154:, and quality. Clinical franchising often takes the form of a fractional model where franchised services are added to an existing medical practice, but also can exist as a stand-alone practice wherein the site exclusively provides franchise supported services or commodities. Social franchising has been used to deliver a wide range of services including
229:
using the franchise model to provide them with
Capacity Building (know-how & training), Access to Market (bulk procurement of standard supplies, network clients, brand) and Access to Credit (benchmarking leading to Bankability). Franchisees then become capable to supply a given population with much needed goods or services.
145:
There are a number of social franchising set ups in the area of health care and social mobility. According to the components of Human
Development Index, "Health" and "Living Standards" are the two major components of HDI (Human Development Index). Social franchising for essential health services is
236:
Telephone/communication kiosks have been studied by the WB since 1995. Currently, rural electrification and rural mobile providers represent attractive fields to develop Social
Franchise Enterprises that create economic activity and provide communities with electricity and access to communications.
232:
By maintaining the transaction element, the Social
Franchise Enterprise generates the revenue to both the Franchisees and to the Social Franchiser, who becomes self sustainable and can further extend its footprint and further supply unserved markets, enforce monitoring and continue to provide added
97:
identified 140. The largest of these is De
Kringwinkel in Flanders employing 5,000 people. Others, like the Le Mat hotel and tourism social franchise or the School for Social Entrepreneurs operate in more than one country. Social franchising provides an opportunity to rapidly grow the sector to the
61:
devised by the franchisor. Once joining the network, operators are given the right to employ previously tested incentives including: professional training, use of brands or brand advertisements, subsidized or proprietary supplies and equipment, support services, and access to professional advice.
228:
The Social
Franchise Enterprise is a type of Social initiative directed to achieve development goals through private ventures that provide goods and services to unserved markets, at a viable price. The Social Franchise enterprise creates self sustainable economic activity for the franchisees by
215:
Several inherent logistical and economic weaknesses are present within the social franchising model. These include the difficulty in standardizing medical care among participants, the need for networks to be sufficiently large to attain an economy of scale, the cost and challenge of regulatory
249:
franchise in
Pakistan. Since its inception, Greenstar has trained over 24,000 providers, and provides family planning, sexual and reproductive health services, maternal and child health services, and tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment through over 80,000 retail outlets. Since then, over 35
113:
and have published papers such as
Investing in Social Franchising which looks at the viability of investment into franchised social enterprise in the UK and Social Franchising: Innovation and the Power of Old Ideas which is a comparison between McDonald's and the social franchise Foodbank.
220:” wherein franchisees provide low quality, low cost due to incomplete monitoring. Social franchising for health services runs the risk of overly procedural, “cookie cutter” medical provision, overtreatment of disease conditions, and the possibility of fraud if oversight is not present.
250:
additional social franchise programs have arisen, with much of the increase in the number and size of social franchises occurring in the last four years. Franchises have additionally expanded their services from mostly family planning to testing and treatment of
207:. In addition, social franchising for health services allows an expansion of services because of cross-subsidization, addition of less-profitable services if fractionally franchised, and access to costly medicines if subsidized by the coordinating organization.
62:
Members also gain beneficial spin-off effects such as increased consumer volume and improved reputation due to brand affiliation. Franchisees must adhere to a range of requirements including: providing socially beneficial services, meeting
146:
an emerging technique used by governments and aid-donors in developing countries where a substantial percentage of health services are provided by private sector (including non-profit NGOs and private for-profit) to improve access,
216:
oversight of outlets, and the need to base organizational decisions on the population demand which may not maximize quality or minimize cost. There also exists the possibility of “
57:) offers individual independent operators the ability to join into a franchise network for the provision of selected services over a specified area in accordance with an overall
133:
and others to help the best social ideas develop as a franchise. The group recently carried out research into replicable health care models with significant social benefit with
2151:
2342:
89:
to create more employment for disadvantaged people and achieve social aims. This is done principally by enabling joint working and knowledge sharing and transfer. The
2064:
2614:
203:
less profitable services with the more profitable ones supported by the franchisor. The use of brand advertising makes social franchising compatible with
2746:
200:
2525:"Public policy and franchising reproductive health: current evidence and future directions. Guidance from a technical consultation meeting"
2421:"Social franchising of TB care through private GPs in Myanmar: an assessment of treatment results, access, equity and financial protection"
42:
Social franchising is the application of the principles of commercial franchising to promote social benefit rather than private profit.
2303:
78:, pharmaceutical sales of essential drugs, HIV testing and counseling, and reproductive health services in the developing world.
