2093:
concord" as distinct from the subjectival. Some other authors do not seem to recognise the enumeratives as a separate part of speech and as such do not include the enumerative concords. Doke's classification (the one used in this and related articles) seems to be based on his comparing of the morphologies of several languages and developing a set of expected concords and structures. Thus, for example, the enumerative concord is treated separately since many other Bantu languages have many more enumeratives with a particular class of meanings (denoting the numbers 1 to 5, etc.) used with their own particular concord.
1689:
They are placed right next to the main verb stem. In a multi-verbal conjugation they are used only with the main verb. Usually they do not appear on a verb if the object is explicitly stated (unlike subjectival concords, which have to appear in every predicative), but they can be used with the object
179:
There are seven basic sets of concords. Each noun class has concords in each set, and the first and second persons have unique concords in some of the sets (the third person uses the class 1 and 2 concords). The exact number of concords differs from language to language, but all Bantu languages have
1850:
In form and function it behaves like the objectival concord (therefore it cannot be used with the objectival concord), including the behaviour of raising the tone of the first syllable of the verb stem. However, unlike the objectival concord, it can also be used to form non-infinitive nouns from
183:
In form, the concords closely resemble the class prefixes, and it is not unreasonable to assume that originally the other parts of speech were made to agree with the noun by simply prefixing them with the noun's class prefix. Today, in
Sesotho, the vowels and consonants of the prefixes have been
2092:
The actual number cited may vary from author to author. Some authors prefer to separate the prefixes used to form the demonstrative pronouns from the relative concords (possibly due to the phonetic transformations). Other authors (particularly in entry-level learner texts) treat the "auxiliary
2179:
In the first example the two high tones are due to the underlying tone on the first syllable of the verb stem as well as HTD. In the second example the single high tone is due to the objectival concord. If the verb is monosyllabic then the high tone shows up on the objectival concord instead.
1716:
If the following verb stem is of more than one syllable, they cause the following syllable (the stem's first syllable) to have a high tone and appear with a low tone. However, if the verb stem is only one syllable long then it is the concord itself which is pronounced with a high tone.
1135:
The relative concords for the 1st. and 2nd. persons resemble the subjectival concords and are only rarely used, and only for relative clauses (never with relative stems). The 1st. and 2nd. persons usually use the class 1(a) and 2(a) concords instead.
1373:, but after any pre-initial morphemes. In a multi-verbal conjugation they appear before every deficient verb (with the exception of contractions) as well as the main verb. The subjectival concord is needed even if the subject is explicitly stated.
2143:." Bantu languages, being agglutinative, construct words by placing affixes around a stem, and if an affix is always placed after other affixes but before the stem (such as in certain verb tenses and moods) then it is usually called an "infix."
194:
in that in most situations separate words (such as absolute pronouns) do not need to be used with verbs to indicate the subject and object (they may be inferred from the subjectival and objectival concords).
953:"Class 1(a)" means class 1 and class 1a, while "class 2(a)" means class 2 and class 2a. Either group uses exactly the same concords, differing only in the class prefix and content.
1273:
In form, the weak concords appear to simply be the weakened form of the prefix, while the strong concords are just the class prefixes. The weak concord for class 9 has the form
1602:
The positive indicative concords are low (or alternatively, null) toned, and those for the noun classes are high toned. In the past subjunctive all the concords are low toned.
1386:
The forms given above are only for the positive indicative mood. In the indicative negative, the subjunctive, the potential, and the participial moods class 1(a) becomes
2130:
Adjectives can be interpreted as nominal relatives which have lost their class prefixes and instead assume the class prefix of the noun they are qualifying.
2139:
The use of this term in Bantu linguistics means "formatives placed in the middle of a word" and not the more common "formatives placed in the middle of a
167:. The exact number of concord types differs from language to language, and traces of this system (and the noun class system) are even found in some
1832:
is used to form reflexive verbs. It is not a concord in that it does not agree with any noun prefix, but it exhibits concord-like behaviour.
1693:
In form they resemble the subjectival concords, differing only in the 1st. pers. sg. and class 1(a). Before verb stems beginning with a
1027:
Doke & Mofokeng, using evidence from
Setswana, claims that in fact the pronominal concords are derived from the absolute pronouns.
104:
1124:
This is one instance of the high toneme appearing as the extra-high allotone without immediately following another high tone (see
187:
In addition to these seven concords, there are two further immutable concord-like prefixes used in certain situations with verbs.
2193:
is often not used at all (transitively or otherwise) due to being regarded much more vulgar than the preferred
Afrikaans import
1218:. The nasalization caused by the class 8 adjectival concord is probably due to false analogy with the class 10 forms (in
1948:
It only exists as a subjectival concord and appears in form to be the subjectival (and "auxiliary") concord of class 9.
