101:
33:
634:
1894:(KWV) was a co-operative first created through the funding and encouragement of the South African government as a force to stabilise and grow the South African wine industry. As the KWV is now a privately owned winemaking co-operative, some of its regulatory responsibilities have fallen to other organisations such as the South African Wine & Spirit Board. The Wine & Spirit Board runs the voluntary certification programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. In addition to being subject to various labelling guidelines, wines are
2624:
799:
1252:
2636:
1136:
3694:
3402:
1730:, with about 55% planted with white varieties. Chenin blanc has long been the most widely planted variety, still accounting for over 18% of all grape area planted in South Africa as of 2015, though it is slowly decreasing in overall share of vineyard area. In the 1980s and 1990s, interest in international varieties saw increase in plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc. Other white grape varieties with significant plantings include Colombard (also spelled locally as Colombar), Cape Riesling,
581:
1244:
86:(WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must only contain grapes from the specific area of origin. "Single vineyard" wines must come from a defined area of less than 6 hectares. An "Estate Wine" can come from adjacent farms if they are farmed together and wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type or climate and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.
2612:
961:
699:
1486:
290:
874:
1845:, has seen its plantings rise and fall due to the current fashion of the South African wine industry. Today, it is the second most widely planted red grape variety in South Africa. While there are supporters who want to make the grape South Africa's signature variety, critics of the grape note that hardly any other wine region in the world has planted this variety due to its flaws. In the early 1990s, as
1048:, and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy van Niekerk in July 2006. The Stables Wine Estate went bankrupt in 2012. Current cultivars doing well in the growing wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are: Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures, the region boasts South Africa's coolest vineyards.
618:, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate regions east of Cape Town along the Indian Ocean coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin, have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers experiment with cool climate
1753:
From the 1990s, plantings of red grape varieties rose steadily. In the late 1990s, less than 18% of all the grapes grown in South Africa were red. By 2009 that number had risen to 44%. For most of the 20th century, the high yielding
Cinsaut was the most widely planted red grape variety, but the shift
886:
district is located closest to the river along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The average annual precipitation is generally below 400 millimetres (15.75 in), making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing season are normally around 22 °C
1230:
Following the end of
Apartheid and the opening of export markets, the South African wine industry had a substantial learning curve to overcome in order to be competitive on the world's wine market. The Vine Improvement Programme (VIP) was established to bring modern viticultural understanding to the
1849:
and the world's wine market was opening up, winemakers in South Africa ignored
Pinotage in favour of more internationally recognised varieties like Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Towards the end of the 20th century, the grape's fortunes began to turn, and by 1997 it commanded higher prices than any
1530:
can be produced, provided the vineyard is registered with the government and all grapes used in the production of the wine were grown in that vineyard. While the term "estate" no longer qualifies as a designation of geographic origins, wineries can still label "estate wines" provided all the grapes
1028:
regions located along the Orange River include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root, delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control fermentation technology became available. Today, the area is responsible for nearly 12% of
588:
As of 2003, South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with 110,000 hectares (270,000 acres). Yearly production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL (264 million US gallons) which regularly puts
497:
South Africa is the eighth largest wine producer in the world and the world's sixth largest exporter of wine. South Africa exports R10.3 billion (roughly US$ 600 million) worth of wine annually. In 2022 a total of 90,512 hectares of land used for wine grape cultivation by 2,613 wine grape producers
1798:
There is a wide range of lesser known groups that are used to feed the country's still robust distilled spirits and fortified wine industry. These grapes usually produce bland, neutral wine that lends itself well to blending and distillation but is rarely seen as varietal bottlings. These include:
1051:
The
Eastern Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet Vehorn. In 2009, Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate made history again with its 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified
1535:
dated wine must be composed of at least 85% grapes that were harvested that vintage year. Varietal wines must also be composed of at least 85% of the listed varietal. Blends, such as a
Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinotage blend, can have both varietals listed on the label provided the two wines were
706:
The
Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the
1310:
Today the focus of the South
African wine industry is on increasing the quality of wine production – particularly with the more exportable and fashionable red grape varieties. Traditionally, South African red wines had a reputation for being coarse in texture with rustic flavours. The
1870:. The grape can be very dependent on the style of winemaking, with well made examples having the potential to produce deep coloured, fruity wines that can be accessible early as well as age. However, critics of the variety believe that the variety's flaws – green vegetal flavours and
1518:(or MCC). These wines have been traditionally made using Sauvignon blanc and Chenin blanc, but in recent years have seen more of the traditional "Champagne grapes" of Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Pinot Meunier being used. Red sparkling wine made from Pinotage can also be found.
1393:
Cape Late
Bottled Vintage (LBV) port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage that is aged at least two years in oak and three to six years total before being bottled. South Africa wine laws require that the term "Late Bottled Vintage" or "LBV" appear on the
1231:
industry. The first phase launched in the late 20th century focused on virus-free and yield controlling rootstock as well as clonal research. The second phase, which is ongoing, focuses on matching up various combinations of grape varieties, clones and rootstock to specific
1905:
The Wine & Spirits board also operates the South
African Wine Industry Trust (SAWIT) and provides funding for the marketing and development of SAWIT. Established in 1999 by a joint agreement between the South African government and the KWV, which put forth 369 million
1531:
were grown, and the wine was vinified and bottled on the same property. The South
African Wine & Spirit Board operates a voluntary programme that allows South African wines to be "certified" for quality and accuracy in labelling. Under this certification process,
1889:
The South African wine industry has been led by many powerful organisations in both the private sector and through governmental agencies. Unlike other New World wine regions, the South African wine industry is largely influenced by several large co-operatives. The
881:
The Breede River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate region that can be very dry and arid in some places. The river itself provides easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield varieties commonplace. The
1319:
used to describe these wines meant literally "thick foot". In the vineyards, growers focused on yield control for better ripeness, while winemakers used modern techniques to create softer, fleshier wines. Temperature control fermentation as well as controlled
649:
in the summer where average daily temperatures fall between 18–19 °C (64–66 °F). Winters are often moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over 1,000 millimetres (39.37 in). The soil of the region is composed primarily of
1726:(Hanepoot). However, wines that are often exported overseas will usually have the more internationally recognised name appear on the wine label. In 2015, SAWIS (South African Wine Information and Systems) reported that the country had 100,146 hectares of
243:. The reorganisation of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business sparked further innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries who had previously relied on the price-fixing structure that bought their excess grapes for
644:
The Constantia Valley is located south of Cape Town on the Cape Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean. Because of its location, the region receives oceanic influences on each side that create a cooling effect contributing to a long, slow
1508:". The first champagne method wines produced in South Africa came from the Simonsig estate (in Stellenbosch) in 1971. To distinguish South African sparkling wines (and to comply with European Union regulations protecting the term "Champagne" and
1404:
Cape Vintage Reserve port – A wine produced in a vintage year recognised by the South African wine industry or trade publications as being of exceptional quality. The wine must be aged for at least one year in oak and sold exclusively in glass
365:
During the harvest months of February and March, the average daily temperatures in many South African wine regions is 23 °C (73 °F) with spikes up to 40 °C (104 °F) not uncommon in the warm inland river valleys around the
1194:. After the phylloxera devastation, vineyards in South Africa were replanted with American rootstock (nowadays most commonly 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 101-14 Mgt). Some of these imported rootstocks were infected with various virus such as
200:, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence eventually setting policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of
1119:
supported on a wire kept around 0.75 metres (2.5 ft) off the ground. The grapevine leaves are trained upright on separate wires that allow plenty of sunshine to reach the grapes, but provide enough coverage to keep them from being
498:
for 536 cellars, the industry employed 269,096 people. The country produces 1.13 billion liters of wine annually with 81% being consumed domestically. In 2019 the wine industry's contribution to the national economy was R55 billion.
