361:
6267:
1661:
1394:
5879:
3350:
1398:
1167:
2326:
3130:
4201:
1656:{\displaystyle p(\mathbf {r} ,t)=-\rho c^{2}{\frac {\partial \delta }{\partial x}}(\mathbf {r} ,t)=\rho c^{2}k_{x}\delta _{\text{m}}\cos \left(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi _{\delta ,0}+{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)=p_{\text{m}}\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi _{p,0}),}
2112:
3902:
1389:{\displaystyle v(\mathbf {r} ,t)={\frac {\partial \delta }{\partial t}}(\mathbf {r} ,t)=\omega \delta _{\text{m}}\cos \left(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi _{\delta ,0}+{\frac {\pi }{2}}\right)=v_{\text{m}}\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi _{v,0}),}
2053:
1908:
1061:
2959:
4031:
3419:. In the case of ambient environmental measurements of "background" noise, distance need not be quoted, as no single source is present, but when measuring the noise level of a specific piece of equipment, the distance should always be stated. A distance of one
4026:
3598:
3582:
2456:
1912:
1767:
2321:{\displaystyle z_{\text{m}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)=|z(\mathbf {r} ,s)|=\left|{\frac {{\hat {p}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)}{{\hat {v}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)}}\right|={\frac {p_{\text{m}}}{v_{\text{m}}}}={\frac {\rho c^{2}k_{x}}{\omega }}.}
960:
2378:
848:
667:
2819:
3342:(i. e., if the thermodynamic properties of the air are disregarded; in reality, the sound waves become progressively non-linear starting over 150 dB), larger sound waves can be present in other
3909:
2631:
450:
5801:
The computer company has built an anechoic chamber in which highly sensitive tests reported an average background noise reading of an unimaginably quiet −20.35 dBA (decibels A-weighted).
2685:
2107:
2905:
2526:
547:
5382:"NIOSH HHE Report No. 2013-0124-3208. Health hazard evaluation report: measurement of exposure to impulsive noise at indoor and outdoor firing ranges during tactical training exercises"
3471:
2382:
3125:{\displaystyle L_{p}=\ln \left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)~{\text{Np}}=2\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)~{\text{B}}=20\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{0}}}\right)~{\text{dB}},}
1130:
4196:{\displaystyle L_{\Sigma }=10\log _{10}\left(10^{\frac {L_{1}}{10~{\text{dB}}}}+10^{\frac {L_{2}}{10~{\text{dB}}}}+\dots +10^{\frac {L_{n}}{10~{\text{dB}}}}\right)~{\text{dB}}.}
1091:
1750:
1706:
929:
889:
752:
708:
3415:
The distance of the measuring microphone from a sound source is often omitted when SPL measurements are quoted, making the data useless, due to the inherent effect of the
5387:. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
2842:
5589:
5178:
3376:. Because the frequency response of human hearing changes with amplitude, three weightings have been established for measuring sound pressure: A, B and C.
2471:
When measuring the sound pressure created by a sound source, it is important to measure the distance from the object as well, since the sound pressure of a
5748:
4690:-identified maximum to protect against hearing loss and other disruptive effects from noise, such as sleep disturbance, stress, learning detriment, etc.
3897:{\displaystyle L_{\Sigma }=10\log _{10}\left({\frac {p_{1}^{2}+p_{2}^{2}+\dots +p_{n}^{2}}{p_{0}^{2}}}\right)~{\text{dB}}=10\log _{10}\left~{\text{dB}}.}
2333:
5289:
160 km (99 miles) away from the source, registered a sound pressure level spike of more than 2½ inches of mercury (8.5 kPa), equivalent to 172 decibels.
5789:
5179:
Guignard, J. C.; King, P.F.; North
Atlantic Treaty Organization Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development Aerospace Medical Panel (1972).
5164:
this limit is reached when the rarefaction creates a vacuum, because you can't have a lower pressure than that. This corresponds to about +194 dB SPL.
5469:
768:
587:
3423:(1 m) from the source is a frequently used standard distance. Because of the effects of reflected noise within a closed room, the use of an
2690:
5187:
In air at an assumed atmospheric pressure of 1 bar (100,000 N/m) this occurs theoretically at approximately 191 dB SPL (working with rms values
5921:
5771:
5685:
4687:
6078:
304:
2568:
5969:
3372:. Humans do not perceive low- and high-frequency sounds as well as they perceive sounds between 3,000 and 4,000 Hz, as shown in the
406:
6043:
5681:
5643:
2638:
2048:{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)=p_{\text{m}}{\frac {s\cos \varphi _{p,0}-\omega \sin \varphi _{p,0}}{s^{2}+\omega ^{2}}}.}
1903:{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)=v_{\text{m}}{\frac {s\cos \varphi _{v,0}-\omega \sin \varphi _{v,0}}{s^{2}+\omega ^{2}}},}
6129:
5993:
2865:
2486:
516:
5949:
3379:
In order to distinguish the different sound measures, a suffix is used: A-weighted sound pressure level is written either as dB
3238:(roughly the sound of a mosquito flying 3 m away). The proper notations for sound pressure level using this reference are
2330:
Consequently, the amplitude of the particle displacement is related to that of the acoustic velocity and the sound pressure by
5441:
6028:
5315:
5217:
5157:
5037:
3294:
1056:{\displaystyle \delta (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\delta _{\text{m}}\cos(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} -\omega t+\varphi _{\delta ,0}),}
6033:
5305:
17:
3307:. Most sound level meters provide readings in A, C, and Z-weighted decibels and must meet international standards such as
5411:
5944:
5107:
267:
6088:
6063:
6013:
5914:
5849:
6124:
2060:
297:
5002:"Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 3: Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units"
1160:
It follows that the particle velocity and the sound pressure along the direction of propagation of the sound wave
6068:
6023:
6008:
5883:
5756:
4021:{\displaystyle \left({\frac {p_{i}}{p_{0}}}\right)^{2}=10^{\frac {L_{i}}{10~{\text{dB}}}},\quad i=1,2,\ldots ,n}
6058:
5959:
5889:
5864:
5147:
5274:
6103:
6048:
5998:
5984:
5974:
345:
6301:
6270:
6191:
6108:
6093:
6018:
5989:
5964:
5907:
5235:"Performance of a Thermoacoustic Sound Wave Generator driven with Waste Heat of Automobile Gasoline Engine"
2937:
2915:
1102:
6311:
6291:
6083:
6053:
6003:
2855:
290:
1069:
6098:
6038:
5979:
5954:
4554:
4413:
4212:
3235:
2635:
The inverse-proportional law for sound pressure comes from the inverse-square law for sound intensity:
6242:
6233:
4670:
4286:
4937:"Sound Pressure Is the Force of Sound on a Surface Area Perpendicular to the Direction of the Sound"
3403:. Unweighted sound pressure level is called "linear sound pressure level" and is often written as dB
1722:
1678:
896:
856:
719:
675:
5775:
5180:
5381:
5080:
Thompson, A. and Taylor, B. N. Sec. 8.7: "Logarithmic quantities and units: level, neper, bel",
3577:{\displaystyle L_{p_{2}}=L_{p_{1}}+20\log _{10}\left({\frac {r_{1}}{r_{2}}}\right)~{\text{dB}}.}
6210:
5554:
5485:
4909:
3407:
or just L. Some sound measuring instruments use the letter "Z" as an indication of linear SPL.
