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knowledge, especially those written in Greek. This, plus de-urbanisation and diseases such as the Black Death led to a decline in scientific knowledge in
Medieval Europe, especially in the early Middle Ages. During this period, observations of the Sun were taken either in relation to the zodiac, or to assist in building places of worship such as churches and cathedrals.
89:
Solar observations were taken with the purpose of navigation, but mostly for timekeeping. Islam requires its followers to pray five times a day, at specific position of the Sun in the sky. As such, accurate observations of the Sun and its trajectory on the sky were needed. In the late 10th century, Iranian astronomer
325:
The Big Bear Solar
Observatory in California houses several telescopes including the New Solar Telescope(NTS) which is a 1.6 meter, clear-aperture, off-axis Gregorian telescope. The NTS saw first light in December 2008. Until the ATST comes on line, the NTS remains the largest solar telescope in the
62:
Because the Sun is uniquely situated for close-range observing (other stars cannot be resolved with anything like the spatial or temporal resolution that the Sun can), there is a split between the related discipline of observational astrophysics (of distant stars) and observational solar physics.
93:
built a massive observatory near Tehran. There, he took accurate measurements of a series of meridian transits of the Sun, which he later used to calculate the obliquity of the ecliptic. Following the fall of the
Western Roman Empire, Western Europe was cut from all sources of ancient scientific
88:
Astronomical knowledge flourished in the
Islamic world during medieval times. Many observatories were built in cities from Damascus to Baghdad, where detailed astronomical observations were taken. Particularly, a few solar parameters were measured and detailed observations of the Sun were taken.
79:
Babylonians were keeping a record of solar eclipses, with the oldest record originating from the ancient city of Ugarit, in modern-day Syria. This record dates to about 1300 BC. Ancient
Chinese astronomers were also observing solar phenomena (such as solar eclipses and visible sunspots) with the
343:
The
Extreme Ultraviolet Normal Incidence Spectrograph (EUNIS) is a two channel imaging spectrograph that first flew in 2006. It observes the solar corona with high spectral resolution. So far, it has provided information on the nature of coronal bright points, cool transients and coronal loop
258:
The Solar
Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was launched by NASA in February 2010 from Cape Canaveral. The main goals of the mission are understanding how solar activity arises and how it affects life on Earth by determining how the Sun's magnetic field is generated and structured and how the stored
235:
A publicly funded mission led by the
Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, the HINODE satellite, launched in 2006, consists of a coordinated set of optical, extreme ultraviolet and X-ray instruments. These investigate the interaction between the solar corona and the Sun's magnetic field.
80:
purpose of keeping track of calendars, which were based on lunar and solar cycles. Unfortunately, records kept before 720 BC are very vague and offer no useful information. However, after 720 BC, 37 solar eclipses were noted over the course of 240 years.
292:
The
Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) is a solar telescope facility that is under construction in Maui. Twenty-two institutions are collaborating on the ATST project, with the main funding agency being the National Science Foundation.
130:
Modern day solar physics is focused towards understanding the many phenomena observed with the help of modern telescopes and satellites. Of particular interest are the structure of the solar photosphere, the coronal heat problem and sunspots.
193:
and NASA. Their orbits approach the Sun closer than
Mercury. They included instruments to measure the solar wind, magnetic fields, cosmic rays, and interplanetary dust. Helios-A continued to transmit data until 1986.
220:
and ESA that was launched in December 1995. It was launched to probe the interior of the Sun, make observations of the solar wind and phenomena associated with it and investigate the outer layers of the Sun.
273:
The Parker Solar Probe (PSP) was launched in 2018 with the mission of making detailed observations of the outer solar corona. It has made the closest approaches to the Sun of any artificial object.
106:. He proposed that planets revolve around the Sun and not around the Earth, as it was believed at the time. This model is known as the heliocentric model. His work was later expanded by
763:
955:
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166:. Studies of phenomena that affect multiple systems in the heliosphere, or that are considered to fit within a heliospheric context, are called
1779:
189:
Helios-A and Helios-B are a pair of spacecraft launched in December 1974 and January 1976 from Cape Canaveral, as a joint venture between the
1549:
114:. Particularly, Galilei used his new telescope to look at the Sun. In 1610, he discovered sunspots on its surface. In the autumn of 1611,
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world. The Big Bear Observatory is one of several facilities operated by the Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research at
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The study of solar physics is also important as it provides a "physical laboratory" for the study of plasma physics.
