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The term smart product can be confusing as it is used to cover a broad range of different products, ranging from smart home appliances (e.g., smart bathroom scales or smart light bulbs) to smart cars (e.g., Tesla). While these products share certain similarities, they often differ substantially in
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technologies, for instance, are used to ground digital representations, which are used to track and geo-reference physical entities. In general, physical worlds and digital representations become tightly interconnected, so that manipulations in either would have effect on the other.
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developed a conceptual framework that distinguishes different smart products based on their capabilities, which features 4 types of smart product archetypes (in ascending order of "smartness")
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are specializations of hybrid products with physical realizations of product categories and digital product descriptions that provide the following characteristics:
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models. As Fano and
Gershman state: "Technology enables service providers to make the location of their customers the location of their business".
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technologies allow for creating a digital representation of almost any physical entity and its parameters over time at any place.
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Integration of information and communication technologies into products anywhere and anytime enable new forms of
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Fano, A.E.; Gershman, A. (2002). "The future of business services in the age of ubiquitous computing".
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Since smart products combine a physical product with additional services, they are a form of
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The vision of smart products poses questions relevant to various research areas, including
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Location aware: considering functional performing and restricted location choice
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Adaptive: change according to buyer's and consumer's responses and tasks
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Pro-active: attempt to anticipate buyer's and consumer's plans and
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112:: recognition and processing of situational and community contexts
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Raff, Stefan; Wentzel, Daniel; Obwegeser, Nikolaus (2020-08-20).
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Business aware: considering business and legal constraints
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in respect to situated marketing communication, dynamic
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Network capable: ability to communicate and bundle (
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