782:. Simonsberg was the first wine ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centres on Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near
1472:
is from grapes harvested late, but not infected with botrytis. These wines must have an alcohol content of at least 10% and residual sugar levels between 10 and 30 grams per litre. Wines above 30 grams RS may be called
544:. Wine regions under the WO system fall under one of four categories – the largest and most generic are geographical units (such as the Western Cape region) which include the smaller, but still largely defined regions (such as
814:
gained a more prominent role in the South African wine industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl. However, the
903:
in the Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as
262:
In the 21st century, there has been a focus on the growing collective of black winemakers in South Africa. Several black entrepreneurs whose ancestry faced the system of Apartheid rose into winemaking prominence, such as
593:
in the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the Cape, particularly the south-west corner near the coastal region. The historical heart of South African wine has been the area near the
2095:
The origins of winegrowing in South Africa can be fixed with unusual accuracy. A crucial moment was recorded on 2 February 1659 in the logbook of Jan van Riebeeck, commander of the tiny settlement at the foot of
1107:. In the late 20th century, more producers began to focus on quality wine production and adopted modern viticultural practices. Vines were planted to an average density of 3,300 per hectare (1,300 per acre) and
992:
warm temperatures are moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon, and cool night time temperatures. Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified "port-style" wine and Muscadels.
1016:
and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of the Swartland. In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative winery – the
1758:
and Pinotage have risen to prominence with Cabernet Sauvignon being the most widely grown red grape variety covering 12% of all plantings in 2009. Other red grape varieties found in South Africa include:
898:
district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country with one fifth to one quarter of the entire South African yearly wine production coming from this area. Located just beyond
309:
that is marked by intense sunlight and dry heat. Winters tend to be cold and wet with potential snowfall at higher elevations. The threat of springtime frost is rare with most wine regions seeing a warm
1881:
aromas – are present in far more examples of Pinotage that reach the consumer market. Pinotage reached its zenith in 2001, covering 7.3% of the total vineyard area, but this has since decreased to 6%.
1329:
560:
most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions and districts are largely defined by political boundaries – wards are the level of origin designation that is most defined by unique
350:
from Antarctica brings cool air off the south Atlantic coast that allows the mean temperatures of the area to be lower than regions of comparable latitude. A strong wind current, known as the
1380:
Cape White port – Can be made from any white grape varieties (such as Chenin blanc, Colombard or Fernão Pires) except for Muscats. Required to be aged in wood barrels for at least six months.
1008:. While this region was known historically for its large, bulk wine production, in recent years, producers have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in the
1754:
in focus to quality wine production has seen plantings of the grape steadily decline to where it represented just 2% of all South Africa vineyards in 2009. In its place, Cabernet Sauvignon,
1147:
systems are used to provide anywhere from 200–700 millimetres (7.9–27.6 in) of extra water a year. Modern winemakers are developing new techniques and an understanding of the role that
507:
944:
The cool climate Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of Chardonnay and
1084:
located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).
2108:
1128:
each with two to three buds (potential grape clusters) per cordon. Heat is also a concern come harvest time with some wineries harvesting only at night in the cooler temperatures under
1103:
devastation, the focus of viticulture in South Africa was more on quantity rather than quality. Vineyards were planted with high yield varieties, widely spaced to facilitate the use of
1910:($ 46 million US$ ), SAWIS works to promote the export market for South African wines abroad, and the development of new technologies and education. Additionally, SAWIS works with the
1383:
Cape Ruby port – Usually a blend of several fruity, full bodied wines that have been aged for at least six months in wood for each wine and at least a year total for the entire blend.
305:
South Africa is located at the tip of the African continent with most wine regions located near the coastal influences of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These regions have a mostly
1902:. Like the vintage and varietal labelling guidelines, these tests are voluntary, but wines that are not submitted for testing are liable for random testing for health requirements.
1922:
Wine competitions are held to assess whether a wine is of good quality and whether it is true to its character. The most prominent South African wine competitions include:
1060:
make for some of the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include: Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.
193:
1489:
Though more producers are turning to Chardonnay and Pinot noir, Chenin blanc (or Steen as it is also known) is still frequently found in South African sparkling wines.
1401:
Cape Vintage port – A wine composed of grapes harvested in a single vintage, aged in wood and released with the words "Vintage Port" and the vintage year on the label.
1045:
763:
948:. The entire area received very little attention until the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original Wine of Origins programme. The
1235:
that can produce quality wine. Over the last 20+ years, the work of the VIP has brought the South African wine industry to the forefront of viticultural advances.
807:
716:
223:
was ended, and the world's export market opened up, that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. Many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new
952:
of Walker Bay and the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town, have had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.
806:
For most of the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual
532:(AOC) system, the WO is concerned primarily with accuracy in labelling and does not place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties,
1914:(BEE) programme to promote the black community's involvement in the South African wine industry – including ownership opportunities for vineyards and wineries.
3851:
751:
723:. The bay tempers the climate and keeps average temperatures during the summer growing season to around 20 °C (68 °F), just slightly warmer than
1151:
plays in the development of quality wine grape production. Producers who do not irrigate will sometimes use the phrase "dryland" or "dry farmed" on their
900:
4288:
1268:
759:
138:
was made on 2 February 1659 (as noted in Van Riebeeck's log) seven years after the landing in 1652. The man succeeding Van Riebeeck as governor of the
1267:. Since the end of Apartheid, many producers have been working on producing more "international" styles of wine that can succeed on the world market.
441:
regions, covering 500 kilometres (310 mi) west to east and 680 kilometres (420 mi) north-south. Within this wide expanse is a vast range of
1340:
The South African wine industry has a long history of fortified wine production producing wines known colloquially as "Cape port" (though the term "
1850:
other South African grape. It is a required component (30–70%) in "Cape blends". Here it is made into the full range of styles, from easy-drinking
1788:
662:
being particularly noted. The area is now home to 11 wine farms (Andrews, 2017). It is the oldest winegrowing region in the country, with the farm
259:, or discarded. By 2003, the numbers had been reversed with more than 70% of the grapes harvested that year reaching the consumer market as wine.
4632:
4081:
1812:
755:
747:
3736:
1804:
1702:
that still have a strong tradition of use. These include: Chenin blanc (Steen), Riesling (until recently known locally as Weisser Riesling),
1069:
1009:
211:
For much of the 20th century, the South African wine industry received minimal international attention. Its isolation was exacerbated by the
354:, brings gale-force winds to the wine regions in the Cape which have the positive benefit of limiting the risk of various mildew and fungal
4421:
925:
861:
Franschhoek will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system (Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with
247:
were forced to become more competitive by shifting their focus to the production of quality wine. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes
154:
wine estate. After Van der Stel's death, the estate fell into disrepair, but was revived in 1778 when it was purchased by Hendrik Cloete.
4197:
917:
783:
743:
1808:
3866:
739:
231:
technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well-known varieties such as
4966:
4071:
2437:
4328:
3975:
1800:
810:
where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be established. Gradually, the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where
1526:
South African labelling law focuses largely on geographical origins, falling under the purview of the Wine of Origin legislation.
126:, was assigned the task of managing the station and planting vineyards to produce wines and grapes. This was intended to ward off
4167:
3960:
3628:
1111:
to keep yields down to 49–56 hl/ha (2.8–3.2 tons/acre). The most common form of trellising found in South Africa is the vertical
1056:, this area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity. Unfortunately, late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and
528:
4426:
522:
Drafted in 1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions of South Africa are defined and can appear on
1099:
planted 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) apart at a density of 7,000 vines per hectare (2,800 vines per acre). Following the
2420:
1376:
for these wines must be 16.5–22%. The many styles of "Cape port" closely parallel their Portuguese counterparts and include:
489:
shale in Walker Bay. Near the river valleys, the soils are particularly lime rich with a high proportion of sand and shale.