2166:
2381:
2524:
93:
has identified over 60 social franchises of this type in Europe, which employ over 13,000 people and more recently in 2012
810:
772:
2560:
2251:
2806:
1950:
1872:
1833:
1795:
1573:
1537:
1501:
1464:
1425:
1389:
1314:
1280:
1243:
1207:
1173:
1067:
916:
735:
730:
2207:"The effect of social franchising on access to and quality of health services in low- and middle-income countries"
2098:
90:
2753:
2630:"Innovations in access to TB and HIV/AIDS care in sub-Saharan Africa: dynamic engagement of the private sector"
118:
2190:
Stanworth, J.; et al. (1995). "Franchising as a source of technology transfer to developing economies".
50:
187:, and worker training and supervision. Additionally, social franchises can offer the ability to: faster
2468:"Strategies for engaging the private sector in sexual and reproductive health: how effective are they?"
698:
662:
625:
587:
550:
513:
334:
130:
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66:
and pricing standards, undergoing mandatory education on provision of services, subjecting outlets to
2629:
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2777:
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2545:
2405:
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2327:
2192:
Special
Studies Series, No 7 ed. I.F.R. Center. Vol 7. Westminster: University of Westminster Press
109:(ICSF) was founded to help replicate proven social ventures to scale. They have a number of useful
2811:
2420:
2152:"Social Franchising to Improve Quality and Access in Private Health Care in Developing Countries"
217:
126:
54:
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192:
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8:
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By organizing small independent providers into larger units, social franchises can yield
75:
245:
The first significant implementation of social franchising was conducted in 1995 by the
2585:
2276:
2227:
2206:
147:
63:
31:
70:
mechanisms, reporting service and sales statistics, and occasionally, paying fixed or
2644:
2590:
2489:
2442:
2281:
2232:
2123:
1912:
1647:
1352:
1029:
370:
82:
67:
2747:"Clinical Social Franchising 2009: Annual description of country programs worldwide"
2576:
2382:"Identifying Replicable Healthcare Delivery: Models with Significant Social Benefit"
158:, sexual transmitted infection management, primary care, and HIV / AIDS treatment.
2580:
2572:
2479:
2432:
2271:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
2113:
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programs, decrease transaction costs, provide uniform services to a broad market,
134:
86:
2118:
2790:
2721:
196:
180:
151:
2484:
2437:
2060:
Private
Healthcare in the Developing Countries section on Social Franchising
2648:
2594:
2493:
2446:
2285:
2236:
2127:
1168:
657:
403:
255:
246:
2670:
2059:
1983:
1347:
876:
620:
188:
184:
23:
2722:"Greenstar Social Marketing: Social Franchising Private Health Services"
2267:
2684:"The Franchise as a Development Tool - The Social Franchise Enterprise"
1945:
1751:
1024:
474:
2069:
2016:
1756:
1238:
365:
81:
A second application of social franchising is as a means of enabling
71:
58:
2515:
110:
2297:
2295:
1867:
1459:
1309:
911:
508:
438:
46:
2744:
2252:"Private Sector, Human Resources and Health Franchising in Africa"
2205:
Koehlmoos, T.; et al. (2008). Koehlmoos, Tracey Perez (ed.).
1828:
1790:
1202:
693:
251:
161:
27:
2292:
1568:
1275:
1134:
805:
582:
16:
Adaptation of commercial franchising for achieving social gains
2520:
2065:
Why Vitaloc Station targets health and social mobility issues
1906:
1716:
1679:
1642:
1420:
1384:
1099:
1062:
988:
950:
842:
767:
545:
329:
122:
98:
benefit of disadvantaged people and society more generally.
49:
wherein an independent coordinating organization (usually a
2343:"Social Franchising: Innovation and the Power of Old Ideas"
1604:
1532:
1496:
263:
155:
2301:
106:
94:
259:
193:
collectively negotiate financial reimbursement mechanisms
140:
2249:
2099:"Franchising of Health Services in Developing Countries"
2561:"Different approaches to contracting in health systems"
240:
2054:
269:
117:
The ICSF has recently (2015) developed and launched a
2666:
2664:
199:
services among a large group. Franchisees can also
2373:
137:the pharmaceutical company, published in May 2013.
2745:Montagu, D. & the Global Health Group (2009).
2627:
2661:
2613:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2788:
2055:The International Centre for Social Franchising
223:
107:The international Centre for Social Franchising
95:The International Centre for Social Franchising
2740:
2738:
162:Strengths and weaknesses of social franchising
2675:
2379:
2340:
2204:
2189:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2681:
2511:
2509:
2418:
2334:
2145:
2143:
2735:
2250:Prata, N.; Montagu, D; Jefferys, E (2005).
