62:
patient records collected from therapists. Using psychometrics, from the sample of 378 psychiatric patients questions were placed into a two-factor structure where the final pool of items was 60-109. From there each 30 items generated three factors for sociotropy: Concern About
Disapproval, Attachment/Concern About Separation, and Pleasing Others; and three for autonomy: Individualistic or Autonomous Achievement, Mobility/Freedom from Control of Others, and Preference for Solitude. The SAS has 60 items rated on a 5-point scale (ranging from 0 to 4). Scores are then totaled separately on each dimension. The scale has been modified since its development. The current SAS decomposes Sociotropy into two factors (
99:. Sociotropic individuals are heavily invested into their relationships with other people and have higher desires for acceptance, support, understanding, and guidance—which is problematic when relationships fail. People who are sociotropic and going through failed relationships are likely to become depressed due to intensified feelings of abandonment and loss. Researchers have a hard time figuring out exactly how much personality affects risk for depression, as it is hard to isolate traits for research, though they conclude that a person can either be sociotropic or independent, but not both.
86:. Sociotropic individuals consume more food, or try to match a peer's eating habits when they believe doing so makes the peer more comfortable. This is often hypothesized as being a result of the individual attempting to achieve social approval and avoid social rejection. The social pressure and dependence can cause a loss of self-control in an individual, especially if they are unaware of their desire for social acceptance.
61:
as a means of assessing two cognitive-personality constructs hypothesized as risk factors in depression. The scale focuses on the two personality traits of
Sociotropy (social dependency) and Autonomy (satisfying independency). The development of the SAS was gathered through patient self-reports and
138:
and sociotropy. Putting excessive amounts of energy into dependent relationships increases anxiety. The behavioral disposition that causes an individual to depend on others for personal satisfaction can also have an effect on their anxiety levels. The research concluded that anxiety and sociotropy
130:
are also attributes of shyness. Research shows that many items from the SAS relate to dimensions of dependence and preoccupations for receiving approval of others, which is problematic in interpersonal relationships for people who are shy. Individuals who are shy and sociotropic have internal
42:, because those with sociotropy are concerned with interpersonal relationships, whereas those with autonomy are more concerned with independence and do not care so much for others. Sociotropy has been correlated with feminine sex-role orientation in many research experiments.
94:
Much research on
Sociotropy focuses on links between personality and the risk for depression. People who are very dependent are classified as sociotropic individuals, and are more prone to depression as they seek to sustain their low self-esteem by establishing secure
131:
conflicts to want to avoid others as well as having strong motives to approach people. The results from such research concludes that sociotropy predicts other symptoms of discomfort in assertive situations and in conversations.
143:
situations. Sociotropy and anxiety are present in these situations because they are social by definition, and therefore associated with emphasis on social relationships that are characteristic of sociotropic individuals.
73:
Since the development of the SAS, many other measures of personality constructs have been developed to assess other personality traits with some overlapping with the SAS, but examining for different traits.
390:
Exline, Julie J.; Zell, Anne L.; Bratslavsky, Ellen; Hamilton, Michelle; Swenson, Anne (2012). "People-pleasing through eating: Sociotropy predicts greater eating in response to perceived social pressure".
488:
Bruch, Monroe A; Rivet, Kathy M.; Heimberg, Richard G.; Hunt, Anne; McIntosh, Bonnie (1999), "Shyness and
Sociotropy: Additive and Interactive Relations in Predicting Interpersonal Concerns",
321:
Kolts, R. L.; Robinson, A. M.; Tracy, J. J. (2004). "The relationship of sociotropy and autonomy to posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptomatology in trauma survivors".
418:
Coyne, James C.; Whiffen, Valerie E. (1995), "Issues in
Personality as Diathesis for Depression: The Case of Sociotropy-Dependency and Autonomy-Self-Criticism",
311:
Needleman, L. D. (1999). Cognitive Case
Conceptualization : A Guidebook for Practitioners. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Retrieved December 11, 2011
269:
Newman, J. L.; Gray, E. A.; Fuqua, D. R.; Choi, N. (2009). "Sociotropy, autonomy, and masculinity/femininity: Implications for vulnerability to depression".
115:. Lack of assertion has been hypothesized to be due to the need to please others to build interpersonal relationships. Individuals who are sociotropic avoid
70:). Neediness is associated with the symptoms of depression—and connectedness is a sensitivity towards others, and associated with valuing relationships.
234:
Sato, T.; Harman, B. A.; Donohoe, W. M.; Weaver, A.; Hall, W. A. (2010). "Individual differences in ego depletion: The role of sociotropy-autonomy".
158:
38:, which causes them to be overly nurturant towards people who they do not have close relationships with. Sociotropy can be seen as the opposite of
163:
356:
Bieling, Peter J.; Beck, Aaron T.; Brown, Gregory K. (2000), "The
Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale:Structure and Implications",
45:
Sociotropy is notable in that it interacts with interpersonal stress or traumatic experience to influence subsequent
153:
122:
Along the lines of lack of assertion there has also been research studying the connection between sociotropy and
96:
188:
Sato, T.; McCann, D.; Ferguson-Isaac, C. (2004). "Sociotropy-autonomy and situation-specific anxiety".