51:. Access to international markets led to new investment in the South African wine market. Production is concentrated around
5460:
4088:
4061:
3965:
3450:
1155:
as a marketing angle. Besides irrigation, an important concern for vineyard owners is the threat of vineyard pests such as
865:, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes over a number of decades.
449:
types influenced by the unique geography of the area which includes several inland mountain chains and valleys. Within the
17:
2556:
1536:
vinified separately. A wine that has been "co-fermented", with both grapes crushed and vinified together such as a Shiraz-
510:
Although the majority of South Africa's wine regions lie in the Western Cape, recent pioneering efforts have included the
4625:
3935:
2251:
1255:
Since the end of the 20th century, more South African winemakers have been focused on improving the quality of red wines.
682:
ordered as much as 1,126 liters (297 gallons) of Constantia wine "Vin de Constance" shipped in wooden casks each year to
251:
were used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being distilled into brandy, sold as
150:
in the region. In 1685, he purchased a large 750 hectares (1,900 acres) estate just outside Cape Town, establishing the
4129:
1214:
in the grape and low quality wine. Since the 1980s, efforts have been undertaken by the South African wine industry to
2124:
Jan van Riebeeck writes in his journal that the harvest amounted to twelve "mengelen" (about fourteen litres) of must.
854:. The ward includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produce full flavoured white wines with noticeable
4202:
4149:
4124:
4036:
3940:
3729:
2712:
2532:
2355:
2309:
2209:
2080:
2001:
1356:). These wines are made from a variety of grapes, such as Shiraz and Pinotage, as well as Portuguese varieties like
4975:
4406:
4216:
4134:
3887:
3882:
3846:
1991:
1206:, which soon spread to other vineyards. These virus-infected vines have a shortened lifespan and difficulties with
598:
and modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home to the major wine regions of
590:
457:. In general, the soils of South Africa tend to retain moisture and drain well, having a significant proportion of
1182:(known regionally as "white rust") can pose an occasional threat during the wet winter season. Near harvest time,
4411:
4308:
4268:
4154:
4056:
3970:
3950:
3945:
2687:
1527:
928:
and dry Sauvignon blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon, and a third of
3001:
1735:
5445:
4618:
4313:
3985:
3923:
3168:
2072:
1540:, cannot list both varietals. As of 2006, about 35% of Cape wineries participated in this voluntary programme.
5450:
4959:
4446:
4323:
4273:
4144:
3955:
3781:
3774:
3654:
1129:
318:
occurs in the winter months and ranges from 250 millimetres (9.84 in) in the semi-desert-like region of
95:
5326:
4438:
4386:
4356:
4187:
4046:
4016:
3913:
3722:
3659:
2519:
575:
306:
216:
2223:
1076:, has a generally cool climate influenced primarily by the Indian Ocean. The area is planted largely with
100:
5440:
5166:
4283:
4263:
4114:
1981:
1966:
315:
1390:
with a smooth, slightly nutty flavour. Blending Ruby and White ports to create Tawny port is prohibited.
964:
Wine regions within the Orange river watershed include the hottest wine producing areas in South Africa.
4525:
4338:
4258:
4238:
4066:
4041:
4026:
3579:
3546:
3375:
2602:
2409:
1911:
1891:
1164:
1139:
Both downy and powdery mildew can present an occasional viticultural threat to South African vineyards.
4278:
4243:
4192:
4076:
4031:
3980:
3930:
3901:
3669:
3559:
2042:
1497:
1211:
847:
284:
1029:
all the wine produced in South Africa – mostly by large co-operatives for bulk wine production. The
5455:
4952:
4391:
4381:
4303:
4248:
4228:
4177:
4004:
3990:
3861:
3769:
3664:
3443:
3385:
3314:
3206:
2807:
2790:
1034:
888:
824:
671:
651:
189:
115:
4585:
4578:
4348:
4318:
4293:
4182:
4119:
4102:
3918:
3757:
3749:
3554:
2927:
2763:
2524:
2394:
1851:
1695:
1510:
1321:
949:
895:
883:
811:
280:
212:
184:. Some producers would pour unsaleable wine into local rivers and streams. The imbalance between
108:
72:
2570:
1275:
and California have brought new techniques and styles to South Africa. In the 1980s, the use of
4366:
4298:
4253:
4139:
4021:
3417:
3340:
2785:
1738:, Riesling and Sémillon. Both red and white mutants of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains as well as
414:
in Western Australia) respectively. New plantings are the focus in cooler climate sites in the
32:
633:
382:, the majority of South African wine regions would be classified as Region III locations with
5256:
4724:
4641:
4594:
4559:
4554:
4416:
4401:
4396:
4371:
4333:
4233:
3786:
3355:
3124:
2768:
1996:
1477:
or "special late harvest" which may imply that some grapes infected with botrytis were used.
1468:) and containing at least 50 grams of residual sugar per litre. Wine labelled simply as
1300:
1104:
1013:
981:
891:
ward is the most notable sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.
599:
403:
311:
60:
4451:
3806:
3006:
2758:
1723:
2434:
2368:
1143:
The lack of precipitation in many wine regions make irrigation a necessity. Sprinkler and
727:. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside near the mountains to
8:
4875:
4599:
4515:
4051:
3584:
3536:
3436:
2680:
2616:
2459:
2256:
1772:
1280:
1135:
549:
415:
323:
2986:
877:
The Breede River provides vital irrigation for the Worcester and Robertson wine regions.
5231:
4809:
4159:
3831:
3574:
3079:
2228:
2086:
1986:
1907:
1276:
1222:
research to identify which grape varieties grow best in which climate and wine region.
1025:
820:
679:
675:
533:
335:
236:
143:
1116:
980:
climate and was known mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from
798:
114:
The roots of the South African wine industry can be traced to the explorations of the
4931:
4689:
4361:
3826:
3801:
3791:
3528:
3475:
3059:
2797:
2528:
2351:
2305:
2205:
2076:
2021:
1325:
1053:
607:
557:
537:
399:
343:
185:
139:
2996:
1731:
1291:
is illegal in South Africa as the country's warm climate makes attaining sufficient
1218:
and promote healthy virus-free vineyards. Additionally, work has been undertaken in
342:, will have more rain than areas further inland. In many South African wine regions
5373:
5286:
5251:
5105:
5050:
3319:
3246:
3109:
3011:
2090:
1846:
1747:
1707:
1514:), wines made in this traditional bottled fermented method are labelled as Methode
1505:
1361:
1183:
667:
663:
637:
371:
347:
248:
151:
123:
48:
1409:. The words "Vintage Reserve Port" and vintage date must appear on the wine label.
