1362:, and the original code is not lost or affected; this way, even data segments can be (meaninglessly) translated by the recompiler, resulting in no more than a waste of translation time. Speed may not be desirable as some older games were not designed with the speed of faster computers in mind. A game designed for a 30 MHz PC with a level timer of 300 game seconds might only give the player 30 seconds on a 300 MHz PC. Other programs, such as some DOS programs, may not even run on faster computers. Particularly when emulating computers which were "closed-box", in which changes to the core of the system were not typical, software may use techniques that depend on specific characteristics of the computer it ran on (e.g. its CPU's speed) and thus precise control of the speed of emulation is important for such applications to be properly emulated.
281:, some other hardware (such as input or output devices) must be provided in virtual form as well; for example, if writing to a specific memory location should influence what is displayed on the screen, then this would need to be emulated. While emulation could, if taken to the extreme, go down to the atomic level, basing its output on a simulation of the actual circuitry from a virtual power source, this would be a highly unusual solution. Emulators typically stop at a simulation of the documented hardware specifications and digital logic. Sufficient emulation of some hardware platforms requires extreme accuracy, down to the level of individual clock cycles, undocumented features, unpredictable analog elements, and implementation bugs. This is particularly the case with classic home computers such as the
329:. In many cases, the simulator is actually produced by the company providing the hardware, which theoretically increases its accuracy. Math co-processor emulators allow programs compiled with math instructions to run on machines that do not have the co-processor installed, but the extra work done by the CPU may slow the system down. If a math coprocessor is not installed or present on the CPU, when the CPU executes any co-processor instruction it will make a determined interrupt (coprocessor not available), calling the math emulator routines. When the instruction is successfully emulated, the program continues executing.
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hardware or microcode assist, while "simulation" referred to pure software emulation. For example, a computer specially built for running programs designed for another architecture is an emulator. In contrast, a simulator could be a program which runs on a PC, so that old Atari games can be simulated on it. Purists continue to insist on this distinction, but currently the term "emulation" often means the complete imitation of a machine executing binary code while "simulation" often refers to
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1455:, long-term solution that can be designed once and for all and applied uniformly, automatically, and in organized synchrony (for example, at every refresh cycle) to all types of documents and media". He further states that this should not only apply to out of date systems, but also be upwardly mobile to future unknown systems. Practically speaking, when a certain application is released in a new version, rather than address
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1423:. Emulation focuses on recreating an original computer environment, which can be time-consuming and difficult to achieve, but valuable because of its ability to maintain a closer connection to the authenticity of the digital object, operating system, or even gaming platform. Emulation addresses the original
370:. By using a functional simulator, programmers can execute and trace selected sections of source code to search for programming errors (bugs), without generating binary code. This is distinct from simulating execution of binary code, which is software emulation. The first functional simulator was written by
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The following example illustrates how CPU simulation can be accomplished by an interpreter. In this case, interrupts are checked-for before every instruction executed, though this behavior is rare in real emulators for performance reasons (it is generally faster to use a subroutine to do the work of
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In 1963, when microcode was first used to speed up this simulation process, IBM engineers coined the term "emulator" to describe the concept. In the 2000s, it has become common to use the word "emulate" in the context of software. However, before 1980, "emulation" referred only to emulation with a
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and deinstitutionalized process for the preservation of digital culture. In many cases, the goal of emulation in new media art is to preserve a digital medium so that it can be saved indefinitely and reproduced without error, so that there is no reliance on hardware that ages and becomes obsolete.
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logic can be embedded in the memory emulator, made a module of its own, or sometimes integrated into the CPU simulator). Even if the emulated computer does not feature an MMU, though, there are usually other factors that break the equivalence between logical and physical memory: many (if not most)
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and many others are no longer produced as physical devices. Instead, software running on modern operating systems simulates a "dumb" terminal and is able to render the graphical and text elements of the host application, send keystrokes and process commands using the appropriate terminal protocol.
