568:
3111:'s report of 1889: "In the former Chinese occupation the Kuen-Lun Mountains (that is the branch of them over which are the Kilian and Sanju Passes) were always recognised as the frontier, and the country to the south belonged to no one in particular. When the Chinese revolt took place and they were driven from Yarkand, the Kashmir State sent a detachment of troops to Shahidullah and built a fort there. Yakub Beg when he came into power at Yarkand sent some troops, who built a fort at Ali Nazar on the Karakash River at the junction of the roads from the Kilian and Sanju Passes. Shortly afterwards the Kashmiris evacuated the Shahidullah fort after occupying it for about three years, and the Andijanis then took possession of it and occupied it till Yakub Beg's death."
1810:, on the McMahon line. Flares launched by Indian troops the next day revealed numerous Chinese milling around the valley. The Indians tried to use their mortars against the Chinese but the PLA responded by lighting a bush fire, causing confusion among the Indians. Some 400 PLA troops attacked the Indian position. The initial Chinese assault was halted by accurate Indian mortar fire. The Chinese were then reinforced and launched a second assault. The Indians managed to hold them back for four hours, but the Chinese used weight of numbers to break through. Most Indian forces were withdrawn to established positions in Walong, while a company supported by mortars and medium machine guns remained to cover the retreat.
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Conference advanced the argument that the era of classical colonialism is gone and dead...contrary to facts." This was a distortion of Nehru's remarks but appeared close enough to be credible. On the same day, Chen Yi referred to Nehru by implication at the
Bulgarian embassy reception: "Those who attempted to deny history, ignore reality, and distort the truth and who attempted to divert the Conference from its important object have failed to gain support and were isolated." On 10 September, they dropped all circumlocutions and criticised him by name in a China Youth article and NCNA report—the first time in almost two years that they had commented extensively on the Prime Minister.
3095:, p. 48, 83: An India Office (London) memorandum in 1893 stated: "Shahidulla has hitherto been regarded as the frontier post on the road from Leh to Yarkand. Lord Kimberley the secretary of state would suggest that the Chinese Government at Peking ... should be intimated...that the Indian authorities, acting on behalf of the Kashmir State, will gladly co-operate with the Chinese authorities in Kashgaria in determining the frontier on the road from Leh to Kashgar. Her Majesty’s Government would, however, demur to any attempt being made by the Kashgarian officials to fix the boundary of the Ladakh State on this road without their previous concurrence being obtained."
1607:
by the Cuban
Missile Crisis and would not interfere with the Sino-Indian War. P. B. Sinha suggests that China waited until October to attack because the timing of the war was exactly in parallel with American actions so as to avoid any chance of American or Soviet involvement. Although American buildup of forces around Cuba occurred on the same day as the first major clash at Dhola Post, and China's buildup between 10 and 20 October appeared to coincide exactly with the United States establishment of a blockade against Cuba which began 20 October, the Chinese probably prepared for this before they could anticipate what would happen in Cuba.
1599:
were perceived as having the objective of restoring the pre-1949 status quo ante of Tibet". The other was "a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian aggression against
Chinese territory along the border". John W. Garver argues that the first perception was incorrect based on the state of the Indian military and polity in the 1960s. It was, nevertheless a major reason for China's going to war. He argues that while the Chinese perception of Indian border actions were "substantially accurate", Chinese perceptions of the supposed Indian policy towards Tibet were "substantially inaccurate".
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2061:. This was further triggered by Mao's statement that: "the way to world conquest lies through Havana, Accra and Calcutta". The United States was unequivocal in its recognition of the Indian boundary claims in the eastern sector, while not supporting the claims of either side in the western sector. Britain, on the other hand, agreed with the Indian position completely, with the foreign secretary stating, 'we have taken the view of the government of India on the present frontiers and the disputed territories belong to India.'
720:
1039:, which the Chinese governments regarded as still part of China. Later the Chinese extended their influence by building a road in 1956–67 and placing border posts in Aksai Chin. India protested against these moves and decided to look for a diplomatic solution to ensure a stable Sino-Indian border. To resolve any doubts about the Indian position, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared in parliament that India regarded the McMahon Line as its official border. The Chinese expressed no concern at this statement.
1967:
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response to Indian outposts encircling
Chinese positions, Chinese forces would build more outposts to counter-encircle these Indian positions. This pattern of encirclement and counter-encirclement resulted in an interlocking, chessboard-like deployment of Chinese and Indian forces. Despite the leapfrogging encirclements by both sides, no hostile fire occurred from either side as troops from both sides were under orders to fire only in defense. On the situation, Mao commented,
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Indians to leave their trenches. The
Chinese overwhelmed the Indian troops in a series of flanking manoeuvres south of the McMahon Line and prompted their withdrawal from Namka Chu. Fearful of continued losses, Indian troops retreated into Bhutan. Chinese forces respected the border and did not pursue. Chinese forces now held all of the territory that was under dispute at the time of the Thagla Ridge confrontation, but they continued to advance into the rest of NEFA.
2032:
7 November 1959. In the eastern sector, although the
Chinese frontier guards have so far been fighting on Chinese territory north of the traditional customary line, they are prepared to withdraw from their present positions to the north of the illegal McMahon Line, and to withdraw twenty kilometres (12 miles) back from that line. In the middle and western sectors, the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw twenty kilometres (12 miles) from the line of actual control.
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4318:: ".. with the growth of commercial interests (mainly tea plantation and Umber), in the second half of the nineteenth century, the British Government became apprehensive of uncontrolled expansion of commercial activities by British merchants, because that could bring them into conflict with the tribal people. To prevent that possibility, the government decided, in 1873, to draw a line—the 'Inner Line'—that could not be crossed without a proper permit."
1483:
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be cleared by anyone from their own territory ... If there are still some maniacs who are reckless enough to ignore our well-intentioned advice and insist on having another try, well, let them do so. History will pronounce its inexorable verdict ... At this critical moment ... we still want to appeal once more to Mr. Nehru: better rein in at the edge of the precipice and do not use the lives of Indian troops as stakes in your gamble."
3134:, which was theoretically a vassal state of both China and Kashmir. In 1890, the British invaded Hunza and replaced its ruler, and the Chinese remonstrated. The British wanted the Chinese to cede their suzerainty over Hunza and yet grant rights to cultivate lands outside its boundary. In return for this largesse, they were prepared to cede the Aksai Chin plains, but not Lingzi Tang plains, to China. Scholar Parshotam Mehra has termed it a 'barter'.
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erected for many of the Indian troops who died in the war. Arguably, the main lesson India learned from the war was the need to strengthen its own defences and a shift from Nehru's foreign policy with China based on his stated concept of "brotherhood". Because of India's inability to anticipate
Chinese aggression, Nehru faced harsh criticism from government officials, for having promoted pacifist relations with China. Indian President
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NEFA. Adhering to his stated position, Nehru believed that China did not have a legitimate claim over either of these territories, and thus was not ready to concede them. This adamant stance was perceived in China as Indian opposition to
Chinese rule in Tibet. Nehru declined to conduct any negotiations on the boundary until Chinese troops withdrew from Aksai Chin, a position supported by the international community.
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1732:, reported that PLA intelligence units had determined that Indian units might assault Chinese positions at Thagla Ridge on 10 October (Operation Leghorn). The Chinese leadership and the Central Military Council decided upon war to launch a large-scale attack to punish perceived military aggression from India. In Beijing, a larger meeting of Chinese military was convened in order to plan for the coming conflict.
1557:, assigned some troops to secure regions south of the Thagla Ridge. Kaul decided to first secure Yumtso La, a strategically important position, before re-entering the lost Dhola Post. Kaul had then realised that the attack would be desperate and the Indian government tried to stop an escalation into all-out war. Indian troops marching to Thagla Ridge had suffered in the previously unexperienced conditions; two
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second assault. In the second
Chinese assault, the Indians began their retreat, realising the situation was hopeless. The Indian patrol suffered 25 casualties and the Chinese 33. The Chinese troops held their fire as the Indians retreated, and then buried the Indian dead with military honours, as witnessed by the retreating soldiers. This was the first occurrence of heavy fighting in the war.
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and actions as clear signs that Nehru wanted to talk only about a
Chinese withdrawal. Regarding the hope, they were willing to negotiate and tried to prod Nehru into a similar attitude. Regarding Indian intentions, they began to act politically and to build a rationale based on the assumption that Nehru already had become a lackey of imperialism; for this reason he opposed border talks.
2334:, where they were held for years without trial. The last internees were not released until 1967. Thousands more Chinese-Indians were forcibly deported or coerced to leave India. Nearly all internees had their properties sold off or looted. Even after their release, the Chinese Indians faced many restrictions in their freedom. They could not travel freely until the mid-1990s.
1603:
punish the Indians for trying to take that ground". In general terms, they tried to show the Indians once and for all that China would not acquiesce in a military "reoccupation" policy. Secondary reasons for the attack were to damage Nehru's prestige by exposing Indian weakness and to expose as traitorous Khrushchev's policy of supporting Nehru against a Communist country.
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international alignments; by asking for help during the war, India demonstrated its willingness to accept military aid from several sectors. And, finally, India recognised the serious weaknesses in its army. It would more than double its military manpower in the next two years and it would work hard to resolve the military's training and logistic problems to later become
1622:', causing fear of invasion from Taiwan among Chinese Communist leadership and the shift of concern to the Southeast. Reluctant to divert resources to the hostitlies in the Himalayas, Chinese leadership thought a two-front war undesirable. From July on, after receiving American assurances that KMT government would not invade, China began to focus on the Indian border.
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occupied by the Andijani (Kokandi) troops of the late Amir Yakub Beg. In 1873–74 Sir D. Forsyth recognised the Amir’s ownership, and recommended the Maharaja’s boundary to be drawn to the north of the Karakash valley as shown in the map accompanying the mission report. This I believe has never been accepted by Kashmir, and the boundary has been left an open question."
2163:, while remaining formally neutral, made a major effort to render military assistance to India, especially with the sale of advanced MiG warplanes. The U.S. and Britain refused to sell these advanced weapons so India turned to the USSR. India and the USSR reached an agreement in August 1962 (before the Cuban Missile Crisis) for the immediate purchase of twelve
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forces to cross via one of five bridges over the river and defended those crossings. The PLA bypassed the defenders by fording the river, which was shallow at that time of year, instead. They formed up into battalions on the Indian-held south side of the river under cover of darkness, with each battalion assigned against a separate group of Rajputs.
2179:, says: "I think Mao created the Sino-Indian conflict precisely in order to draw the Soviet Union into it. He wanted to put us in the position of having to no choice but to support him. He wanted to be the one who decided what we should do. But Mao made a mistake in thinking we would agree to sacrifice our independence in foreign policy."
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humans "to attribute others' behavior to interior motivations, while attributing their own behavior to situational factors". Studies from China published in the 1990s confirmed that the root cause for China going to war with India was the perceived Indian aggression in Tibet, with the forward policy simply catalysing the Chinese reaction.
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and he resigned from the Survey. Others state that Johnson's bold explorations were highly commended, and he was rehired a year later at a higher salary. The "invitation" from the Khotanese ruler was likely a forcible removal, and the ruler was merely seeking British help in warding off Yakub Beg and the Russian Empire.
