612:
living conditions of most Poles, marked by persisting poverty and inequality. The coalition argued that the economy "must serve the people, and their success is to be measured by improvements in the living conditions of millions of citizens, not by the affluence of a narrow elite provided by liberals." It stated that its goal is to build a "just and equal Poland", where economic reforms will prioritize guaranteeing decent living conditions for all citizens. Members of the coalition also called for a new perspective on work, which is not to be considered "a common commodity, but a good that gives - in addition to a livelihood - dignity and a sense of security". The coalition also stated that the free market has failed to provide well-paid jobs to many citizens, and advocated restoring the socialist practice of jobs being funded and organized directly by the state for those in need.
426:. Andrzej Lepper, the leader of Samoobrona, claimed: "There are no programme differences between us". However, the vice-president of the PSL, Marek Sawicki, protested this statement and pointed to programmatic differences between PSL and Samoobrona, stating: "The support in the local elections of the Social Alliance candidates by the farmers' union Samoobrona does not imply the Eurosceptic views of the PSL." Marek Pol also distanced himself from Samoobrona and Lepper: "The Labour Union is aware of the controversial nature of the candidate. We discussed this during the last Social Alliancecouncil meeting. However, since his person was supported by the PSL, I understand that it takes full responsibility for the fact that Mr Lepper will implement the programme of the Social Alliance".
433:. The radically populist and aggressive style of campaigning of Samoobrona, known for its at times violent agrarian protests and trade union strikes, provided a great contrast to the moderate, well-established Polish People's Party as well as the social-democratic, "civil" Labour Union. However, both parties defended the presence of Samoobrona and its leader Andrzej Lepper in the coalition, arguing that it is preferable "that the participants of the radical agricultural protests get on the road to democratic procedures as soon as possible. Admittedly, he will not be an easy partner, but it is better to discuss with him in the assembly than on a blocked roadway". Nevertheless, political magazine
487:. More significantly, Samoobrona then gained informal support from the SLD, keen to weaken the PSL, which allowed Samoobrona to play the role of an informal SLD coalition partner in the Sejm and, after the 2002 local elections, also in the provincial assemblies. Although Lepper continued his lavish criticism on SLD politicians, he distinguished the liberal wing associated with Kwasniewski from the democratic socialist group headed by Miller and Oleksy. This allowed Samoobrona to attract a sizable group of left-wing activists, both at the central and local level. After 2001, Lepper went as far as announcing that Samoobrona would become the only party of the socialist left in Poland.
608:, and heavily campaigned against them. The coalition argued that many Poles were left impoverished and destitute by the reforms, and even the few who gained from capitalist must "recognise that there are very many people living modestly in Poland". Social Alliance stressed the need to bring a more humane system than capitalism and neoliberalism to Poland; the proposed system of the coalition was socialism, with strong agrarian and laborist overtones. It presented itself as above the post-communist and anti-communist blocs however, and instead evoked the socialist legacy of pre-WW2 Polish Socialist Party.
495:(1997-2001). While Samoobrona organized roadblocks and massive farmer protests, the Polish People's Party used its Sejm presence to harshly criticize the cabinet and legitimatize the actions of Samoobrona. After Samoobrona entered the Sejm for the first time in 2001, both the left-wing and right-wing blocs found cooperation with Samoobrona attractive. However, the party cast its lot with the left-wing camp. After a coalition cabinet of the social-democratic Left Democratic Alliance and Polish People's Party was formed, Samoobrona entered a
516:
abandoned its unique identity in favor of a "few parliamentary mandates". After the coalition, the party gradually abandoned its unique identity as an "outsider" laborist and socialist party in favor of approaching the post-communist SLD and moving closer towards it positions, such as pro-Europeanism. This prompted many left-wing nationalist members to leave the party, together with more radical members who protested forming a coalition with
Democratic Left Alliance over its approval of privatization and capitalist reforms.
464:
representing Polish farmers and the rural population. However, this proposal failed as both parties started strongly competing with each other. In this situation, cooperation was limited to undertaking successive joint initiatives aimed at bringing together and working out common positions by the three largest agricultural trade unions; in June 1998, it was agreed that ZZR "Samoobrona" together with KZRKiOR and NSZZ "Solidarność" RI would work out a common position on the terms of Poland's accession to the
European Union.
640:
conservative wings, whose representatives stated: "The Social
Alliance is an artificial creation and should not exist. For a century we have had the words God, Honour, Homeland on our banners and we must not change that. An alliance with the Labour Union is an attack on our identity." Another split was on social issues, as the Labour Union was socially liberal and anti-clerical, whereas all other parties in the coalition (PSL, Samoobrona and KPEiR) were strongly supportive of the Catholic Church and
624:) combined with feminist and anti-capitalist phraseology. To appeal to rural and poor voters, the coalition also stood out by the colloquial manners of its campaign, with one of its two main slogans being "Balcerowicz — dud of the year". Ultimately, Social Alliance sought to emphasize the agrarian character of PSL and Samoobrona, while presenting a syncretic social outlook that combined rural traditionalism and Catholicism with some progressive stances.