2236:
1194:
In form they appear to be the relative concords followed by the class prefix. Class 1(a) has an irregular concord
1010:
153:, the noun is made to "concòrd" ("agree") with the verbs, pronouns, and qualificatives describing it by a set of
1069:
In form, for the noun classes, they appear to be the weakened prefixes coalesced with the close-mid front vowel
1267:
959:
When two forms of enumerative concords occur, the first one is the "strong" one, and the second is the "weak."
1983:
1942:
1315:
1188:
1129:
1063:
97:
1925:
1908:
1215:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
956:
All the locative classes (classes 16, 17, and 18) use the same concords, which resemble those of class 15.
1982:
It is only used as the subjectival concord for 3rd. persons and noun classes in the direct tense of the
1094:
1225:
Being formed from the relative concord followed by the class prefix, they therefore have tonal pattern
2110:, but that does not explain the nasalization. One interpretation is that the Proto-Bantu prefix was *
1840:
1690:
to emphasise it and the action, or if the object appears before the verb (which also emphasises it).
971:
nasal from the class 1, 3, and 6 prefixes, leaving only the vowel. The class 9 prefix is weakened to
943:
168:
90:
1710:
1366:
2253:
67:
45:
1893:
8:
2224:
1410:
affects all the concords, resulting in what is sometimes called the "auxiliary concord."
134:
1321:
In form they appear to be formed from the subjectival concord by addition of the vowel
2121:(perhaps inherited from some pre-Proto-Bantu language) which appeared in the concords.
1998:(including multi-verbal conjugations), when the copulative base is a noun or pronoun.
2232:
191:
78:
2189:, L stem (there are few instances of transitive monosyllabic L verb stems; the verb
1125:
1073:. This coalescence has the effect of moving the close and near-close front vowels
164:
28:
2102:
This, and other evidence from
Sesotho and other languages, suggests an original
1132:, which have a tendency of not following the phonological laws of the language.
33:
19:
1231:
The first and second persons use the class 1(a) and 2(a) adjectival concords.
2247:
150:
40:
1128:). Most other instances of seemingly tonemic extra-high tones are found in
946:
will occur, with the syllabic nasal appearing only for monosyllabic stems.
126:
2103:
62:
50:
133:. For a discussion of the differences between the two see the notes on
1020:
appear to be the weakened prefix followed by the open-mid back vowel
2140:
1219:
1211:
1222:, for example, the class 8 concord does not cause nasalization).
146:
130:
1117:
in non-standard speech) suggesting an inherent close-mid front
1376:
In form they appear to simply be the weakened prefix (class 9
1214:. The nasalization does not affect adjectives beginning with
125:
The orthography used in this and related articles is that of
163:
The noun concord system is the most striking feature of the
1931:('to pretend to be asleep'; lit. to cause oneself to sleep)
1369:, before any possible infixes verbal auxiliaries and the
985:, and the word or clause which concords with the noun is
2231:. Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, 3rd. impression.
2162:('I am seeing them naked; lit. 'I am seeing for them')
1843:the verb to which it is attached. Thus its form is
1896:verbs it often has the meaning of "pretend to be"
180:at least the subjectival and objectival concords.
1198:(but it appears as in non-standard speech). The
950:means that the syllabic nasal will always appear.
2245:
1914:('to feign death'; lit. to cause oneself to die)
1406:). In the past subjunctive an assimilated infix
1325:with various regular phonological side effects.
184:modified slightly in largely predictable ways.
98:
2152:Compare the following two tonal patterns:
2146:
1297:('you gave me the name of the head of the
105:
91:
2096:
1390:. In the potential mood (using the infix
1907:('cause to die'; never used directly) →
1416:The past subjunctive "auxiliary concord"
1109:and class 1(a) has an irregular concord
2086:
2246:
2124:
1365:They are placed near the beginning of
909:Immutable concord-like verb morphemes
2133:
1363:concord with the subject of a verb.
242:
232:
1771:you all on what to do when I have
1686:concord with the object of a verb.
1394:in the positive) 1st. pers. sg. is
1370:
1210:, though this is their form are in
1177:please tell me before this Friday')
1085:, moving the near-close back vowel
247:
237:
227:
209:
13:
2229:Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar
1171:ba mpolelle pele ho Labohlano lena
975:. In the examples, the noun is in
14:
2265:
2174:('I am looking on their behalf')
1709:() due to the middle vowel being
1142:sepheo sa bona e ne e le ho rala
1009:are used in the formation of the
222:
171:outside the narrow Bantu family.
