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1985, so data collection could only occur while the spacecraft was in contact with a ground station. A normal contact lasted only about 15 minutes, so this was a serious impediment. Special arrangements could be made to string several contacts together. As a result of these failures, an ever-increasing amount of time and network resources were spent reconfiguring the satellite for normal operation. Data collection from the few remaining payloads was severely limited. Because of the additional burden on the
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By 1985, the satellite's batteries were degrading. This caused more and more frequent "under-voltage cutoffs", a condition where the satellite detected a low main bus voltage and automatically shut down all non-vital systems. In addition, the last of the three tape recorders failed in the spring of
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anti-satellite missile. The mission was extended for several weeks solely to support the test. During this final phase, the satellite was often allowed to remain in the under-voltage condition for several days at a time.
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The test outraged some scientists because although five of P78-1's instruments had failed at the time of the test, two instruments remained in operation, and the satellite was what one
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796:. 1 piece of debris remained in orbit to at least May 2004, but had deorbited by 2008. The last piece of debris, COSPAR 1979-017GX, SATCAT 16564, deorbited 9 May 2004 according to
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Apart from these yet another comet C/1984 R1 (SOLWIND) was found by Rainer Kracht, a German amateur astronomer, on 23 July 2005 in
Solwind's images of 17 Sep 1984. Its
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732:(e.g., extra support and antenna time at the tracking stations), discussions were already underway to terminate the mission.
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and the ultraviolet imager were combined in a single package, designated NRL-401 or SOLWIND, which was built by the
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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monitor. The X-ray monitor, designated NRL-608 or XMON, was a collaboration between the
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on
February 24, 1979. The satellite's mission was extended by several weeks, so that it
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Air Force Link, Milestones
Thursday, January 01, 1970 – Sunday, December 31, 1989
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was at least ten times larger than that of the previously found true sungrazers.
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1075:(13th ed.). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. May 2004. pp. 12, 136.
1005:(14th ed.). NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. May 2008. pp. 15, 144.
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464:. The coronagraph was the flight spare of the white-light coronagraph on the
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P78-1 was the first satellite in space to discover a comet in general and a
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was the primary contractor for design and construction, and provided the
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On
September 13, 1985, the satellite was destroyed in orbit at 20:43
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2483:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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in particular. In total, 9 sungrazing comets, all belonging to the
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953:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. June 26, 2003. Archived from
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This led to the satellite being chosen as a test target for an
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N. R. Sheeley, Jr., R. Howard, M. Koomen, and D. Michels
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and determination computer programs. The P78-1 carried a
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with an altitude of 525 kilometres (326 mi) by an
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D. J. Michels, N. Sheeley, O. Roberts, and F. Harlow
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List of research papers based on P78-1 observations
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launching the ASAT missile that destroyed the P78-1
622:R. Howard, M. Koomen, D. Michels, and N. Sheeley
572:D. J. Michels, R. Seal, R. Chaimson, and W. Funk
556:D. J. Michels, R. Seal, R. Chaimson, and W. Funk
472:imager, one of the first uses of a CCD in space.
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792:. The test resulted in 285 cataloged pieces of
16:Artificial satellite, US Department of Defense
2506:Intentionally destroyed artificial satellites
2479:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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1088:"ASAT target was working research satellite"
1069:History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations
999:History of On-Orbit Satellite Fragmentations
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394:in orbit on September 13, 1985, to test the
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924:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
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1016:Space Test Program P78-1 at Ball Aerospace
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468:satellite. The ultraviolet imager used a
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840:2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test
814:research through the last seven years".
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524:R. Howard, N. Koomen and D. J. Michels
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1156:Encyclopedia Astronautica Solwind Page
475:
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1056:My Solwind Comets (by Rainer Kracht)
1027:My Solwind Comets (by Rainer Kracht)
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1086:Eberhart, Jonathan (Sep 28, 1985).
730:Air Force Satellite Control Network
13:
1563:Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
1294:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
14:
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392:operated until it was destroyed
117:1,331 kilograms (2,934 lb)
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454:Los Alamos National Laboratory
72:
1:
1203:List of heliophysics missions
1152: (archived July 19, 2012)
1129:NASA page about the satellite
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125:850 kilograms (1,870 lb)
1038:Gary W. Kronk's Cometography
277:545 kilometres (339 mi)
267:515 kilometres (320 mi)
7:
2511:Spacecraft launched in 1979
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146:February 24, 1979, 08:24:00
10:
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1429:Orbiting Solar Observatory
1394:Intercosmos 26 (Koronas I)
1302:Solar Dynamics Observatory
408:Orbiting Solar Observatory
86:6 years, 6 months, 20 days
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1207:List of solar telescopes
897:. Jonathan's Space Pages
810:called "the backbone of
402:Construction and payload
398:anti-satellite missile.
1347:Apollo Telescope Mount
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352:Gamma-ray spectrometer
1838:Meteor-Priroda No.2-3
1495:Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9
1352:Coronas F (Koronas F)
951:"The P78-1 Satellite"
871:. Gunter's Space Page
718:
232:Reference system
99:Spacecraft properties
2516:Satellite collisions
1797:Orbital launches in
1192:Solar space missions
893:McDowell, Jonathan.