1702:, gives an account of the Chinese leadership's decision to go to war. By late September 1962, the Chinese leadership had begun to reconsider their policy of "armed coexistence", which had failed to address their concerns with the forward policy and Tibet, and consider a large, decisive strike. On 22 September 1962, the
972:, which stipulated that neither party was to negotiate with Tibet "except through the intermediary of the Chinese government". The British and Russians cancelled the 1907 agreement by joint consent in 1921. It was not until the late 1930s that the British started to use the McMahon Line on official maps of the region.
2011:, who had been instrumental in the first battle of Rezang La. The Indian troops were forced to withdraw to high mountain positions. Indian sources believed that their troops were just coming to grips with the mountain combat and finally called for more troops. The Chinese declared a ceasefire, ending the bloodshed.
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troops were ordered to "expel the Chinese" from Thagla Ridge, Maj. General J. S. Dhillon expressed the opinion that "experience in Ladakh had shown that a few rounds fired at the Chinese would cause them to run away." Because of this, the Indian Army was completely unprepared when the attack at Yumtso La occurred.
2322:, permitting the "apprehension and detention in custody of any person of being of hostile origin." The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname, Chinese ancestry or a Chinese spouse. The Indian government incarcerated thousands of Chinese-Indians in an
1203:, although it was assessed as being a feasible way to counter the unfavourable ratio of Chinese to Indian troops. In June, a skirmish caused the deaths of dozens of Chinese troops. The Indian Intelligence Bureau received information about a Chinese buildup along the border which could be a precursor to war.
847:, the British had used as many as 11 different boundary lines in the region, as their claims shifted with the political situation. From 1917 to 1933, the "Postal Atlas of China", published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line, which runs along the
1894:
Neither side declared war, used their air force, or fully broke off diplomatic relations, but the conflict is commonly referred to as a war. This war coincided with the Cuban Missile Crisis and was viewed by the western nations at the time as another act of aggression by the Communist bloc. According
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Nehru's 27 October reply expressed interest in the restoration of peace and friendly relations and suggested a return to the "boundary prior to 8 September 1962". He was categorically concerned about a mutual 20 kilometres (12 mi) withdrawal after "40 or 60 kilometres (25 or 40 miles) of blatant
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Mao and the Chinese leadership issued a directive laying out the objectives for the war. A main assault would be launched in the eastern sector, which would be coordinated with a smaller assault in the western sector. All Indian troops within China's claimed territories in the eastern sector would be
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to the Indian Union. Although this action met little to no international protest or opposition, China saw it as an example of India's expansionist nature, especially in light of heated rhetoric from Indian politicians. India's Home Minister declared, "If the Chinese will not vacate the areas occupied
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Chinese policy toward India, therefore, operated on two seemingly contradictory assumptions in the first half of 1961. On the one hand, the Chinese leaders continued to entertain a hope, although a shrinking one, that some opening for talks would appear. On the other hand, they read Indian statements
1625:
Garver argues that the Chinese correctly assessed Indian border policies, particularly the Forward Policy, as attempts for incremental seizure of Chinese-controlled territory. On Tibet, Garver argues that one of the major factors leading to China's decision for war with India was a common tendency of
1602:
The CIA's declassified POLO documents reveal contemporary American analysis of Chinese motives during the war. According to this document, "Chinese apparently were motivated to attack by one primary consideration — their determination to retain the ground on which PLA forces stood in 1962 and to
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Two of the major factors leading up to China's eventual conflicts with Indian troops were India's stance on the disputed borders and perceived Indian subversion in Tibet. There was "a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian efforts to undermine Chinese control of Tibet, Indian efforts which
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who commanded the forces at Thagla Ridge, were also concerned that the territory they were fighting for was not strictly territory that "we should have been convinced was ours". According to Neville Maxwell, even members of the Indian defence ministry were categorically concerned with the validity of
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The operation to occupy Thagla Ridge was flawed in that Nehru's directives were unclear, delaying it. In addition, each man had to carry 35 kilograms (77 lb) over the long trek, greatly slowing the reaction. By the time the Indian battalion reached the point of conflict, Chinese units controlled
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Indian leaders believed, based on previous diplomacy, that the Chinese would not react with force. According to the Indian Official History, Indian posts and Chinese posts were separated by a narrow stretch of land. China had been steadily spreading into those lands and India reacted with the Forward
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By 1892, the British settled on the policy that their preferred boundary for Kashmir was the "Indus watershed", i.e., the water-parting from which waters flow into the Indus river system on one side and into the Tarim basin on the other. In the north, this water-parting was along the Karakoram range.
3120:
Some commentators state that Johnson's work was "severely criticised" as inaccurate. His boundary line was described as "patently absurd", and extending further north than the Indian claim. Johnson is said to have been reprimanded by the British Government for crossing into Khotan without permission
2495:
In 1993 and 1996, the two sides signed the Sino-Indian Bilateral Peace and Tranquility Accords, agreements to maintain peace and tranquility along the Line of Actual Control. Ten meetings of a Sino-Indian Joint Working Group (SIJWG) and five of an expert group have taken place to determine where the
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as it lacked the defence equipments to counter Chinese retaliation. Indians in general became highly sceptical of China and its military. Many Indians view the war as a betrayal of India's attempts at establishing a long-standing peace with China and started to question the once popular "Hindi-Chini
2077:
meeting, contingency planning on the part of the United States in the event of another Chinese attack on India was discussed and nuclear options were considered. After listening to advisers, Kennedy stated "We should defend India, and therefore we will defend India." By 1964, China had developed its
2031:
Beginning from 21 November 1962, the Chinese frontier guards will cease fire along the entire Sino-Indian border. Beginning from 1 December 1962, the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw to positions 20 kilometres (12 miles) behind the line of actual control which existed between China and India on
1864:
By 24 October, the PLA had entered territory previously administered by India to give the PRC a diplomatically strong position over India. The majority of Chinese forces had advanced 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of the control line prior to the conflict. Four days of fighting were followed by a
1844:
On the Aksai Chin front, China already controlled most of the disputed territory. Chinese forces quickly swept the region of any remaining Indian troops. Late on 19 October, Chinese troops launched a number of attacks throughout the western theatre. By 22 October, all posts north of Chushul had been
1798:
Chinese troops launched an attack on the southern banks of the Namka Chu River on 20 October. The Indian forces were undermanned, with only an understrength battalion to support them, while the Chinese troops had three regiments positioned on the north side of the river. The Indians expected Chinese
1765:
issued China's final warning to India: "So it seems that Mr. Nehru has made up his mind to attack the Chinese frontier guards on an even bigger scale. ... It is high time to shout to Mr. Nehru that the heroic Chinese troops, with the glorious tradition of resisting foreign aggression, can never
1694:
commented at one high-level meeting, "Nehru's forward policy is a knife. He wants to put it in our heart. We cannot close our eyes and await death." The Chinese leadership believed that their restraint on the issue was being perceived by India as weakness, leading to continued provocations, and that
1606:
Another factor which might have affected China's decision for war with India was a perceived need to stop a Soviet-U.S.-India encirclement and isolation of China. India's relations with the Soviet Union and United States were both strong at this time, but the Soviets (and Americans) were preoccupied
1572:
patrol of 50 troops to Yumtso La were met by an emplaced Chinese position of some 1,000 soldiers. Indian troops were in no position for battle, as Yumtso La was 16,000 feet (4,900 m) above sea level and Kaul did not plan on having artillery support for the troops. The Chinese troops opened fire
1225:
On 10 July 1962, 350 Chinese troops surrounded an Indian post in Chushul (north of the McMahon Line) but withdrew after a heated argument via loudspeaker. On 22 July, the Forward Policy was extended to allow Indian troops to push back Chinese troops already established in disputed territory. Whereas
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We are to patrol as far forward as possible from our present positions towards the International Border as recognized by us. This will be done with a view to establishing additional posts located to prevent the Chinese from advancing further and also to dominate any Chinese posts already established
1053:
In 1954, Nehru wrote a memo calling for India's borders to be clearly defined and demarcated; in line with previous Indian philosophy, Indian maps showed a border that, in some places, lay north of the McMahon Line. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, in November 1956, assured India that China had no claims
2499:
On 20 November 2006, Indian politicians from Arunachal Pradesh expressed their concern over Chinese military modernization and appealed to parliament to take a harder stance on the PRC following a military buildup on the border similar to that in 1962. Additionally, China's military aid to Pakistan
2118:
made clear to India that Indian troops could safely be transferred from the Pakistan frontier to the Himalayas. But, after the war, Pakistan improved its relations with China. It began border negotiations on 13 October 1962, concluding them in December. In 1963, the China-Pakistan Border Treaty was
2014:
Indian forces suffered heavy casualties, with dead Indian troops' bodies being found in the ice, frozen with weapons in hand. The Chinese forces also suffered heavy casualties, especially at Rezang La. This signalled the end of the war in Aksai Chin as China had reached their claim line – many
1990:
The Indians did not know what was happening, as communications were dead. As a patrol was sent, China attacked with greater numbers. Indian artillery could not hold off the superior Chinese forces. By 9:00 am, Chinese forces attacked Gurung Hill directly and Indian commanders withdrew from the area
1909:
After Zhou received Nehru's letter (rejecting Zhou's proposal), the fighting resumed on the eastern theatre on 14 November (Nehru's birthday), with an Indian attack on Walong, claimed by China, launched from the defensive position of Se La and inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese. The Chinese
1720:
The Indian side was confident war would not be triggered and made little preparations. India had only two divisions of troops in the region of the conflict. In August 1962, Brigadier D. K. Palit claimed that a war with China in the near future could be ruled out. Even in September 1962, when Indian
1584:
This attack had grave implications for India and Nehru tried to solve the issue, but by 18 October, it was clear that the Chinese were preparing for an attack, with a massive troop buildup. A long line of mules and porters had also been observed supporting the buildup and reinforcement of positions
1529:
valley, facing the southern slopes of Thagla Ridge. Clearly, the Dhola Post lay north of the map-marked McMahon Line which straight across Tsangdhar Range but south of Thagla Ridge along which India interpreted the McMahon Line to run. In August, China issued diplomatic protests and began occupying
1141:
In 1960, based on an agreement between Nehru and Zhou Enlai, officials from India and China held discussions in order to settle the boundary dispute. China and India disagreed on the major watershed that defined the boundary in the western sector. The Chinese statements with respect to their border
1132:
India produced numerous reports on the negotiations, and translated Chinese reports into English to help inform the international debate. China believed that India was simply securing its claim lines in order to continue its "grand plans in Tibet". India's stance that China withdraw from Aksai Chin
960:
According to later Indian claims, this border was intended to run through the highest ridges of the Himalayas, as the areas south of the Himalayas were traditionally Indian. The McMahon Line lay south of the boundary India claims. India's government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient
918:
official, which included the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet. In 1873, the British drew an "Inner Line" as an administrative line to inhibit their subjects from encroaching into the tribal territory within its control. The British boundary, also called the "Outer Line", was defined to mark the limits
870:
In 1956–57, China constructed a road through Aksai Chin, connecting Xinjiang and Tibet, which ran south of the Johnson Line in many places. Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese, but access from India, which meant negotiating the Karakoram mountains, was much more difficult. The road came
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in 1885: "He wants the Maharaja to re-occupy Shahidulla in the Karakash valley. Previous to the rebellions in Eastern Turkistan which broke up Chinese rule there in 1863, the Kashmiris had occupied Shahidulla for nearly 20 years. About 1865 they abandoned it, and in 1868 Shaw and Hayward found it
2295:
on the causes of the war and the reasons for failure. India's performance in high-altitude combat in 1962 led to an overhaul of the Indian Army in terms of doctrine, training, organisation and equipment. Neville Maxwell claimed that the Indian role in international affairs after the border war was
2276:
The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon, who resigned his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military. India's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self-sufficiency was thus cemented. Sensing a weakened army, Pakistan, a close
1816:
Over the following days, there were clashes between Indian and Chinese patrols at Walong as the Chinese rushed in reinforcements. On 25 October, the Chinese made a probe, which was met with resistance from the 4th Sikhs. The following day, a patrol from the 4th Sikhs was encircled, and after being
1226:
Indian troops were previously ordered to fire only in self-defence, all post commanders were now given discretion to open fire upon Chinese forces if threatened. In August, the Chinese military improved its combat readiness along the McMahon Line and began stockpiling ammunition, weapons and fuel.