1202:classes have irregular concords
174:
1870:it for himself'). The verb is
1796:her about the budget') (verb
1475:Third persons and noun classes
402:Third persons and noun classes
1839:with the additional effect of
1818:me as your director') (verb
1:
2217:
1884:('to answer for oneself') →
1835:It is simply the close vowel
1286:o mphile lebitso la hloho ya
1153:('their goal was to design a
963:In the following discussion,
2227:, and Mofokeng, S. M. 1974.
1024:. They all have a low tone.
967:a prefix means removing the
7:
1880:('answer on behalf of') →
1676:to speak to you right now')
1328:They all have a high tone.
1280:They have a low/null tone.
10:
2270:
2053:was already afraid') not *
2038:...o ne a se a le lekwala
1874:('to fetch on behalf of')
1705:combination contracts to
1667:ho bua le wena hona jwale
1474:
1430:First and second persons
1429:
1206:instead of the expected *
1105:. The class 9 concord is
1062:are used to concord with
401:
254:First and second persons
253:
216:
213:
208:
205:
2079:
1754:hore le etseng ha ke se
1361:The subjectival concords
1264:The enumerative concords
149:sentence centres on the
2186:('I am defecating it')
2047:enwa o ne a se a le boi
1684:The objectival concords
1312:The possessive concords
1185:The adjectival concords
1007:The pronominal concords
1954:The indefinite concord
1939:The indefinite concord
1590:Class 15, 16, 17, 18.
1169:batlang ho ingodisetsa
1089:to the close-mid back
1066:and relative clauses.
1036:ba sebedisa matsoho a
866:Class 15, 16, 17, 18.
2049:('by that time, this
2029:('by that time, this
1986:employing the verbs
1924:('cause to sleep') →
1790:ka kabo ya ditjhelete
1060:The relative concords
936:Notes on the tables:
169:Niger–Congo languages
165:Bantu language family
1866:('he is supposed to
1857:o tshwanetse ho ilo
1830:The reflexive prefix
1812:ke le molaodi wa hao
1630:to help you while I
1240:a sethuthuthu sa ka
2203:('I am eating it'_
1956:
1941:is used in certain
1418:
1175:who wish to sign up
1081:to close-mid front
982:bold and underlined
911:
202:
200:Noun class concords
135:Sesotho orthography
1952:
1888:('responsibility')
1621:le wa ka mosebetsi
1425:Auxiliary concord
1414:
1371:objectival concord
1367:the verbal complex
1266:are used with the
1256:were not working')
1113:(which appears as
907:
198:
2114:, but it had an *
1979:
1978:
1792:('we haven't yet
1599:
1598:
1465:(2nd. pers. pl.)
1455:(2nd. pers. sg.)
1445:(1st. pers. pl.)
1435:(1st. pers. sg.)
1247:a ne a sa sebetse
1052:hands to create')
1011:absolute pronouns
979:, the concord is
934:
933:
905:
904:
366:(2nd. pers. pl.)
330:(2nd. pers. sg.)
294:(1st. pers. pl.)
259:(1st. pers. sg.)
192:pro-drop language
143:
142:
115:
114:
2261:
2211:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2036:a coward') not *
1957:
1951:
1927:
1910:
1419:
1413:
1249:('y motorbike's
1217:
1126:Sesotho tonology
1120:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
912:
906:
203:
197:
117:
116:
107:
100:
93:
16:
15:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
1999:
1981:
1949:
1945:constructions.