3373:
3353:
2451:{\displaystyle \delta _{\text{m}}={\frac {p_{\text{m}}}{\omega z_{\text{m}}(\mathbf {r} ,s)}}.}
5610:
4936:
5813:
5185:. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development.
5001:
4915:
4817:
3339:
941:
108:
6225:
3361:
3286:
329:
192:
31:
5639:
8:
5502:
5019:
4912: – Empirical relationship between actual and perceived changed intensity of stimulus
385:
5894:
5580:
5123:
6296:
6143:
5930:
4985:
4776:
4301:
3365:
3297:
2827:
2466:
1143:
572:
231:
6196:
6175:
6170:
5860:
5845:
5535:
5362:
5354:
5311:
5256:
5213:
5153:
5103:
5033:
4903:
4537:
4253:
3326:
3304:
1153:
711:
492:
87:
5527:
5517:
5498:
5445:
5344:
5301:
5246:
5233:
HATAZAWA, Masayasu; SUGITA, Hiroshi; OGAWA, Takahiro; SEO, Yoshitoki (2004-01-01).
5025:
4837:
4813:
4793:
3424:
3140:
4270:
486:
249:
126:
3427:
allows sound to be comparable to measurements made in a free field environment.
6306:
4635:
3277:
Most sound-level measurements will be made relative to this reference, meaning
210:
5890:
Sound
Pressure and Sound Power, Two Commonly Confused Characteristics of Sound
5730:
6285:
6165:
6134:
5358:
5260:
4231:
349:
5380:
Brueck, Scott E.; Kardous, Chuck A.; Oza, Aalok; Murphy, William J. (2014).
5349:
5332:
5085:
3356:, showing sound-pressure-vs-frequency at different perceived loudness levels
5539:
5366:
5333:"Estimates of the auditory risk from outdoor impulse noise I: Firecrackers"
5029:
4866:
All values listed are the effective sound pressure unless otherwise stated.
4338:
174:
5731:"'The Quietest Place on Earth' – Guinness World Records Certificate, 2005"
5251:
3360:
Ears detect changes in sound pressure. Human hearing does not have a flat
3338:) is the largest pressure variation an undistorted sound wave can have in
6218:
6202:
6139:
5579:
Franks, John R.; Stephenson, Mark R.; Merry, Carol J., eds. (June 1996).
5234:
4488:
3303:
The main instrument for measuring sound levels in the environment is the
2845:
1133:
360:
147:
5706:
5656:
5082:
Guide for the Use of the
International System of Units (SI) 2008 Edition
4961:
6250:
4841:
4821:
4797:
4652:
4605:
4586:
4570:
4443:
4249:
3343:
341:
337:
333:
5899:
5531:
5522:
6158:
6153:
4879:
3369:
3308:
1094:
953:
491:
In a sound wave, the complementary variable to sound pressure is the
5084:, NIST Special Publication 811, 2nd printing (November 2008), SP811
2940:
of the effective pressure of a sound relative to a reference value.
5708:
5658:
4891:
4589:
4520:
2373:{\displaystyle \delta _{\text{m}}={\frac {v_{\text{m}}}{\omega }},}
325:
4964:. University of New South Wales, Dept. of Physics, Music Acoustics
6148:
4504:
4238:
3215:
3189:
2953:
5709:"The sound of silence of electric vehicles – Issues and answers"
5878:
5470:
Realistic
Maximum Sound Pressure Levels for Dynamic Microphones
4028:
in the formula for the sum of the sound pressure levels yields
2109:, the amplitude of the specific acoustic impedance is given by
5790:"Microsoft Lab Sets New Record for the World's Quietest Place"
5660:
The sound of silence of electric vehicles – Issues and answers
5473:
4308:
3420:
3395:, and C-weighted sound pressure level is written either as dB
3163:
510:
3430:
According to the inverse proportional law, when sound level
843:{\displaystyle z(s)={\frac {{\hat {p}}(s)}{{\hat {v}}(s)}},}
662:{\displaystyle Z(s)={\frac {{\hat {p}}(s)}{{\hat {Q}}(s)}},}
495:. Together, they determine the sound intensity of the wave.
5239:
Transactions of the Japan
Society of Mechanical Engineers B
4897:
4885:
2814:{\displaystyle I(r)=p(r)v(r)=p(r)\left(r)\propto p^{2}(r),}
506:
5682:"EPA Identifies Noise Levels Affecting Health and Welfare"
5497:
5008:, International Electrotechnical Commission, 19 July 2002.