402:, also ran on its lists. In its manifesto, Przymierze Społeczne declared: 'Nothing will change in Poland if we do not counter the successive varieties of post-Solidarity and post-communist liberalism with an alliance of working people.' Labour Union leader Marek Pol indicated that the coalition aimed to represent, among others, those impoverished by capitalist transformation. Media polls at the time gave the coalition 8% support.
337:. The party represented the "independent left" that challenged the anti-communist and pro-communist dichotomy of Polish politics while maintaining a strongly leftist profile inspired by pre-WW2 socialist and agrarian movements. It protested against the capitalist reforms carried out in Poland such as austerity, criticizing them for creating massive wealth inequality. Nevertheless, the coalition cooperated with the post-communist
1363:
562:
365:. Nevertheless, the coalition is credited with successfully challenging the dichotomy of 1990s Polish politics, and became an inspiration for similar coalition concepts, such as the "Workers' and Peasants' Alliance" between Polish Socialist Party and Samoobrona, or an 'All-Agrarian Coalition' composed of Polish People's Party, Samoobrona and rural trade unions.
628:
coalition portrayed the neoliberal and capitalist reforms carried out by previous governments as a heartless, pragmatic, pro-Western policy, with no regard for the ordinary people. The advertisements of the coalition were full of sentimentalism and presented idyllic, rural settings; however, it stopped short of showing nostalgia for the communist
414:. The agreement only concerned elections at the provincial level, but the local branches of the respective parties were advised to form similar alliances at the county and municipal levels. The coalition ran in the elections under the slogan "Together we can do it". The coalition members' conflicting stances on the
460:
provinces with the social-democratic SLD and in one province with the conservative AWS. The coalition, although it achieved moderate success, was criticised by PSL politicians from the national-radical wing. Disappointment was expressed by the Labour Union, which argued against deepening cooperation with the PSL.
463:
Social
Alliance was an unprecedented case of the PSL working together with much more radical Self-Defence, and there was speculation at the time about the possibility of a permanent alliance being formed on its basis, which in the long term could lead to the full unification of political structures
639:
of
Samoobrona. Samoobrona, a far-left socialist grouping, was strongly critical of Labour Union shortly before forming the coalition, denouncing it as "pure water liberals" pretending to be "defenders of working people". Meanwhile, the Polish People's Party faced rebellion from its nationalist and
611:
The coalition heavily utilized endorsements of agrarian trade unions, which was made easy with the presence of both PSL and
Samoobrona in the coalition. In its campaign, Social Alliance noted the disparity between the claims of continuous growth and development by neoliberal parties and the actual
596:
of
Samoobrona, and democratic, heavily welfare-oriented socialism of KPEiR. The overarching goal of the coalition was to establish a third force that would arise above the seemingly impenetrable dichotomy of post-communist SLD and anti-communist AWS. The main electorate of the coalition were to be
515:
Social
Alliance was considered a failed project for Labour Union, despite the satisfactory performance of the alliance. In December 1998, the Labour Union lost nine prominent politicians who deserted the party, who claimed that the Labour Union wants to compete with the Polish Socialist Party and
459:
After the elections, the PS declared an equal distance from AWS and SLD, claiming that it would not decide top-down who would be its coalition partner in local government. However, in most assemblies the
Alliance entered into a coalition with the SLD. The coalition established cooperation in nine
405:
Marek Pol argued that the formation of the coalition was necessary because the electoral law that was being prepared clearly favoured large groupings (i.e. the SLD and AWS), and according to
Kalinowski of the PSL, one of the Social Alliance's main goals was to oppose the division of the political
445:
for the PSL, UP and the KPEiR combined. The press emphasised that it was mainly PSL that benefited from the coalition, while for the Labour Union, participation in the electoral bloc meant defeat. The coalition won a total of 4583 councillor seats out of a total of 63,765. It won 89 provincial
627:
The statements of the Social Alliance politicians were strongly emotive. With slogans such as "Together we can do it", "Serve no foreigners" and "Balcerowicz — dud of the year", it sought to evoke among their, largely poor, voters a sense of "ours", familiarity and emotional connectivity. The
348:
Despite ideological disputes between coalition members, in particular between the Eurosceptic Samoobrona and the pro-EU Labour Union, as well as funding gap, the Social Alliance was well-received and achieved a good result. With its anti-capitalist program, the coalition obtained 89 seats in
450:
was elected to the regional assembly of Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship from the PS list. In the assembly elections, the coalition came third behind AWS and SLD (and slightly ahead of UW) with a total of 12.04% of the vote. PS recorded the highest support, above 20%, in the Lubelskie and
437:
noted that Labour Union had been more supportive of agricultural protests as well as the economic proposals of the Polish People's Party and Samoobrona rather than its fellow social-democratic Democratic Left Alliance, thus acquiring a populist, agrarian image on its own.