2096:
233:value services to the Franchisees network.
2671:Private Healthcare in Developing Countries
2637:Applied Health Economics and Health Policy
2558:
2465:
2302:Berelowitz, D & Richardson, M (2012).
2149:
2081:
53:, but occasionally a governmental body or
2584:
2565:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2506:
2483:
2436:
2275:
2256:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2226:
2140:
2117:
101:
2211:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
74:. Social franchises have been used for
2789:
141:Social franchising for health services
241:History of Social Franchise Programs
811:Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW
773:Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW
270:Existing Clinical Social Franchises
91:European Social Franchising Network
45:In the first sense, it refers to a
13:
2419:Lonnroth, K.; et al. (2007).
14:
2823:
2304:"Investing in Social Franchising"
2048:
1951:Population Services International
1873:Population Services International
1834:Population Services International
1796:Population Services International
1574:Population Services International
1538:Population Services International
1502:Population Services International
1465:Population Services International
1426:Population Services International
1390:Population Services International
1315:Population Services International
1281:Population Services International
1244:Population Services International
1208:Population Services International
1174:Population Services International
1131:Mexico (Community Doctors Program
1068:Population Services International
917:Population Services International
736:Population Services International
2559:Perrot, J.; et al. (2006).
2466:Peters, D.; et al. (2004).
731:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2714:
2621:
2577:10.1590/S0042-96862006001100010
2552:
2459:
309:Sexual and Reproductive Health
2412:
2243:
2219:10.1002/14651858.CD007136.pub2
2198:
2183:
1:
2628:Montagu, D.; Elzinga (2003).
2075:
1864:Sun Quality Health (Cambodia)
210:
51:non-governmental organization
2165:(1): 184–197. Archived from
2159:Harvard Health Policy Review
1825:Sun Quality Health (Myanmar)
224:Social Franchise Enterprises
166:
7:
2213:. CD007136. (1): CD007136.
1980:Well-Family Midwife Clinics
1713:SkyHealth / SkyCare Centres
1639:Sahath Al-om (MotherHealth)
955:Family Health International
156:DOTS tuberculosis treatment
37:
10:
2828:
2472:Health Policy and Planning
2425:Health Policy and Planning
2106:Health Policy and Planning
1988:Well-Family Midwife Clinic
873:FriendlyCare (Philippines)
699:Marie Stopes International
663:Marie Stopes International
626:Marie Stopes International
588:Marie Stopes International
551:Marie Stopes International
514:Marie Stopes International
335:Marie Stopes International
312:Maternal and Child Health
294:Coordinating Organization
131:London School of Economics
119:social franchising toolkit
2807:International development
2517:World Health Organization
1787:Society for Family Health
2478:(Supplement 1): i5–i21.
1165:New Start (South Africa)
993:Hindustan Latex FP Trust
479:Social Marketing Company
443:Pathfinder International
47:contractual relationship
28:socially beneficial ends
2579:(inactive 2024-09-18).
2523:.; et al. (2007).
2119:10.1093/heapol/17.2.121
2070:Human Development Index
654:BlueStar (Sierra Leone)
76:primary health services
2772:Cite journal requires
2702:Cite journal requires
2540:Cite journal requires
2400:Cite journal requires
2380:Berelowitz, D (2013).
2361:Cite journal requires
2341:Berelowitz, D (2012).
2322:Cite journal requires
617:BlueStar (Philippines)
471:Blue Star (Bangladesh)
218:tragedy of the commons
127:Bertelsmann Foundation
24:commercial franchising
22:is the application of
2682:Hidalgo E, A (2012).
2485:10.1093/heapol/czh041
2438:10.1093/heapol/czm007
1721:World Health Partners
1381:Operation Light House
1235:New Start (Swaziland)
102:Support Organisations
2097:Montagu, D. (2002).
1306:New Start (Zimbabwe)
26:concepts to achieve
2150:Bishai, D. (2008).
1199:New Start (Lesotho)
505:BlueStar (Ethiopia)
1272:New Start (Zambia)
690:BlueStar (Vietnam)
300:Number of Clinics
83:social enterprises
20:Social franchising
2046:
2045:
1913:DKT International
1684:Nepal CRS Company
1648:DKT International
1456:ProFam (Cameroon)
1353:DKT International
1030:DKT International
579:BlueStar (Malawi)
371:DKT International
175:in investment in
72:profit-share fees
68:quality assurance
2819:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2758:
2752:. Archived from
2751:
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2712:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2698:
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2178:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2121:
2103:
2094:
985:Merrygold Health
542:BlueStar (Ghana)
303:Family Planning
285:
284:
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205:social marketing
195:, and replicate
177:physical capital
173:returns to scale
2827:
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2703:
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2662:
2653:
2651:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2606:
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2599:
2597:
2571:(11): 859–866.