1848:
On 20 October, the Chinese easily took the Chip Chap Valley and Pangong Lake. Many outposts and garrisons along the Western front were unable to defend against the surrounding Chinese troops. Most Indian troops positioned in these posts offered resistance but were either killed or taken prisoner.
1724:
Declassified CIA documents which were compiled at the time reveal that India's estimates of Chinese capabilities made them neglect their military in favour of economic growth. It is claimed that if a more military-minded man had been in place instead of Nehru, India would have been more likely to
1646:. What should we do? We can also set out a few pawns, on our side of the river. If they don't then cross over, that’s great. If they do cross, we'll eat them up . Of course, we cannot blindly eat them. Lack of forbearance in small matters upsets great plans. We must pay attention to the situation.
1580:
At this point, the Indian troops were in a position to push the Chinese back with mortar and machine gun fire. Brigadier Dalvi opted not to fire, as it would mean decimating the Rajput who were still in the area of the Chinese regrouping. They helplessly watched the Chinese ready themselves for a
1128:
As a consequence of their non-recognition of the McMahon Line, China's maps showed both the North East Frontier Area (NEFA) and Aksai Chin to be Chinese territory. In 1960, Zhou Enlai unofficially suggested that India drop its claims to Aksai Chin in return for a Chinese withdrawal of claims over
1049:
stated that he had no claims over Indian-controlled territory. He later argued that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction and that the McCartney-MacDonald Line was the line China could accept. Zhou later argued that as the boundary was undemarcated and had never been defined by treaty
2870:
The old soldier broke in. "All the time they were quarreling with us these last two years over the boundary lines, they were planning. 'Our line is five thousand years old,' we said. 'Ours is eight thousand,' they said. Bitterness on both sides! But we never thought then that they would attack."
2002:
At 6:55 am the sun rose and the Chinese attack on the 8th platoon began in waves. Fighting continued for the next hour, until the Chinese signaled that they had destroyed the 7th platoon. Indians tried to use light machine guns on the medium machine guns from the Chinese but after 10 minutes the
1886:
Facing Chinese forces maintaining themselves on Indian soil and trying to avoid political pressure, the Indian parliament announced a national emergency and passed a resolution which stated their intent to "drive out the aggressors from the sacred soil of India". The United States and the United
1658:
In September, the Chinese took a step toward criticising Nehru openly in their commentary. After citing Indonesian and Burmese press criticism of Nehru by name, the Chinese critiqued his moderate remarks on colonialism (People's Daily Editorial, 9 September): "Somebody at the Non-Aligned Nations
1160:
In the summer of 1961, China began patrolling along the McMahon Line. They entered parts of Indian administered regions and much angered the Indians in doing so. The Chinese, however, did not believe they were intruding upon Indian territory. In response the Indians launched a policy of creating
765:
was commissioned to survey the Aksai Chin region. While in the course of his work, he was "invited" by the Khotanese ruler to visit his capital. After returning, Johnson noted that Khotan's border was at Brinjga, in the Kunlun mountains, and the entire Karakash Valley was within the territory of
2299:
According to James Calvin, India gained many benefits from the 1962 conflict. This war united the country as never before. India got 32,000 square miles (8.3 million hectares, 83,000 km) of disputed territory even if it felt that NEFA was hers all along. The new Indian republic had avoided
2036:
Zhou had first given the ceasefire announcement to Indian chargé d'affaires on 19 November (before India's request for United States air support), but New Delhi did not receive it until 24 hours later. The aircraft carrier was ordered back after the ceasefire, and thus, American intervention on
1654:
Krishna Menon is reported to have said that when he arrived in Geneva on 6 June 1961 for an international conference in Laos, Chinese officials in Chen Yi's delegation indicated that Chen might be interested in discussing the border dispute with him. At several private meetings with Menon, Chen
987:
In the 1950s, India began patrolling the region. It found that, at multiple locations, the highest ridges actually fell north of the McMahon Line. Given India's historic position that the original intent of the line was to separate the two nations by the highest mountains in the world, in these
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2476:
was disappointed that Pakistan's decision not to take advantage of Indian vulnerabilities during its war with China was not rewarded with serious United States efforts in negotiations to settle the Kashmir dispute. Convinced that diplomatic solutions would not favor Pakistan, Pakistan launched
2238:
The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future, and placed pressure on Nehru, who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India. Indians reacted with a surge in patriotism and memorials were
2167:
as well as for Soviet technical assistance in the manufacture of these aircraft in India. According to P.R. Chari, "The intended Indian production of these relatively sophisticated aircraft could only have incensed Peking so soon after the withdrawal of Soviet technicians from China." In 1964,
1802:
At 5:14 am, Chinese mortar fire began attacking the Indian positions. Simultaneously, the Chinese cut the Indian telephone lines, preventing the defenders from making contact with their headquarters. At about 6:30 am, the Chinese infantry launched a surprise attack from the rear and forced the
1785:
On 20 October 1962, the PLA launched two attacks, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) apart. In the western theatre, the PLA sought to expel Indian forces from the Chip Chap valley in Aksai Chin while in the eastern theatre, the PLA sought to capture both banks of the Namka Chu river. Gurkha rifles
1633:
argue that the Chinese leadership believed they were defending territory that was legitimately Chinese, and which was already under de facto Chinese occupation prior to Indian advances, and regarded the Forward Policy as an Indian attempt at creeping annexation. Mao Zedong himself compared the
1533:
On 8 September, a 60-strong PLA unit descended to the south side of the ridge and occupied positions that dominated one of the Indian posts at Namka Chu. Fire was not exchanged, but Nehru told the media that the Indian Army had instructions to "free our territory" and the troops had been given
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The initial reaction of the Chinese forces was to withdraw when Indian outposts advanced towards them. However, this appeared to encourage the Indian forces to accelerate their Forward Policy even further. In response, the Central Military Commission adopted a policy of "armed coexistence". In
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to join the first route at Shahidulla. The Maharaja regarded Shahidulla as his northern outpost, in effect treating the Kunlun mountains as the boundary of his domains. His British suzerains were sceptical of such an extended boundary because Shahidulla was 79 miles (127 km) away from the
675:
region including Ladakh to the British, who then installed Gulab Singh as the Maharaja under their suzerainty. British commissioners contacted Chinese officials to negotiate the border, who did not show any interest. The British boundary commissioners fixed the southern end of the boundary at
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During the conflict, Nehru wrote two letters on 19 November 1962 to U.S. President Kennedy, asking for 12 squadrons of fighter jets and a modern radar system. These jets were seen as necessary to beef up Indian air strength so that air-to-air combat could be initiated safely from the Indian
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After realising the magnitude of the attack, the Indian Western Command withdrew many of the isolated outposts to the south-east. Daulet Beg Oldi was also evacuated, but it was south of the Chinese claim line and was not approached by Chinese forces. Indian troops were withdrawn in order to
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perspective. Bombing troops was seen as unwise for fear of Chinese retaliatory action. Nehru also asked that these aircraft be manned by American pilots until Indian airmen were trained to replace them. These requests were rejected by the Kennedy Administration, which was involved in the
1883:
military aggression". He wanted the creation of a larger immediate buffer zone and thus resist the possibility of a repeat offensive. Zhou's 4 November reply repeated his 1959 offer to return to the McMahon Line in NEFA and the Chinese traditionally claimed MacDonald Line in Aksai Chin.
2206:
Lora Saalman opined in a 2011 study of Chinese military publications, that while the war led to much blame, debates and acted as catalyst for the military modernisation of India, the war is now treated as basic reportage of facts with relatively diminished interest by Chinese analysts.
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avoided any discussion of the dispute and Menon surmised that the Chinese wanted him to broach the matter first. He did not, as he was under instructions from Nehru to avoid taking the initiative, leaving the Chinese with the impression that Nehru was unwilling to show any flexibility.
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Nehru wants to move forward and we won't let him. Originally, we tried to guard against this, but now it seems we cannot prevent it. If he wants to advance, we might as well adopt armed coexistence. You wave a gun, and I'll wave a gun. We'll stand face to face and can each practice our
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India's side in the war was avoided. Retreating Indian troops, who hadn't come into contact with anyone knowing of the ceasefire, and Chinese troops in NEFA and Aksai Chin, were involved in some minor battles, but for the most part, the ceasefire signalled an end to the fighting. The
1077:, Nehru's policy on Tibet was to create a strong Sino-Indian partnership which would be catalysed through agreement and compromise on Tibet. Garver believes that Nehru's previous actions had given him confidence that China would be ready to form an "Asian Axis" with India.
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After the Chinese reconquered Turkestan in 1878, renaming it Xinjiang, they again reverted to their traditional boundary. By now, the Russian Empire was entrenched in Central Asia, and the British were anxious to avoid a common border with the Russians. After creating the
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three-week lull. Zhou ordered the troops to stop advancing as he attempted to negotiate with Nehru. The Indian forces had retreated into more heavily fortified positions around Se La and Bomdi La which would be difficult to assault. Zhou sent Nehru a letter, proposing
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China took the position that the Tibetan government should not have been allowed to make such a treaty, rejecting Tibet's claims of independent rule. For its part, Tibet did not object to any section of the McMahon Line excepting the demarcation of the trading town of
2175:, "only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence." India's favored relationship with Moscow continued into the 1980s, but ended after the collapse of Soviet Communism in 1991. In his memoirs, the then Soviet leader,
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on 10 December 1962. The proposals stipulated a Chinese withdrawal of 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the customary lines without any reciprocal withdrawal on India's behalf. The failure of these six nations to unequivocally condemn China deeply disappointed India.
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Toward the end of the war India increased its support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries, some of them having settled in India, as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region. The Nehru administration ordered the raising of an elite Indian-trained
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also greatly reduced after the war and India's standing in the non-aligned movement suffered. The Indian government has attempted to keep the Hendersen-Brooks-Bhagat Report secret for decades, although portions of it have recently been leaked by Neville Maxwell.
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Indian support for these outposts was not forthcoming, as evidenced by the Galwan post, which had been surrounded by enemy forces in August, but no attempt made to relieve the besieged garrison. Following the 20 October attack, nothing was heard from Galwan.
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in 1949. One of the most basic policies for the new Indian government was that of maintaining cordial relations with China, reviving its ancient friendly ties. India was among the first nations to grant diplomatic recognition to the newly created PRC.