615:
To accommodate all members of the coalition and carve out a unique identity that would set it apart from the two main forces competing in the election, Social Alliance presented an agricultural, rural ethos personified with the chant "Nation, Tradition, Land"
490:
The formation of Social Alliance and successful performance deepened ties between Samoobrona and the Polish People's Party, and led to their cooperation until the mid-2000s. Both parties coordinated their actions against the centre-right government of
499:
agreement with it, displaying its post-communist alignment by supporting the cabinet's proposals to significantly limit the Lustration Act (which excluded former communist public servants from public offices), defund the anti-communist
1310:
421:
In a pre-election CBOS poll, every second PSL supporter and a third of UP supporters declared support for the coalition. Amongst the more exotic candidates of the coalition where those of Samoobrona as well as the trade union
504:, and preserve the special privileges for the officers of the Communist Poland. This informal cooperation of Samoobrona with fellow left-wing parties was called "Self-Defence of Democratic Left” (
36:
2317:
1326:
2339:
2297:
1005:
Pellen, Cédric (2009). "Les manifestations paysannes polonaises de 1998-1999: Politisation, médiatisation et personnalisation d'une mobilisation contestataire".
1989:
2866:
2861:
2792:
2332:
1348:
406:
scene into post-Communist and post-Solidarity groupings and to establish an alternative for those who did not want to cast their votes for either the
2876:
2797:
2302:
2471:
2443:
2327:
1908:
2881:
2611:
635:
However, there were clear ideological clashes between the coalition members on other matters. Labour Union was pro-European and protested the
2454:
446:
assembly councillor seats out of a total of 855. The Alliance won seats in all sejmiks; these were won mainly by representatives of the PSL.
1356:
2307:
1918:
1040:
Drozd-Piasecka, Mirosława (2001). "Andrzej Lepper - chłopski przywódca charyzmatyczny? Wizerunek medialny przewodniczącego „Samoobrony"".
2815:
2678:
2514:
2486:
1943:
597:
Polish farmers and rural population, as well as the "losers" of neoliberal reforms that transitioned Poland to a capitalist economy -
2846:
2429:
2067:
1963:
395:
326:
180:
632:, given the Social Alliance's goal to present itself as the 'independent left' above the post-communist and anti-communist divide.
916:
2631:
2503:
2377:
471:. Samoobrona was a radical far-left agrarian socialist and Catholic socialist force that became a refugee for dissident wings of
2841:
2668:
2034:
1864:
1766:
1759:
1523:
1341:
391:
330:
185:
604:
Social Alliance protested the neoliberal reforms and austerity measures implemented in Poland after the downfall of communist
576:
The coalition was a combination of left-wing parties, and was staunchly left-wing in its program and outlook. It combined the
2601:
2178:
1923:
964:
854:
799:
669:
2564:
2856:
2851:
2579:
2520:
2498:
2460:
2364:
2158:
2098:
1357:
289:
483:, there emerged a project of a "Workers' and Peasants' Alliance" combining Samoobrona and the Polish Socialist Party of
2621:
2173:
2116:
1257:
480:
468:
442:
430:
362:
2871:
2723:
2508:
2393:
2359:
2322:
2275:
2263:
2209:
2014:
1778:
1542:
1403:
1334:
501:
407:
338:
203:
2703:
2388:
2072:
957:
Partie lewicy i centrolewicy w polskim systemie partyjnym: Aktywność SLD, PSL i UP na polskiej scenie politycznej
847:
Partie lewicy i centrolewicy w polskim systemie partyjnym: Aktywność SLD, PSL i UP na polskiej scenie politycznej
792:
Partie lewicy i centrolewicy w polskim systemie partyjnym: Aktywność SLD, PSL i UP na polskiej scenie politycznej
715:
662:
Partie lewicy i centrolewicy w polskim systemie partyjnym: Aktywność SLD, PSL i UP na polskiej scenie politycznej
472:
423:
1092:
980:
2088:
2062:
1876:
1846:
829:
399:
334:
190:
2616:
2241:
2019:
2728:
2683:
2544:
2466:
2236:
2056:
1968:
1933:
119:
429:
On the electoral lists of the Social Alliance, Samoobrona presented nearly 120 candidates, mostly for the
2739:
2626:
2591:
2538:
2423:
2203:
1994:
1886:
1856:
1648:
629:
605:
545:
411:
379:
361:
councillor seats. Despite its success, the coalition was short-lived and was dissolved on the day of the
310:
1984:
1181:
1068:
2492:
2285:
2258:
2253:
2192:
2044:
2029:
1974:
1530:
211:
879:
2653:
2606:
2525:
2436:
2246:
2168:
2136:
1958:
1903:
2755:
2745:
2476:
2383:
1893:
1794:
1712:
1636:
1598:
1505:
1434:
1421:
383:
314:
170:
2760:
2733:
2718:
2574:
2481:
2370:
2224:
2050:
441:
According to 1998 statistics, 450,000 fewer votes were cast for the Social Alliance than in the
2698:
2663:
2648:
2636:
2554:
2312:
2280:
2219:
1928:
1679:
931:
342:
207:
1216:(in Polish) (Dissertation ed.). Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. p. 73.
