437:. In their final report – which at the request of the coroner was neither made public nor made available to Emmanuel's family – the IPCC concluded that there was no evidence justifying the pressing of criminal charges against any of the four officers present at the house during the raid. In the IPCC statement following the inquest – which returned a verdict of suicide – it was stated that there was neither criminal conduct by officers, nor individual failings by officers that might amount to misconduct. Nonetheless, the report also pointed out flaws in the police raid and called on the
444:
However, Emmanuel's family raised concerns about the investigation, claiming that the IPCC "had let down" and that many "unanswered questions" remained. The conditions surrounding his death and the subsequent investigation were also questioned by members of the general public, his death often being
253:
Emmanuel had chart success with his next single, "Police
Officer", released towards the end of 1984. This was the supposedly autobiographical tale of how Emmanuel was arrested for the possession of cannabis, but then let off in return for an autograph when the policeman recognised him as a famous
961:
Martin, Gavin (2002) "The word on The
Streets ; Mike Skinner used to sell fast food, but his debut album, Original Pirate Material, looks set to catapult him to the top of the Britrap scene. Gavin Martin meets the 22-year-old live wire and hails the current explosion of home-grown rappers",
181:
of the 1980s. He died on 15 March 2011, aged 48, during a police raid on his home. An inquest found that his death was a suicide. Campaigners and his family have expressed scepticism about the official verdict and the police version of events.
241:
in which white South
Londoners would adopt many terms of black origin. The song's lyric was later used in schools as an example of how immigration has affected the English language. Smiley Culture popularised the "fast chat" style of
198:. His "Smiley" nickname was gained due to his method of chatting up girls at school – he would ask them for a smile. Prior to his recording career he worked as a DJ with many of London's reggae
30:
1025:
634:
264:. The record, although humorous, did have a serious aspect, in that it highlighted the way black people are unfairly treated by the police. He recorded a session for
1410:
1430:
1200:
254:
reggae artist. In spite of the subject matter – and possibly because mid-1980s radio station bosses in the UK did not understand the terms "ganja" and "
374:
that after his career in music he began investing in diamond mining, and by 2010 had gold and diamond mine concessions in several countries including
1415:
1405:
177:
known for his "fast chat" style. During a relatively brief period of fame and success, he produced two of the most critically acclaimed reggae
1048:
445:
considered in the context of police brutality and other black people dying in police custody. A study into the causes and consequences of the
615:
1420:
1268:
430:
revealed that he had died from a single stab wound to the heart. He is survived by his mother, son, daughter, sister and three brothers.
1111:
1022:
1222:
434:
319:, and the accompanying single "Schooltime Chronicle" – did not replicate the chart success of "Police Officer". He also hosted the
1201:"A year after his death during a police raid at his Surrey home, we commemorate Smiley Culture | The Multicultural Politic"
638:
258:" – the single was a Top 20 hit, selling 160,000 copies, and earned Emmanuel two appearances on BBC's flagship music programme,
418:
On 15 March 2011, Emmanuel died from a self-inflicted stab wound, while the police were searching his house on
Hillbury Road
1295:
867:
825:
804:
567:
459:, identified Emmanuel's death, perceived by some as a prominent case of police abuse, as a contributing factor to the riots.
221:, his first single "Cockney Translation" (1984) was a Jamaican's guide to the East End dialect: "Cockneys have names like
1241:
288:
in early 1985. The success of "Police
Officer" prompted a re-release of "Cockney Translation". It picked up considerable
1322:
351:, the latter describing him as a "Britrap pioneer". "Cockney Translation" was one of the choices of novelist and poet
1425:
1379:
1162:
907:
846:
742:
1450:
391:
250:, and was developed further by British toasters, particularly those on the Saxon sound system such as Peter King.