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Video game console emulators are programs that allow a personal computer or video game console to emulate another video game console. They are most often used to play older 1980s to 2000s-era video games on modern personal computers and more contemporary video game consoles. They are also used to
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implies that theoretically, any operating environment can be emulated within any other environment, assuming memory limitations are ignored. However, in practice, it can be quite difficult, particularly when the exact behavior of the system to be emulated is not documented and has to be deduced
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Interpreters are very popular as computer simulators, as they are much simpler to implement than more time-efficient alternative solutions, and their speed is more than adequate for emulating computers of more than roughly a decade ago on modern machines. However, the speed penalty inherent in
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systems, where concurrency errors can be very difficult to detect and correct without the controlled environment provided by virtual hardware. This also allows the software development to take place before the hardware is ready, thus helping to validate design decisions and give a little more
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can, however, rival such simpler models, if well thought-out, and they have the additional advantage of "automatically" providing a plug-in service through which third-party virtual devices can be used within the emulator. A unified I/O API may not necessarily mirror the structure of the real
1374:; each I/O device is thus often treated as a special case, and no consistent interface for virtual peripherals is provided. This can result in a performance advantage, since each I/O module can be tailored to the characteristics of the emulated device; designs based on a standard, unified I/O
678:: Multiplayer video games often rely on an online game server, which may or may not be available for on-premises installation. A server emulator is an unofficial on-premises server that imitates the behavior of the official online server, even though its internal working might be different.
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before trying it on the real hardware. This is so that software can be produced and tested before the final hardware exists in large quantities, so that it can be tested without taking the time to copy the program to be debugged at a low level and without introducing the side effects of a
644:: Some floating-point hardware only supports the simplest operations: addition, subtraction, and multiplication. In systems without any floating-point hardware, the CPU emulates it using a series of simpler fixed-point arithmetic operations that run on the integer arithmetic logic unit.
1137:, which is a computer program that follows the execution flow of the emulated program code and, for every machine code instruction encountered, executes operations on the host processor that are semantically equivalent to the original instructions. This is made possible by assigning a
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Emulation techniques are commonly used during the design and development of new systems. It eases the development process by providing the ability to detect, recreate and repair flaws in the design even before the system is actually built. It is particularly useful in the design of
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Rothenberg, Jeffrey. "The
Emulation Solution." Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation. Washington, DC: Council on Library and Information Resources, 1998. Council on Library and Information Resources. 2008. 28 Mar. 2008
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technique, try to circumvent these problems by waiting until the processor control flow jumps into a location containing untranslated code, and only then ("just in time") translates a block of the code into host code that can be executed. The translated code is kept in a
1591:, where a computer program is used to simulate an abstract model. Computer simulation is used in virtually every scientific and engineering domain and Computer Science is no exception, with several projects simulating abstract models of computer systems, such as
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printers because so much software is written for HP printers. If a non-HP printer emulates an HP printer, any software written for a real HP printer will also run in the non-HP printer emulation and produce equivalent printing. Since at least the 1990s, many
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The CPU simulator is often the most complicated part of an emulator. Many emulators are written using "pre-packaged" CPU simulators, in order to concentrate on good and efficient emulation of a specific machine. The simplest form of a CPU simulator is an
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Due to their popularity, emulators have been impersonated by malware. Most of these emulators are for video game consoles like the Xbox 360, Xbox One, Nintendo 3DS, etc. Generally such emulators make currently impossible claims such as being able to run
1621:. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting instead an abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software that controlled virtualization was called a "control program", but the terms "
378:. This made it possible for flight programs to be written, executed, and tested before D-17B computer hardware had been built. Autonetics also programmed a functional simulator for testing flight programs for later execution in the military computer
190:. It also says nothing about timing constraints; if the emulator does not perform as quickly as it did using the original hardware, the software inside the emulation may run much more slowly (possibly triggering timer interrupts that alter behavior).
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may also complicate memory emulation. As a result, most emulators implement at least two procedures for writing to and reading from logical memory, and it is these procedures' duty to map every access to the correct location of the correct object.