1299:
for wine production non-problematic. Winemakers more often have problems with low
5409:
5368:
5271:
5236:
5135:
5110:
3841:
3674:
3495:
3412:
3198:
3026:
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2514:
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1816:
1768:
1493:
1353:
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1199:
1187:
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can also appear, being a hazard or a welcome visitor depending on whether or not
1148:
1144:
724:
659:
646:
466:
427:
423:
391:
173:
170:
1452:(RS) level of at least 160 grams per litre. South Africa's long history of
1369:
834:
can be designated with the unique WO of Boberg relating to its proximity to the
180:. By the early 1900s, more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a
5419:
5399:
5389:
5321:
5301:
5216:
5171:
5120:
5085:
5040:
5019:
4999:
4537:
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3513:
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3324:
3296:
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3192:
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1219:
1207:
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1125:
855:
683:
595:
407:
395:
383:
367:
294:
205:
135:
83:
3569:
1386:
Cape Tawny port – A blend that has been aged in wood long enough to acquire a
5434:
5414:
5394:
5352:
5342:
5276:
5246:
5201:
5176:
5156:
5151:
5095:
5080:
5060:
5045:
5024:
5009:
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4994:
4989:
4860:
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4547:
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3693:
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3401:
3309:
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2981:
2773:
2635:
2628:
1976:
1899:
1515:
1373:
1357:
1304:
1284:
1259:
The winemaking traditions of South Africa often represent a hybridisation of
1168:
929:
615:
611:
580:
541:
515:
446:
438:
422:
regions which are characterised as Region II with temperatures closer to the
379:
355:
264:
1898:
by a panel of experts for quality, and are put through an analytic test for
996:
The Atlantic influenced West Coast region includes the wine making areas of
838:. This was repealed in 2019 and is no longer an approved label designation.
157:
Many growers gave up on winemaking, and instead chose to plant orchards and
5404:
5347:
5311:
5306:
5291:
5281:
5241:
5226:
5181:
5161:
5130:
5075:
5070:
4916:
4729:
4674:
4486:
4481:
4466:
4461:
3821:
3745:
3380:
2971:
2909:
2899:
2852:
1895:
1780:
1711:
1453:
1406:
1349:
1292:
1272:
1175:
1041:
973:
913:
787:
553:
548:), followed by districts (like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as
511:
450:
442:
434:
375:
252:
244:
224:
197:
79:
68:
56:
3129:
1243:
1040:
KwaZulu-Natal was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of
43:
has a history dating back to 1659 with the first bottle being produced in
5296:
5266:
5206:
5196:
5191:
5115:
5090:
5065:
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4911:
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4709:
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4172:
3816:
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3251:
3149:
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2704:
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1875:
1341:
997:
977:
921:
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523:
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387:
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331:
327:
319:
268:
256:
147:
131:
4799:
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3714:
3031:
1719:
1418:
In addition to port-style wine, South African wine makers also produce "
960:
5316:
5261:
5221:
5211:
5186:
5100:
4921:
4870:
4865:
4840:
4823:
4759:
4734:
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4508:
3602:
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3365:
3360:
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3281:
3276:
3241:
3139:
3134:
3094:
3021:
2966:
2956:
2938:
2894:
2882:
2872:
2830:
2656:
2646:
2022:
Race, Taste and the Grape: South African Wine from a Global Perspective
2006:
1971:
1961:
1859:
1838:
1395:
1215:
1195:
1152:
1100:
1093:
1073:
1030:
989:
945:
835:
712:
708:
666:
being the oldest wine estate. Another well-known name in the region is
486:
419:
240:
228:
166:
2951:
1485:
1190:
production is the goal. Another threat is diseased and virus-infected
1052:
estate wine ever produced in the Eastern Cape region. Situated in the
1044:'s most recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region was
698:
5125:
4789:
4749:
4719:
4684:
4659:
4532:
3856:
3480:
3370:
3350:
3286:
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3256:
3216:
3154:
3036:
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2722:
1863:
1792:
1715:
1461:
1312:
1191:
1156:
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1112:
1096:
1081:
1018:
1005:
1001:
933:
720:
687:
478:
454:
339:
289:
220:
181:
119:
52:
44:
2410:
https://www.wosa.co.za/wosadocs/52020/Production_areas_-_May2020.pdf
2067:
James, Tim (2013). "A BRIEF HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICAN WINE TO 1994".
1365:
4855:
4814:
4744:
4503:
3811:
3226:
3221:
3211:
3104:
3084:
3051:
3016:
2862:
2825:
2737:
2732:
2717:
1832:
1776:
1760:
1727:
1703:
1690:
1537:
1203:
1077:
909:
905:
862:
775:
732:
619:
545:
462:
359:
4944:
2946:
1750:, are used for brandy distillation and fortified wine production.
1387:
4891:
4794:
4784:
4769:
4714:
4694:
4679:
4664:
4654:
4498:
3679:
3485:
3236:
3089:
3064:
2991:
2727:
1878:
1871:
1842:
1699:
1532:
1501:
1247:
An oaked white wine from Stellenbosch produced from Chenin Blanc.
1160:
1108:
985:
831:
562:
474:
470:
177:
162:
158:
2840:
1855:
766:– are well known for their red wine production that demonstrate
4901:
4804:
4754:
4699:
3644:
3607:
3231:
3119:
3114:
1862:
wine intended for cellaring. It is also made into a fortified "
1820:
1743:
1739:
1423:
1419:
1057:
873:
771:
201:
127:
2582:
1174:
While ocean winds keep some fungus and mildew threats at bay,
4906:
4896:
3428:
3144:
3099:
3069:
1764:
1163:. To combat these hazards, some vineyard owners will utilise
779:
603:
482:
465:
around 4. The pH levels of the soils are often adjusted with
411:
232:
64:
4819:
4704:
2696:
2652:
2296:
2294:
2204:, Third Edition, pp. 162–163, Oxford University Press 2006
1445:
728:
655:
458:
215:
of South African products in protest against the country's
2573:
from SAWIS, gives history and has maps of the appellations
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
473:
treatment. Other soil types found in South Africa include
2594:
2485:
2483:
2481:
1303:
which require supplementation with additional acids like
1092:
Historically vineyards in South Africa were planted with
827:, have revitalised interest in the area in recent years.
526:. While some aspects of the WO are taken from the French
433:
The wine regions of South Africa are spread out over the
362:, but can also damage grapevines that are not protected.
2576:
2550:
1892:
Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt
658:
and granite. The area grows a wide range of grapes with
194:
Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt
2665:
2271:
2069:
Wines of the New South Africa: Tradition and Revolution
2588:
2538:
2478:
614:
and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the
2600:
2342:
2340:
2338:
1124:. The vines are usually pruned to allow four to five
932:, planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of
850:
who brought with them from their native France their
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2252:"South Africa's black winemakers; building a future"
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
1938:
Michelangelo International Wine & Spirits Awards
1448:
prior to fermentation, which leaves the wine with a
1413:
1324:
were more widely used as well as less dependency on
1033:
region, located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of
165:
feather industry. The growers that did replant with
118:, which established a supply station in what is now
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
584:
General location of some South African wine regions
314:between November and April. The majority of annual
1917:
1072:ward, located southwest of the Klein Karoo around
719:and receives some climatic influences from nearby
625:Below are some notable Wine of Origins districts.
297:greatly influence the different macroclimates and
2315:
461:(often at least 25% of the composition) with low
5432:
2304:, pp. 320–322, Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005
2129:
1674:
1658:
1642:
1626:
1610:
1594:
1578:
1562:
830:The fortified wine produced in Paarl and nearby
59:, with major vineyard and production centres at
790:plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils.
770:distinction – particularly Cabernet Sauvignon,
130:amongst sailors during their voyages along the
2399:. London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press.
1874:, and susceptibility to developing banana and
1037:, is South Africa's northernmost wine region.
322:to 1,500 millimetres (59.06 in) near the
4960:
4626:
3730:
3444:
2681:
2508:
1688:Grape varieties in South Africa are known as
1225:
1167:(IPM) programmes such as the importation of
453:region alone, there are more than 50 unique
2224:"Exploring South Africa's Black Wine Scene"
1947:Standard Bank Chenin Blanc Top 10 Challenge
105:The Arrival of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape
4967:
4953:
4633:
4619:
3737:
3723:
3451:
3437:
2688:
2674:
2392:
2386:
1884:
188:that caused depressed prices prompted the
55:and almost exclusively located within the
36:L'Avenir Wine Estate Single Block Pinotage
4640:
3744:
2591:South African Pinot Noir Wine Competition
2503:Understanding, Choosing and Enjoying Wine
1714:Sherry known locally as "White French"),
1398:along with the vintage and bottling year.