1455:
1003:
562:
1445:
1182:
238:
946:
Martin, Gavin (2001) "And this is really Neat; Garage heroes DJ Luck and MC Neat clean up in the charts",
438:
686:
595:
450:
229:/We have names like Winston, Lloyd and Leroy". The song mixed cockney dialect with London's version of
203:
496:
446:
337:
332:
791:
Hewitt, Roger: "Language, Youth and the
Destabilisation of Ethnicity" (1992), in Harris, Roxy &
557:
1034:
199:
1435:
613:
1226:
1223:"IPCC statement following inquest into death of David Emmanuel, also known as Smiley Culture"
1440:
1400:
343:
Culture has been identified as a major influence by later black
British musicians such as
237:
has often cited this song in his writings, arguing that it presaged the creation of a new
8:
880:
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361:
344:
222:
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system, where he met and worked with a number of other reggae artists, including
190:
Emmanuel was raised in
Stockwell, south London, the son of a Jamaican father and
143:
660:
423:
336:. He also featured in a television advertising campaign for online accounts by
234:
178:
1394:
885:
698:
352:
293:
278:
1242:"Smiley Culture's death in police raid does not justify charges, IPCC rules"
1183:"Smiley Culture's death in police raid does not justify charges, IPCC rules"
978:
402:
After being arrested in July 2010, he was charged with conspiracy to supply
296:
and sold over 40,000 copies in total, but only reached the lower end of the
1167:
1008:
948:
792:
600:
455:
410:
Magistrates' Court in London. His trial was due to begin on 21 March 2011.
370:
348:
57:
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422:, Surrey. His death came an hour and a half after officers arrived with a
356:
269:
265:
247:
207:
29:
419:
255:
211:
76:
1374:(19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 129.
1163:
Smiley
Culture died from single stab wound to heart, postmortem finds
320:
115:
1112:"Reggae star Smiley Culture 'stabs himself to death' in police raid"
755:
1068:"Reggae star Smiley Culture didn't stab himself during police raid"
1269:"Deaths in police custody cut deep in the psyche of black Britons"
687:"Smiley Culture's death: 'I don't believe my dad ended his life'"
477:
427:
407:
403:
383:
305:
226:
147:
1363:
1296:"Let there be justice for those who have died in police custody"
919:
Steckles, Gary (1985) "Sunsplash to offer spectacular reggae",
635:"Jury returns suicide verdict at Smiley Culture inquest – News"
379:
191:
170:
111:
1004:
From pop star to chiropractor: musicians' post-musical careers
441:
to improve the planning and execution of their drug seizures.
387:
375:
526:"Cockney Translation" (re-issue) (1985), Fashion – UK No. 71
1323:"English riots were 'a sort of revenge' against the police"
778:
513:"Cockney Translation" (1984), Arthur Daley International/
284:
272:
show in
December 1984, and was featured on the covers of
426:
relating to the import of Class A drugs into the UK. A
330:
In 1986, Emmanuel made a cameo appearance in the film
1086:"Smiley Culture death: No crime committed, says IPCC"
1134:"Reggae star Smiley Culture dies during police raid"
165:(10 February 1963 – 15 March 2011), better known as
979:"BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs - Michael Rosen"
860:Cut 'n' Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music
529:"Schooltime Chronicle" (1986), Polydor – UK No. 59
246:that had originated with Jamaican deejays such as
1392:
217:Signed to the London-based reggae record label
1411:Deaths in police custody in the United Kingdom
315:, but his work for them – including the album
1320:
1038:, 28 September 2010, retrieved 15 March 2011
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
535:"So What" (1986), Boiling Point – promo only
453:in collaboration with the British newspaper
1239:
818:Sounds English: Transnational Popular Music
684:
629:
627:
1431:Singers from the London Borough of Lambeth
1349:"Official Charts Company – Smiley Culture"
1293:
1266:
1225:. Ipcc.gov.uk. 2 July 2013. Archived from
300:. His success led to an appearance at the
28:
837:Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004)
685:McConnachie, Shanice (2 September 2011).
579:
1171:, 17 March 2011, retrieved 17 March 2011
1057:, 16 March 2011, retrieved 18 March 2011
1023:Smiley Culture star charged over cocaine
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
624:
604:, 15 March 2011, retrieved 16 March 2011
435:Independent Police Complaints Commission
1416:20th-century Black British male singers
1406:Suicides by sharp instrument in England
1369:
1157:
1155:
996:
852:
797:The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader
1393:
892:
831:
810:
785:
776:O'Hagan, Sean (1985) "1st Offender",
770:
748:
712:
661:"SMILEY CULTURE | THE 4FRONT PROJECT"
568:List of performers on Top of the Pops
406:, and on 28 September he appeared at
1180:
1152:
311:After this he signed to major label
96:Singer, deejay, television presenter
839:The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.