824:. SSEES Occasional Papers. London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies. p. 247.
479:
and also Maoists, with Polish Maoist groups being supportive of the party. Shortly before the
57:
2713:
2708:
2569:
2559:
2231:
2197:
2078:
1953:
1948:
1737:
1685:
1573:
1384:
1273:
641:
496:
387:
322:
175:
2766:
2531:
2269:
2214:
2039:
1938:
1209:
1088:
589:
733:
8:
2418:
2083:
2024:
2009:
1979:
1703:
1446:
1228:
1156:
760:
636:
294:
2820:
2750:
2673:
2585:
1851:
1787:
1623:
935:
593:
476:
350:
284:
157:
152:
137:
132:
884:"Populiści w poszukiwaniu tożsamości – ideologiczne inspiracje Samoobrony (1991–2007)"
741:
67:
2131:
1816:
1809:
1772:
1725:
1667:
1660:
1642:
1536:
1511:
1477:
1470:
1440:
1288:
1253:
1049:
1022:
960:
850:
825:
795:
665:
467:
The coalition is credited with contributing to Samoobrona's rise to relevance in the
101:
2688:
2449:
1881:
1870:
1840:
1750:
1586:
1564:
1498:
1397:
1014:
895:
598:
585:
259:
142:
2810:
2803:
2596:
2126:
1744:
1611:
1580:
1458:
1391:
617:
505:
484:
267:
248:
35:
2093:
2549:
2413:
1719:
1605:
1428:
1409:
447:
415:
127:
72:
2835:
2772:
2291:
1999:
1913:
1898:
1673:
1483:
1292:
1053:
1026:
794:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 156.
664:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 150.
2693:
2186:
1154:
959:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 86.
849:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 89.
62:
900:
883:
2004:
1800:
1630:
1550:
1491:
1018:
577:
492:
1311:"Perswazja - wartości - wybór. O języku kampanii samorządowej 1998 roku"
1120:, Akademia Humanistyczna im. Aleksandra Gieysztora, Pułtusk 2007, p. 505
819:
1129:
1118:
Dzieje partii i stronnictw chłopskich w Europie. W podzielonej Europie
2163:
318:
224:
1274:"Wybierzmy ludzi mądrych: Przymierze Społeczne szansą dla młodzieży"
1452:
1073:
927:
581:
434:
2658:
378:
The coalition was officially formed on 27 June 1998, before the
1362:
1233:
1155:
Maciej Łuczak; Ryszard Kamiński; Jacek Szczęsny (16 May 1999).
354:
1247:
358:
231:
2115:
768:(in Polish). Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. pp. 146–147.
1375:
1143:
System polityczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Praca zbiorowa
313:. Formed on 27 June 1998, the Social Alliance included the
2318:
Polish Socialist Party – Freedom, Equality, Independence
2788:
italic font – electoral alliances and/or popular fronts
2340:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
1358:
Political parties and political associations in Poland
398:(KPEiR). Representatives of other formations, such as
1145:, Biuro Doradztwa Ekologicznego, Warszawa 2001, p. 55
817:
1990:Organisation of the Polish Nation – Polish League
1250:Populist Political Parties in East-Central Europe
1208:
1087:
2833:
2472:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
2328:Polish Socialist Party of the Prussian Partition
1909:Christian Democracy of the Third Polish Republic
1204:
1202:
924:Local Governments in Central and Eastern Europe
762:Koalicje polityczne w Polsce w latach 1991-2011
2333:Polish Socialist Party – Revolutionary Faction
1039:
818:Zarycki, Tomasz; Kolankiewicz, George (2003).