802:Vineyard in the Paarl ward of Franschhoek
402:. Warmer regions such as Klein Karoo and
326:. Regions closer to the coast, or in the
2651:
2454:
2452:
2446:Wine Enthusiast Magazine, 1 October 2002
2369:"Statistics of Wine Grape Vines | SAWIS"
2035:
1484:
1250:
1242:
1134:
959:
955:
872:
797:
697:
640:, the oldest wine estate in South Africa
632:
579:
505:
288:
274:
99:
31:
3629:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2585:South African Pinotage Wine Competition
2350:, pp. 442–448, Dorling Kindersley 2005
2109:"The first wine is pressed at the Cape"
1335:
1238:
670:, which was established in 1685 by the
14:
5433:
2597:General South African Wine Competition
2221:
1348:and refers only to the wines from the
1080:, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir. The
1063:
924:district have been successful growing
868:
846:The Franschhoek Valley was founded by
606:. Today, wine is grown throughout the
293:Inland mountains that are part of the
4948:
4614:
3718:
3432:
2669:
2650:
2545:John Platter South African Wines 2007
2449:
2066:
1456:dessert wines include the modern-day
1210:, which can lead to poor ripening of
841:
735:loam in the valleys near the rivers.
4447:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
1171:, a natural predator of mealy bugs.
4974:
2589:Mosaic Top 5 Pinot Noir Wine Awards
1791:, Ruby Cabernet, Tinta Barroca and
852:traditions and winemaking expertise
786:also include a sizeable portion of
690:from 1815 until his death in 1821.
678:. Their fame reached its peak when
610:and in parts of the Northern Cape,
330:of inland mountain chains like the
146:, sought to improve the quality of
24:
4778:Snacks, condiments and commodities
2490:Platter's South African Wines 2011
2250:MW, Tim Atkin (11 November 2022).
2249:
2013:
1543:
1480:
219:. It was not until the 1990s when
25:
5472:
2713:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2564:
2348:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"
2222:Eligon, John (15 February 2023).
2002:The South African Wine Initiative
1932:Diners Club Winemaker of the Year
1521:
1414:Other fortified and dessert wines
501:
346:is essential to viticulture. The
301:among South African wine regions.
134:to India and the East. The first
3692:
3400:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2460:"Statistics of Wine-Grape Vines"
1992:List of wineries in South Africa
738:The seven wards of Stellenbosch-
406:fall into Region IV (similar to
2495:
2492:Andrew McDowall 2010, pp. 47–48
2425:
2414:
2403:
2396:Historic houses of South Africa
1918:South African wine competitions
1528:Single vineyard designated wine
819:driven wines of its wards, the
693:
569:
529:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
3458:
2361:
2300:H. Johnson & J. Robinson.
2243:
2215:
2202:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2101:
2073:University of California Press
2060:
1929:Amorim Cap Classique Challenge
1746:, two Chenin blanc-Ugni blanc
1087:
984:in the west to the village of
589:the country among the top ten
13:
1:
3655:Glossary of viticulture terms
2393:Fairbridge, Dorothea (1922).
2029:
2025:. Cambridge University Press.
1444:, the brandy is added to the
628:
492:
192:to fund the formation of the
96:History of South African wine
3660:Glossary of winemaking terms
2577:Wines of South Africa (WOSA)
2520:The Oxford Companion to Wine
2113:South African History Online
1767:(often made in the style of
1736:Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains
1422:-style" wines produced in a
654:with high concentrations of
576:Wine regions of South Africa
196:(KWV) in 1918. Started as a
47:by its founder and governor
7:
5461:Agriculture in South Africa
2547:Andrew McDowall 2010, p. 59
1982:Economy of the Western Cape
1967:Agriculture in South Africa
1954:
1941:Old Mutual Trophy Wine Show
1826:
1547:
1287:became popular. The use of
939:
410:) and Region V (similar to
161:fields to feed the growing
27:Wine making in South Africa
10:
5477:
3580:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1935:FNB Sauvignon Blanc Top 10
1912:Black Economic Empowerment
1830:
1706:(known as Cape Riesling),
1432:made from Muscat known as
1226:Vine Improvement Programme
1165:Integrated Pest Management
702:A vineyard in Stellenbosch
573:
278:
93:
89:
5382:
5361:
5335:
5144:
5033:
4982:
4884:
4833:
4777:
4648:
4572:
4437:
4347:
4224:
4215:
4110:
4101:
4012:
4003:
3909:
3900:
3875:
3765:
3756:
3688:
3670:History of the wine press
3637:
3621:
3593:
3560:Sparkling wine production
3545:
3527:
3494:
3466:
3394:
3333:
3295:
3190:
3167:
3050:
2937:
2925:
2818:
2746:
2703:
2663:
2523:, Third Edition, p. 528,
2505:Hermes House 2006, p. 226
1115:system that uses a split
285:Geography of South Africa
3665:Wine tasting descriptors
3386:Wine tasting descriptors
3315:Phenolic content in wine
3207:Alternative wine closure
2791:Great French Wine Blight
2695:
2557:WOSA - Wine Competitions
2043:"Wine of Origin booklet"
1866:-style", and even a red
1837:Pinotage, a crossing of
793:
652:Table Mountain sandstone
591:wine producing countries
190:South African government
116:Dutch East India Company
4168:State-owned enterprises
3867:Democratic South Africa
3555:Malolactic fermentation
2525:Oxford University Press
2440:29 October 2013 at the
2302:The World Atlas of Wine
1885:Important organisations
1696:international varieties
1322:malolactic fermentation
1046:The Stables Wine Estate
916:. In recent years, the
812:Stellenbosch University
764:Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
686:, his home in exile on
281:Climate of South Africa
5167:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1490:
1344:" is protected by the
1256:
1248:
1140:
965:
878:
808:Nederburg Wine Auction
803:
717:Stellenbosch Mountains
703:
641:
585:
519:
302:
111:
37:
5446:South African cuisine
4834:Pastries and desserts
4725:Waterblommetjiebredie
4642:South African cuisine
3787:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3356:Wine and food pairing
2019:Nugent, Paul (2024).
1997:South African cuisine
1504:and the traditional "
1488:
1254:
1246:
1138:
1105:mechanical harvesting
963:
956:Other notable regions
876:
801:
701:
674:Governor of the Cape
636:
583:
509:
358:as well as tempering
307:Mediterranean climate
292:
275:Climate and geography
103:
57:Western Cape province
35:
5451:South African drinks
4422:World Heritage Sites
4198:Water and sanitation
3807:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3007:Muscat of Alexandria
2583:ABSA Top 10 Pinotage
1926:ABSA Top 10 Pinotage
1724:Muscat of Alexandria
1496:in South Africa are
1460:wines infected with
1426:system and a unique
1336:Cape port-style wine
1239:Winemaking and wines
18:South African (wine)
3585:Yeast in winemaking
3537:Carbonic maceration
2091:10.1525/j.ctt7zw0st
1944:Shiraz SA Challenge
1773:carbonic maceration
1694:, with many common
1575:Cabernet Sauvignon
1064:Other notable wards
869:Breede River Valley
602:, Stellenbosch and
324:Worcester Mountains
217:system of Apartheid
122:. A Dutch surgeon,
78:There are about 60
5441:South African wine
4810:Monkey gland sauce
3832:Transvaal Republic
3575:Traditional method
3376:Wine personalities
3080:Cabernet Sauvignon
2435:THE CAPE CRUSADERS
2229:The New York Times
2200:J. Robinson (ed).