1740:, Nehru enjoyed international prestige, and China, with a larger military, would be portrayed as an aggressor. He said that a well-fought war "will guarantee at least thirty years of peace" with India, and determined the benefits to offset the costs.
984:, Tibetan officials were allowed to administer Tawang with complete authority. Due to the increased threat of Japanese and Chinese expansion during this period, British Indian troops secured the town as part of the defence of India's eastern border.
1054:
on Indian territory, although official Chinese maps showed 120,000 square kilometres (46,000 sq mi) of territory claimed by India as Chinese. They also allege that Zhou purposefully told Nehru that there were no border issues with India.
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Pakistan also shared a disputed boundary with China, and had proposed to India that the two countries adopt a common defence against "northern" enemies (i.e. China), which was rejected by India, citing nonalignment. In 1962, Pakistani president
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In October 2011, it was stated that India and China will formulate a border mechanism to handle different perceptions as to the Line of Actual Control and resume the bilateral army exercises between the Indian and Chinese army from early 2012.
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Most combat took place at high elevations. The Aksai Chin region is a desert of salt flats around 5,000 metres (16,000 feet) above sea level, and Arunachal Pradesh is mountainous with a number of peaks exceeding 7,000 metres (23,000 feet). The
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During June–July 1962, Indian military planners began advocating "probing actions" against the Chinese, and accordingly, moved mountain troops forward to cut off Chinese supply lines. According to Patterson, the Indian motives were threefold:
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of 1824–1826. In 1847, Major J. Jenkins, agent for the North East Frontier, reported that the Tawang was part of Tibet. In 1872, four monastic officials from Tibet arrived in Tawang and supervised a boundary settlement with Major R. Graham,
1978:
On the western theatre, PLA forces launched a heavy infantry attack on 18 November near Chushul. Their attack started at 4:35 am, despite a mist surrounding most of the areas in the region. At 5:45 the Chinese troops advanced to attack two
6836:
1998:
The Chinese had been simultaneously attacking Rezang La which was held by 123 Indian troops. At 5:05 am, Chinese troops launched their attack audaciously. Chinese medium machine gun fire pierced through the Indian tactical defences.
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to China in favour of a more southerly boundary along the Karakoram Range. The border treaty largely set the border along the MacCartney-Macdonald Line. India's military failure against China would embolden Pakistan to initiate the
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as the buffer in the northwest of Kashmir, they wanted the Chinese to fill out the "no man's land" between the Karakoram and Kunlun ranges. Under British (and possibly Russian) encouragement, the Chinese occupied the area up to the
567:
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The Chinese military action has been viewed by the United States as part of the PRC's policy of making use of aggressive wars to settle its border disputes and to distract both its own population and international opinion from its
2288:. The attack of 1965 was successfully stopped and ceasefire was negotiated under international pressure. In the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 India won a clear victory, resulting in liberation of Bangladesh (formerly East-Pakistan).
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in the eastern theatre. The conflict ended when China unilaterally declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, and simultaneously announced its withdrawal to its pre-war position, the effective China–India border (also known as the
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than in actually waging war. Menon's favouritism weakened the Indian Army, and national morale dimmed. The public saw the war as a political and military debacle. Though the demand to deploy air force was raised, American envoy
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The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region, the Macartney-MacDonald line, the Foreign Office Line, as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino-Indian
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in 1917 and the end of World War I in 1918, the British officially used the Johnson Line but had lost the urgency to enforce this boundary. They took no steps to establish outposts or assert control on the ground. According to
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By early 1962, the Chinese leadership began to believe that India's intentions were to launch a massive attack against Chinese troops, and that the Indian leadership wanted a war. In 1961, the Indian Army had been sent into
3699:, p. 57: "The southern frontier of Chinese Turkestan was similarly undefined... the Chinese 'considered the Kuen-lun mountains (i.e. the branch of them over which are the Kilian and Sanju passes) as their frontier'..."
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1683:. India will certainly drive out the Chinese forces", while another member of the Indian Congress Party pronounced, "India will take steps to end aggression on Indian soil just as it ended Portuguese aggression in Goa".
965:, and thus should be the modern boundaries of India, while it is the position of the Chinese government that the disputed area in the Himalayas have been geographically and culturally part of Tibet since ancient times.
867:, when the Indian government finally produced a report detailing the alleged proof of India's claims to the disputed area, "the quality of the Indian evidence was very poor, including some very dubious sources indeed".
3303:
956:
later objected to the proposed boundary and did not ratify it. McMahon decided to bypass the Chinese (although instructed not to by his superiors) and settle the border bilaterally by negotiating directly with Tibet.
858:, the British left the government of India with high ambiguity about the settled border to the North. The Indian government choose to lay claim to Aksai Chin after 1947. On 1 July 1954, India's first Prime Minister
2168:
further Indian requests for American jets were rejected. However, Moscow offered loans, low prices and technical help in upgrading India's armaments industry. By 1964, India was a major purchaser of Soviet arms.
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2015:
Indian troops were ordered to withdraw from the area. China claimed that the Indian troops wanted to fight on until the bitter end. The war ended with their withdrawal, so as to limit the number of casualties.
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definitively stated the Indian position, claiming that Aksai Chin had been part of the Indian Ladakh region for centuries, and that the border (as defined by the Johnson Line) was non-negotiable. According to
988:
locations India extended its forward posts northward to the ridges, regarding this move as compliant with the original border proposal, although the Simla Convention did not explicitly state this intention.
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bhai-bhai" (meaning "Indians and Chinese are brothers"). The war also put an end to Nehru's earlier hopes that India and China would form a strong Asian Axis to counteract the increasing influence of the
2234:
conferring at the time of the conflict. This photograph was taken by the United States Information Service (USIS) and sent to President John F. Kennedy with a letter from Galbraith dated 9 November 1962.
791:), including Shahidulla, by 1890. They also erected a boundary pillar at the Karakoram pass by about 1892. These efforts appear half-hearted. A map provided by Hung Ta-chen, a senior Chinese official at
613:
and by China to be part of Xinjiang, contains an important road link that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. China's construction of this road was one of the triggers of the conflict.
4338:: "The tribal peoples, notably the Abors, Daflas, Mishmis, Monpas, Akas and Miris, apart from some occasional episodes of subordination to Assam or Tibet, were for all practical purposes independent."
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to achieve decisive victory. On 16 October, this war plan was approved, and on the 18th, the final approval was given by the Politburo for a "self-defensive counter-attack", scheduled for 20 October.
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1944:, a major frontier town nearly 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the Assam-North-East Frontier Agency border. The local government ordered the evacuation of the civilians in Tezpur to the south of the
1773:
headed a group to determine the strategy for the war. He concluded that the opposing Indian troops were among India's best, and to achieve victory would require deploying crack troops and relying on
7989:
3827:, pp. 73, 78: "Clarke added that a Chinese map drawn by Hung Ta-chen, Minister in St. Petersburg, confirmed the Johnson alignment showing West Aksai Chin as within British (Kashmir) territory."
1107:
Border incidents continued through this period. In August 1959, the PLA took an Indian prisoner at Longju, which had an ambiguous position in the McMahon Line, and two months later in Aksai Chin, a
431:. Chinese military action grew increasingly aggressive after India rejected proposed Chinese diplomatic settlements throughout 1960–1962, with China resuming previously banned "forward patrols" in
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which were mostly removed by the British by 1910. Such aggression from the Chinese conveyed to the Colonial administration that the Tawang tract could serve as a route of invasion in the future.
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According to China's official military history, the war achieved China's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector, as China continued its de facto control of the Aksai Chin.
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1538:
both banks of the Namka Chu River. On 20 September, Chinese troops threw grenades at Indian troops and a firefight developed, triggering a long series of skirmishes for the rest of September.
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2243:
said that Nehru's government was naive and negligent about preparations, and Nehru admitted "We had been living in a world of our own making". According to Inder Malhotra, a former editor of
2057:
According to James Calvin, western nations at the time viewed China as an aggressor during the China–India border war, and saw the war as part of a monolithic communist objective for a world
3401:
1887:
Kingdom supported India's response. The Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis and did not offer the support it had provided in previous years. With the backing of other
8293:
2472:. The United States did not provide advance notice to Pakistan of the arms' shipment and ignored Pakistan's concerns that these arms might be used by India against Pakistan. Additionally,
2364:
India has also had some military conflicts with China after the 1962 war. In late 1967, there were two conflicts in which both countries clashed in Sikkim. These conflicts were dubbed the
2902:
has an account of the war and the predicament of the Indian government and the army in the face of the better-equipped and organised Chinese forces. The central character in the novel, a
561:, harsh conditions have caused more casualties than have enemy actions. The Sino-Indian War was no different, with many troops on both sides succumbing to the freezing cold temperatures.
742:
Chinese Turkestan regarded the "northern branch" of the Kunlun range with the Kilian and Sanju passes as its southern boundary. Thus the Maharaja's claim was uncontested. After the 1862
553:
had possession of one of the highest ridges in the regions. The high altitude and freezing conditions caused logistical and welfare difficulties. In past similar conflicts, such as the
439:, China abandoned all attempts towards a peaceful resolution on 20 October 1962, invading disputed territory along the 3,225-kilometre (2,004 mi) border in Ladakh and across the
459:, entailing large-scale combat at altitudes of over 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). Notably, the war took place entirely on land, without the use of naval or air assets by either side.
7943:, 1962. P.B. Sinha, A.A. Athale, with S.N. Prasad, chief editor, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India, 1992. — Official Indian history of the Sino-Indian War.
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3335:, pp. 340–341. The source says Indian wounded were 1,047 and attributes it to Indian Defence Ministry's 1965 report, but this report also included a lower estimate of killed.
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respectively, in which advancing Chinese forces were forced to withdraw from Sikkim, then a protectorate of India and later a state of India after its annexation in 1975. In the
1686:
By mid-1962, it was apparent to the Chinese leadership that negotiations had failed to make any progress, and the Forward Policy was increasingly perceived as a grave threat as
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1534:
discretion to use force. On 11 September, it was decided that "all forward posts and patrols were given permission to fire on any armed Chinese who entered Indian territory".
2003:
battle was over. Logistical inadequacy once again hurt the Indian troops. The Chinese gave the Indian troops a respectful military funeral. The battles also saw the death of
5399:"The Himalayan Border Crisis. – Chinese Offensive in Ladakh and North-East Frontier Agency. – 100-Mile Chinese Advance in N.E.F.A. – Unilateral Cease-Fire by Chinese Forces"
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By 1873, it was clear that the British treated the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet. This boundary was confirmed in a 1 June 1912 note from the British General Staff in India.
6613:
3998:
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639:
1878 British map, with trade routes between Ladakh and Tarim Basin marked. The border preferred by British Indian Empire, shown in two-toned purple and pink, included the
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746:, which saw the expulsion of the Chinese from Turkestan, the Maharaja of Kashmir constructed a small fort at Shahidulla in 1864. The fort was most likely supplied from
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designs on China. The PLA went so far as to prepare a self-defence counterattack plan. Negotiations were restarted between the nations, but no progress was made.
