are still pockets of the state, though, where SCISA sporting events are disturbingly monochromatic, and that isn't likely to change soon.
56:
SCISA is structured into 3 divisions, based on school population and size of teams. The levels, from smallest population to largest, are A, AA, and AAA. A and AA sports are further split into 2 regions each, while AAA competes without region differences. As recently as 2022, some have described the
80:
I was the first executive director of the S.C. Independent School
Association, formed in 1965 by seven private schools that wanted to share resources, establish more private schools and avoid public-school desegregation. My job was to help local groups of white parents organize private schools so
284:
Even at schools like Thomas
Heyward Academy — which is nicknamed the Rebels and until the mid- 2000s had a mascot who dressed as a Confederate soldier on the sidelines at football games and fired a musket at the opening kickoff — diversity among the student body and on sports rosters increases
81:
their children would not attend schools desegregated by federal courts. I was a grassroots organizer and helped establish 30 private, segregated academies from 1965 to 1967, mostly in the area now known as the
Corridor of Shame.
241:
336:
32:
SCISA was founded on August 10, 1965 with seven member schools and provided organizational support to new segregation academies similar to that provided by
267:
341:
192:
346:
300:
217:
169:
36:
in
Mississippi, and had already founded 26 segregation academies by the spring of 1966. Its first executive director was
161:
Toward the
Meeting of the Waters: Currents in the Civil Rights Movement of South Carolina During the Twentieth Century
271:
20:(SCISA) is a school accrediting organization. It was founded in South Carolina in 1965 to legitimize
112:
Gloria Ladson-Billings (October 2004). "Landing on the Wrong Note: The Price We Paid for Brown".
33:
207:
159:
100:
21:
8:
137:
129:
213:
165:
141:
193:"Opinion | Deja Vu: Parents in Charge, Tuition Grants, and Choice in Education"
306:
121:
37:
125:
330:
242:"A provocative argument on segregation, school choice and shared language"
157:
133:
158:
Winfred B. Moore, Jr.; Orville Vernon Burton (September 15, 2008).
337:
Private and independent school organizations in the United States
48:
SCISA governs student athletics for its member institutions.
57:
structure as continuing to perpetuating racial segregation.
101:
https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/blair_monica_k_201505_ma.pdf
111:
319:
328:
209:Shades of Gray: Dispatches from the Modern South
268:"It's time for SCISA to step into the present"
76:"King Day at the Dome: Cotton is King no more"
73:
164:. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 412.
18:South Carolina Independent School Association
205:
151:
199:
239:
342:Segregation academies in South Carolina
265:
233:
96:
94:
92:
329:
259:
67:
266:Jarrett, Justin (February 23, 2022).
185:
89:
74:Tom Turnipseed (January 18, 2009).
13:
294:
240:Matthews, Jay (January 24, 2020).
14:
358:
347:Organizations established in 1965
313:
309:by Tom Turnipseed, April 11, 1966
105:
1:
270:. Island News. Archived from
212:. LSU Press. pp. 245–6.
60:
305:Letter to the editor of the
51:
43:
7:
10:
363:
27:
126:10.3102/0013189x033007003
147:(subscription required)
85:(subscription required)
34:White Citizens Councils
320:SCISA official website
114:Educational Researcher
206:John Egerton (1991).
22:segregation academies
302:Independent Schools
274:on March 29, 2023
219:978-0-8071-1705-7
171:978-1-57003-755-9
354:
307:News and Courier
288:
287:
281:
279:
263:
257:
256:
254:
252:
237:
231:
230:
228:
226:
203:
197:
196:
189:
183:
182:
180:
178:
155:
149:
148:
145:
109:
103:
98:
87:
86:
83:
71:
362:
361:
357:
356:
355:
353:
352:
351:
327:
326:
316:
297:
295:Further reading
292:
291:
277:
275:
264:
260:
250:
248:
246:Washington Post
238:
234:
224:
222:
220:
204:
200:
191:
190:
186:
176:
174:
172:
156:
152:
146:
110:
106:
99:
90:
84:
72:
68:
63:
54:
46:
30:
12:
11:
5:
360:
350:
349:
344:
339:
323:
322:
315:
314:External links
312:
311:
310:
296:
293:
290:
289:
258:
232:
218:
198:
184:
170:
150:
104:
88:
65:
64:
62:
59:
53:
50:
45:
42:
38:Tom Turnipseed
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
359:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
332:
325:
321:
318:
317:
308:
304:
303:
299:
298:
286:
273:
269:
262:
247:
243:
236:
221:
215:
211:
210:
202:
194:
188:
173:
167:
163:
162:
154:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
108:
102:
97:
95:
93:
82:
78:. The State.
77:
70:
66:
58:
49:
41:
39:
35:
25:
23:
19:
324:
301:
283:
276:. Retrieved
272:the original
261:
249:. Retrieved
245:
235:
223:. Retrieved
208:
201:
187:
175:. Retrieved
160:
153:
117:
113:
107:
79:
69:
55:
47:
31:
17:
15:
278:November 9,
251:October 11,
120:(7): 3–13.
331:Categories
225:January 6,
177:January 6,
61:References
142:144660677
52:Structure
44:Athletics
134:3700092
28:History
216:
168:
140:
132:
138:S2CID
130:JSTOR
280:2023
253:2020
227:2013
214:ISBN
179:2013
166:ISBN
16:The
122:doi
333::
282:.
244:.
136:.
128:.
118:33
116:.
91:^
24:.
255:.
229:.
195:.
181:.
144:.
124::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.