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Logic simulation is the use of a computer program to simulate the operation of a digital circuit such as a processor. This is done after a digital circuit has been designed in logic equations, but before the circuit is fabricated in hardware.
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It is possible for the memory subsystem emulation to be reduced to simply an array of elements each sized like an emulated word; however, this model fails very quickly as soon as any location in the computer's logical memory does not match
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214 F.3d 1022 (2000), have had the opposite effect. According to all legal precedents, emulation is legal within the United States. However, unauthorized distribution of copyrighted code remains illegal, according to both country-specific
1838:, 574 F.Supp. 999, aff'd, 704 F.2d 1009 (9th Cir 1982) (holding the computer ROM of Pac Man to be a sufficient fixation for purposes of copyright law even though the game changes each time played.) and Article 2 of the Berne Convention
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Most emulators just emulate a hardware architecture—if operating system firmware or software is required for the desired software, it must be provided as well (and may itself be emulated). Both the OS and the software will then be
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and later on the IBM 7090. This program used the instructions added by the compatibility feature to trap instructions requiring special handling; all other 704 instructions ran the same on a 7090. The compatibility feature on the
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of the simulated CPU. The logic of the simulated CPU can then more or less be directly translated into software algorithms, creating a software re-implementation that basically mirrors the original hardware implementation.
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has helped in the spread of console emulators, as most - if not all - would be unavailable for sale in retail outlets. Examples of console emulators that have been released in the last few decades are:
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may suffice. This translates system calls for the foreign system into system calls for the host system e.g., the Linux compatibility layer used on *BSD to run closed source Linux native software on
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and hardware, instead of software simulation using only standard instructions, to execute programs written for earlier IBM computers dramatically increased simulation speed. Earlier, IBM provided
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van der Hoeven, Jeffrey, Bram Lohman, and Remco
Verdegem. "Emulation for Digital Preservation in Practice: The Results." The International Journal of Digital Curation 2.2 (2007): 123-132.
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continued to advance and emulator developers grew more skilled in their work, the length of time between the commercial release of a console and its successful emulation began to shrink.
312:; therefore, many emulators do not emulate the graphic processor at all, but simply interpret the commands received from the CPU as the original program would. Developers of software for
619:: the process of imitating the behavior of one or more pieces of hardware (typically a system under design) with another piece of hardware, typically a special purpose emulation system
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a CPU emulator or CPU simulator (the two terms are mostly interchangeable in this case), unless the target being emulated has the same CPU architecture as the host, in which case a
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508:, saw significant progress toward emulation during their production. This led to an effort by console manufacturers to stop unofficial emulation, but consistent failures such as
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writing to and reading from physical memory, by means of two procedures similar to the ones dealing with logical memory (although, contrary to the latter, the former
1394:, by means of a procedure that sets flags readable by the CPU simulator whenever an interrupt is raised, allowing the virtual CPU to "poll for (virtual) interrupts"
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Buses are often not emulated, either for reasons of performance or simplicity, and virtual peripherals communicate directly with the CPU or the memory subsystem.
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Muira, Gregory. " Pushing the
Boundaries of Traditional Heritage Policy: maintaining long-term access to multimedia content." IFLA Journal 33 (2007): 323-326.
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119:). An emulator typically enables the host system to run software or use peripheral devices designed for the guest system. Emulation refers to the ability of a
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graphic processor was fully programmable, most games used one of a few pre-made programs, which were mostly self-contained and communicated with the game via
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In contrast, some other platforms have had very little use of direct hardware addressing, such as an emulator for the PlayStation 4. In these cases, a simple
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A hardware emulator is an emulator which takes the form of a hardware device. Examples include the DOS-compatible card installed in some 1990s-era
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are capable of running without a BIOS file, using high-level emulation to simulate BIOS subroutines at a slight cost in emulation accuracy.