3349:
3274:
are very common, even if they are not accepted by the SI.
3387:. B-weighted sound pressure level is written either as dB
3346:
or other media, such as underwater or through the Earth.
5582:
4459:
9-inch (23 cm) diameter balloon crushed to rupture
4370:
9-inch (23 cm) diameter balloon crushed to rupture
3591:
The formula for the sum of the sound pressure levels of
5501:; Hall III, James W.; Koekemoer, Dirk (February 2010).
4473:
9-inch (23 cm) diameter balloon popped with a pin
4398:
9-inch (23 cm) diameter balloon popped with a pin
3323:, but the upper limit is not as clearly defined. While
5379:
5232:
4429:
9-inch (23 cm) party balloon inflated to rupture
4384:
9-inch (23 cm) party balloon inflated to rupture
4356:
9-inch (23 cm) party balloon inflated to rupture
5707:
Nicolas
Misdariis, Louis-Ferdinand Pardo (Aug 2017).
5657:
Nicolas
Misdariis, Louis-Ferdinand Pardo (Aug 2017),
5590:
National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
5578:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5331:
Flamme, Gregory A.; Liebe, Kevin; Wong, Adam (2009).
5307:
Krakatoa: The Day the World
Exploded, August 27, 1883
4962:"What is acoustic impedance and why is it important?"
4034:
3912:
3601:
3474:
3222:
The commonly used reference sound pressure in air is
2962:
2868:
2830:
2693:
2641:
2571:
2489:
2385:
2336:
2115:
2063:
1915:
1770:
1725:
1681:
1401:
1170:
1105:
1072:
963:
899:
859:
771:
722:
678:
590:
519:
409:
5434:
4882: – Branch of physics involving mechanical waves
2626:{\displaystyle p_{2}={\frac {r_{1}}{r_{2}}}\,p_{1}.}
328:
deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium)
5442:"LRAD Corporation Product Overview for LRAD 1000Xi"
5017:
3319:The lower limit of audibility is defined as SPL of
754:
is the Laplace transform of sound volume flow rate.
445:{\displaystyle p_{\text{total}}=p_{\text{stat}}+p,}
5503:"Vuvuzela – good for your team, bad for your ears"
5391:
4984:
4918: – Related laws in the field of psychophysics
4638:(over long-term exposure, need not be continuous)
4195:
4020:
3896:
3576:
3124:
2899:
2836:
2813:
2679:
2625:
2551:from the centre of the sphere, the sound pressure
2520:
2450:
2372:
2320:
2101:
2047:
1902:
1744:
1700:
1655:
1388:
1124:
1085:
1055:
923:
883:
842:
765:and measured in Pa·m·s in SI units, is defined by
746:
702:
661:
584:and measured in Pa·m·s in SI units, is defined by
541:
444:
5611:"Decibel Table – SPL – Loudness Comparison Chart"
4256:; waveform valleys are clipped at zero pressure)
336:. In air, sound pressure can be measured using a
6283:
5711:. InterNoise, HAL Open Science, Hong-Kong, China
5663:, InterNoise, HAL Open Science, Hong-Kong, China
6073:
5330:
4894: – Subjective perception of sound pressure
4621:Traffic on a busy roadway (combustion engines)
2680:{\displaystyle I(r)\propto {\frac {1}{r^{2}}}.}
27:Local pressure deviation caused by a sound wave
5024:. Kingston upon Hull: The University of Hull.
931:is the Laplace transform of particle velocity.
5915:
5640:"Ultimate Sound Pressure Level Decibel Table"
5603:
4205:
3416:
2102:{\displaystyle \varphi _{v,0}=\varphi _{p,0}}
298:
5749:"The Quietest Place on Earth – Orfield Labs"
2479:from the centre of the sphere (and not as 1/
1752:is the phase shift of the acoustic pressure.
1708:is the phase shift of the particle velocity,
2900:{\displaystyle p(r)\propto {\frac {1}{r}}.}
2521:{\displaystyle p(r)\propto {\frac {1}{r}}.}
2460:
891:is the Laplace transform of sound pressure,
542:{\displaystyle \mathbf {I} =p\mathbf {v} ,}
392:pressure) in the local ambient pressure, a
5922:
5908:
5746:
5572:
5300:
5294:
5182:Aeromedical Aspects of Vibration and Noise
5052:
4888: – Logarithmic unit of loudness level
1717:is the amplitude of the acoustic pressure,
1673:is the amplitude of the particle velocity,
355:
305:
291:
5857:The Science and Applications of Acoustics
5546:
5521:
5348:
5250:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
4995:
4982:
3293:is used. These references are defined in
2609:
5633:
5631:
5465:
5463:
5412:"Did You Know How Loud Balloons Can Be?"
5021:A Pocket-Sized Introduction to Acoustics
4906: – Device for acoustic measurements
3348:
935:
359:
5929:
5844:(1993), Acoustical Society of America,
5774:. University of Salford. Archived from
5275:"Krakatoa Eruption – The Loudest Sound"
5074:
4955:
4953:
2909:
14:
6284:
5747:Middlemiss, Neil (December 18, 2007).
5192:
5097:
5053:Bies, David A.; Hansen, Colin (2003).
388:causes a deviation (sound pressure, a
5903:
5814:"Check Out the World's Quietest Room"
5628:
5460:
5207:
5174:
5172:
5141:
5139:
5091:
4211:Examples of sound pressure in air at
566:
475:
5552:
5212:. New York and London: Focal Press.
5145:
4950:
4762:Light leaf rustling, calm breathing
2862:hence the inverse-proportional law:
1125:{\displaystyle \varphi _{\delta ,0}}
5895:Decibel (Loudness) Comparison Chart
5769:
3586:
24:
5169:
5136:
5018:Attenborough K, Postema M (2008).