1936:
1926:huˌ'itʰɔbɑt͡sʼɑ
1892:When used with
1852:
1827:
1681:
1603:
1601:
1411:
1364:
1358:
1329:
1309:
1281:
1261:
1232:
1182:
1173:('would those
1137:
1057:
1028:
1004:
177:
111:
68:Deficient verbs
46:Parts of speech
12:
11:
5:
2267:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2240:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2145:
2132:
2123:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2040:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1933:
1932:
1915:
1890:
1889:
1875:
1824:
1823:
1814:('you need to
1801:
1780:
1744:
1735:('I no longer
1678:
1677:
1655:
1635:
1634:my own tasks')
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1355:
1354:
1314:are used with
1306:
1305:
1258:
1257:
1187:are used with
1179:
1178:
1164:ke kopa hore
1161:
1097:the consonant
1054:
1053:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
932:
931:
926:
920:
919:
916:
903:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
754:
749:
744:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
635:
630:
625:
620:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
551:
546:
541:
536:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
507:
502:
497:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
423:
418:
413:
408:
404:
403:
399:
398:
393:
388:
385:
382:
379:
372:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
349:
346:
343:
336:
331:
327:
326:
321:
316:
313:
310:
307:
300:
295:
291:
290:
281:
278:
275:
272:
265:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
219:
218:
215:
212:
207:
176:
173:
141:
140:
139:
138:
113:
112:
110:
109:
102:
95:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
60:
59:
58:
38:
37:
36:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2266:
2255:
2254:Sotho grammar
2252:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2237:0-582-61700-6
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1920:('sleep') →
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:huˌ'it͡ʃʰʷɪsɑ
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1671:Mister Ditedu
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:won't be able
1626:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:weakening to
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1096:
1095:alveolarizing
1067:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:In form they
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
1000:
998:
993:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
958:
955:
952:
949:
945:
941:
939:
938:
937:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
910:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
865:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
785:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
762:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
662:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
490:
489:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
406:
405:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
373:
371:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
337:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
301:
299:
296:
293:
292:
289:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
266:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
214:Qualificative
211:
204:
201:
196:
193:
190:Sesotho is a
188:
185:
181:
175:Concord types
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
158:
157:noun concords
152:
148:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
77:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
42:
39:
35:
32:
31:
30:
27:
26:
25:
24:
21:
18:
17:
2228:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2135:
2126:
2119:underlyingly
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2088:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2043:ka nako eo,
2042:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:ka nako eo,
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:ho ithobatsa
1928:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1882:ho ikarabela
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1722:ke ne ke se
1721:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1659:Ntate Ditedu
1658:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:a mo kgalema
1640:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1583:
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1490:Class 2(a).
1483:
1480:Class 1(a).
1468:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1338:
1336:setshwantsho
1335:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1018:very roughly
1017:
1015:
1006:
1005:
996:
995:
991:
990:
986:
981:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
962:
947:
944:nasalization
940:
935:
928:
923:
908:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
779:
774:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
746:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
656:
651:
646:
641:
637:
632:
627:
622:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
572:
567:
562:
557:
553:
548:
543:
538:
528:
523:
518:
513:
509:
504:
499:
494:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
451:Class 2(a).
444:
439:
434:
429:
425:
420:
415:
410:
407:Class 1(a).
395:
390:
375:
369:
359:
354:
339:
333:
323:
318:
303:
297:
287:
283:
268:
262:
199:
189:
186:
182:
178:
162:
156:
154:
151:Sesotho noun
145:Just as the
144:
127:South Africa
120:
55:
2225:Doke, C. M.
2104:Proto-Bantu
2034:was already
1960:Subjectival
1912:ho itjhwesa
1903:('die') →
1886:boikarabelo
1614:ho o thusa
1612:ka se kgone
1353:yesterday')
1316:possessives
1302:department'
1268:enumerative
1042:na ho hlola
942:means that
918:Indefinite
243:Subjectival
233:Enumerative
79:Orthography
2218:References
2184:ke a e nya
1984:copulative
1963:Auxiliary
1943:copulative
1841:nasalizing
1822:'respect')
1773:dealt with
1767:('I shall
1760:rarollotse
1580:Class 14.
1570:Class 10.
1351:photograph
1189:adjectival
1155:worthwhile
1130:ideophones
987:underlined
826:Class 14.
786:Class 10.
248:Objectival
238:Possessive
228:Adjectival
210:Pronominal
2201:ke a e ja
1894:causative
1872:ho latela
1784:ha re so
1741:blankets'
1652:reprimand
1560:Class 9.
1550:Class 8.
1540:Class 7.
1530:Class 6.
1520:Class 5.
1510:Class 4.
1500:Class 3.
1064:relatives
965:weakening
915:Reflexive
743:Class 9.
703:Class 8.
663:Class 7.
619:Class 6.
579:Class 5.
535:Class 4.
491:Class 3.
29:Phonology
2248:Category
2206:, H stem
2168:ke a ba
2156:ke a ba
2141:morpheme
2106:prefix *
1922:-robatsa
1878:-arabela
1820:-hlompha
1810:tlhompha
1804:o hloka
1650:did not
1346:('I saw
1334:ke bone
1220:isiXhosa
1212:Setswana
223:Relative
155:Sesotho
56:Concords
34:Tonology
2027:lekwala
1994:, and
1918:-robala
1905:-shwesa
1851:verbs.
1816:respect
1763:bothata
1748:ke tla
1344:maobane
1288:lefapha
1270:stems.
1245:kgubedu
1208:tse di-
1191:stems.
1158:policy'
1121:vowel.