519:"Police Officer" (1984), Fashion –
13:
1421:English people of Jamaican descent
538:"Noff Personality" (1986), Culture
433:His death was investigated by the
14:
1467:
1321:Raekha Prasad (5 December 2011).
1181:Hill, Amelia (29 November 2011).
735:The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae
544:"Can't Stop the Rap" (1990), SBK/
1372:British Hit Singles & Albums
1240:Amelia Hill (29 November 2011).
1049:Music Obituaries: Smiley Culture
820:, University of Illinois Press,
1341:
1314:
1287:
1267:Lee Jasper (15 December 2011).
1260:
1233:
1215:
1193:
1174:
1126:
1104:
1078:
1060:
1041:
1015:
971:
955:
940:
928:
913:
873:
563:List of Polydor Records artists
532:"Mr. Kidnapper" (1986), Polydor
233:, translating between the two.
1294:Nina Power (28 October 2011).
1203:. Tmponline.org. 15 March 2012
678:
653:
607:
462:
1:
573:
185:
7:
782:, 2 February 1985, p. 10-11
637:. London 24. Archived from
551:
483:The Original Smiley Culture
439:Metropolitan Police Service
194:mother. He was educated at
10:
1472:
1012:, 24 September 2010, p. 18
952:, 21 September 2001, p. 18
507:
451:London School of Economics
204:Saxon Studio International
889:, retrieved 15 March 2011
497:The Rough Guide to Reggae
467:
447:2011 United Kingdom riots
397:
153:
139:
129:
121:
107:
100:
92:
84:
65:
39:
34:Mid-1980s publicity photo
27:
20:
1426:English reggae musicians
558:List of reggae musicians
413:
1451:Capitol Records artists
1370:Roberts, David (2006).
1035:London Evening Standard
937:, 1987, volume 5, p. 26
758:. tulsehillschool.co.uk
756:"tulsehillschool.co.uk"
596:Smiley Culture obituary
428:post-mortem examination
368:In 2010, Emmanuel told
1456:British reggae singers
1028:7 October 2010 at the
1002:Simpson, Dave (2010) "
968:, 15 March 2002, p. 13
925:, 30 May 1985, p. C-16
816:Zuberi, Nabeel (2001)
594:Simpson, Dave (2011) "
202:, most often with the
135:Late 1970s–early 1990s
1446:People from Stockwell
1161:Hill, Amelia (2011) "
858:Hebdige, Dick (1987)
733:Larkin, Colin (1998)
163:David Victor Emmanuel
44:David Victor Emmanuel
355:when he appeared on
898:Garner, Ken (1993)
541:"TV Lover", Senator
502:World Music Network
490:Contributing artist
362:Desert Island Discs
345:DJ Luck and MC Neat
88:Suicide by stabbing
85:Cause of death
1092:. 29 November 2011
900:In Session Tonight
618:7 May 2006 at the
333:Absolute Beginners
327:in 1986 and 1987.
868:978-0-415-05875-9
826:978-0-252-02620-1
805:978-0-415-27602-3
641:on 20 August 2014
485:(1986), Top Notch
196:Tulse Hill School
160:
159:
79:, Surrey, England
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841:, Rough Guides,
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829:
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737:, Virgin Books,
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323:television show
302:Reggae Sunsplash
298:UK Singles Chart
210:, Papa Levi and
169:, was a British
132:
72:
54:10 February 1963
53:
51:
32:
18:
17:
1471:
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1251:
1249:
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1234:
1229:on 7 July 2013.
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1199:
1198:
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1179:
1175:
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1153:
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1141:
1140:. 15 March 2011
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1083:
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1054:Daily Telegraph
1046:
1042:
1030:Wayback Machine
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965:The Independent
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620:Wayback Machine
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510:
474:Tongue in Cheek
470:
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317:Tongue in Cheek
261:Top of the Pops
231:Jamaican patois
219:Fashion Records
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1074:. 2 July 2013.