2075:. pp. 23–47.
1987:KwaZulu-Natal wine
1710:(the grape of the
1491:
1464:(known locally as
1257:
1249:
1212:phenolic compounds
1141:
1026:Northern Cape wine
1000:, Olifants River,
966:
936:and Chenin blanc.
887:(72 °F). The
879:
842:Franschhoek Valley
821:Franschhoek Valley
804:
752:Jonkershoek Valley
704:
680:Napoleon Bonaparte
676:Simon van der Stel
642:
586:
534:trellising methods
520:
336:Hottentots Holland
303:
237:Cabernet Sauvignon
144:Simon van der Stel
112:
41:South African wine
38:
5428:
5427:
4942:
4941:
4608:
4607:
4568:
4567:
4211:
4210:
4203:Wealth inequality
4150:Income inequality
4097:
4096:
4072:Political parties
4037:Foreign relations
3999:
3998:
3896:
3895:
3827:Orange Free State
3802:Dutch Cape Colony
3792:Kingdom of Mutapa
3712:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3476:Late harvest wine
3426:
3425:
3163:
3162:
3060:Alicante Bouschet
2808:Judgment of Paris
1722:(Groendruif) and
1698:developing local
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1666:
1665:
1650:
1649:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1586:
1585:
1570:
1569:
1475:Spesiale Laat-oes
1269:Flying winemakers
1054:Amatola Mountains
848:Huguenot settlers
622:and wine styles.
566:characteristics.
518:as wine regions.
186:supply and demand
140:Cape of Good Hope
16:(Redirected from
5468:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4588:
4581:
4407:National symbols
4329:Social movements
4222:
4221:
4163:
4135:Economic history
4108:
4107:
4010:
4009:
3976:Populated places
3907:
3906:
3847:Great Depression
3763:
3762:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3697:
3696:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3430:
3429:
3405:
3404:
3320:Proteins in wine
2987:Grüner Veltliner
2935:
2934:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2456:
2447:
2429:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2313:
2298:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2039:
1675:
1659:
1643:
1627:
1623:Sauvignon Blanc
1611:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1548:
1506:Champagne Method
1362:Touriga Nacional
988:in the east. In
972:region (meaning
950:maritime climate
760:Polkadraai Hills
668:Klein Constantia
664:Groot Constantia
638:Groot Constantia
348:Benguela current
124:Jan van Riebeeck
49:Jan van Riebeeck
21:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5456:Wine by country
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5378:
5357:
5331:
5257:North Macedonia
5140:
5029:
4978:
4976:Wine by country
4973:
4943:
4938:
4880:
4829:
4773:
4644:
4639:
4609:
4604:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4564:
4433:
4412:Public holidays
4343:
4309:Sexual violence
4289:Life expectancy
4207:
4161:
4155:Mining industry
4093:
4057:Law enforcement
3995:
3961:Mountain ranges
3892:
3871:
3842:Second Boer War
3752:
3743:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3699:Wine portal
3691:
3684:
3675:History of wine
3633:
3617:
3589:
3541:
3523:
3504:Deacidification
3490:
3462:
3457:
3427:
3422:
3407:Wine portal
3399:
3390:
3329:
3291:
3196:
3186:
3159:
3046:
3027:Sauvignon blanc
2962:Cayetana blanca
2930:
2928:grape varieties
2921:
2814:
2742:
2699:
2694:
2659:
2645:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2515:Jancis Robinson
2513:
2509:
2501:Stuart Walton,
2500:
2496:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2442:Wayback Machine
2430:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2373:www.sawis.co.za
2367:
2366:
2362:
2345:
2316:
2299:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2199:
2130:
2117:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2083:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2014:Further reading
2011:
1957:
1920:
1887:
1847:Apartheid ended
1835:
1829:
1769:Beaujolais wine
1546:
1544:Grape varieties
1524:
1494:Sparkling wines
1483:
1481:Sparkling wines
1416:
1338:
1263:making and the
1241:
1228:
1188:botrytised wine
1145:drip irrigation
1090:
1066:
958:
942:
871:
844:
796:
696:
660:Sauvignon blanc
647:ripening period
631:
578:
572:
504:
495:
481:in Constantia,
392:California wine
390:similar to the
287:
277:
206:fortified wines
174:grape varieties
98:
92:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5474:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5327:United Kingdom
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5187:Czech Republic
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4649:Savoury dishes
4646:
4645:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4589:
4582:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4538:Cape Coloureds
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4443:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4427:heritage sites
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Slum clearance
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:Stock exchange
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Communications
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4089:State security
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3971:National parks
3968:
3966:Municipalities
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3924:Climate change
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:First Boer War
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Sugars in wine
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:Chaptalization
3511:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3341:Classification
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3325:Sugars in wine
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3297:Wine chemistry
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Wine dispenser
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3075:Cabernet Franc
3072:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3042:Welschriesling
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Müller-Thurgau
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Ancient Greece
2761:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2599:
2598:
2595:Veritas Awards
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2566:
2565:External links
2563:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2537:
2507:
2494:
2477:
2448:
2424:
2413:
2402:
2385:
2360:
2346:T. Stevenson.
2314:
2270:
2242:
2214:
2128:
2100:
2081:
2071:(1 ed.).
2059:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:Veritas Awards
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1919:
1916:
1886:
1883:
1868:sparkling wine
1831:Main article:
1828:
1825:
1785:Cabernet Franc
1732:Gewürztraminer
1718:(Ugni Blanc),
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1523:
1522:Labelling laws
1520:
1500:with both the
1482:
1479:
1450:residual sugar
1429:vin de liqueur
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1372:. The minimum
1346:European Union
1337:
1334:
1328:as a means of
1301:acidity levels
1297:alcohol levels
1289:chaptalisation
1261:Old World wine
1240:
1237:
1227:
1224:
1208:photosynthesis
1180:powdery mildew
1089:
1086:
1065:
1062:
1021:Co-operative.