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5099:
1042:
At the time, Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru's claims or made any opposition to Nehru's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin. In 1956,
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in the northeastern frontier. Chinese troops pushed Indian forces back in both theatres, capturing all of their claimed territory in the western theatre and the
5012:
1930:. Instead of attacking by road as expected, PLA forces approached via a mountain trail, and their attack cut off a main road and isolated 10,000 Indian troops.
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6196:
5413:
4502:
History of the Conflict with China, 1962. P.B. Sinha, A.A. Athale, with S.N. Prasad, chief editor, History Division, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India, 1992.
8127:
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caused continual deterioration of the diplomatic situation to the point that internal forces were pressuring Nehru to take a military stance against China.
738:
The map of Hung Ta-chen handed to the British consul at Kashgar in 1893. The boundary, marked with a thin dot-dashed line, agrees with the 1878 British map.
716:
Karakoram Pass and the intervening area was uninhabited. Nevertheless, the Maharaja was allowed to treat Shahidulla as his outpost for more than 20 years.
1173:
This has been referred to as the "Forward Policy". There were eventually 60 such outposts, including 43 along the Chinese-claimed frontier in Aksai Chin.
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9253:
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had advised against the use of air force believing that the Chinese would bomb Indian cities in retaliation. India ultimately refrained from using the
5741:
1948:, all prisons were thrown open, and government officials who stayed behind destroyed Tezpur's currency reserves in anticipation of a Chinese advance.
1736:
expelled, and the war would be ended with a unilateral Chinese ceasefire and withdrawal, followed by a return to the negotiating table. India led the
579:
9000:
4737:
7025:
1142:
claims often misrepresented the cited sources. The failure of these negotiations was compounded by successful Chinese border agreements with Nepal (
811:
flow into the Indus whereas the Karakash River flows into the Tarim basin. A boundary alignment along this water-parting was defined by the Viceroy
631:
Traditional borders of Jammu and Kashmir (CIA map). The northern boundary is along the Karakash valley. Aksai Chin is the shaded region in the east.
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5492:
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1061:, by which the two nations agreed to abide in settling their disputes. India presented a frontier map which was accepted by China, and the slogan
795:, in 1893 showed the boundary of Xinjiang up to Raskam. In the east, it was similar to the Johnson line, placing Aksai Chin in Kashmir territory.
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8727:
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1233:, Mao was able to persuade Khrushchev to reverse the Russian policy of backing India, at least temporarily. In mid-October, the Communist organ
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67:
7639:
4931:
3631:
The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (Jan. 1960), pp. 96–125,
2195:
According to James Calvin, even though China won a military victory it lost in terms of its international image. China's first nuclear weapon
9368:
8650:
8122:
1080:
This apparent progress in relations suffered a major setback when, in 1959, Nehru accommodated the Tibetan religious leader at the time, the
3755:
3280:
1177:
Policy to demonstrate that those lands were not unoccupied. Neville Maxwell traces this confidence to the Intelligence Bureau chief Mullik.
534:, which China declared as an autonomous region in 1965. The eastern border, between Burma and Bhutan, comprises the present Indian state of
8739:
8273:
3424:
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1143:
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defended Nehru in a meeting with Mao. This action reinforced China's impression that the Soviet Union, the United States and India all had
1043:
4568:"Constructing Peaceful Coexistence: Nehru's Approach to Regional Security and India's Rapprochement with Communist China in the Mid-1950s"
1195:
Various border conflicts and "military incidents" between India and China flared up throughout the summer and autumn of 1962. In May, the
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during most of the Sino-Indian War. The U.S. nonetheless provided non-combat assistance to Indian forces and planned to send the carrier
5542:
3304:"'Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialed'"
1069:, the Indian envoy to China not to trust the Chinese at all and send all communications directly to him, bypassing the Defence Minister
6605:
1709:
7211:"From 'Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai' to 'international class struggle' against Nehru: China's India policy and the frontier dispute, 1950–62"
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6252:
929:. This treaty alarmed the Chinese which started displaying power by crushing rebellions and erecting flags and boundary stones in the
754:, the Maharaja was forced to abandon his post in 1867. It was then occupied by Yakub Beg's forces until the end of the Dungan Revolt.
750:, whose ruler was now independent and on friendly terms with Kashmir. When the Khotanese ruler was deposed by the Kashgaria strongman
9904:
9168:
9153:
9140:
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and back (1865). Johnson's proposed boundary ran along the "northern branch" of the Kunlun Mountains. (Its curvature is exaggerated.)
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4403:
9207:
8771:
8717:
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6165:
Leaked 1962 report reveals India's still-unresolved military weaknesses, Lowy Interpreter, 2 April 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014
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encouraged peace between India and China. When the Cuban Missile Crisis ended and Mao's rhetoric changed, Russia reversed course.
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8004:
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17:
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The use of Johnson line or Macartney-MacDonald line was neglected by the colonial administrators and by 1947, when India gained
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5621:
Anand Giridharadas (26 August 2005). "'63 Tapes Reveal Kennedy and Aides Discussed Using Nuclear Arms in a China-India Clash".
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on the Indians, thinking they were north of the McMahon Line. The Indians were surrounded by Chinese positions, which used
1066:
5568:
5200:
4771:"Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question – Part 2"
4358:: "It followed the line of 'the foot of the hills' a few miles to the north of what became the course of the Inner Line."
1852:
On 24 October, Indian forces fought hard to hold the Rezang La Ridge, in order to prevent a nearby airstrip from falling.
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Blank, Stephen; Levitzky, Edward (2015). "Geostrategic aims of the Russian arms trade in East Asia and the Middle East".
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administration was disturbed by what they considered "blatant Chinese communist aggression against India". In a May 1963
1813:
Elsewhere, Chinese troops launched a three-pronged attack on Tawang, which the Indians evacuated without any resistance.
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2997:(2018) is based on the later 1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes along the Sikkim border and is set just after 1962 war.
1712:
over the Indian actions on the border and that New Delhi could not 'now say that warning was not served in advance'."
944:
to settle the borders between Tibet, China and British India. The foreign secretary of the British Indian government,
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The western portion of the Sino-Indian boundary originated in 1834, with the conquest of Ladakh by the armies of Raja
9425:
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8662:
8595:
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8341:
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7980:
7903:
7604:"India's gateway to Central Asia: trans-Himalayan trade and cultural movements through Kashmir and Ladakh, 1846–1947"
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2027:. Zhou Enlai declared a unilateral ceasefire to start on midnight, 21 November. Zhou's ceasefire declaration stated,
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between any Chinese or Indian government, the Indian government could not unilaterally define Aksai Chin's borders.
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awardees. Indian Air Force personnel to get the award include 1 Maha Vir Chakra awardee and 8 Vir Chakra awardees.
2304:. India's efforts to improve its military posture significantly enhanced its army's capabilities and preparedness.
2078:
own nuclear weapon which would have likely caused any American nuclear policy in defense of India to be reviewed.
2023:
China had reached its claim lines so the PLA did not advance farther, and on 19 November, it declared a unilateral
969:
609:
of the widely separated Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border regions. Aksai Chin, claimed by India to belong to
130:
5594:
Abstract of "Fighting to Make a Point: Policy-Making by Aggressive War on the Chinese Borders" by Jr Pettis Roy C.
5279:
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1817:
unable to break the encirclement, an Indian unit was able to flank the Chinese, allowing the Sikhs to break free.
9868:
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tended to confirm the American view of communist world objectives, including Chinese influence over Pakistan.
10002:
9892:
9856:
9734:
9651:
9537:
9308:
8809:
8667:
8357:
8137:
6090:. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Springer International Publishing. p. 105.
5971:
Saalman, Lora (Spring–Summer 2011). "Divergence, Similarity and Symmetry in Sino-Indian Threat Perceptions".
2982:
2313:
1218:
1085:
1024:
7174:"Abhay Deol-Mahesh Manjrekar's web series on Indo-China war preponed to cash in on the anti-China sentiment"
5489:
5435:
5374:
2468:
In the aftermath of India's defeat the United States shipped arms to India, which prompted a cooling off in
2214:
crisis, when the Chinese official media served up a daily vitriol of teaching a "bitter lesson" as in 1962.
925:
In 1904, in order to skew Tibet away from Russian influence, an Anglo-Tibetan treaty was written called the
9740:
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855:
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The Maharaja of Kashmir and his officials were keenly aware of the trade routes from Ladakh. Starting from
482:
refused to sell advanced weaponry to India, further compelling it to turn to the Soviets for military aid.
6402:
3462:
Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language: Chronology of Major Dates in History
2557:
in 1962, by the Government of India, in the Civil Service category, for his contributions during the war.
2384:
for the first time since the war ended. In 2022, dozens of Chinese and Indian soldiers were injured after
1895:
to Calvin, the Chinese side evidently wanted a diplomatic resolution and discontinuation of the conflict.
9987:
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9791:
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9603:
9507:
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8144:
8048:
7650:
7015:
5992:
5961:; Jerrold L Schecter. Khrushchev remembers (volume 2): the last testament. London: Deutsch, 1974, p. 364.
2967:
2365:
2343:
2291:
As a result of the war, the Indian government commissioned an investigation, resulting in the classified
1971:
1750:
On 8 October, additional veteran and elite divisions were ordered to prepare to move into Tibet from the
1032:
743:
39:
6627:
6625:
6623:
2119:
signed, as well as trade, commercial, and barter treaties. Pakistan conceded its northern claim line in
1786:
travelling north were targeted by Chinese artillery fire. After four days of fierce fighting, the three
1268:
815:
and communicated to London. The British government in due course proposed it to China via its envoy Sir
573:
A pre-Simla British map published in 1909 shows the so-called "Outer Line" as India's northern boundary.
9764:
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1261:
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That both sides disengage and withdraw 20 kilometres (12 mi) from present lines of actual control
9850:
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9502:
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8983:
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Calvin, James Bernard, "The China – India Border War" (Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 1984).
7143:
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increasingly sent probes deeper into border areas and cut off Chinese supply lines. Foreign Minister
596:
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outposts behind the Chinese troops so as to cut off their supplies and force their return to China.
968:
The British-run Government of India initially rejected the Simla Agreement as incompatible with the
919:
of British jurisdiction. But it was not significantly different from the Inner Line in this region.
9977:
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9072:
8935:
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8804:
8799:
8756:
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7319:(45). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies: 157–163.
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2988:
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1933:
Se La occupied high ground, and rather than assault this commanding position, the Chinese captured
78:
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9269:
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8814:
8794:
8789:
8550:
8394:
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3687:, p. 57: "Shahidulla was occupied by the Dogras almost from the time they conquered Ladakh."
3057:
2462:
2200:
2070:
2038:
1755:
1751:
910:
771:
7711:
Brecher, Michael (1979). "Non-alignment under stress: The West and the India-China border war".
7252:
4424:
The Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute, Foreign Language Press of the People's Republic of China, 1961
9722:
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948:
was the driving force in this conference. After carrying out surveys, the conference drew the
897:
In 1826, British India gained a common border with Tibet after the British wrested control of
9663:
9532:
9522:
9517:
9245:
8842:
8837:
8819:
8372:
8234:
8154:
7850:
Li, Mingjiang (2011). "Ideological dilemma: Mao's China and the Sino-Soviet split, 1962–63".
7581:
7263:
7210:
5538:
5458:
3606:
3037:
3027:
2639:
2041:
flew in supplies to India in November 1962, but neither side wished to continue hostilities.