4900: – Unit of perceived loudness
4040:
3607:
2854:is the convolution inverse of the
1452:
1444:
1205:
1197:
1086:{\displaystyle \delta _{\text{m}}}
480:
25:
6323:
5871:
5637:
4959:
3234:which is often considered as the
1756:Taking the Laplace transforms of
6266:
6265:
6197:Earth's location in the Universe
6125:Back-of-the-envelope calculation
5877:
5646:from the original on 2005-10-19.
3595:incoherent radiating sources is
2429:
2233:
2202:
2158:
2130:
1932:
1787:
1615:
1607:
1534:
1526:
1465:
1409:
1348:
1340:
1267:
1259:
1218:
1178:
1015:
1007:
971:
532:
521:
6130:Best-selling electronic devices
5806:
5782:
5763:
5740:
5723:
5700:
5686:Environmental Protection Agency
5674:
5650:
5491:
5479:
5373:
5324:
5310:. Penguin/Viking. p. 218.
5267:
5226:
5116:
5098:Morfey, Christopher L. (2001).
4987:Geometrical and Physical Optics
4860:
3990:
3368:) relative to frequency versus
5067:Ross Roeser, Michael Valente,
5061:
5046:
5011:
4976:
4929:
4252:(distorted sound waves > 1
2943:Sound pressure level, denoted
2878:
2872:
2805:
2799:
2783:
2777:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2651:
2645:
2499:
2493:
2439:
2425:
2243:
2229:
2223:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2172:
2168:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2126:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1745:{\displaystyle \varphi _{p,0}}
1701:{\displaystyle \varphi _{v,0}}
1647:
1603:
1475:
1461:
1419:
1405:
1380:
1336:
1228:
1214:
1188:
1174:
1047:
1003:
981:
967:
918:
912:
906:
878:
872:
866:
831:
825:
819:
808:
802:
796:
781:
775:
741:
735:
729:
697:
691:
685:
650:
644:
638:
627:
621:
615:
600:
594:
13:
1:
5510:South African Medical Journal
5102:. San Diego: Academic Press.
4922:
4213:standard atmospheric pressure
2483:, like the sound intensity):
1136:of the particle displacement,
1097:of the particle displacement,
924:{\displaystyle {\hat {v}}(s)}
884:{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}(s)}
747:{\displaystyle {\hat {Q}}(s)}
703:{\displaystyle {\hat {p}}(s)}
6192:Astronomical system of units
5146:Self, Douglas (2020-04-17).
1764:with respect to time yields
7:
5859:(2006), Springer New York,
5486:Recording Brass & Reeds
5071:(Thieme 2007), p. 240.
4873:
4851:
4848:
4831:
4828:
4807:
4804:
4787:
4784:
4770:
4767:
4756:
4751:
4740:
4737:
4726:
4723:
4712:
4709:
4698:
4695:
4681:
4678:
4669:Traffic on a busy roadway (
4663:
4660:
4646:
4643:
4629:
4626:
4615:
4612:
4599:
4596:
4580:
4577:
4564:
4561:
4547:
4544:
4531:
4528:
4514:
4511:
4498:
4495:
4481:
4478:
4467:
4464:
4453:
4450:
4437:
4434:
4423:
4420:
4406:
4403:
4392:
4389:
4378:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4350:
4345:
4332:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4295:
4280:
4277:
4263:
4260:
3410:
3314:
3262:, but the suffix notations
2856:specific acoustic impedance
759:Specific acoustic impedance
513:in SI units, is defined by
10:
6328:
5208:Winer, Ethan (2013). "1".
4732:Passenger car (electric)
4555:noise-induced hearing loss
4414:Long Range Acoustic Device
4206:Examples of sound pressure
3442:is measured at a distance
3285:. In other media, such as
3236:threshold of human hearing
2913:
2544:is measured at a distance
2475:sound wave decreases as 1/
2464:
939:
570:
484:
29:
6261:
6243:The Scale of the Universe
6184:
6117:
5937:
5149:Small Signal Audio Design
5055:Engineering Noise Control
4983:Longhurst, R. S. (1967).
4287:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
4224:
4221:
4218:
562:is the particle velocity.
348:of sound pressure is the
286:
281:
263:
245:
227:
206:
188:
170:
143:
122:
104:
83:
56:
44:
39:
3417:inverse proportional law
3154:reference sound pressure
2532:inverse-proportional law
2530:This relationship is an
2461:Inverse-proportional law
399:Sound pressure, denoted
364:Sound pressure diagram:
30:Not to be confused with
5350:10.4103/1463-1741.56216
5100:Dictionary of Acoustics
4704:TV (set at home level)
3906:Inserting the formulas
3289:, a reference level of
2930:acoustic pressure level
471:is the static pressure.
356:Mathematical definition
6211:To the Moon and Beyond
6079:Specific heat capacity
5553:Nave, Carl R. (2006).
5124:"Noise Terms Glossary"
5030:10.5281/zenodo.7504060
4553:Risk of instantaneous
4197:
4022:
3898:
3578:
3374:equal-loudness contour
3357:
3354:Equal-loudness contour
3126:
2901:
2838:
2815:
2681:
2627:
2537:If the sound pressure
2522:
2452:
2374:
2322:
2103:
2049:
1904:
1746:
1702:
1657:
1390:
1126:
1087:
1057:
925:
885:
844:
748:
704:
663:
556:is the sound pressure,
543:
462:is the total pressure,
446:
381:
340:, and in water with a
6229:(1968 and 1977 films)
5818:Microsoft: Inside B87
5252:10.1299/kikaib.70.292
4818:University of Salford
4225:Sound pressure level
4198:
4023:
3899:
3579:
3352:
3281:will equal an SPL of
3127:
2902:
2839:
2816:
2682:
2628:
2523:
2465:Further information:
2453:
2375:
2323:
2104:
2050:
1905:
1747:
1703:
1658:
1391:
1127:
1088:
1058:
948:particle displacement
942:Particle displacement
936:Particle displacement
926:
886:
845:
749:
705:
664:
544:
447:
363:
109:Particle displacement
5886:at Wikimedia Commons
5416:Canadian Audiologist
5069:Audiology: Diagnosis
4991:. Norwich: Longmans.