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2514:
2507:
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2199:
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2101:
2095:
2082:
2078:
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2021:Vitaloc Station
2013:Vitaloc Station
802:CFWshops Rwanda
288:Franchise Name
283:
279:
275:
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243:
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213:
201:cross-subsidize
169:
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135:GlaxoSmithKline
104:
55:private company
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2825:
2815:
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2812:Social economy
2809:
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2799:
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2774:|journal=
2759:on 2011-07-20.
2734:
2713:
2704:|journal=
2674:
2660:
2643:(4): 175–180.
2620:
2551:
2542:|journal=
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2458:
2431:(3): 156–166.
2411:
2402:|journal=
2372:
2363:|journal=
2333:
2324:|journal=
2291:
2262:(4): 274–279.
2242:
2197:
2182:
2139:
2112:(2): 121–130.
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87:social economy
39:
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30:, rather than
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2172:on 2011-10-20
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1096:K-Met (Kenya)
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839:DiMPA Network
838:
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320:
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315:Tuberculosis
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
297:Date Founded
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
278:
267:
265:
261:
257:
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238:
234:
230:
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202:
198:
197:best practice
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:supply chains
178:
174:
159:
157:
153:
152:effectiveness
149:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
112:
108:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2765:cite journal
2754:the original
2726:. Retrieved
2724:. 2009-01-25
2716:
2695:cite journal
2677:
2652:. Retrieved
2640:
2636:
2623:
2609:cite journal
2598:. Retrieved
2568:
2564:
2554:
2533:cite journal
2497:. Retrieved
2475:
2471:
2461:
2450:. Retrieved
2428:
2424:
2414:
2393:cite journal
2375:
2354:cite journal
2336:
2315:cite journal
2268:10665/269380
2259:
2255:
2245:
2210:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2174:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2162:
2158:
2131:. Retrieved
2109:
2105:
1169:South Africa
881:FriendlyCare
658:Sierra Leone
404:South Africa
256:tuberculosis
244:
235:
231:
227:
214:
170:
144:
116:
105:
80:
44:
41:
19:
18:
2802:Franchising
2797:Health care
1984:Philippines
1748:Smiling Sun
1348:Philippines
1059:Key Clinics
877:Philippines
621:Philippines
435:Biruh Tesfa
185:advertising
2791:Categories
2728:2009-03-29
2654:2008-03-06
2600:2008-03-06
2499:2008-03-06
2452:2008-03-06
2176:2008-03-06
2133:2008-03-06
2076:References
1946:Madagascar
1942:Top Reseau
1752:Bangladesh
1565:PSI Uganda
1025:Mozambique
475:Bangladesh
408:BroadReach
211:Weaknesses
2017:Hong Kong
1757:Chemonics
1239:Swaziland
947:Gold Star
908:Greenstar
727:Confiance
366:Indonesia
247:Greenstar
167:Strengths
111:resources
59:blueprint
2649:15119536
2595:17143459
2494:15452011
2447:17434870
2286:15868018
2237:19160323
2128:12000772
1868:Cambodia
1609:INPPARES
1529:PSI Togo
1460:Cameroon
1344:POPSHOPS
1310:Zimbabwe
912:Pakistan
509:Ethiopia
439:Ethiopia
400:ARV Care