1961:
1089:
824:
424:
7603:
7579:
7355:
Mehra, Parshotham (1991), ""John Lall, Aksai Chin and Sino-Indian Conflict" (Book review)",
6006:
4261:
2934:(literally, "Oh, the People of My Country") in the presence of Nehru. The song, composed by
9922:
9570:
9565:
9313:
9040:
8766:
8761:
7749:"'Cartographic Aggression': Media Politics, Propaganda, and the Sino-Indian Border Dispute"
6523:
5604:
3666:
3108:
2951:
2373:
2138:
2082:
1830:
1737:
1230:
1108:
668:
436:
7627:
Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries
5523:
2426:
1667:, a small region without any other international borders apart from the Indian one, after
8:
9898:
9704:
9318:
9088:
8895:
8484:
7539:
6953:
6705:
4637:"Cold War co-operation: New Chinese evidence on Jawaharlal Nehru's 1954 visit to Beijing"
4395:
3868:
3712:
3006:
2978:
2916:
2721:
2479:
2278:
1957:
1790:
of Chinese troops succeeded in securing a substantial portion of the disputed territory.
1774:
1691:
1252:
962:
926:
884:
864:
711:, passed the Lingzi Tang Plains in the Aksai Chin region, and followed the course of the
708:
695:, there were two main routes into Central Asia: one passed through the Karakoram Pass to
635:
423:
There had been a series of violent border skirmishes between the two countries after the
306:
255:
74:
6117:
3842:
667:
agreeing to stick to the "old, established frontiers", which were left unspecified. The
9910:
9758:
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8545:
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2385:
2359:
2125:
2066:
1101:
1008:
953:
839:
808:
7695:
3917:
Maxwell, Neville (July–September 1970), "China and India: The Un-Negotiated Dispute",
3790:
2500:
as well is a matter of concern to the Indian public, as the two sides have engaged in
1217:
Create sympathy for India within the U.S., with whom relations had deteriorated after
851:. The "Peking University Atlas", published in 1925, also put the Aksai Chin in India.
827:
in the north. In return, the British wanted China to cede its 'shadowy suzerainty' on
9916:
9669:
9639:
9618:
9278:
8399:
7976:
7951:
7927:
7899:
7871:
7837:
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7813:
The Frontier Complex: Geopolitics and the Making of the India-China Border, 1846–1962
7797:
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7589:
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7547:
7527:
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4813:
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4757:
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4591:
4203:
4086:
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4022:
3990:
3946:
3872:
3732:
3716:
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3430:
3391:
3352:
3270:
3212:
3173:
2903:
2261:
2176:
2156:
1945:
1704:
1611:
1200:
1118:
1065:(Indians and Chinese are brothers) was popularised. Nehru in 1958 had privately told
1020:
835:
664:
535:
495:
463:
7664:
6454:
5318:. Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy. Taylor & Francis. p. 160.
5315:
The Socioeconomics of Nationalism in China: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
5256:
1835:
893:
The McMahon Line is the red line marking the northern boundary of the disputed area.
9657:
9542:
9237:
9130:
9120:
8857:
8529:
7859:
7760:
7720:
7465:
7427:
7364:
7320:
6428:
5954:
5925:
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5777:
5680:
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4650:
4579:
4254:
3926:
3513:
3474:
2685:
2644:
2604:
2599:
2528:
2515:
pass was reopened. Both sides have agreed to resolve the issues by peaceful means.
2327:
2265:
2231:
2172:
2081:
The non-aligned nations remained mostly uninvolved, and only Egypt (officially the
1904:
1826:
1577:. They managed to hold off the first Chinese assault, inflicting heavy casualties.
1554:
1196:
1070:
1002:
941:
906:
859:
848:
816:
700:
491:
456:
400:
that took place from October to November 1962. It was a military escalation of the
251:
7563:
Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives
6038:. Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy. Taylor & Francis. pp. 177–178.
5929:
5768:
Dobell, W. M. (Autumn 1964). "Ramifications of the China-Pakistan Border Treaty".
4583:
4454:
1856:
consolidate and regroup in the event that China probed south of their claim line.
9135:
9067:
8331:
8299:
Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs
7970:
7863:
7831:
7640:"Concentrating Forces and Audacious Action: PLA lessons from the Sino-Indian War"
7625:
7561:
7521:
7501:
7459:
7384:
7288:
7284:
7232:
6921:
6893:
6301:
5809:
5600:
5496:
5381:
5263:
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4842:
4741:
4720:
4654:
4551:
4462:
4197:
4074:
3346:
2946:
2924:
2898:
2882:
2799:
2773:
2768:
2726:
2690:
2609:
2532:
2008:
1680:
1615:
1562:
1550:
937:
844:
800:
792:
779:
766:
Kashmir. The boundary of Kashmir that he drew, stretching from Sanju Pass to the
762:
719:
428:
362:
259:
6818:
5209:
5170:
The Origins of the Cultural Revolution- 3. The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961-1966
1966:
1910:
resumed military activity on Aksai Chin and NEFA hours after the Walong battle.
1743:
China also reportedly bought a significant amount of Indian rupee currency from
1214:
Test whether India would enjoy Soviet backing in the event of a Sino-Indian war.
889:
518:. A number of disputed regions lie along this border. At its western end is the
30:"Indo-Chinese War" redirects here. For the war in the area named Indochina, see
9844:
9631:
8389:
7908:
7368:
7085:
6432:
5958:
5499:
5240:
4332:
harvp error: no target: CITEREFLin,_Boundary,_sovereignty_and_imagination2004 (
3642:
3130:
The so-called Macartney-MacDonald proposal was precipitated by the crisis over
3013:, with its release being advanced due to the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes.
2957:
2794:
2784:
2746:
2732:
1619:
712:
704:
681:
479:
35:
7487:
7431:
7324:
7079:
6856:
6555:
6087:
A Technological History of Cold-War India, 1947–1969: Autarky and Foreign Aid
5000:
3930:
1073:
since his communist background clouded his thinking about China. According to
9971:
9880:
9803:
8709:
8214:
8209:
7635:
7455:
7403:
6840:
6814:
6785:
6416:
5460:
Armed Coexistence: The Dynamics of the Intractable Sino-Indian Border Dispute
3994:
3778:
3351:(paperback ed.). HarperCollins Publishers India. p. 343, note 134.
3265:. In Ryan, Mark A.; Finkelstein, David Michael; McDevitt, Michael A. (eds.).
2992:
2935:
2877:
2680:
2649:
2252:
2240:
2149:
2004:
1941:
1329:
945:
784:
660:
644:
515:
475:
31:
7601:
7519:
7489:
Losing Face: the British foreign service and the question of Tibet 1904–1922
6035:
India-America Relations (1942-62): Rooted in the Liberal International Order
3672:
3654:
3613:
3169:
War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet
1747:, supposedly to distribute amongst its soldiers in preparation for the war.
9182:
8448:
8404:
7919:
6224:
5641:
2939:
2622:
2160:
1122:
981:
949:
880:
804:
677:
499:
470:
made a major effort to support India, especially with the sale of advanced
467:
440:
136:
6251:
Bajpai, Kanti; Ho, Selina; Miller, Manjari Chatterjee (25 February 2020).
4327:
4112:
George W. Patterson, Peking Versus Delhi, Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1963
1891:, a 14 November letter by Nehru to Zhou once again rejected his proposal.
9818:
8829:
8781:
8516:
8503:
8204:
7765:
7748:
6362:
The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform
3976:"Sino-Indian Border Dispute at Aksai Chin – A Middle Path For Resolution"
2380:, in which several troops were injured. In 2020, soldiers were killed in
2196:
1992:
1984:
1888:
1770:
1574:
930:
656:
652:
606:
558:
523:
7386:
An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846–1947
6865:. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 December 1966. p. 10.
5711:
3952:
2906:, has his son fighting the Chinese in the war and dies in the battle of
2832:
2422:
2284:
and ultimately triggering the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965 and
1698:
Xu Yan, prominent Chinese military historian and professor at the PLA's
490:
China and India shared a long border, sectioned into three stretches by
9812:
9125:
9095:
8199:
7732:
7261:
6926:
6599:
6597:
6595:
5902:
5843:
5789:
5692:
3525:
3501:
2911:
2554:
2536:
2323:
2251:, Indian politicians invested more effort in removing Defence Minister
2024:
1970:
The disputed areas in the western sector, shown in a 1988 map from the
1643:
1542:
1522:
1248:
1097:
1046:
812:
734:
696:
640:
622:
519:
413:
246:
242:
162:
8480:
7963:
The History of Counterattack Action on Sino-Indian Border(中印边境自卫反击作战史)
7439:
7332:
7308:
6634:"21 Param Vir Chakra Winners Every Indian Should Know and Be Proud of"
4442:
3938:
3636:
2459:
Pakistan established close military and strategic relations with China
2378:
2017 the two countries once again were involved in a military standoff
1878:
That China and India not cross lines of present control in Aksai Chin.
1728:
On 6 October 1962, the Chinese leadership convened. Defence minister,
8294:
Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question
7454:
7382:
6986:"Dibrugarh lad's film 1962: My Country Land to be screened at Cannes"
6528:
4249:
3860:
3848:
3836:
3812:
3808:
3796:
3708:
3696:
3684:
3104:
3092:
3079:
3075:
2704:
2569: This along with the *, indicates posthumously presented awards.
2508:
2331:
2115:
2102:
2094:
1919:
1744:
1526:
507:
7724:
7408:
Himalayan Blunder: The Curtain-Raiser to the Sino-Indian War of 1962
6592:
5894:
5835:
5781:
5684:
5671:
Retzlaff, Ralph J. (1963). "India: A Year of Stability and Change".
3762:. Vol. 26, no. 18. Madras: The Hindu group. Archived from
3517:
1695:
a major counterblow was needed to stop perceived Indian aggression.
980:, which the Line placed under British-Indian jurisdiction. Up until
542:. Both of these regions were overrun by China in the 1962 conflict.
8411:
6959:
6388:
Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History
6164:
4352:
harvp error: no target: CITEREFLamb,_The_McMahon_Line,_Vol._21966 (
2512:
2270:
2090:
1934:
1787:
1729:
1668:
1164:
On 5 December 1961 orders went to the Eastern and Western commands:
1016:
767:
527:
372:
122:
8279:
Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005
7647:
The Lessons of History: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75
5822:
Chari, P.R. (1979). "Indo-Soviet Military Cooperation: A Review".
5569:"What did China Gain at the End of the Fighting in November 1962?"
4433:
Gupta, Karunakar, "The McMahon Line 1911–45: The British Legacy",
3546:
India-USSR Relations, 1947–1971: From Ambivalence to Steadfastness
3475:"Sino-Indian War | Causes, Summary, & Casualties | Britannica"
627:
375:, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
9884:
8379:
8229:
7251:
Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963),
5463:. Politics of South Asia. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 47.