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as long as the user obtained a legally purchased copy of the machine. To mitigate this however, several emulators for platforms such as
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from the 1980s using the games' original 1980s machine code and data, which is interpreted by a current-era system, and to emulate old
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environment of the digital object, and recreates it on a current machine. The emulator allows the user to have access to any kind of
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1897:""Criteria for an Ideal Solution." Avoiding Technological Quicksand: Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation"
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as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their components, or only the functionality required to run various
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translation of emulated program code into code runnable on the host architecture is usually impossible because of several reasons:
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that correspond roughly to the emulated computer's subsystems. Most often, an emulator will be composed of the following modules:
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Functional simulation is the use of a computer program to simulate the execution of a second computer program written in symbolic
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Terminal emulators are software programs that provide modern computers and devices interactive access to applications running on
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as the host machine. Until not many years ago, emulation in such situations was considered completely impractical by many.
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723: in this article's section named "Structure and organization". Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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is read-only memory, while the rest is RAM, something along the line of the following procedures would be typical:
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Even in emulators that treat each device as a special case, there is usually a common basic infrastructure for:
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by the emulator, rather than being run by native hardware. Apart from this interpreter for the emulated binary
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translate games into other languages, to modify existing games, and in the development process of "home brew"
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202:?" Yes, it's possible for a 64 to emulate an IBM PC , in the same sense that it's possible to bail out
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1625:" or "virtual machine monitor" became preferred over time. Each hypervisor can manage or run multiple
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runs as it did in its original environment. Jeffery
Rothenberg, an early proponent of emulation as a
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specialize in resurrecting obsolete technologies in their artwork and recognize the importance of a
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1739:. Laung-Terng Wang, Yao-Wen Chang, Kwang-Ting Cheng. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier. 2009.
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The paradox is that the emulation and the emulator have to be made to work on future computers.
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interpretation can be a problem when emulating computers whose processor speed is on the same
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by "reading" instructions and maintaining internal variables which represent the processor's
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hardware bus: bus design is limited by several electric constraints and a need for hardware
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about 1960 for testing assembly language programs for later execution in military computer
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where virtual models of traffic, network models, channels, and protocols are applied.
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often be left out, and direct references to the memory array be employed instead)
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The word "emulator" was coined in 1963 at IBM during development of the NPL (
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in an electronic device to emulate (or imitate) another program or device.
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relies heavily on emulation as a preservation strategy. Artists such as
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only required setting a console toggle switch, not a support program.
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Electronic design automation : synthesis, verification, and test
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management that can mostly be ignored in a software implementation.
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What allowed breaking through this restriction were the advances in
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often design their software on especially accurate emulators called
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for every digital object created in the previous version of that
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1808:"Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem, 214 F. 3d 1022"
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Most emulators do not, as mentioned earlier, emulate the main
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Various forms of dynamic recompilation, including the popular
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demos and in the creation of new games for older systems. The
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enthusiasts and hobbyists have used emulators to play classic
1961:"Full System Simulation: Software Development's Missing Link"
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strategy states, "the ideal approach would provide a single
1814:. Court of Appeals (published 4 May 2000). 14 February 2000
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This article's section named "Structure and organization"
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Sony
Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
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2220:(5th ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 27. Archived from
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Turban, E; King, D.; Lee, J.; Viehland, D. (2008). "19".
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http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/rothenberg/contents.html
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2083:"IBM Archives: 7090 Data Processing System (continued)"
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115:) to behave like another computer system (called the
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Building IBM: Shaping an
Industry and Its Technology
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Linux emulation removed from OpenBSD at version 6.0
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Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of
America, Inc.
1935:"Echoes of Art: Emulation as preservation strategy"
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1471:, allowing access to all of said digital objects.
2133:. March 1962. pp. 56–57, 98–100. A22-0526-3.
31:. For a line of digital musical instruments, see
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2107:Reference Manual IBM 7090 Data Processing System
575:operating systems or other host systems such as
1958:
1479:Because of its primary use of digital formats,
1335:there may not be a way to reliably distinguish
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2276:"The Origin of the VM/370 Time-sharing System"
1987:
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592:Some terminal emulation applications include
83:. Additionally, the output of the historical
2214:Electronic Commerce A Managerial Perspective
1990:"Full System Simulation of Embedded Systems"
1901:Council on Library and Information Resources
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523:Sony Computer Entertainment America v. Bleem
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813:various input/output (I/O) device emulators
49:System allowing a device to imitate another
531:and international copyright law under the
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2113:. March 1962. pp. 65–66. A22-6528-4.
783:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:of this calculator line can be displayed.
2316:) is being considered for deletion. See
2071:Simulation of the IBM 650 on the IBM 705
1415:Emulation is one strategy in pursuit of
654:: Mimics the behavior of a mainframe or
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228:
66:
51:
1599:Comparison with hardware virtualization
1467:, one could create an emulator for the
795:Typically, an emulator is divided into
535:. Under United States law, obtaining a
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130:, for example, are designed to emulate
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2045:Pugh, Emerson W.; et al. (1991).
1975:"Debugging and Full System Simulation"
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1339:(which should not be translated) from
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1273:* Handling of every valid instruction
237:emulator, which is in turn running a
75:for the 1983 programmable calculator
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2019:
721:adding citations to reliable sources
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478:Console emulator § Legal issues
2124:"System Compatibility Operations".
2104:"System Compatibility Operations".
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27:This article is about emulators in
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2186:"Network simulation or emulation?"
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625:: the use of a hardware device to
612:Other types of emulators include:
549:, 964 F.2d 965 (9th Cir. 1992) as
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2320:to help reach a consensus. ›
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2089:. 23 January 2003. Archived from
1644:List of computer system emulators
859:system where memory from address
2127:IBM 1410 Principles of Operation
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366:language, rather than in binary
219:and editorial answer, April 1988
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1609:Hardware virtualization is the
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708:needs additional citations for
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514:977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992),
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2246:"Virtualization in education"
1676:"MS-DOS Emulation For The 64"
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1530:) product line, using a "new
175:field-programmable gate array
2146:"Emulation of large systems"
1895:Rothenberg, Jeffrey (1998).
386:Video game console emulators
7:
1674:Warick, Mike (April 1988).
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1352:Just In Time compiler (JIT)
598:IBM Personal Communications
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466:games in a single program.
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173:(PC) software programs and
169:, that allowed them to run
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1516:Comparison with simulation
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37:Emulation (disambiguation)
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2150:Communications of the ACM
2020:Pugh, Emerson W. (1995).
1783:"The Emulation Imitation"
1703:"PlayStation 4 Emulators"
810:a memory subsystem module
807:layer may be used instead
648:Instruction set simulator
583:. Terminals such as the
520:203 F.3d 596 (2000), and
304:. For example, while the
2318:templates for discussion
1959:Peter Magnusson (2004).
1496:In future systems design
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486:global computer networks
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42:Not to be confused with
1988:Vania Joloboff (2009).
1853:Koninklijke Bibliotheek
1605:Hardware virtualization
642:Floating-point emulator
504:handhelds, such as the
161:computers, such as the
1767:: CS1 maint: others (
1502:Full system simulation
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233:Windows XP running an
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61:command-line interface
35:. For other uses, see
2274:Creasy, R.J. (1981).
2163:10.1145/365691.365931
2144:Tucker, S. G (1965).
1330:modified while in RAM
1318:dynamic recompilation
857:base-limit addressing
594:Attachmate Reflection
476:Further information:
256:Game Boy emulator on
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2024:. MIT. p. 274.
1849:"What is emulation?"
1810:. 9th Circuit 2000.
1449:digital preservation
1417:digital preservation
835:architectures offer
717:improve this article
354:High level emulation
348:Functional emulators
260:, itself running on
183:Church-Turing thesis
2192:. 22 September 2017
1589:computer simulation
1522:Computer simulation
1320:techniques. Simple
623:In-circuit emulator
318:video game consoles
294:compatibility layer
188:reverse engineering
148:video game consoles
79:X running on Apple
2342:Emulation software
2093:on March 13, 2005.