1342:
1199:
1081:
382:planned for the autumn. It consisted of the
2867:Defunct social democratic parties in Poland
2862:Defunct political party alliances in Poland
1944:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
878:
309:was an electoral coalition created for the
2807:****: not currently registered as a party
2612:Movement for the Republic – Patriotic Camp
1349:
1335:
1214:Samoobrona RP w polskim systemie partyjnym
950:
948:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
34:
2455:Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
2444:Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland"
2068:Social Movement of the Republic of Poland
1964:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
1919:Edward Gierek's Economic Revival Movement
1252:. Masaryk University Press. p. 182.
1229:"Rewolwerowiec. Benefis Andrzeja Leppera"
1226:
954:
899:
844:
813:
811:
789:
659:
396:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
327:National Party of Retirees and Pensioners
2877:Political parties disestablished in 2001
2487:Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action
1248:Vlastimil Havlik; Anete Pinkova (2012).
914:
754:
752:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
2679:Polish Confederation – Dignity and Work
2632:Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms
2515:Democratic Left Alliance – Labour Union
2378:Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth
2303:Polish People's Party "Nowe Wyzwolenie"
1304:
1302:
1227:Grabowski, Krzysztof (16 August 1998).
1066:
945:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
772:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
2834:
2035:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
1004:
981:"Samorządowa koalicja PSL, UP i KPEiR"
808:
758:
392:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
331:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland
321:-oriented party partners, such as the
2882:Political parties established in 1998
2602:Movement for Reconstruction of Poland
2430:Agreement for the Future – CenterLeft
2179:Communist Party of Western Belorussia
1924:Farmers from the Baltic to the Tatras
1330:
749:
713:
1308:
1299:
1067:Janicki, Mariusz (9 February 2002).
863:
678:
373:
2580:League of the Right of the Republic
2499:Confederation of Independent Poland
2365:Confederation of Independent Poland
745:(in Polish) (167): 1. 20 June 1998.
519:
13:
2308:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
2174:Communist Party of Western Ukraine
1320:(in Polish) (5). Bydgoszcz: 28–39.
821:Regional Issues in Polish Politics
481:2001 Polish parliamentary election
469:2001 Polish parliamentary election
443:1997 Polish parliamentary election
431:West Pomeranian Voivodeship Sejmik
418:proved problematic for the party.
363:2001 Polish parliamentary election
14:
2893:
2724:Self-Defence of the Polish Nation
2545:Feminist Initiative/Women's Party
2360:Communist Party of Poland (Mijal)
2276:Polish Christian Democratic Party
2210:Christian Union of National Unity
2015:Polish Party of Animal Protection
1779:Confederation of the Polish Crown
1543:Confederation of the Polish Crown
584:of the UP that was split between
502:Institute of National Remembrance
2847:2001 disestablishments in Poland
1361:
1309:Moch, Michał Aleksander (2001).
561:
560:
510:Samoobrona Lewicy Demokratycznej
2704:Polish Labour Party - August 80
2521:Democratic Party – demokraci.pl
2461:Centre Agreement – Polish Union
2169:Communist Party of Poland (KPP)
1287:(2157): 17. 28 September 1998.
1266:
1241:
1220:
1174:
1148:
1135:
1123:
1110:
1060:
1033:
1013:(86). De Boeck Supérieur: 184.
998:
973:
714:Syska, Michał (5 August 2019).
2264:Polish-Catholic People's Party
908:
838:
726:
653:
335:Alliance of Democrats (Poland)
1:
2842:1998 establishments in Poland
2323:Polish Socialist Party – Left
2313:Polish Socialist Party (1892)
2298:Polish People's Party "Piast"
2242:National Radical Camp Falanga
647:
451:Świętokrzyskie voivodeships.
16:Political party in Poland
2729:Self-Defence Social Movement
2389:Polish United Workers' Party
2237:National Radical Camp (1934)
2057:Silesian Separatist Movement
1969:National Radical Camp (1993)
1934:First Self-Governance League
1188:(in Polish). 31 October 1998
1182:"Równy dystans do AWS i SLD"
917:"Local Government in Poland"
473:Polish United Workers' Party
454:
7:
2740:Solidarity Electoral Action
2627:National Self-Defence Front
2622:National Party "Fatherland"
2592:Liberal Democratic Congress
2504:Conservative People's Party
2424:Alternative Social Movement
1887:Union of Christian Families
1857:Agreement (political party)
1649:Union of European Democrats
955:Sieklucki, Dominik (2007).
845:Sieklucki, Dominik (2007).
790:Sieklucki, Dominik (2007).
660:Sieklucki, Dominik (2007).
571:
412:Solidarity Electoral Action
380:1998 Polish local elections
311:1998 Polish local elections
10:
2898:
2857:Agrarian socialist parties
2852:Agrarian parties in Poland
2669:People's National Movement
2493:Coalition for the Republic
2045:Silesian Autonomy Movement
2030:Right Wing of the Republic
1975:National Revival of Poland
915:Kowalczy, Andrzej (2000).