762: /
692:C/1984 R1 (SOLWIND)
663:perihelion distance
643:C/1984 Q1 (SOLWIND)
627:C/1984 O2 (SOLWIND)
611:C/1983 S2 (SOLWIND)
594:C/1983 N2 (SOLWIND)
577:C/1981 W1 (SOLWIND)
561:C/1981 V1 (SOLWIND)
545:C/1981 O1 (SOLWIND)
529:C/1981 B1 (SOLWIND)
512:C/1979 Q1 (SOLWIND)
476:Discovery of comets
378:launched aboard an
337:1985 09 13.72413718
303:Argument of perigee
150:1979-02-24UTC08:24Z
21:
1386:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1286:Parker Solar Probe
1134:2012-02-10 at the
1043:2015-07-19 at the
957:on October 1, 2006
832:Spaceflight portal
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456:. The white-light
227:Orbital parameters
207:September 13, 1985
55:Space Test Program
19:
2501:NASA space probes
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869:"Solwind (P78-1)"
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928:on June 24, 2014
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444:monitor, and an
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416:attitude control
406:The satellite's
263:Perigee altitude
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138:Start of mission
83:Mission duration
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2460:Gorizont No.13L
2184:Gorizont No.12L
2109:Molniya-3 No.21
1879:Zenit-2M No.131
1833:Molniya-3 No.23
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2385:Molniya-1-45
2372:
2358:Ekran No.17L
2245:
2231:Molniya-1-44
2223:
2039:Gran' No.15L
2019:Molniya-1-43
2006:
1909:
1904:
1895:Ekran No.16L
1877:
1611:
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1477:
1409:ICE / ISEE-3
1379:
1367:
1331:(since 1994)
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1321:(since 2006)
1313:(since 2020)
1305:(since 2010)
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1289:(since 2018)
1281:(since 2013)
1273:(since 2006)
1265:(since 2015)
1257:(since 2021)
1254:CHASE (Xihe)
1249:(since 2022)
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1226:(since 1997)
1095:
1092:Science News
1091:
1081:
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1033:
1022:
1011:
998:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
899:. Retrieved
873:. Retrieved
802:
784:US Air Force
780:ASM-135 ASAT
742:
737:ASM-135 ASAT
734:
726:
720:
660:
486:Kreutz group
479:
438:spectrometer
423:spectrometer
405:
396:ASM-135 ASAT
368:
364:
363:
313:Mean anomaly
253:Eccentricity
104:Manufacturer
41:Mission type
2465:Kosmos 1148
2445:Kosmos 1147
2435:Kosmos 1146
2430:Kosmos 1145
2415:Kosmos 1144
2395:Kosmos 1143
2390:Kosmos 1142
2380:Kosmos 1141
2368:Kosmos 1140
2363:Kosmos 1139
2348:Kosmos 1138
2343:Kosmos 1137
2338:Kosmos 1136
2333:Kosmos 1135
2328:Kosmos 1134
2323:Kosmos 1133
2318:Kosmos 1132
2313:Kosmos 1131
2308:Kosmos 1130
2303:Kosmos 1129
2293:Kosmos 1128
2288:Kosmos 1127
2283:Kosmos 1126
2278:Kosmos 1125
2273:Kosmos 1124
2268:Kosmos 1123
2263:Kosmos 1122
2258:Kosmos 1121
2253:Kosmos 1120
2236:Kosmos 1119
2219:Kosmos 1118
2214:Kosmos 1117
2209:Kosmos 1116
2204:Kosmos 1115
2199:Kosmos 1114
2194:Kosmos 1113
2189:Kosmos 1112
2179:Kosmos 1111
2174:Kosmos 1110
2159:Kosmos 1109
2149:Kosmos 1108
2144:Kosmos 1107
2139:Kosmos 1106
2129:Kosmos 1105
2099:Kosmos 1104
2094:Kosmos 1103
2084:Kosmos 1102
2079:Kosmos 1101
2074:Kosmos 1100
2069:Kosmos 1099
2064:Kosmos 1098
2049:Kosmos 1097
2044:Kosmos 1096
2034:Kosmos 1095
2029:Kosmos 1094
2024:Kosmos 1093
2014:Kosmos 1092
2002:Kosmos 1091
1997:Kosmos 1090
1992:Kosmos 1089
1977:Kosmos 1088
1972:Kosmos 1087
1967:Kosmos 1086
1962:Kosmos 1085
1957:Kosmos 1084
1952:Kosmos 1083
1947:Kosmos 1082
1942:Kosmos 1081
1937:Kosmos 1080
1917:Kosmos 1079
1900:Kosmos 1078
1873:Kosmos 1077
1868:Kosmos 1076
1863:Kosmos 1075
1853:Kosmos 1074
1843:Kosmos 1073
1828:Kosmos 1072
1823:Kosmos 1071
1818:Kosmos 1070
1525:Spartan 201
1242: [
1098:(13): 197.