4718:Normal conversation
4655:(combustion engine)
4032:
3910:
3599:
3472:
3362:spectral sensitivity
2960:
2922:Sound pressure level
2914:For other uses, see
2910:Sound pressure level
2866:
2828:
2691:
2639:
2569:
2558:at another position
2487:
2383:
2334:
2113:
2061:
1913:
1768:
1723:
1679:
1399:
1168:
1103:
1070:
961:
897:
857:
769:
720:
676:
588:
517:
407:
374:Atmospheric pressure
330:atmospheric pressure
193:Sound energy density
32:Sound energy density
18:Sound pressure level
6302:Physical quantities
5931:Orders of magnitude
5855:Daniel R. Raichel,
5555:"Threshold of Pain"
5422:(6). 9 January 2014
5006:IEC 60027-3 Ed. 3.0
4910:Stevens's power law
4215:
3710:
3694:
3670:
3652:
2938:logarithmic measure
2565:can be calculated:
386:transmission medium
6312:Sound measurements
6292:Acoustic equations
6237:(1996 documentary)
6166:Metric (SI) prefix
5772:"Anechoic Chamber"
4777:Auditory threshold
4269:Simple open-ended
4210:
4193:
4018:
3894:
3696:
3680:
3656:
3638:
3574:
3449:, the sound level
3366:frequency response
3358:
3340:Earth's atmosphere
3122:
2897:
2834:
2811:
2677:
2623:
2518:
2467:Inverse-square law
2448:
2370:
2318:
2099:
2045:
1900:
1742:
1698:
1653:
1386:
1144:angular wavevector
1122:
1083:
1053:
921:
881:
840:
744:
714:of sound pressure,
700:
659:
578:Acoustic impedance
573:Acoustic impedance
567:Acoustic impedance
539:
476:Sound measurements
442:
384:A sound wave in a
382:
232:Acoustic impedance
40:Sound measurements
6279:
6278:
6176:Microscopic scale
6171:Macroscopic scale
5882:Media related to
5840:Beranek, Leo L.,
5684:(Press release).
5523:10.7196/samj.3697
5499:Swanepoel, De Wet
5317:978-0-670-91430-2
5302:Winchester, Simon
5219:978-0-240-82100-9
5159:978-1-000-05044-8
5039:978-90-812588-2-1
4916:Weber–Fechner law
4904:Sound level meter
4856:
4855:
4671:electric vehicles
4538:Threshold of pain
4188:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4098:
4095:
4091:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3940:
3889:
3885:
3866:
3818:
3776:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3305:sound level meter
3117:
3113:
3105:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2956:, is defined by:
2892:
2837:{\displaystyle *}
2672:
2607:
2513:
2443:
2422:
2408:
2393:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2313:
2278:
2275:
2265:
2247:
2226:
2195:
2123:
2040:
1955:
1925:
1895:
1810:
1780:
1594:
1577:
1511:
1459:
1327:
1310:
1244:
1212:
1154:angular frequency
1080:
994:
909:
869:
835:
822:
799:
732:
712:Laplace transform
688:
654:
641:
618:
493:particle velocity
430:
417:
322:acoustic pressure
315:
314:
268:Transmission loss
88:Particle velocity
16:(Redirected from
6319:
6269:
6268:
5950:Angular momentum
5924:
5917:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5881:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5755:. Archived from
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5638:Hamby, William.
5635:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5525:
5507:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5467:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5448:on 16 March 2014
5444:. Archived from
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5408:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5352:
5337:Noise and Health
5328:
5322:
5321:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5279:Brüel & Kjær
5271:
5265:
5264:
5254:
5245:(689): 292–299.
5230:
5224:
5223:
5210:The Audio Expert
5205:
5190:
5189:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5095:
5089:
5078:
5072:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5015:
5009:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4933:
4867:
4864:
4838:Anechoic chamber
4814:Anechoic chamber
4796:, Orfield Labs,
4794:Anechoic chamber
4219:Source of sound
4216:
4209:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4150:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4044:
4043:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3919:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3755:
3740:
3739:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3669:
3664:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3611:
3610:
3587:Multiple sources
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3461:at the distance
3425:anechoic chamber
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3249:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3161:
3141:root mean square
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2972:
2971:
2952:and measured in
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2161:
2150:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2078:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1985:
1984:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1935:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1840:
1839:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1790:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1610:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1537:
1529:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1412:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1351:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1270:
1262:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1181:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1018:
1010:
996:
995:
992:
974:
930:
928:
927:
922:
911:
910:
902:
890:
888:
887:
882:
871:
870:
862:
849:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:
824:
823:
815:
811:
801:
800:
792:
788:
753:
751:
750:
745:
734:
733:
725:
709:
707:
706:
701:
690:
689:
681:
668:
666:
665:
660:
655:
653:
643:
642:
634:
630:
620:
619:
611:
607:
548:
546:
545:
540:
535:
524:
505:and measured in
451:
449:
448:
443:
432:
431:
428:
419:
418:
415:
403:, is defined by
307:
300:
293:
277:
274:
266:
259:
256:
248:
241:
238:
230:
223:
217:
209:
202:
199:
191:
184:
181:
173:
166:
154:
146:
139:
133:
125:
118:
115:
107:
100:
94:
86:
79:
67:
59:
37:
36:
21:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6257:
6180:
6113:
6029:Magnetic moment
5933:
5928:
5874:
5832:
5831:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5795:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5770:Eustace, Dave.