368:
2816:List of political parties
2785:
2684:Polish Beer-Lovers' Party
2607:Movement for the Republic
2437:Catholic Electoral Action
2406:
2352:
2247:National Radical Camp ABC
2149:
2108:
1959:League of Polish Families
1828:
1700:
1560:
1371:
987:(in Polish). 29 June 1998
934:: 218–254. Archived from
280:
237:
217:
199:
163:
151:
118:
107:
97:
89:
81:
50:
42:
33:
21:
2509:Democratic Left Alliance
2477:Christian National Union
1985:Bezpartyjni Samorządowcy
1894:United Beyond Boundaries
630:Polish People's Republic
606:Polish People's Republic
408:Democratic Left Alliance
339:Democratic Left Alliance
204:Democratic Left Alliance
2761:Third Republic Movement
2734:Social Justice Movement
2575:League and Self-Defense
2482:Christian-Peasant Party
2371:Front of National Unity
2259:National Workers' Party
2254:National People's Union
2159:Catholic People's Party
2051:Silesian Regional Party
1141:Halina Lisicka (red.),
1116:Józef Ryszard Szaflik,
1093:"Ciasto czteropartyjne"
716:"„Razem możemy więcej""
622:Naród, Tradycja, Ziemia
317:along with its smaller
153:Political position
2699:Polish Reason of State
2649:Patriotic Self-Defence
2220:Popular National Union
2020:Polish Communist Party
1829:Other existing parties
1680:Polish Socialist Party
932:Open Society Institute
759:Tyrała, Marek (2014).
621:
509:
343:Polish Socialist Party
272:Balcerowicz－bubel roku
271:
252:
208:Polish Socialist Party
2872:Polish People's Party
2709:Polish National Party
2617:National Party (1989)
2570:Labour Party (Poland)
2560:Initiative for Poland
2394:United People's Party
2384:Polish Workers' Party
2232:National Radical Camp
2198:Labour Faction (1937)
2063:Socialist Alternative
1949:Kashubian Association
1847:Alliance of Democrats
1795:Polish People's Party
1637:Polish People's Party
1506:Polish People's Party
1237:(in Polish) (33): 23.
901:10.19195/prt.2023.2.2
880:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław
642:Political Catholicism
497:confidence and supply
400:Alliance of Democrats
384:Polish People's Party
315:Polish People's Party
243:Together we can do it
191:Alliance of Democrats
171:Polish People's Party
2270:Polish Catholic Bloc
2215:Camp of Great Poland
2040:Self-Defence Rebirth
1939:Freedom and Equality
1132:, nr 1, 2007, p. 147
1091:(19 December 1998).
1019:10.3917/pox.086.0167
888:Praktyka Teoretyczna
590:democratic socialism
27:Przymierze Społeczne
2664:Peasants' Agreement
2467:Christian Democracy
2419:Alliance for Poland
2084:There is One Poland
2025:Real Politics Union
2010:Polish Pirate Party
1980:New Democracy - Yes
1833:political movements
1704:European Parliament
1464:Independents (15)**
637:hard Euroscepticism
477:national communists
353:(12,04%) and 4,583
351:voivodeship sejmiks
333:and few members of
58:Jarosław Kalinowski
2821:Politics of Poland
2751:The Poor of Poland
2674:Poland Comes First
2586:Left and Democrats
2539:European Coalition
2204:National Democracy
2089:Workers' Democracy
1852:Silesians Together
1701:Represented in the
1624:Third Way (Poland)
1517:Independent (1)***
720:Krytyka Polityczna
594:agrarian socialism
537:overall seats won
285:Politics of Poland
138:Agrarian socialism
133:Anti-neoliberalism
2829:
2828:
2781:
2780:
2402:
2401:
2348:
2347:
2145:
2144:
2117:Polish–Lithuanian
1726:Polish Initiative
1643:Centre for Poland
1531:National Movement
1512:Centre for Poland
1441:Polish Initiative
1318:Poradnik Językowy
1210:Mateusz Piskorski
1089:Janina Paradowska
1042:Etnografia Polska
966:978-83-233-2241-2
856:978-83-233-2241-2
801:978-83-233-2241-2
671:978-83-233-2241-2
569:
568:
374:The 1998 election
303:
302:
290:Political parties
275:
256:
93:23 September 2001
2889:
2793:Zbigniew Ajchler
2689:Poland Fair Play
2654:Party of Regions
2526:Democratic Union
2450:Centre Agreement
2404:
2403:
2350:
2349:
2193:Labor Party (PP)
2147:
2146:
2113:
2112:
1904:Civic Initiative
1882:Party of Drivers
1871:All-Polish Youth
1841:Polish Coalition
1731:Independents (3)
1693:Independents (4)
1617:Independents (4)
1592:Independents (4)
1587:Sovereign Poland
1499:Polish Coalition
1415:Independent (2)*
1398:Sovereign Poland
1366:
1365:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
977:
971:
970:
952:
943:
942:
940:
921:
912:
906:
905:
903:
876:
861:
860:
842:
836:
835:
815:
806:
805:
787:
770:
769:
767:
756:
747:
746:
738:
734:"Trójprzymierze"
730:
724:
723:
711:
676:
675:
657:
599:Balcerowicz Plan
586:social democracy
564:
563:
556:
524:
523:
520:Election results
512:) by the media.