24:
20:
139:
are positively correlated in many situations such as social evaluation, physical danger, and
528:
8:
373:
294:
251:
213:
116:
505:
471:
435:
338:
286:
255:
205:
46:
35:
28:
377:
298:
217:
497:
461:
452:
Sato, Toru; McCann, Doug (2007), "Sociotropy–autonomy and interpersonal problems",
427:
400:
365:
330:
278:
243:
197:
127:
82:
Sociotropic individuals react differently when faced with situations that involve
431:
404:
369:
282:
247:
134:
Research on the subject also seems to connect a link between higher levels of
522:
112:
58:
501:
509:
475:
342:
290:
209:
201:
108:
83:
439:
334:
466:
140:
39:
164:
WILEY Interscience
Sociotropy-autonomy and interpersonal problems
135:
123:
107:
Sociotropy has been linked to other personality traits such as
389:
364:(6), Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers: 763–780,
126:. The characteristic interpersonal dependence and fear of
187:
233:
487:
426:(3), US: American Psychological Association: 358–378,
57:
The
Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS) was introduced by
34:
People with sociotropy tend to have a strong need for
268:
320:
520:
355:
23:trait characterized by excessive investment in
417:
52:
349:
229:
227:
183:
181:
179:
481:
451:
383:
262:
465:
411:
393:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
445:
224:
176:
521:
496:(2), Blackwell Publishers: 373–406,
27:and usually studied in the field of
154:The Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS)
13:
159:National Library of Medicine entry
14:
540:
147:
77:
358:Cognitive Therapy and Research
323:Journal of Clinical Psychology
314:
305:
1:
169:
89:
7:
432:10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.358
102:
97:interpersonal relationships
25:interpersonal relationships
10:
545:
460:(3), Wiley-LISS: 153–162,
405:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.2.169
283:10.2466/pr0.104.2.549-557
248:10.1007/s11031-010-9166-9
53:Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale
119:to prevent abandonment.
502:10.1111/1467-6494.00059
370:10.1023/A:1005599714224
490:Journal of Personality
454:Depression and Anxiety
420:Psychological Bulletin
236:Motivation and Emotion
202:10.2466/pr0.94.1.67-76
271:Psychological Reports
190:Psychological Reports
335:10.1002/jclp.10193
36:social acceptance
29:social psychology
536:
513:
512:
485:
479:
478:
469:
467:10.1002/da.20230
449:
443:
442:
415:
409:
408:
387:
381:
380:
353:
347:
346:
318:
312:
309:
303:
302:
266:
260:
259:
231:
222:
221:
185:
128:social rejection
544:
543:
539:
538:
537:
535:
534:
533:
519:
518:
517:
516:
486:
482:
450:
446:
416:
412:
388:
384:
354:
350:
319:
315:
310:
306:
267:
263:
232:
225:
186:
177:
172:
150:
105:
92:
80:
55:
12:
11:
5:
542:
532:
531:
515:
514:
480:
444:
410:
399:(2): 169–193.
382:
348:
313:
304:
277:(2): 549–557.
261:
223:
174:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
149:
148:External links
146:
104:
101:
91:
88:
79:
76:
54:
51:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
541:
530:
527:
526:
524:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
477:
473:
468:
463:
459:
455:
448:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
352:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
308:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
228:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
182:
180:
175:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
145:
142:
137:
132:
129:
125:
120:
118:
117:confrontation
114:
110:
100:
98:
87:
85:
75:
71:
69:
68:connectedness
65:
60:
59:Aaron T. Beck
50:
48:
43:
41:
37:
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
493:
489:
483:
457:
453:
447:
423:
419:
413:
396:
392:
385:
361:
357:
351:
329:(1): 53–63.
326:
322:
316:
307:
274:
270:
264:
239:
235:
196:(1): 67–76.
193:
189:
133:
121:
111:and lack of
109:introversion
106:
93:
84:self-control
81:
78:Self-control
72:
67:
63:
56:
44:
33:
16:
15:
529:Personality
21:personality
242:(2): 205.
170:References
90:Depression
47:depression
17:Sociotropy
256:143691350
141:ambiguous
113:assertion
64:neediness
523:Category
510:10202808
476:16986139
378:38957013
343:14692009
299:39767385
291:19610485
218:23798343
210:15077750
103:Research
40:autonomy
440:7501741
136:anxiety
124:shyness
508:
474:
438:
376:
341:
297:
289:
254:
216:
208:
374:S2CID
295:S2CID
252:S2CID
214:S2CID
19:is a
506:PMID
472:PMID
436:PMID
339:PMID
287:PMID
206:PMID
66:and
498:doi
462:doi
428:doi
424:118
401:doi
366:doi
331:doi
279:doi
275:104
244:doi
198:doi
525::
504:,
494:67
492:,
470:,
458:24
456:,
434:,
422:,
397:31
395:.
372:,
362:24
360:,
337:.
327:60
325:.
293:.
285:.
273:.
250:.
240:34
238:.
226:^
212:.
204:.
194:94
192:.
178:^
49:.
31:.
500::
464::
430::
407:.
403::
368::
345:.
333::
301:.
281::
258:.
246::
220:.
200::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.