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A major thrust of current (2009) effort in the field of solar physics is integrated understanding of the entire
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boasts 555 members (as of May 2007), compared to several thousand in the parent organization.
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170:, a new coinage that entered usage in the early years of the current millennium.
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arcades. Data from it also helped calibrating SOHO and a few other telescopes.
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including the Sun and its effects throughout interplanetary space within the
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The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, SOHO, is a joint project between
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is the branch of astrophysics that specializes in the study of the
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In astronomy, the renaissance period started with the work of
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NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Solar Physics Laboratory
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217:
1001:
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48:
602:"Nicolaus Copernicus biography: facts & discoveries"
879:
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NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Physics Page
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magnetic energy is converted and released into space.
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351:
931:"Extreme Ultraviolet Normal Incidence Spectrograph"
650:
439:
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929:Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Code 600.
905:"Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research Welcome!"
51:. It intersects with many disciplines of pure
1557:
1543:
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504:Littman, M.; Willcox, F; Espenak, F. (2000).
478:Solar Physics, Marshall Space Flight Center.
307:Sunspot Solar Observatory (SSO) operates the
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954:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
787:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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736:SOHO, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory.
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30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
599:
14:
1882:
1748:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
411:
122:("On the spots observed in the Sun").
1531:
1005:
997:Center for Solar-Terrestrial Research
576:"Theme: medieval astronomy in Europe"
574:Portal to the heritage of astronomy.
434:
97:
859:"NASA Press Kit: Parker Solar Probe"
762:Solar Physics Laboratory, Code 671.
401:(in La Palma in the Canary Islands)
288:Advanced Technology Solar Telescope
24:
715:National Space Science Data Center
688:National Space Science Data Center
414:Physics of the Sun: A First Course
405:
328:New Jersey Institute of Technology
204:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
118:wrote the first book on sunspots,
25:
1911:
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827:SDO, Solar Dynamics Observatory.
807:NASA Marshall Space Flight Centre
83:
1512:
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935:NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
833:NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
768:NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre
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529:NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
522:
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1869:Timeline of physics discoveries
972:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
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711:"Helios-B – Trajectory Details"
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683:"Helios-A – Trajectory Details"
309:Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope
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1:
1494:List of heliophysics missions
657:American Astronomical Society
554:StarTeach Astronomy Education
506:Totality: Eclipses of the Sun
465:
145:American Astronomical Society
120:De Maculis in Sole Observatis
1499:Category:Missions to the Sun
550:"Arab and Islamic astronomy"
311:(DST) on behalf of the NSF.
7:
1833:Quantum information science
1031:
525:"Ancient eclipses in China"
412:Mullan, Dermott J. (2009).
399:Institute for Solar Physics
347:
314:
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10:
1916:
1664:Classical electromagnetism
992:SUPARCO Solar physics Page
448:Cambridge University Press
321:Big Bear Solar Observatory
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246:Solar Dynamics Observatory
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1475:G-type main-sequence star
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303:Sunspot Solar Observatory
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1770:Condensed matter physics
1338:In mythology and culture
738:"About the SOHO mission"
651:Solar Physics Division.
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212:Image of SOHO spacecraft
37:Not to be confused with
987:MPS Solar Physics Group
829:"About the SDO mission"
510:Oxford University Press
442:Astrophysics of the Sun
281:
197:
191:German Aerospace Center
39:Solar Physics (journal)
1854:Nobel Prize in Physics
1716:Relativistic mechanics
1205:Supra-arcade downflows
480:"Why we study the Sun"
296:
262:
255:
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141:Solar Physics Division
27:Branch of astrophysics
1859:Philosophy of physics
1185:Coronal mass ejection
880:"Welcome to the ATST"
253:
211:
1818:Mathematical physics
1449:Standard solar model
1419:Solar radio emission
1237:List of solar cycles
868:. NASA. August 2018.
418:Taylor & Francis
1793:Atmospheric physics
1632:Classical mechanics
1560:branches of physics
1269:Magnetic switchback
631:The Galileo Project
600:Taylor Redd, Nola.