1593:network simulation
1366:Input/output (I/O)
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573:mainframe computer
444:Visual Boy Advance
279:machine's language
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18:Software emulation
2347:Computer hardware
1789:. 17 October 2014
1787:Malwarebytes Labs
1746:978-0-08-092200-3
1639:List of emulators
1619:operating systems
837:memory-mapped I/O
793:
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666:Network emulation
617:Hardware emulator
567:Terminal emulator
492:consoles such as
484:As computers and
360:assembly language
171:personal computer
107:that enables one
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555:Game Boy Advance
533:Berne Convention
511:Sega v. Accolade
506:Game Boy Advance
502:sixth generation
490:Fifth generation
339:Logic simulation
333:Logic simulators
314:embedded systems
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121:computer program
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828:physical memory
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805:virtual machine
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676:Server emulator
635:embedded system
610:
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252:running on the
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2300:External links
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2266:
2255:. October 2007
2237:
2203:
2177:
2156:(12): 753–61.
2136:
2116:
2096:
2087:www-03.ibm.com
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1611:virtualization
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1528:IBM System/360
1520:Main article:
1517:
1514:
1500:Main article:
1497:
1494:
1476:
1473:
1419:and combating
1412:
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1395:
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1348:
1347:
1333:
1276:* goes here...
1258:ProgramCounter
1231:ProgramCounter
1225:ProgramCounter
1157:
1129:
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1098:RaiseInterrupt
1009:
989:RaiseInterrupt
870:
845:bank switching
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2227:on 2009-05-21
2223:
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2191:
2190:Network World
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2100:
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2067:
2061:pages 160-161
2058:
2056:0-262-16123-0
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2033:
2031:0-262-16147-8
2027:
2023:
2016:
2002:on 2014-02-09
1998:
1991:
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1976:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1941:on 2007-10-27
1940:
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1493:
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1489:decentralized
1486:
1485:Cory Arcangel
1482:
1481:new media art
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:compatibility
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:on a current
1438:
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1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:CPU simulator
1071:LimitRegister
941:LimitRegister
868:
866:
862:
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741:
737:
734: –
733:
729:
728:Find sources:
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204:Lake Michigan
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74:
71:An emulation
69:
62:
59:emulates the
58:
54:
45:
38:
34:
33:E-mu Emulator
30:
19:
2311:
2286:. Retrieved
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2213:
2206:
2196:22 September
2194:. Retrieved
2189:
2180:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2126:
2119:
2106:
2099:
2091:the original
2086:
2077:
2066:
2046:
2040:
2021:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1983:
1969:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1929:
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1861:. Retrieved
1857:the original
1852:
1843:
1832:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1811:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1735:
1729:
1717:
1706:. Retrieved
1701:GuideStorm.
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1682:. p. 43
1679:
1669:
1654:Q (emulator)
1608:
1585:
1525:
1505:
1478:
1443:, while the
1421:obsolescence
1414:
1406:Applications
1398:
1385:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1328:code may be
1321:
1315:
1307:
1219:StackPointer
1152:
1131:
1104:INT_SEGFAULT
1053:BaseRegister
995:INT_SEGFAULT
923:BaseRegister
864:
860:
854:
849:segmentation
824:
816:
794:
779:
770:
760:
753:
746:
739:
727:
715:Please help
710:verification
707:
611:
570:
544:
521:
515:
509:
483:
470:Legal issues
456:
395:
368:machine code
357:
342:
291:
283:Commodore 64
271:
266:Fedora Linux
264:on a modern
216:
196:Commodore 64
193:
167:Performa 630
156:
144:arcade games
125:
116:
112:
111:(called the
96:
90:
2306:‹ The
2288:26 February
1686:10 November
1532:combination
1469:application
1465:application
1459:issues and
1433:application
1381:concurrency
1294:INT_ILLEGAL
1210:WriteMemory
1135:interpreter
1065:RealAddress
1041:RealAddress
1035:RealAddress
953:RealAddress
935:RealAddress
911:RealAddress
905:RealAddress
875:WriteMemory
863:to address
608:Other types
602:Micro Focus
498:PlayStation
494:Nintendo 64
306:Nintendo 64
275:interpreted
239:ZX Spectrum
163:Centris 610
2336:Categories
2231:2021-12-13
2006:2012-04-22
1945:2007-12-11
1907:2008-03-08
1863:2007-12-11
1793:2016-05-30
1708:2019-08-04
1662:References
1623:hypervisor
1552:simulators
1509:multi-core
1453:extensible
1392:interrupts
1372:system bus
1341:executable
1252:ReadMemory
1014:ReadMemory
947:&&
743:newspapers
732:"Emulator"
682:Semulation
372:Autonetics
322:simulators
254:Wzonka-Lad
235:Archimedes
215:Letter to
140:video game
1763:cite book
1755:433173319
1615:computers
1548:microcode
1540:microcode
1512:control.