318:Malaria
291:Country
189:scale up
85:and the
38:Overview
2586:2627549
2277:2626208
2228:6791299
1911:Janani/
1829:Myanmar
1791:Nigeria
1676:Sangini
1203:Lesotho
847:PSP-One
694:Vietnam
362:Andalan
252:malaria
64:quality
2647:
2593:
2583:
2492:
2445:
2284:
2274:
2235:
2225:
2126:
1569:Uganda
1276:Zambia
1139:Mexfam
1135:Mexico
1021:Intimo
806:Rwanda
583:Malawi
321:Other
274:": -->
258:, and
148:equity
32:profit
2757:(PDF)
2750:(PDF)
2687:(PDF)
2633:(PDF)
2521:USAID
2385:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
2307:(PDF)
2170:(PDF)
2155:(PDF)
2102:(PDF)
1907:India
1717:India
1680:Nepal
1643:Sudan
1421:Benin
1385:India
1104:K-MET
1100:Kenya
1063:India
989:India
951:Kenya
843:India
768:Kenya
546:Ghana
378:5,000
330:Kenya
123:NESTA
121:with
2778:help
2708:help
2645:PMID
2615:link
2591:PMID
2546:help
2519:and
2490:PMID
2443:PMID
2406:help
2367:help
2328:help
2282:PMID
2233:PMID
2124:PMID
2042:Yes
2024:2012
1991:1997
1955:2001
1937:Yes
1917:2000
1898:Yes
1877:2002
1859:Yes
1838:2001
1820:Yes
1800:2006
1782:Yes
1762:2008
1743:Yes
1724:2008
1690:2928
1687:1994
1652:2011
1634:Yes
1615:1668
1612:2002
1605:Peru
1578:2007
1542:2002
1533:Togo
1506:2005
1497:Mali
1469:2004
1430:2004
1394:2002
1357:2005
1319:1999
1285:2002
1248:2003
1212:2004
1178:2007
1142:1986
1107:1995
1072:2004
1034:2011
996:2007
980:Yes
958:2006
924:8000
921:1995
903:Yes
884:1999
853:1150
850:1998
815:2008
777:2000
759:Yes
740:2004
703:2007
667:2008
630:2007
592:2008
555:2008
518:2007
485:3600
482:1998
466:Yes
446:2000
430:Yes
414:4500
411:2002
375:2001
339:2004
326:AMUA
306:HIV
276:edit
264:AIDS
2581:PMC
2573:doi
2480:doi
2433:doi
2272:PMC
2264:hdl
2223:PMC
2215:doi
2114:doi
2004:Yes
1997:Yes
1994:100
1967:Yes
1964:Yes
1961:Yes
1958:155
1928:Yes
1923:Yes
1895:Yes
1888:Yes
1883:Yes
1880:164
1856:Yes
1849:Yes
1844:Yes
1841:846
1815:Yes
1810:Yes
1805:Yes
1775:Yes
1768:Yes
1734:Yes
1729:Yes
1706:Yes
1701:Yes
1698:Yes
1693:Yes
1663:Yes
1658:Yes
1627:Yes
1624:Yes
1621:Yes
1618:Yes
1586:Yes
1550:Yes
1512:Yes
1478:Yes
1475:Yes
1449:Yes
1444:Yes
1441:Yes
1436:Yes
1402:Yes
1368:Yes
1363:Yes
1360:300
1335:Yes
1328:Yes
1325:Yes
1291:Yes
1257:Yes
1254:Yes
1220:Yes
1186:Yes
1148:Yes
1145:300
1118:Yes
1113:Yes
1110:200
1087:Yes
1082:Yes
1075:701
1046:Yes
1043:Yes
1040:Yes
1012:Yes
1009:Yes
1006:Yes
1001:Yes
977:Yes
974:Yes
967:Yes
964:Yes
961:279
938:Yes
935:Yes
932:Yes
927:Yes
890:Yes
856:Yes
826:Yes
823:Yes
791:Yes
788:Yes
785:Yes
746:Yes
714:Yes
709:Yes
673:Yes
641:Yes
636:Yes
604:Yes
601:Yes
598:Yes
566:Yes
561:Yes
558:102
529:Yes
524:Yes
521:107
488:Yes
457:Yes
452:Yes
449:130
419:Yes
389:Yes
386:Yes
381:Yes
345:Yes
342:144
260:HIV
2793::
2769::
2767:}}
2763:{{
2737:^
2699::
2697:}}
2693:{{
2663:^
2639:.
2635:.
2611:}}
2607:{{
2589:.
2569:84
2567:.
2563:.
2537::
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2531:{{
2508:^
2488:.
2476:19
2474:.
2470:.
2441:.
2429:22
2427:.
2423:.
2397::
2395:}}
2391:{{
2358::
2356:}}
2352:{{
2319::
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2294:^
2280:.
2270:.
2260:83
2258:.
2254:.
2231:.
2221:.
2209:.
2161:.
2157:.
2142:^
2122:.
2110:17
2108:.
2104:.
2083:^
1920:63
1765:40
1655:12
1545:13
1509:33
1472:25
1433:30
1397:12
1322:41
1251:16
1181:11
780:67
743:78
706:32
670:70
633:66
595:59
266:.
262:/
254:,
183:,
179:,
150:,
129:,
125:,
34:.
2780:)
2776:(
2731:.
2710:)
2706:(
2689:.
2657:.
2641:2
2617:)
2603:.
2575::
2548:)
2544:(
2527:.
2502:.
2482::
2455:.
2435::
2408:)
2404:(
2387:.
2369:)
2365:(
2348:.
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2163:9
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2116::
2027:3
1581:2
1288:8
1215:6
1037:9
887:6
818:2
280:]
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