957:
954:
941:
938:
901:Du Toit's Peak
870:
867:
843:
840:
795:
792:
695:
692:
684:Longwood House
630:
627:
596:Cape Peninsula
571:
568:
558:South Africa's
503:
502:Wine of Origin
500:
494:
491:
384:heat summation
312:growing season
295:Cape Fold Belt
276:
273:
94:Main article:
91:
88:
84:Wine of Origin
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5473:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:South America
5381:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5353:United States
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:North America
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Liechtenstein
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
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5069:
5067:
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5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
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5049:
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5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4876:Smuts cookies
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Mosbolletjies
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Malva pudding
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Tomato bredie
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Social issues
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Land invasion
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Foreign trade
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Early history
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Acids in wine
3308:
3306:
3305:Aroma of wine
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3169:Major regions
3166:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Montepulciano
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:Industry body
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2533:0-19-860990-6
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2356:0-7566-1324-8
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2310:1-84000-332-4
2307:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2210:0-19-860990-6
2207:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:9780520260238
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2048:. SAWIS. 2016
2044:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Cape Classics
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:Chenin Blanc
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1516:Cap Classique
1513:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:Edel Laat-oes
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:alcohol level
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Tinta Barroca
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1330:stabilisation
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1305:tartaric acid
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:from France,
1270:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
962:
953:
951:
947:
937:
935:
931:
930:Ruby Cabernet
927:
923:
920:ward and the
919:
915:
914:dessert wines
911:
907:
902:
897:
892:
890:
885:
875:
866:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
818:
813:
809:
800:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
700:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
639:
635:
626:
623:
621:
617:
616:Breede Valley
613:
612:KwaZulu-Natal
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
582:
577:
567:
565:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
517:
516:KwaZulu-Natal
513:
508:
499:
490:
488:
485:in Elgin and
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:vineyard soil
444:
440:
439:Northern Cape
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:Winkler scale
377:
376:Orange Rivers
373:
369:
363:
361:
357:
356:grape disease
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:precipitation
313:
308:
300:
296:
291:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
265:Ntsiki Biyela
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
106:
102:
97:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
5015:South Africa
5014:
4926:
4917:Springbokkie
4730:Mealie bread
4675:Chicken feet
4439:Demographics
4387:Homelessness
4375:
4357:Architecture
4188:Trade unions
4047:Human rights
4017:Constitution
3914:Biodiversity
3852:World War II
3822:Zulu Kingdom
3746:South Africa
3690:
3547:Fermentation
3398:
3381:Wine tasting
3002:Muscat blanc
2972:Chenin blanc
2769:Ancient Rome
2617:South Africa
2552:
2544:
2540:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2468:. Retrieved
2463:
2432:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2395:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2347:
2301:
2261:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2227:
2217:
2201:
2123:
2116:. Retrieved
2112:
2103:
2094:
2068:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2037:
2020:
1921:
1904:
1896:blind tasted
1888:
1836:
1813:Raisin blanc
1797:
1781:Petit Verdot
1752:
1734:, Hanepoot,
1712:Spanish wine
1689:
1687:
1525:
1509:
1492:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1454:late harvest
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1407:wine bottles
1388:tawny colour
1370:Fernão Pires
1339:
1316:
1309:
1281:fermentation
1258:
1232:
1229:
1176:downy mildew
1173:
1149:water stress
1142:
1091:
1067:
1050:
1042:South Africa
1039:
1023:
995:
974:Little Karoo
969:
967:
943:
893:
880:
860:
845:
829:
816:
805:
788:Chenin blanc
767:
756:Papegaaiberg
748:Devon Valley
737:
705:
694:Stellenbosch
643:
624:
608:Western Cape
587:
570:Wine regions
561:
556:province is
554:Eastern Cape
527:
521:
512:Eastern Cape
496:
451:Stellenbosch
443:macroclimate
432:
364:
304:
298:
261:
253:table grapes
245:distillation
225:viticultural
210:
198:co-operative
156:
113:
109:Charles Bell
104:
80:appellations
77:
69:Stellenbosch
40:
39:
29:
5374:New Zealand
5317:Switzerland
5262:Netherlands
5111:Philippines
4912:Rooibos tea
4841:Koeksisters
4739:Mielie-meal
4710:Skilpadjies
4543:Cape Malays
4264:Immigration
4115:Agriculture
3936:Earthquakes
3817:Cape Colony
3797:Kaditshwene
3650:Wine bottle
3622:Other steps
3613:Wine cellar
3570:Süssreserve
3262:Wine cellar
3252:Wine bottle
3193:accessories
3191:Packaging,
3150:Tempranillo
2779:Noah's wine
2759:Phoenicians
2705:Viticulture
2464:sawis.co.za
2378:14 February
2263:16 February
2235:16 February
1876:nail polish
1805:False Pedro
1639:Chardonnay
1277:oak barrels
1153:wine labels
1130:floodlights
1094:untrellised
1088:Viticulture
1070:Ruiterbosch
1010:Groenekloof
998:Durbanville
978:semi-desert
970:Klein Karoo
922:Breedekloof
524:wine labels
400:Napa Valley
388:degree days
352:Cape Doctor
332:Drakenstein
328:rain shadow
320:Klein Karoo
269:Paul Siguqa
169:chose high-
148:viticulture
132:spice route
82:within the
5435:Categories
5287:San Marino
5252:Montenegro
5237:Luxembourg
5091:Kazakhstan
5051:Azerbaijan
4932:Constantia
4922:Umqombothi
4871:Hertzoggie
4866:Tameletjie
4846:Koe'sister
4824:Ouma Rusks
4760:Soetpatats
4670:Bunny chow
4521:Afrikaners
4509:San people
4392:Literature
4339:Xenophobia
4259:Healthcare
4239:Disability
4162:(currency)
4067:Parliament
4042:Government
4027:Corruption
3862:Border War
3529:Maceration
3519:Wine press
3509:Destemming
3460:Winemaking
3366:Wine fraud
3361:Wine fault
3346:Oenophilia
3282:Wine label
3277:Wine glass
3242:Port tongs
3140:Sangiovese
3135:Pinot noir
3095:Douce noir
3022:Rkatsiteli
2967:Chardonnay
2957:Catarratto
2931:by acreage
2905:Biodynamic
2868:Aromatized
2657:winemaking
2571:WO booklet
2118:1 February
2030:References
2007:Tot System
1972:Boschendal
1962:Winemaking
1858:to barrel-
1839:Pinot noir
1591:Colombard
1554:Vineyards
1511:champenois
1396:wine label
1352:region of
1326:filtration
1216:quarantine
1196:corky bark
1157:mealy bugs
1101:phylloxera
1097:bush vines
1074:Mossel Bay
1031:Hartswater
1012:area near
990:Calitzdorp
946:Pinot noir
926:botrytised
889:Bonnievale
836:Berg River
825:Wellington
713:Simonsberg
709:Helderberg
629:Constantia
600:Constantia
574:See also:
538:irrigation
493:Statistics
487:arenaceous
455:soil types
420:Walker Bay
394:region of
344:irrigation
279:See also:
241:Chardonnay
229:winemaking
167:grapevines
152:Constantia
61:Constantia
5390:Argentina
5369:Australia
5106:Palestine
4790:Chakalaka
4750:Potjiekos
4741:porridge)
4735:Mieliepap
4720:Umngqusho
4685:Frikkadel
4660:Boerewors
4533:Coloureds
4279:Languages
4244:Education
4193:Transport
4125:Companies
4077:President
4032:Elections
3981:Provinces
3941:Estuaries
3931:Districts
3902:Geography
3857:Apartheid
3481:Noble rot
3371:Winemaker
3351:Sommelier
3287:Wine rack
3267:Wine cork
3257:Wine cave
3247:Screw cap
3217:Corkscrew
3182:New World
3177:Old World
3155:Zinfandel
3130:Mourvèdre
3037:Trebbiano
2977:Colombard
2878:Noble rot
2858:Fortified
2836:Sparkling
2803:New World
2431:M. Mazur
1854:wine and
1793:Zinfandel
1748:crossings
1728:vineyards
1716:Trebbiano
1655:Pinotage
1462:noble rot
1313:Afrikaans
1192:rootstock
1122:sunburned
1113:hedge row
1082:Cederberg
1035:Kimberley
1019:Vredendal
1006:Swartland
1002:Piketberg
934:Colombard
918:Slanghoek
896:Worcester
884:Robertson
784:Elsenburg
744:Bottelary
721:False Bay
688:St Helena
620:varietals
540:and crop
479:sandstone
463:pH levels
378:. On the
340:Langeberg
249:harvested
221:Apartheid
182:wine lake
120:Cape Town
73:Worcester
53:Cape Town
45:Cape Town
5410:Paraguay
5302:Slovenia
5297:Slovakia
5272:Portugal
5172:Bulgaria
5126:Thailand
5041:Abkhazia
5020:Tanzania
5000:Ethiopia
4856:Melktert
4815:Peppadew
4800:Droëwors
4745:Potbrood
4595:Category
4504:Khoekhoe
4382:HIV/AIDS
4304:Religion
4269:Intersex
4249:Feminism
4229:Cannabis
4178:Taxation
4082:timeline
4062:Military
4005:Politics
3991:Wildlife
3888:Military
3876:By topic
3812:Ndwandwe
3770:Timeline
3750:articles
3496:Pressing
3418:Glossary
3334:Industry
3227:Jug wine
3222:Decanter
3212:Box wine
3110:Isabella
3105:Grenache
3085:Carignan
3032:Sémillon
3017:Riesling
3012:Palomino
2755:Ancient
2738:Vineyard
2733:Veraison
2718:Oenology
2438:Archived
2421:HighBeam
2257:Decanter
1955:See also
1852:quaffing
1833:Pinotage
1827:Pinotage
1777:Grenache
1761:Carignan
1720:Sémillon
1708:Palomino
1704:Crouchen
1700:synonyms
1691:cultivar
1538:Viognier
1498:produced
1470:Laat-oes
1466:Edelkeur
1442:Jerepigo
1440:). With
1438:Jerepiko
1434:Jerepigo
1354:Portugal
1204:leafroll
1184:botrytis
1169:ladybugs
1078:Riesling
976:) has a
940:Overberg
910:Hanepoot
906:Muscadel
863:Semillon
858:levels.