1461:migration
1390:managing
1288:Interrupt
1198:SuperUser
1183:Interrupt
865:ROMSIZE-1
773:June 2008
660:registers
529:copyright
440:Project64
287:demoscene
159:Macintosh
93:computing
44:Simulator
29:computing
2323:Emulator
2308:template
2172:15375675
1680:Compute!
1633:See also
1544:hardware
1536:software
1445:software
1441:platform
1429:software
1425:hardware
1322:a priori
1189:INT_NONE
1143:register
1141:to each
1139:variable
631:software
585:IBM 3270
561:Terminal
551:fair use
464:Xbox 360
460:Xbox One
448:Nestopia
403:Internet
364:compiler
327:debugger
241:emulator
217:Compute!
213:—
208:teaspoon
198:emulate
186:through
135:LaserJet
128:printers
105:software
101:hardware
97:emulator
2310:below (
2049:. MIT.
1818:15 June
1574:on the
1572:IBM 704
1558:on the
1282:default
1162:Execute
1047:Address
1023:Address
959:ROMSIZE
917:Address
884:Address
797:modules
757:scholar
604:Rumba.
581:OpenVMS
412:Dolphin
298:FreeBSD
258:AmigaOS
206:with a
194:"Can a
177:-based
63:of DOS.
2327:Curlie
2313:Curlie
2259:6 July
2170:
2053:
2028:
1753:
1743:
1542:, and
1246:switch
1110:return
1083:Memory
1080:return
968:Memory
759:
752:
745:
738:
730:
633:of an
600:, and
537:dumped
450:, and
424:PPSSPP
302:NetBSD
268:system
250:Tetris
200:MS-DOS
181:. The
77:HP-41C
57:DOSBox
2279:(PDF)
2249:(PDF)
2225:(PDF)
2218:(PDF)
2168:S2CID
2131:(PDF)
2111:(PDF)
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
1359:cache
1357:code
974:Value
893:Value
855:On a
764:JSTOR
750:books
650:in a
627:debug
589:VT100
577:HP-UX
436:ePSXe
432:Citra
428:ZSNES
420:PCSX2
408:RPCS3
380:D-37C
376:D-17B
262:E-UAE
225:Types
150:(see
126:Many
117:guest
95:, an
2290:2013
2261:2010
2198:2017
2051:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1833:see
1820:2016
1769:link
1751:OCLC
1741:ISBN
1688:2013
1649:QEMU
1581:1410
1568:7090
1566:and
1427:and
1344:code
1337:data
1204:TRUE
1168:void
1159:void
1147:flag
1145:and
1113:NULL
1092:else
1068:<
1032:word
1020:word
1011:word
983:else
956:>
938:<
902:word
890:word
881:word
872:void
736:news
629:the
541:BIOS
500:and
462:and
452:Yuzu
416:Cemu
310:FIFO
300:and
113:host
2325:at
2283:IBM
2253:IBM
2158:doi
1613:of
1576:709
1564:709
1560:705
1556:650
1534:of
1435:or
1399:can
1376:API
847:or
841:ROM
832:MMU
719:by
587:or
579:or
399:DIY
362:or
316:or
289:".
165:or
154:).
103:or
99:is
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