769: /
711:Destruction
701:23 Jul 2005
698:17 Sep 1984
687:Discoverer
675:Designation
652:22 Jul 2005
649:23 Aug 1984
633:28 Jul 1984
617:25 Sep 1983
603:19 Jul 2005
586:30 Jun 2005
583:20 Nov 1981
551:20 Jul 1981
535:27 Jan 1981
519:Aug 30 1979
506:Discoverer
494:Designation
458:coronagraph
433:imager, an
431:ultraviolet
427:coronagraph
346:Instruments
327:15.11755304
323:Mean motion
283:Inclination
169:Launch site
143:Launch date
114:Launch mass
2495:Categories
2164:Progress 7
2124:Bhaskara 1
2059:Progress 6
1932:Progress 5
851:References
787:F-15 Eagle
766:35°N 126°W
681:Image date
665:of 0.1051
600:7 Jul 1983
567:4 Nov 1981
500:Image date
388:California
211:1985-09-14
173:Vandenberg
2477:underline
2450:Soyuz T-1
1713:Sun-Earth
1699:Pioneer E
1663:Pioneer H
1651:Cancelled
1505:Prognoz 6
1490:Pioneer 5
1231:Aditya-L1
961:March 20,
932:March 20,
922:"Solwind"
901:March 20,
875:March 20,
808:physicist
678:Solwind #
497:Solwind #
420:gamma-ray
376:satellite
246:Low Earth
204:Destroyed
154: UTC
65:1979-017A
61:COSPAR ID
31:The P78-1
2440:Satcom 3
2425:OPS 9444
2420:OPS 9443
2353:OPS 1948
2241:Westar 3
2134:OPS 7484
2119:OPS 5390
2114:Soyuz 34
2089:OPS 7164
2054:OPS 6292
2008:Soyuz 33
1987:OPS 6675
1982:OPS 3854
1911:Soyuz 32
1748:Category
1730:ACRIMSAT
1642:Sundiver
1625:Proposed
1520:SolarMax
1132:Archived
1041:Archived
895:"SATCAT"
818:See also
771:35; -126
317:260.9644
297:182.5017
287:97.6346°
257:.0022038
196:Disposal
122:Dry mass
49:Operator
2481:italics
2374:Unnamed
2225:Unnamed
2104:Ariel 6
1905:Solwind
1890:Hakucho
1858:Ayame 1
1632:ADAHELI
1595:TRACERS
1587:SWFO-L1
1571:PROBA-3
1556:Planned
1541:Ulysses
1500:PROBA-2
1478:Solwind
1424:MinXSS2
1419:MinXSS1
1374:GOES 13
1368:Genesis
1362:ESRO 2B
1216:Current
1112:3970241
845:USA 193
812:coronal
442:aerosol
369:Solwind
307:99.6346
209: (
163:Atlas F
148: (
71:SATCAT
2400:Magsat
2298:HEAO-3
2168:KRT-10
2154:NOAA-6
1848:SCATHA
1806:1980 →
1791:← 1978
1616:(2031)
1606:(2028)
1598:(2025)
1590:(2025)
1582:(2025)
1574:(2024)
1566:(2024)
1510:RHESSI
1485:PICARD
1404:ISEE-2
1399:ISEE-1
1380:Helios
1357:EURECA
1318:STEREO
1262:DSCOVR
1110:
798:SATCAT
719:F-15A
371:was a
242:Regime
177:SLC-3W
159:Rocket
2455:CAT-1
1885:AEM-2
1720:SORCE
1704:OSO C
1673:OSO K
1668:OSO J
1612:Vigil
1579:PUNCH
1535:TRACE
1515:SOLAR
1473:OSO 8
1468:OSO 7
1463:OSO 6
1458:OSO 5
1453:OSO 4
1448:OSO 3
1443:OSO B
1439:OSO 2
1434:OSO 1
1390:IMP-8
1246:]
1239:ASO-S
1108:JSTOR
1073:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
805:solar
757:126°W
466:OSO-7
446:X-ray
435:X-ray
382:from
365:P78-1
333:Epoch
78:11278
1799:1979
1692:Lost
1658:AOSO
1637:SETH
1340:Past
1327:Wind
1278:IRIS
963:2014
934:2014
903:2014
877:2014
754:35°N
452:and
293:RAAN
2247:RTP
1725:SXI
1223:ACE
1148:at
1100:doi
1096:128
747:at
745:UTC
470:CCD
386:in
367:or
73:no.
53:DoD
2497::
1244:fr
1205:-
1106:.
1094:.
1090:.
971:^
942:^
911:^
885:^
859:^
800:.
695:10
667:AU
175:,
2170:)
2166:(
1782:e
1775:t
1768:v
1441:/
1184:e
1177:t
1170:v
1114:.
1102::
965:.
936:.
905:.
879:.
646:9
630:5
614:6
597:8
580:7
564:4
548:3
532:2
516:1
213:)
152:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