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881:Smiley Culture
879:Kliment, Bud "
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424:search warrant
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235:Simon Reynolds
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167:Smiley Culture
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155:Musical artist
154:
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102:Musical career
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73:(aged 48)
67:
63:
62:
56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
33:
25:
24:
22:Smiley Culture
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:2011 suicides
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1381:1-904994-10-5
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1114:. Metro.co.uk
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943:
936:
935:Banking World
931:
924:
923:
916:
909:
908:0-563-36452-1
905:
902:, BBC Books,
901:
895:
888:
887:
886:Trouser Press
882:
876:
869:
865:
862:, Routledge,
861:
855:
848:
847:1-84353-329-4
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806:
802:
799:, Routledge,
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743:0-7535-0242-9
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239:hybrid accent
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200:sound systems
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93:Occupation(s)
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69:15 March 2011
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1371:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1351:. Archive.is
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:The Guardian
1326:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:The Guardian
1299:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:The Guardian
1272:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:The Guardian
1245:
1235:
1227:the original
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1187:The Guardian
1186:
1176:
1168:The Guardian
1166:
1142:. Retrieved
1137:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1043:
1033:
1017:
1009:The Guardian
1007:
998:
986:. Retrieved
982:
973:
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949:Daily Mirror
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833:
817:
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796:
793:Rampton, Ben
787:
777:
772:
760:. Retrieved
750:
734:
702:. Retrieved
691:The Guardian
690:
680:
668:. Retrieved
664:
655:
643:. Retrieved
639:the original
609:
601:The Guardian
599:
495:
482:
473:
456:The Guardian
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371:The Guardian
369:
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349:Roots Manuva
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304:festival in
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259:
252:
223:Terry, Arfur
216:
189:
166:
162:
161:
131:Years active
101:
71:(2011-03-15)
58:South London
15:
1441:2011 deaths
1401:1963 births
463:Discography
357:BBC Radio 4
270:BBC Radio 1
266:Janice Long
248:Ranking Joe
208:Maxi Priest
173:singer and
1395:Categories
1333:26 January
1306:26 January
1279:26 January
574:References
420:Warlingham
390:, and the
282:, and the
256:sinsemilla
212:Tippa Irie
122:Instrument
77:Warlingham
50:1963-02-10
1355:19 August
1252:8 January
1207:19 August
1189:. London.
1096:19 August
762:19 August
704:11 August
699:0261-3077
670:11 August
645:19 August
340:in 1986.
321:Channel 4
308:in 1985.
244:deejaying
186:Biography
116:dancehall
60:, England
1329:. London
1302:. London
1275:. London
1248:. London
1144:15 March
1138:BBC News
1118:16 March
1090:BBC News
1072:BBC News
1026:Archived
910:, p. 294
870:, p. 142
849:, p. 401
828:, p. 135
807:, p. 194
745:, p. 276
616:Archived
552:See also
500:(1997),
476:(1986),
325:Club Mix
192:Guyanese
988:10 June
795:(2003)
546:Capitol
515:Fashion
508:Singles
478:Polydor
408:Croydon
404:cocaine
384:Liberia
338:NatWest
313:Polydor
306:Jamaica
290:airplay
227:Del Boy
179:singles
148:Polydor
144:Fashion
1378:
906:
866:
845:
824:
803:
741:
697:
665:4FRONT
523:No. 12
468:Albums
398:Arrest
380:Uganda
347:, and
274:Echoes
171:reggae
140:Labels
125:Vocals
112:Reggae
108:Genres
414:Death
392:Congo
388:Kenya
376:Ghana
1376:ISBN
1357:2014
1335:2012
1308:2012
1281:2012
1254:2012
1209:2014
1146:2011
1120:2011
1098:2014
990:2024
904:ISBN
864:ISBN
843:ISBN
822:ISBN
801:ISBN
764:2014
739:ISBN
706:2023
695:ISSN
672:2023
647:2014
225:and
66:Died
40:Born
1165:",
1051:",
1032:",
1006:",
983:BBC
883:",
779:NME
598:",
359:'s
292:on
285:NME
268:'s
1397::
1325:.
1298:.
1271:.
1244:.
1185:.
1154:^
1136:.
1088:.
1070:.
981:.
714:^
693:.
689:.
663:.
626:^
581:^
521:UK
394:.
386:,
382:,
378:,
365:.
276:,
214:.
175:DJ
146:,
114:,
1384:.
1359:.
1337:.
1310:.
1283:.
1256:.
1211:.
1148:.
1122:.
1100:.
1047:"
1021:"
992:.
766:.
708:.
674:.
649:.
52:)
48:(
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