776:Pinotage
740:Banghoek
733:alluvial
725:Bordeaux
546:Overberg
428:Piedmont
424:Burgundy
396:Oakville
372:Olifants
360:humidity
213:boycotts
176:such as
171:yielding
5420:Uruguay
5395:Bolivia
5362:Oceania
5322:Ukraine
5277:Romania
5247:Moldova
5222:Ireland
5217:Hungary
5207:Germany
5202:Georgia
5192:Denmark
5177:Croatia
5162:Belgium
5157:Austria
5152:Albania
5136:Vietnam
5096:Lebanon
5046:Armenia
5025:Tunisia
5010:Namibia
5005:Morocco
4990:Algeria
4892:Amarula
4795:Chutney
4785:Biltong
4770:Vetkoek
4715:Sosatie
4695:Isidudu
4680:Dikgobe
4665:Bokkoms
4655:Bobotie
4579:Outline
4560:Chinese
4555:Indians
4548:Griquas
4526:British
4499:Khoisan
4452:Ndebele
4372:Cuisine
4349:Culture
4319:Smoking
4294:Poverty
4217:Society
4183:Tourism
4120:Banking
4103:Economy
3951:Islands
3946:Forests
3919:Climate
3883:Economy
3758:History
3680:Terroir
3638:Related
3486:Vintage
3468:Harvest
3413:Outline
3237:Muselet
3199:storage
3090:Cinsaut
3065:Barbera
2992:Macabeo
2952:Aligoté
2910:Organic
2900:Natural
2853:Dessert
2798:Georgia
2748:History
2728:Terroir
2723:Species
2603:Portals
2470:1 March
2466:. SAWIS
2096:Africa.
2052:20 June
1879:acetate
1872:tannins
1843:Cinsaut
1817:Sultana
1671:Merlot
1607:Shiraz
1533:vintage
1502:Charmat
1317:dikvoet
1233:terroir
1200:fanleaf
1161:baboons
1014:Darling
986:De Rust
982:Montagu
856:acidity
832:Tulbagh
817:terroir
768:terroir
563:terroir
552:). The
475:granite
471:calcium
435:Western
408:Tuscany
404:Douglas
299:terroir
178:Cinsaut
163:ostrich
159:alfalfa
136:harvest
90:History
5400:Brazil
5348:Mexico
5343:Canada
5312:Sweden
5292:Serbia
5282:Russia
5267:Poland
5212:Greece
5197:France
5182:Cyprus
5145:Europe
5131:Turkey
5121:Taiwan
5086:Jordan
5076:Israel
5056:Bhutan
4983:Africa
4902:Boeber
4885:Drinks
4805:Konfyt
4755:Spatlo
4700:Morogo
4690:Gatsby
4600:Portal
4516:Whites
4477:Tswana
4472:Tsonga
4417:Sports
4367:Cinema
4299:Racism
4254:Health
4140:Energy
4022:Courts
3986:Rivers
3748:
3645:Winery
3608:Solera
3232:Kvevri
3120:Merlot
3115:Malbec
2915:Kosher
2891:Other
2846:Orange
2819:Styles
2786:France
2629:Africa
2531:
2517:(ed).
2354:
2308:
2208:
2089:
2079:
1900:faults
1821:Servan
1809:Kanaän
1801:Belies
1789:Pontac
1756:Shiraz
1744:Weldra
1740:Chenel
1614:10.5%
1598:12.0%
1582:11.3%
1566:18.2%
1551:Grape
1424:solera
1420:sherry
1366:Souzão
1285:ageing
1220:clonal
1117:cordon
1109:pruned
1058:duiker
912:based
780:Shiraz
772:Merlot
542:yields
368:Breede
233:Shiraz
202:brandy
128:scurvy
5405:Chile
5307:Spain
5242:Malta
5227:Italy
5116:Syria
5101:Nepal
5081:Japan
5066:India
5061:China
4995:Egypt
4907:Mageu
4897:Amasi
4820:Rusks
4586:Index
4487:Xhosa
4482:Venda
4467:Swazi
4462:Sotho
4402:Music
4397:Media
4334:Women
4234:Crime
4160:Rand
3956:Lakes
3775:Years
3595:Aging
3145:Syrah
3100:Gamay
3070:Bobal
2982:Glera
2947:Airén
2939:White
2895:Table
2883:Straw
2873:Fruit
2831:White
2774:China
2653:Wines
2527:2006
2087:JSTOR
2046:(PDF)
1771:with
1765:Gamay
1678:6.0%
1662:7.5%
1646:8.0%
1630:9.4%
1350:Douro
1315:word
1293:sugar
1273:Spain
1126:spurs
794:Paarl
729:sandy
604:Paarl
550:Elgin
483:shale
416:Elgin
412:Perth
257:juice
107:, by
65:Paarl
5415:Peru
5071:Iran
5034:Asia
4927:Wine
4705:Samp
4492:Zulu
4457:Pedi
4376:wine
4284:LGBT
3197:and
2926:Top
2841:Rosé
2697:Wine
2655:and
2641:Wine
2529:ISBN
2472:2017
2380:2023
2352:ISBN
2306:ISBN
2265:2024
2237:2024
2206:ISBN
2120:2018
2077:ISBN
2054:2007
1908:rand
1864:port
1860:aged
1856:rosé
1841:and
1819:and
1742:and
1446:must
1436:(or
1368:and
1342:Port
1295:and
1283:and
1279:for
1202:and
1178:and
1159:and
1068:The
1024:The
1004:and
968:The
908:and
894:The
823:and
778:and
762:and
715:and
656:loam
514:and
477:and
469:and
467:lime
459:clay
445:and
437:and
426:and
418:and
386:and
374:and
338:and
283:and
267:and
255:and
239:and
227:and
204:and
71:and
4362:Art
4052:Law
3603:Oak
3052:Red
2863:Ice
2826:Red
1775:),
1265:new
672:VOC
398:in
5437::
2480:^
2462:.
2451:^
2371:.
2317:^
2273:^
2254:.
2226:.
2131:^
2122:.
2111:.
2093:.
2085:.
1823:.
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
1795:.
1787:,
1783:,
1779:,
1763:,
1364:,
1360:,
1332:.
1307:.
1198:,
1132:.
774:,
758:,
754:,
750:,
746:,
742:,
731:,
711:,
536:,
430:.
370:,
334:,
271:.
235:,
208:.
142:,
75:.
67:,
63:,
4968:e
4961:t
4954:v
4826:)
4822:(
4737:(
4634:e
4627:t
4620:v
4378:)
4374:(
3738:e
3731:t
3724:v
3452:e
3445:t
3438:v
3195:,
2689:e
2682:t
2675:v
2605::
2535:.
2474:.
2444:"
2433:"
2382:.
2358:.
2312:.
2267:.
2239:.
2212:.
2056:.
20:)
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