5768:
5764:
5745:
5741:
5736:. Orfield Labs.
5733:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5688:. April 2, 1974
5680:
5679:
5675:
5666:
5664:
5655:
5651:
5636:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5609:
5608:
5604:
5595:
5593:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5505:
5496:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5468:
5461:
5451:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5425:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5392:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5343:(45): 223–230.
5329:
5325:
5318:
5299:
5295:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5206:
5193:
5177:
5170:
5160:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5096:
5092:
5079:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5016:
5012:
5000:
4996:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4753:
4746:Very calm room
4347:
4313:shooter's side
4312:
4242:
4208:
4185:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4127:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4092:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4055:
4051:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3886:
3872:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3705:
3700:
3689:
3684:
3665:
3660:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3618:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3159:
3151:
3143:sound pressure,
3114:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3062:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3010:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2919:
2912:
2884:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2793:
2789:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2505:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2232:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2157:
2146:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1857:
1853:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1786:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1635:
1631:
1614:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1569:
1554:
1550:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1464:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1368:
1364:
1347:
1339:
1324:
1320:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1217:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1035:
1031:
1014:
1006:
991:
987:
970:
962:
959:
958:
944:
938:
901:
900:
898:
895:
894:
861:
860:
858:
855:
854:
814:
813:
812:
791:
790:
789:
787:
770:
767:
766:
724:
723:
721:
718:
717:
680:
679:
677:
674:
673:
633:
632:
631:
610:
609:
608:
606:
589:
586:
585:
575:
569:
531:
520:
518:
515:
514:
499:Sound intensity
489:
487:Sound intensity
483:
481:Sound intensity
478:
470:
461:
427:
423:
414:
410:
408:
405:
404:
380:
358:
311:
282:
275:
272:
264:
257:
254:
250:Audio frequency
246:
239:
236:
228:
218:
215:
207:
200:
197:
189:
182:
179:
171:
165:
155:
152:
144:
134:
131:
127:Sound intensity
123:
116:
113:
105:
95:
92:
84:
78:
68:
65:
57:
52:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6325:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6074:Sound pressure
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6034:Magnetic field
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5994:Energy density
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5927:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5884:Sound pressure
5873:
5872:External links
5870:
5869:
5868:
5853:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5805:
5781:
5778:on 2019-03-04.
5762:
5759:on 2010-11-21.
5739:
5722:
5699:
5673:
5649:
5627:
5602:
5571:
5545:
5490:
5478:
5459:
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5390:
5372:
5323:
5316:
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5266:
5225:
5218:
5191:
5168:
5158:
5135:
5115:
5109:978-0125069403
5108:
5090:
5073:
5060:
5045:
5038:
5010:
4994:
4975:
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4907:
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4895:
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4875:
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4854:
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4827:
4824:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4779:at 1 kHz
4773:
4772:
4769:
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4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
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4747:
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4649:
4648:
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4642:
4639:
4636:Hearing damage
4632:
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4617:
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4608:
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4388:
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4381:
4380:
4377:
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4360:
4357:
4353:
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4344:
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4335:
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4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:
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4314:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:thermoacoustic
4266:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
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4192:
4180:
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4144:
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4123:
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4088:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4058:
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4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
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3993:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
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3859:
3853:
3849:
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3734:
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3679:
3676:
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3641:
3634:
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3621:
3617:
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3588:
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3573:
3561:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3540:
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3521:
3517:
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3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3316:
3313:
3309:IEC 61672-2013
3271:
3270:, dBSPL, or dB
3255:
3243:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3193:
3167:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3121:
3109:
3102:
3098:
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3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3057:
3050:
3046:
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3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2947:
2911:
2908:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2860:
2859:
2849:
2833:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
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2747:
2744:
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2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
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2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
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2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
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2650:
2647:
2644:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2462:
2459:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2398:
2389:
2369:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2340:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
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1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1754:
1753:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1674:
1670:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1098:
1076:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
990:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
940:Main article:
937:
934:
933:
932:
920:
917:
914:
908:
905:
892:
880:
877:
874:
868:
865:
839:
833:
830:
827:
821:
818:
810:
807:
804:
798:
795:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
756:
755:
743:
740:
737:
731:
728:
715:
699:
696:
693:
687:
684:
658:
652:
649:
646:
640:
637:
629:
626:
623:
617:
614:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
571:Main article:
568:
565:
564:
563:
557:
538:
534:
530:
527:
523:
485:Main article:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
468:
463:
459:
441:
438:
435:
426:
422:
413:
379:
378:
377:Sound pressure
375:
372:
369:
365:
357:
354:
332:, caused by a
318:Sound pressure
313:
312:
310:
309:
302:
295:
287:
284:
283:
279:
278:
270:
261:
260:
252:
243:
242:
234:
225:
224:
213:
211:Sound exposure
204:
203:
195:
186:
185:
177:
168:
167:
163:
150:
141:
140:
129:
120:
119:
111:
102:
101:
90:
81:
80:
76:
63:
61:Sound pressure
54:
53:
50:
48:
46:Characteristic
45:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6324:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6235:Cosmic Voyage
6232:
6230:
6228:
6227:Powers of Ten
6224:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6135:Fermi problem
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5850:0-88318-494-X
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5802:
5791:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5753:Audio Junkies
5750:
5743:
5732:
5726:
5710:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5662:
5661:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5616:
5615:sengpielaudio
5612:
5606:
5591:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5516:(4): 99–100.
5515:
5511:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5464:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5383:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5297:
5290:
5280:
5276:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5175:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5152:. CRC Press.