5431:
4985:"1962 India-China War and Kargil 1999: Restrictions on Air Power"
3010:
2907:
2120:
2106:
1980:
1923:
1708:
published an article which claimed that "the Chinese people were
1672:
1635:
1136:
898:
823:, ceded to China the Aksai Chin plains in the northeast, and the
707:
through the Kilian and Sanju passes; the other went east via the
585:
A postal map of China, published by the Government of China, 1917
471:
7833:
Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century
6485:"india-china bilateral relations – Ministry of External Affairs"
6061:
The Himalayan Face-Off: Chinese Assertion and the Indian Riposte
5277:
3869:
Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute (2013)
2318:
Soon after the end of the war, the Indian government passed the
2307:
1525:
on the northern slopes of Tsangdhar Range, in the right-side of
1003:
Border dispute after Partition of India and formation of the PRC
404:. Fighting occurred along India's border with China, in India's
9691:
8384:
8219:
7924:
JFK's Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and the Sino-Indian War
7645:, in Laurie Burkitt; Andrew Scobell; Larry M. Wortzel. (eds.),
6502:"India-China to resume annual defence dialogue early next year"
2708:
2626:
2337:
2211:
2164:
1807:
1725:
have been ready for the threat of a counter-attack from China.
1675:
1569:
1558:
1235:
1104:
to produce reports on Indian expansionists operating in Tibet.
977:
788:
747:
727:
610:
503:
444:
432:
409:
7881:
The China-India Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries
7354:
7283:
6881:
4917:
4347:
3784:
3713:
Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute 2013
3660:
3648:
3619:
3338:
2277:
ally of China, began a policy of provocation against India by
1521:
In June 1962, Indian forces established an outpost called the
9957:
Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China
9830:
9623:
8319:
8224:
8032:
8022:
7794:
Ambassador's Journal: A Personal Account of the Kennedy Years
7461:
India–China Boundary Problem 1846–1947: History and Diplomacy
6686:
6667:
6648:
5881:
Singh, S. Nihal (1984). "Why India goes to Moscow for arms".
4884:
2754:
2712:
2671:
2630:
2098:
2086:
1687:
1012:
902:
531:
511:
417:
397:
393:
230:
217:
170:
42:. For the recent border dispute between China and India, see
7972:
1962 Border War: Sino-Indian Territorial Disputes and Beyond
7896:
Does the Elephant Dance?: Contemporary Indian Foreign Policy
7889:
China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World
7623:
6586:"Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1965-10-27, Extra Ordinary"
5858:"Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded for US help against China in 1962"
4260:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3958:
3912:
3910:
3873:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)
3824:
1918:
In the eastern theatre, the PLA attacked Indian forces near
952:. Whilst all three representatives initialed the agreement,
9783:
8324:
7499:
7116:
6391:. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press. p. 408.
6136:
4776:. Ministry of External Affairs, India, 1961. Archived from
3864:
3720:
3455:
2546:
2085:) openly supported India. Of the non-aligned nations, six,
7829:
4814:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
4802:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
4758:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
4614:"Don't believe in Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, Nehru told envoy"
4023:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
3733:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
3717:
Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground 1963
6743:"Chief of the Army Staff: General Tapishwar Narain Raina"
5803:
The Untold Story: How Kennedy came to India's aid in 1962
5637:"JFK, aides considered nuclear arms in China-India clash"
5208:, Central Intelligence Agency, 5 May 1964, archived from
4284:"Saving Tawang: How the Tawang Tract was saved for India"
3907:
2737:
2695:
2654:
2614:
2549:
officer, who served as the first Indian Director General
1664:
1618:'s leadership was propagating the policy of 'Reclaim the
692:
8289:
India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question
7948:
The Chinese Calculus of Deterrence: India and Indochina.
6922:"Kavi Pradeep, master of the patriotic song, dies at 84"
6823:, New York: The John Day Company – via archive.org
6378:
4923:
1642:
Their continually pushing forward is like crossing the
7582:"Strategic dimensions of the trans-Himalayan frontiers"
7543:
Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China
7426:(July–September). Cambridge University Press: 136–141.
6713:"The Gharwal Rifles, Award Winners (Post Independence)"
6603:
2942:, is said to have brought the Prime Minister to tears.
2527:
Indian gallantry award winners from the army include 3
6322:
Andrew, Small (2015). "1 A Friendship Forged by War".
4896:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4238:(2nd ed.). London: Sunil Gupta. pp. 236–237.
2923:
In 1963, against the backdrop of the Sino-Indian War,
9952:
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
9283:(Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)
8128:
Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962
7503:
War in High Himalaya: The Indian Army in Crisis, 1962
7254:
Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh
4312:
harvp error: no target: CITEREFBanerji,_Borders2007 (
4199:
New Directions in the Study of China's Foreign Policy
1926:
on 17 November. These positions were defended by the
838:
in 1911 which resulted in power shifts in China, the
526:, that sits between the Chinese autonomous region of
38:. For clashes on the Sino-Indian border in 1967, see
7913:
Asian Drama; An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations.
6834:
Jon Cleary Interviewed by Stephen Vagg: Oral History
5278:
Mark Ames and Alexander Zaitchik (2 December 2012).
3983:
Journal of Development Alternatives and Area Studies
3429:. University of California Press. pp. 103–104.
3387:
Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962
1211:
Test Chinese resolve and intentions regarding India.
1111:
led to the death of nine Indian frontier policemen.
819:
in 1899. This boundary, which came to be called the
7231:Das Gupta, Amit R.; Lüthi, Lorenz M., eds. (2016),
6328:. C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. pp. 9–26.
5432:"The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 18–29 1962"
4687:
4545:
Chinese deception and Nehru's naivete led to 62 War
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
770:
along the Kunlun mountains, is referred to as the "
6052:
5620:
5429:
5202:The Sino-Indian Border Dispute, Section 3: 1961–62
5195:
5193:
4913:
4911:
4869:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4253:
4078:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
3890:"Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Brief Introduction"
3267:Chinese warfighting: The PLA experience since 1949
1951:
1913:
940:, UK sat a weakened China along with Tibet in the
663:into Tibet, Gulab Singh and the Tibetans signed a
7926:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
7406:(1970). "India's Forward Policy, Book reviews of
6257:. United Kingdom & United States: Routledge.
6011:. Lancer International, Lancer Press. p. 5.
4328:Lin, Boundary, sovereignty and imagination (2004)
3295:
1806:On 22 October, at 12:15 am, PLA mortars fired on
799:In the east, it was more complicated because the
605:The main cause of the war was a dispute over the
9969:
8269:Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question
6186:
6113:1971 India–Pakistan War, Part VII: The Surrender
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5022:
4396:"562 V.K. Singh, Resolving the boundary dispute"
4307:
1242:
9215:Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
6631:
6364:. Stanford University Press. pp. 120–121.
6325:The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics
6217:
5190:
4908:
4467:
4455:Tibet Facts No.17: British Relations with Tibet
4248:
4028:
3754:Noorani, A.G. (30 August – 12 September 2003).
3147:drawn by the contributors to the OpenStreetMap.
8651:Department of Defence Research and Development
8601:Director General Armed Forces Medical Services
7739:Chakravorty, P. K. "Sino-Indian War of 1962."
7306:
7230:
6697:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChakravorty1995 (
6678:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChakravorty1995 (
6659:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChakravorty1995 (
6250:
5571:. Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis.
5257:China feared military coup in India during 60s
5236:Lessons of 1962: A stock taking after 40 years
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
4890:
4830:. Delhi: Siba Exim Pvt. Ltd. pp. 153–155.
1515:Namka Chu flowing under the India-China border
1137:1960 meetings to resolve the boundary question
9604:
9369:Defence Research and Development Organisation
8464:
8123:1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China
8005:
7965:, Military science publishing house, Beijing.
7234:The Sino-Indian War of 1962: New perspectives
6116:, New Delhi: SAPRA Foundation, archived from
5915:
5490:Injustice to the Ahir Martyrs of the 1962 War
5176:
5019:
4191:"China's Decision for War with India in 1962"
3969:
3967:
3673:Warikoo, India's gateway to Central Asia 2009
3597:Subramanian, L. N. (November–December 2000),
2496:LoAC lies, but little progress has occurred.
2308:Internment and deportation of Chinese Indians
1940:The PLA penetrated close to the outskirts of
680:, but regarded the area north of it till the
64:The examples and perspective in this article
8478:
8274:Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993
6887:
6562:. Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
5944:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5666:
5664:
5430:Goldman, Jerry; Stein, Giel (October 1997).
5143:
5141:
4978:
4976:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
3809:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem (2010)
3502:"Indo-Soviet Military Cooperation: A Review"
3263:"PLA Operational Principles and Limited War"
3105:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem (2010)
3093:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem (2010)
3076:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem (2010)
2338:Subsequent conflicts between India and China
1144:Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship
9676:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
7898:– Oxford University Press, 2011 – 425 p. –
6692:
6673:
6654:
6604:Indiatimes News Network (25 January 2008).
6447:
6417:"Chronology of India-China Relations, 2006"
6351:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6254:Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations
6220:"India's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp"
6077:
6008:Indian Defence Review Oct-Dec 2012 Vol 27.4
5239:, South Asia Analysis Group, archived from
5219:
5167:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4202:, Stanford University Press, pp. 86–,
3596:
3383:
3260:
3254:
1610:In May to June 1962, the KMT government of
991:
9611:
9597:
9228:Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait
8471:
8457:
8284:Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013
8012:
7998:
7968:
6771:
6524:"India-China border mechanism by year-end"
6292:"How China and Pakistan Forged Close Ties"
6162:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5252:
5250:
4955:"Henderson Brooks Report: An Introduction"
4876:. University of California Press. p.
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4437:, No. 47. (Jul. – Sep. 1971), pp. 521–45.
4390:
4388:
4386:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
3964:
3849:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem 2010
3837:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem 2010
3797:Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem 2010
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
2425:. Please do not remove this message until
2052:
7788:
7764:
7470:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070689.001.0001
7307:Maxwell, Neville; Noorani, A. G. (1971).
7264:"India's Relations with China, 1945–1974"
6455:"'India soft on China's Arunachal claim'"
6211:
6025:
5699:
5661:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5562:
5560:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5150:Battle of Namka Chu, 10 Oct – 16 Nov 1962
4982:
4973:
4710:
4704:
4565:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4099:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3005:is a 2021 Indian web series based on the
2445:Learn how and when to remove this message
1634:Forward Policy to a strategic advance in
139:at the Sino–Indian border in January 1962
97:Learn how and when to remove this message
8772:Armed Forces Special Operations Division
7270:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 29–47,
7217:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 68–84,
6809:
6807:
6772:Srinivasan, Pankaja (6 September 2015).
6342:
6182:
6180:
6178:
6132:"1971 War: 'I will give you 30 minutes'"
6031:
5670:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5456:
5118:
5038:
4635:Khan, Sulmaan Wasif (18 February 2011).
4505:
3887:
3549:. New Delhi: Discovery. pp. 52–59.
3165:
2421:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2221:
2152:to support India in case of an air war.
1965:
1834:
1057:In 1954, China and India negotiated the
888:
733:
718:
634:
626:
8090:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
7959:, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1962
7810:
7746:
7710:
7634:
7559:
7402:
6900:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 486–487.
6644:from the original on 17 September 2016.
6355:
5993:China and India: The Roots of Hostility
5970:
5756:
5307:
5305:
5247:
5232:
4952:
4946:
4929:
4902:
4847:. Oxford University Press. p. 75.
4698:
4527:
4383:
4242:
4234:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1967).
4227:
4073:
3916:
3753:
3738:
3575:
3422:
3332:
3261:Feng, Cheng; Wortzel, Larry M. (2003).
3248:
2914:wrote a novel set during the conflict,
2511:passing through this territory via the
2465:to delineate the Sino-Pakistan border.