276:
265:
246:
230:
223:
143:Social democracy
111:
38:
19:
18:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2811:Portal:Politics
2806:
2804:Marek Biernacki
2801:
2798:Piotr Adamowicz
2795:
2790:
2777:
2756:The Republicans
2643:Social Alliance
2597:Libertas Poland
2398:
2344:
2151:
2141:
2127:Patriotic Party
2118:
2109:Defunct parties
2104:
2099:German Minority
1995:Peasants' Party
1877:National League
1832:
1830:
1824:
1745:Law and Justice
1713:Civic Coalition
1702:
1696:
1654:Independent (1)
1612:Yes! For Poland
1599:Civic Coalition
1581:Law and Justice
1562:
1556:
1459:Yes! For Poland
1422:Civic Coalition
1392:Law and Justice
1373:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1281:Życie Bytomskie
1276:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1246:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1164:
1157:"Prawo Leppera"
1153:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1069:"Mniejszy brat"
1065:
1061:
1038:
1034:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
967:
953:
946:
938:
919:
913:
909:
877:
864:
857:
843:
839:
832:
816:
809:
802:
788:
773:
765:
757:
750:
736:
732:
731:
727:
712:
679:
672:
658:
654:
650:
574:
557:
554:
536:
531:
522:
485:Piotr Ikonowicz
457:
376:
371:
341:as well as the
307:Social Alliance
299:
264:
257:
253:Razem damy radę
245:
241:
228:
227:
221:
212:Solidarność '80
210:
206:
195:
147:
109:
77:
68:Tomasz Mamiński
29:
28:
25:
24:Social Alliance
17:
12:
11:
5:
2895:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Right Alliance
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Forward Poland
2547:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Ancestral Home
2410:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2286:People's Party
2283:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:National Party
2222:
2217:
2212:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2152:inter-war eras
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:Hetmans' Party
2129:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:Civic Platform
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:Civic Platform
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1569:
1567:
1561:Represented in
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1429:Civic Platform
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:Polish Affairs
1407:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1372:Represented in
1369:
1368:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1298:
1265:
1259:978-8021061057
1258:
1240:
1219:
1198:
1186:archiwum.rp.pl
1173:
1147:
1134:
1122:
1109:
1080:
1059:
1048:(1–2): 54–55.
1032:
997:
985:archiwum.rp.pl
972:
965:
944:
941:on 2011-07-21.
907:
862:
855:
837:
830:
807:
800:
771:
748:
725:
677:
670:
651:
649:
646:
573:
570:
567:
566:
558:
553:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
533:
528:
527:Election year
521:
518:
456:
453:
448:Andrzej Lepper
424:Solidarity '80
416:European Union
394:(SPR) and the
375:
372:
370:
367:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
239:
235:
234:
219:
215:
214:
201:
197:
196:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
167:
165:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
128:Anti-austerity
124:
122:
116:
115:
112:
105:
104:
102:Słupsk, Poland
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
76:
75:
73:Andrzej Lepper
70:
65:
60:
54:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
26:
23:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2773:Your Movement
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Initiative RP
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Freedom Union
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:Communist era
2351:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:Polish Centre
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Peasant Party
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2138:
2137:Familia Party
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Piast Faction
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Common Powiat
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Better Poland
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:Confederation
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1767:Confederation
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1760:Confederation
1757:
1752:
1751:United Poland
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:Left Together
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1524:Confederation
1521:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1484:Left Together
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
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41:
37:
32:
20:
2787:
2765:
2738:
2714:Reason Party
2694:Polish Union
2642:
2641:
2584:
2537:
2530:
2513:
2491:
2459:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2376:
2369:
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2268:
2202:
2187:Front Morges
2185:
2119:Commonwealth
2079:Slavic Union
1954:Labour Party
1863:
1839:
1808:
1786:
1758:
1738:United Right
1736:
1711:
1686:Labour Union
1659:
1622:
1597:
1574:United Right
1572:
1522:
1497:
1469:
1420:
1385:United Right
1383:
1317:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1249:
1243:
1232:
1222:
1213:
1190:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1160:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1101:. Retrieved
1096:
1083:
1077:(in Polish).