5151:
5150:
5142:
5140:
5125:
5119:
5111:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4979:
4963:
4956:
4954:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4863:
4859:
4845:
4843:
4840:, Microsoft,
4839:
4836:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4654:
4653:Passenger car
4651:
4650:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4541:
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4536:
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4525:
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4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4492:
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4461:
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4428:
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4417:
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4411:
4410:
4400:
4397:
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4372:
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4342:
4340:
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4310:
4306:
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4275:
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4217:
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4203:
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4015:
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4009:
4006:
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3997:
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3991:
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3809:
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3761:
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3713:
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3697:
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3657:
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3648:
3643:
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3623:
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3615:
3612:
3603:
3594:
3584:
3571:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3288:
3275:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3194:
3191:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3055:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3003:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2907:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2445:
2436:
2433:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2396:
2387:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2328:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2269:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2165:
2162:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2117:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1919:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1455:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1402:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1171:
1164:are given by
1163:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1011:
1000:
997:
988:
984:
978:
975:
964:
956:
955:
949:
943:
915:
903:
893:
875:
863:
853:
852:
851:
837:
828:
816:
805:
793:
784:
778:
772:
764:
760:
738:
726:
716:
713:
694:
682:
672:
671:
670:
656:
647:
635:
624:
612:
603:
597:
591:
583:
579:
574:
561:
558:
555:
552:
551:
550:
536:
528:
525:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
494:
488:
467:
464:
458:
455:
454:
453:
439:
436:
433:
424:
420:
411:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
376:
373:
371:Audible sound
370:
367:
366:
362:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:is the local
323:
319:
308:
303:
301:
296:
294:
289:
288:
285:
280:
271:
269:
262:
253:
251:
244:
235:
233:
226:
221:
214:
212:
205:
196:
194:
187:
178:
176:
169:
162:
158:
151:
149:
142:
137:
130:
128:
121:
112:
110:
103:
98:
91:
89:
82:
75:
71:
64:
62:
55:
49:
43:
38:
33:
19:
6249:
6241:
6234:
6226:
6217:
6209:
6201:
6140:Powers of 10
5992: /
5945:Acceleration
5856:
5841:
5821:. Retrieved
5817:
5808:
5800:
5794:. Retrieved
5792:. 2015-10-02
5784:
5776:the original
5765:
5757:the original
5752:
5742:
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5676:
5665:, retrieved
5659:
5652:
5618:. Retrieved
5614:
5605:
5594:. Retrieved
5592:. p. 88
5581:
5574:
5563:. Retrieved
5559:HyperPhysics
5558:
5548:
5513:
5509:
5493:
5481:
5450:. Retrieved
5446:the original
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5419:
5415:
5375:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5306:
5296:
5288:
5282:. Retrieved
5278:
5269:
5242:
5238:
5228:
5209:
5186:
5181:
5163:
5148:
5127:. Retrieved
5118:
5099:
5093:
5081:
5076:
5068:
5063:
5054:
5048:
5020:
5013:
5005:
4997:
4986:
4978:
4966:. Retrieved
4940:. Retrieved
4931:
4862:
4412:LRAD 1000Xi
4339:Stun grenade
4324:Firecracker
4304:being fired
4302:.30-06 rifle
4261:>1.01×10
3905:
3592:
3590:
3462:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3378:
3359:
3318:
3302:
3276:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3153:
3146:
3136:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2861:
2851:
2634:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2329:
2056:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1711:
1667:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1139:
957:is given by
952:progressive
951:
947:
945:
762:
758:
757:
581:
577:
576:
559:
553:
502:
498:
497:
490:
465:
456:
400:
398:
393:
389:
383:
321:
317:
316:
219:
175:Sound energy
160:
156:
135:
96:
73:
69:
60:
6222:(1968 film)
6219:Cosmic Zoom
6214:(1964 film)
6206:(1957 book)
6203:Cosmic View
6089:Temperature
6064:Probability
6014:Illuminance
4754:...6.32×10
4489:human voice
4348:...8.00×10
3344:atmospheres
3332:194 dB peak
3260:(re 20 μPa)
2916:Sound level
2846:convolution
1134:phase shift
148:Sound power
6286:Categories
6251:Cosmic Eye
5865:1441920803
5823:2016-09-20
5796:2016-09-20
5596:2009-07-15
5565:2009-06-16
5561:. SciLinks
5532:2263/13136
5284:2021-03-24
5129:2012-10-14
4960:Wolfe, J.
4923:References
4842:A-weighted
4822:A-weighted
4798:A-weighted
4738:0.02–0.20
4724:2×10–0.02
4679:0.20–0.63
4661:0.02–0.20
4627:0.20–0.63
4606:Jackhammer
4587:Two-stroke
4571:Jet engine
4444:Jet engine
4250:Shock wave
3336:191 dB SPL
3287:underwater
761:, denoted
580:, denoted
501:, denoted
396:pressure.
342:hydrophone
338:microphone
334:sound wave
6297:Acoustics
6159:1000000th
6069:Radiation
6024:Luminance
6009:Frequency
5970:Computing
5842:Acoustics
5692:March 27,
5359:1463-1741
5261:0387-5016
4968:1 January
4880:Acoustics
4578:6.32–200
4575:100–30 m
4222:Distance
4140:⋯
4062:
4041:Σ
4010:…
3834:⋯
3742:
3675:⋯
3629:
3608:Σ
3529:
3370:amplitude
3298:S1.1-2013
3247:/(20 μPa)
3231:= 20 μPa,
3212:ln 10) Np
3186:ln 10) Np
3084:
3032:
2980:
2882:∝
2848:operator,
2832:∗
2787:∝
2765:−
2757:∗
2655:∝
2503:∝
2473:spherical
2413:ω
2388:δ
2363:ω
2339:δ
2311:ω
2287:ρ
2224:^
2193:^
2085:φ
2066:φ
2031:ω
2000:φ
1996:
1990:ω
1987:−
1972:φ
1968:
1923:^
1886:ω
1855:φ
1851:
1845:ω
1842:−
1827:φ
1823:
1778:^
1728:φ
1684:φ
1633:φ
1623:ω
1620:−
1612:⋅
1601:
1572:π
1556:δ
1552:φ
1542:ω
1539:−
1531:⋅
1518:
1506:δ
1482:ρ
1453:∂
1448:δ
1445:∂
1429:ρ
1426:−
1366:φ
1356:ω
1353:−
1345:⋅
1334:
1305:π
1289:δ
1285:φ
1275:ω
1272:−
1264:⋅
1251:
1239:δ
1235:ω
1206:∂
1201:δ
1198:∂
1112:δ
1108:φ
1095:amplitude
1075:δ
1037:δ
1033:φ
1023:ω
1020:−
1012:⋅
1001:
989:δ
965:δ
954:sine wave
907:^
867:^
820:^
797:^
730:^
686:^
639:^
616:^
6271:Category
6118:See also
6059:Pressure
6044:Molarity
5960:Bit rate
5938:Quantity
5644:Archived
5540:20459912
5367:19805932
5304:(2003).