185:Helios (spacecraft)
104:Nicolaus Copernicus
91:Abu-Mahmud Khojandi
1849:History of physics
1459:Sunlight radiation
1054:Internal structure
269:Parker Solar Probe
256:
231:Hinode (satellite)
214:
116:Johannes Fabricius
98:Renaissance period
1877:
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1864:Physics education
1813:Materials science
1780:Interdisciplinary
1738:Quantum mechanics
1525:
1524:
1489:Solar observatory
1404:Solar observation
1302:Termination shock
1218:
1217:
1170:Transition region
427:978-1-4200-8307-1
389:Helioseismography
254:The SDO satellite
16:(Redirected from
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1803:Chemical physics
1743:Particle physics
1669:Classical optics
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835:. Archived from
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663:on 22 March 2014
659:. Archived from
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508:(2nd ed.).
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362:Astronomy portal
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1696:Non-equilibrium
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1429:Solar telescope
1409:Solar phenomena
1384:Solar astronomy
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1279:Helioseismology
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1200:Helmet streamer
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1077:Convection zone
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839:on 30 June 2007
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75:Ancient times
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45:Solar physics
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18:Solar Physics
1890:Astrophysics
1788:Astrophysics
1602:Experimental
1424:Solar System
1413:
1394:Solar energy
1389:Solar dynamo
1350:Heliophysics
1180:Coronal loop
1175:Coronal hole
1152:Moreton wave
1134:Chromosphere
938:. Retrieved
934:
924:
912:. Retrieved
899:
887:. Retrieved
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841:. Retrieved
837:the original
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661:the original
656:
653:"Membership"
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394:Heliophysics
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277:Ground based
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168:heliophysics
152:Solar System
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126:Modern times
119:
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57:astrophysics
44:
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1691:Statistical
1607:Theoretical
1584:Engineering
1482:Exploration
1360:Solar deity
1307:Heliosheath
1289:Heliosphere
1259:Wolf number
1232:Solar cycle
1096:Photosphere
174:Space based
164:atmospheres
156:heliosphere
1884:Categories
1808:Geophysics
1798:Biophysics
1642:Analytical
1595:Approaches
1434:Solar time
1355:In culture
1312:Heliopause
1264:Solar wind
1195:Prominence
1087:Atmosphere
1072:Tachocline
940:17 January
889:17 January
843:17 January
812:17 January
773:17 January
747:17 January
667:28 January
636:18 January
627:"Sunspots"
611:18 January
585:18 January
559:18 January
534:17 January
489:28 January
466:References
1758:Molecular
1659:Acoustics
1652:Continuum
1647:Celestial
1637:Newtonian
1624:Classical
1567:Divisions
1317:Bow shock
1224:Variation
1190:Nanoflare
742:ESA; NASA
606:Space.com
1517:Category
950:cite web
866:nasa.gov
803:"Hinode"
783:cite web
764:"HINODE"
438:(1988).
384:Aeronomy
348:See also
330:(NJIT).
315:Big Bear
135:Research
1842:Related
1726:General
1721:Special
1579:Applied
1333:Eclipse
1326:Related
1147:Spicule
1119:Sunspot
1114:Faculae
1109:Granule
1033:The Sun
721:May 26,
695:May 26,
160:planets
158:and on
143:of the
70:History
53:physics
1753:Atomic
1708:Modern
1558:Major
1162:Corona
914:29 May
717:. NASA
691:. NASA
580:UNESCO
454:
424:
225:HINODE
179:Helios
1274:Flare
1142:Plage
862:(PDF)
339:EUNIS
334:Other
1679:Wave
1574:Pure
1454:Star
1365:List
1062:Core
1044:List
956:link
942:2014
916:2016
909:NJIT
891:2014
845:2014
814:2014
789:link
775:2014
749:2014
723:2021
697:2021
669:2014
638:2014
613:2014
587:2014
561:2014
536:2014
491:2014
484:NASA
452:ISBN
422:ISBN
282:ATST
218:NASA
198:SOHO
139:The
110:and
55:and
1895:Sun
1674:Ray
884:NSO
297:SSO
263:PSP
240:SDO
49:Sun
1886::
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