1072:
1062:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1010:
1007:Dans Politix
1006:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
984:
975:
956:
936:the original
923:
910:
894:(2): 54–55.
891:
887:
846:
840:
820:
791:
761:
742:Głos Pomorza
740:
728:
722:(in Polish).
719:
661:
655:
634:
626:
614:
610:
603:
580:of the PSL,
575:
514:
489:
466:
462:
458:
440:
428:
420:
404:
388:Labour Union
377:
347:
323:Labour Union
306:
304:
266:
258:
247:
242:
176:Labour Union
98:Headquarters
85:27 June 1998
43:Abbreviation
2767:United Left
2532:Europa Plus
2150:Pre-war and
2005:Polish Left
1801:Poland 2050
1631:Poland 2050
1492:Poland 2050
1163:(in Polish)
1099:(in Polish)
1097:polityka.pl
578:agrarianism
493:Jerzy Buzek
386:(PSL), the
349:provincial
262:－year's dud
260:Balcerowicz
108:Membership
2836:Categories
2407:Modern era
2094:Freedomers
2073:Solidarity
1447:The Greens
1192:2022-02-10
1167:2022-02-10
1103:2022-02-10
991:2022-02-10
831:0903425718
648:References
592:, radical
550:15.1 (#3)
475:, such as
186:Samoobrona
2164:Centrolew
1788:Third Way
1453:AGROunion
1293:0239-2941
1161:wprost.pl
1054:0071-1861
1027:0295-2319
455:Aftermath
295:Elections
225:Navy blue
158:Left-wing
90:Dissolved
63:Marek Pol
2800:et al.,
1817:New Left
1810:The Left
1773:New Hope
1668:New Left
1661:The Left
1551:Kukiz'15
1537:New Hope
1478:New Left
1471:The Left
1404:Renew RP
1212:(2010).
1074:Polityka
928:Budapest
882:(2023).
582:laborism
572:Ideology
555:89 / 855
435:Polityka
120:Ideology
2659:Party X
1929:Falanga
410:or the
369:History
164:Members
82:Founded
51:Leaders
2746:Spring
1565:Senate
1435:Modern
1425:(157)
1388:(191)
1291:
1256:
1234:Wprost
1052:
1025:
963:
853:
828:
798:
668:
618:Polish
506:Polish
390:(UP),
355:powiat
329:, the
325:, the
268:Polish
249:Polish
238:Slogan
229:
222:
218:Colors
200:Allies
114:65,000
110:(1998)
2802:***:
1741:(20)
1716:(21)
1627:(12)
1602:(41)
1577:(34)
1527:(18)
1502:(32)
1474:(26)
1431:(127)
1394:(165)
1314:(PDF)
1277:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
920:(PDF)
766:(PDF)
737:(PDF)
532:vote
359:gmina
232:Green
181:KPEiR
2796:**:
2637:Now!
2101:****
1813:(3)
1791:(3)
1763:(6)
1747:(18)
1722:(17)
1664:(9)
1608:(36)
1583:(29)
1563:the
1508:(28)
1494:(33)
1480:(19)
1400:(18)
1376:Sejm
1374:the
1289:ISSN
1254:ISBN
1130:Dziś
1050:ISSN
1023:ISSN
961:ISBN
851:ISBN
826:ISBN
796:ISBN
666:ISBN
588:and
546:1998
540:+/–
535:# of
530:% of
357:and
319:left
305:The
2791:*:
1831:and
1819:(3)
1803:(1)
1797:(2)
1781:(1)
1775:(2)
1769:(3)
1753:(2)
1728:(1)
1688:(1)
1682:(1)
1676:(2)
1670:(5)
1651:(1)
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1633:(5)
1614:(1)
1589:(1)
1553:(3)
1545:(3)
1539:(8)
1533:(6)
1514:(3)
1486:(7)
1461:(1)
1455:(1)
1449:(3)
1443:(4)
1437:(6)
1412:(1)
1406:(5)
1015:doi
896:doi
565:89
2838::
1316:.
1301:^
1285:39
1279:.
1231:.
1201:^
1184:.
1159:.
1095:.
1071:.
1046:45
1021:.
1011:22
983:.
947:^
930::
926:.
922:.
892:48
886:.
865:^
810:^
774:^
751:^
739:.
718:.
680:^
644:.
620::
601:.
508::
345:.
270::
251::
46:PS
2075:*
2059:*
2053:*
2047:*
1971:*
1873:*
1350:e
1343:t
1336:v
1295:.
1262:.
1195:.
1170:.
1106:.
1056:.
1029:.
1017::
994:.
969:.
904:.
898::
859:.
834:.
804:.
674:.
616:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