4942:22 April
4892:Loudness
4874:See also
4849:1.90×10
4846:Ambient
4829:4.80×10
4826:Ambient
4805:6.80×10
4802:Ambient
4785:2.00×10
4768:6.32×10
4765:Ambient
4749:Ambient
4693:Ambient
4590:chainsaw
4581:110–140
4548:120–140
4521:Vuvuzela
4487:Loudest
4421:8.93×10
4404:1.13×10
4390:1.42×10
4376:1.79×10
4362:4.92×10
4351:158–172
4343:Ambient
4330:7.09×10
4316:7.09×10
4278:1.26×10
4264:>191
3411:Distance
3315:Examples
3196:1 dB = (
2687:Indeed,
326:pressure
6185:Related
6144:decades
6104:Voltage
6049:Numbers
5999:Entropy
5985:Density
5975:Current
5835:General
4852:−20.35
4782:At ear
4752:2.00×10
4641:At ear
4559:At ear
4545:20–200
4542:At ear
4505:Trumpet
4493:1 inch
4462:0.95 m
4401:At ear
4373:At ear
4359:At ear
4346:1.60×10
4307:1
4291:165 km
4273:device
3268:dB(SPL)
3216:decibel
3214:is the
3210:
3198:
3188:is the
3184:
3172:
3170:1 B = (
3162:is the
3139:is the
2936:) is a
2844:is the
1152:is the
1142:is the
1132:is the
1093:is the
710:is the
390:dynamic
368:Silence
346:SI unit
159:, SWL,
72:, SPL,
51:Symbols
6254:(2012)
6246:(2010)
6109:Volume
6094:Torque
6019:Length
5990:Energy
5965:Charge
5863:
5848:
5715:May 2,
5667:May 2,
5538:
5452:29 May
5426:8 June
5365:
5357:
5314:
5259:
5216:
5156:
5106:
5036:
4832:−12.4
4757:20–30
4741:38-48
4727:40–60
4682:65-75
4664:60–80
4630:80–90
4509:0.5 m
4479:282.5
4387:0.5 m
4327:0.5 m
4183:
4166:
4125:
4090:
3976:
3884:
3718:
3564:
3264:dB SPL
3132:where
3112:
3060:
3008:
2821:where
2057:Since
1663:where
1063:where
850:where
669:where
549:where
452:where
394:static
352:(Pa).
350:pascal
344:. The
273:
265:
255:
247:
237:
229:
216:
208:
198:
190:
180:
172:
153:
145:
132:
124:
117:δ
114:
106:
93:
85:
66:
58:
6307:Sound
6154:100th
6084:Speed
6054:Power
6004:Force
5734:(PDF)
5620:5 Mar
5586:(PDF)
5506:(PDF)
5474:Shure
5385:(PDF)
4808:−9.4
4735:10 m
4710:0.02
4696:0.06
4676:10 m
4658:10 m
4644:0.36
4624:10 m
4613:2.00
4597:6.32
4562:20.0
4529:20.0
4523:horn
4512:63.2
3421:metre
3291:1 μPa
3283:94 dB
3164:neper
3152:is a
2928:) or
950:of a
460:total
416:total
222:, SEL
138:, SIL
99:, SVL
6149:10th
6142:and
6099:Time
6039:Mass
5980:Data
5955:Area
5861:ISBN
5846:ISBN
5717:2024
5694:2017
5669:2024
5622:2012
5536:PMID
5454:2014
5428:2018
5363:PMID
5355:ISSN
5312:ISBN
5257:ISSN
5214:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5104:ISBN
5034:ISBN
4970:2014
4944:2015
4898:Sone
4886:Phon
4721:1 m
4707:1 m
4616:100
4610:1 m
4600:110
4594:1 m
4565:120
4532:120
4526:1 m
4515:130
4499:135
4496:110
4482:143
4476:1 m
4468:147
4465:448
4454:150
4451:632
4448:1 m
4438:151
4435:731
4432:1 m
4424:153
4418:1 m
4407:155
4393:157
4379:159
4365:168
4333:171
4319:171
4296:172
4281:176
3399:or L
3391:or L
3383:or L
3321:0 dB
3295:ANSI
3279:1 Pa
3160:1 Np
1760:and
946:The
469:stat
429:stat
5528:hdl
5518:doi
5514:100
5345:doi
5247:doi
5086:PDF
5026:doi
4771:10
4713:60
4699:70
4688:EPA
4673:)
4647:85
4254:atm
4241:SPL
4053:log
3733:log
3620:log
3520:log
3468:is
3334:or
3327:atm
3272:SPL
3250:or
3190:bel
3075:log
3023:log
2934:APL
2926:SPL
1993:sin
1965:cos
1848:sin
1820:cos
1598:cos
1515:cos
1331:cos
1248:cos
998:cos
320:or
6288::
5816:.
5799:.
5751:.
5642:.
5630:^
5613:.
5588:.
5557:.
5534:.
5526:.
5512:.
5508:.
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