1046:artists
387:–
384:–
381:–
351:–
348:–
345:–
315:–
312:–
309:–
280:–
277:–
274:–
147:Sesotho
131:Lesotho
41:Grammar
20:Sesotho
2235:
1862:tatela
1800:'ask')
1798:-botsa
1777:issue'
1769:advise
1752:eletsa
1739:those
1737:wanted
1731:dikobo
1724:ke sa
1711:elided
1404:nke ke
1254:lights
1238:mabone
1150:molemo
1103:/t͡sʼ/
1093:, and
1034:bataki
999:+ base
880:ho ho-
840:bo bo-
677:se se-
593:le le-
465:ba ba-
129:, not
121:Notes:
2195:-kaka
2080:Notes
2045:monna
2008:enwa
2006:monna
1901:-shwa
1868:fetch
1794:asked
1788:motse
1775:this
1728:batle
1654:him')
1422:Class
1402:and
1299:wrong
1204:tse -
1196:e mo-
1144:leano
1050:their
997:conc.
800:tse -
717:tse -
633:a ma-
549:e me-
505:o mo-
421:e mo-
217:Verb
206:Class
63:Verbs
51:Nouns
2233:ISBN
2191:-nya
2172:bela
2158:bone
1864:yona
1765:bona
1733:tseo
1697:the
1674:asks
1665:kopa
1632:have
1574:tsa-
1554:tsa-
1400:nka-
1392:-ka-
1294:sele
1243:a ma
1077:and
1048:use
994:...
992:nom.
977:bold
900:-ho-
860:-bo-
820:-di-
810:tsa-
795:tse-
790:tso-
737:-di-
727:tsa-
712:tse-
707:tso-
697:-se-
613:-le-
485:-ba-
445:-mo-
396:-le-
324:-re-
2170:she
2108:ni-
2074:boi
2055:...
2051:man
2031:man
1996:-se
1992:-le
1990:,
1988:-ba
1974:ya-
1806:ho
1756:ke
1707:mm-
1699:mo-
1638:ha
1594:ha-
1584:ba-
1564:ya-
1544:sa-
1524:la-
1514:ya-
1504:wa-
1494:ba-
1469:la-
1459:wa-
1449:ra-
1439:ka-
1408:-a-
1383:).
1348:her
1342:hae
1251:red
1216:/ɬ/
1200:di-
1119:/ɪ/
1111:ya-
1101:to
1099:/d/
1091:/o/
1087:/ʊ/
1083:/e/
1079:/i/
1075:/ɪ/
1071:/e/
1002:).
924:-i-
895:ho-
890:ha-
885:ho-
875:ho-
870:ho-
855:bo-
850:ba-
845:bo-
835:bo-
830:bo-
815:di-
805:di-
780:-e-
770:ya-
763:,
757:e -
747:yo-
732:di-
722:di-
692:se-
687:sa-
682:se-
672:se-
667:so-
657:-a-
640:,
638:ma-
608:le-
603:la-
598:le-
588:le-
583:lo-
573:-e-
563:ya-
556:,
554:me-
539:yo-
529:-o-
519:wa-
512:,
510:mo-
480:ba-
475:ba-
470:ba-
460:ba-
455:bo-
435:wa-
428:,
426:mo-
416:ya-
411:ye-
391:le-
376:le-
370:lo-
360:-o-
334:we-
319:re-
304:re-
298:ro-
288:-N-
284:ke-
269:ke-
2250::
2197:)
2160:la
2072:le
2066:se
2060:ne
2025:le
2019:se
2013:ne
1969:e-
1847:.
1845:i-
1758:bo
1750:le
1726:di
1713:.
1703:b-
1701:+
1669:('
1648:he
1646:('
1623:('
1619:na
1617:ke
1534:a-
1484:a-
1398:(
1388:a-
1381:e-
1340:sa
1318:.
1292:le
1277:.
1275:e-
1228:.
1167:ba
1148:le
1115:a-
1107:e-
1044:('
1039:bo
1013:.
973:e-
929:e-
775:e-
765:e-
759:|
752:e-
652:a-
647:a-
642:a-
628:a-
623:o-
568:e-
558:e-
544:e-
524:o-
514:o-
500:o-
495:o-
440:o-
430:o-
374:(
355:o-
340:o-
338:(
302:(
286:|
267:(
263:N-
160:.
2239:.
2116:i
2112:N
2070:e
2064:e
2058:e
2023:e
2017:e
2011:e
1860:i
1837:i
1808:n
1786:m
1779:)
1743:)
1695:b
1663:o
1641:a
1625:I
1610:n
1396:N
1323:a
1304:)
1160:)
1022:o
989:(
969:m
948:N
761:-
378:)
342:)
306:)
271:)
137:.
106:e
99:t
92:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.