1869:A negotiated settlement of the boundary
1859:
1588:
1094:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
1059:Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence
14:
9970:
7918:
7485:
6321:
5998:
5767:
5609:
5557:
5368:
5348:Battle of Walong, 18 Oct – 16 Nov 1962
5332:
4828:Nepal's Relations with India and China
4825:
4682:
4566:Benvenuti, Andrea (17 February 2020).
4233:
4188:
4115:
3542:
3237:
2483:against India, which escalated to the
2391:
2131:
1898:
1530:positions at the top of Thagla Ridge.
1229:Given his foreknowledge of the coming
474:fighter aircraft. Simultaneously, the
9592:
8452:
7993:
7540:Van Eekelen, Willem Frederik (2013),
7092:from the original on 11 December 2021
6827:
6804:
6616:from the original on 18 October 2016.
6606:"Param Vir Chakra Winners Since 1950"
6199:from the original on 18 December 2013
6189:"The 1962 jailing of Chinese Indians"
6187:Jaideep Mazumdar (20 November 2010).
6175:
6083:
6058:
6004:
5880:
5821:
5566:
5545:from the original on 20 December 2016
5536:
5477:
5271:
5105:
5015:from the original on 19 November 2016
4867:
4840:
4611:
4427:
4367:
4348:Lamb, The McMahon Line, Vol. 2 (1966)
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
3973:
3883:
3881:
3625:
3499:
3344:
3301:
3172:. Taylor & Francis. p. 288.
2863:
2490:
2320:Defence of India Act in December 1962
1937:, which was a supply route to Se La.
1156:Forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)
1149:
9400:List of equipment of the Indian Army
7969:Vengasseri, Ismail (November 2020).
7878:
7495:, Durham E-Theses, Durham University
6996:from the original on 25 January 2022
6966:from the original on 25 January 2022
6869:from the original on 25 January 2022
6813:
6427:. doi.org: 101–114. 1 January 2007.
6384:
6271:from the original on 25 January 2022
6232:from the original on 9 November 2013
6171:from the original on 28 August 2017.
5722:from the original on 9 February 2017
5575:from the original on 6 December 2016
5537:Smith, Jeff M. (14 September 2012).
5515:
5450:
5423:
5302:
5290:from the original on 5 February 2017
5280:"James Bond and the killer bag lady"
5161:
5088:
4961:from the original on 9 December 2006
4930:Noorani, A. G. (30 September 2003),
4634:
4447:
4406:from the original on 18 October 2006
4281:
4004:from the original on 19 October 2013
2827:
2395:
2376:and it was a bloodless conflict. In
2302:the second-largest army in the world
1780:
1715:
655:(Dogra) under the suzerainty of the
50:
8656:Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare
7523:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
7166:
6723:from the original on 9 October 2021
6289:
5870:from the original on 11 April 2010.
5748:. 17 September 1965. Archived from
5438:from the original on 18 August 2006
5311:
5039:Malhotra, Inder (5 December 2008).
4216:from the original on 28 August 2017
3825:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers (1970)
3785:Mehra, John Lall (Book review) 1991
3563:from the original on 9 October 2021
3443:from the original on 9 October 2021
3283:from the original on 7 January 2019
3204:
2199:and its support of Pakistan in the
874:
871:on Chinese maps published in 1958.
768:eastern edge of Chang Chenmo Valley
669:British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846
427:, when India granted asylum to the
24:
8575:Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee
7941:History of the Conflict with China
7849:
7836:, University of Washington Press,
7675:
6934:from the original on 11 April 2010
6632:Rishabh Banerji (15 August 2015).
6465:from the original on 23 April 2016
5995:, The Diplomat, 12 September 2017.
5539:"A Forgotten War in the Himalayas"
5051:from the original on 29 March 2013
4605:
4370:"Autumn/Winter Vol. 39, No.2 2014"
4268:
3878:
3865:Palit, War in High Himalaya (1991)
3861:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992)
3813:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992)
3697:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992)
3685:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier (1992)
3532:from the original on 4 April 2020.
3365:from the original on 6 August 2020
3302:Gupta, Shekhar (30 October 2012).
3225:from the original on 3 August 2020
2522:
2457:After the Sino-Indian border war,
1875:A Chinese withdrawal north in NEFA
1820:
1793:
1593:
1190:
68:include all significant viewpoints
25:
10014:
9482:Indian Maritime Security Strategy
8342:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
7957:The Sino-Indian Boundary Question
7506:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
7464:, Oxford University Press India,
7257:, Praeger – via archive.org
7048:"72 Hours: Martyr Who Never Died"
6792:from the original on 20 July 2021
6753:from the original on 20 July 2021
6566:from the original on 29 June 2021
6218:Matt Schiavenza (9 August 2013).
5567:Kalha, R. S. (21 November 2012).
5419:from the original on 26 May 2015.
4918:Maxwell, India's China War (1970)
4711:Guruswamy, Mohan (23 June 2003),
4282:said, KP Dilip on (7 July 2021).
3959:Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers 1970
3888:Banerjee, Mayuri (26 June 2022).
3404:from the original on 25 June 2021
3314:from the original on 9 April 2014
3186:from the original on 18 July 2019
1679:by it, India will have to repeat
9556:
9555:
9513:Women in the Indian Armed Forces
9136:Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes
8747:Northern Theatre Command (India)
8522:
8509:
8496:
8479:
8434:
8433:
8252:Differing perceptions of the LAC
8031:
8021:
7154:from the original on 9 July 2021
7136:
7124:from the original on 9 July 2021
7104:
7072:
7060:from the original on 9 July 2021
7040:
7028:from the original on 9 July 2021
7008:
6978:
6946:
6914:
6849:
6765:
6747:Indian Army, Government of India
6735:
6578:
6548:
6536:from the original on 6 July 2014
6516:
6508:, 8 October 2011, archived from
6494:
6477:
6409:
6315:
6283:
6244:
6156:
6124:
6104:
5985:
5974:Journal of International Affairs
5964:
5909:
5874:
5850:
5815:
5796:
5734:
5649:from the original on 26 May 2016
5629:
5587:
5530:
5406:Keesing's Record of World Events
5351:, Bharat Rakshak, archived from
5187:, 22 September 1962 issue, pp. 1
5153:, Bharat Rakshak, archived from
5111:Manoj Joshi, "Line of Defence",
3721:Palit, War in High Himalaya 1991
3709:Mehra, An "agreed" frontier 1992
3464:, p. 1686. Dilithium Press, 1989
3078:, p. 48 quotes a report by
2831:
2470:Pakistan-United States relations
2400:
2356:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes
2352:2017 China–India border standoff
2260:and Indian intelligence officer
2049:" composed of Tibetan refugees.
1710:burning with 'great indignation'
1493:
1481:
1469:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1316:
1304:
1288:
1274:
1267:
1260:
970:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
671:resulted in the transfer of the
578:
566:
435:after 30 April 1962. Amidst the
392:, was an armed conflict between
353:
223:
210:
129:
55:
44:2020–2021 China–India skirmishes
27:1962 war between China and India
9233:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
8752:Western Theatre Command (India)
7199:
7184:from the original on 3 May 2021
6845:National Film and Sound Archive
6774:"The pilot who 'shot' Pakistan"
6063:. Hachette India. p. 210.
5812:, Rediff News, 4 December 2012.
5509:
5391:
5359:
5096:1962 War: The Chinese invasionI
5063:
4953:Maxwell, Neville (April 2001).
4861:
4834:
4819:
4763:
4727:
4676:
4628:
4612:Pubby, Manu (22 January 2010).
4559:
4418:
4361:
4341:
4321:
4301:
3854:
3818:
3802:
3702:
3690:
3678:
3661:Maxwell, India's China War 1970
3649:Maxwell, India's China War 1970
3620:Maxwell, India's China War 1970
3536:
3493:
3467:
3348:Kargil from Surprise to Victory
3269:. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 188–.
3137:
3124:
3114:
3098:
3086:
3069:
3023:Chinese salami slicing strategy
3009:during the war. It released on
2974:72 Hours: Martyr Who Never Died
2487:, with results favoring India.
2366:"Nathu La" and "Cho La" clashes
2059:dictatorship of the proletariat
1952:Continuation of Western theatre
1914:Continuation of Eastern theatre
1761:On 14 October, an editorial on
455:Much of the fighting comprised
9983:China–India military relations
9528:Indian Armed Forces rank flags
8646:Department of Military Affairs
8439:Category:China–India relations
8304:Border Personnel Meeting Point
8118:Origins of the Sino-Indian War
7815:. Cambridge University Press.
6490:. mea.gov.in. 10 January 2012.
5412:(12): 19109. 8 December 1962.
5365:e.g. Chip Chap Valley, Pangong
5168:MacFarquhar, Roderick (1997).
3974:Verma, Virendra Sahai (2006).
3416:
3377:
3326:
3198:
3159:
2945:Depictions of the 1962 war in
2892:Category:Sino-Indian War films
2293:Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report
1546:the fighting in Thagla Ridge.
1541:Some Indian troops, including
1146:) and Burma in the same year.
998:Origins of the Sino-Indian War
774:" (or "Ardagh-Johnson Line").
13:
1:
9998:Territorial disputes of India
9993:Territorial disputes of China
9652:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
9342:Counter-insurgency operations
8673:Standing Committee on Defence
8668:Cabinet Committee on Security
8138:Internment of Chinese-Indians
8064:Ambassadors of India to China
8054:Ambassadors of China to India
7883:. L. Oxford University Press.
7588:, Routledge, pp. 56–66,
7520:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
6898:Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema
5930:10.1080/14702436.2015.1010287
4584:10.1080/09592296.2020.1721063
4518:Perseverance in peace process
3839:, pp. 52–53, 60, 69, 72.
3153:
2507:On 6 July 2006, the historic
2314:Internment of Chinese-Indians
2210:This changed during the 2017
2171:According to Indian diplomat
1991:and also from the connecting
1243:Confrontation at Thagla Ridge
1023:resulted in the formation of
616:
590:
153:(1 month and 1 day)
151:20 October – 21 November 1962
8080:Greater East Asia Conference
7915:New York: Random House, 1968
7864:10.1080/14682745.2010.498822
7796:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7701:Resources in other libraries
7610:, Routledge, pp. 1–13,
7144:"1962: The War in the Hills"
6896:; Saibal Chatterjee (eds.).
6356:Hussain, Syed Riaat (2016).
6297:Council on Foreign Relations
6290:Manjari, Chatterjee Miller.
5951:Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev
4826:Bhasin, Avtra Singh (1994).
4713:"The Great India-China Game"
4655:10.1080/14682745.2010.494300
3107:, p. 58 quotes Captain
3053:List of wars involving India
2977:(2019) based on the life of
2182:
2121:Pakistani-controlled Kashmir
2018:
1928:Indian 4th Infantry Division
1219:the Indian annexation of Goa
1100:, was enraged and asked the
522:region, an area the size of
7:
9929:Johnson South Reef Skirmish
9792:Sino-Soviet border conflict
9747:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
9384:Weapons of mass destruction
9198:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
9188:Sino-Indian border skirmish
8723:Andaman and Nicobar Command
8718:Integrated Theatre Commands
8693:Defence Intelligence Agency
8596:Vice Chief of Defence Staff
8145:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
8049:Embassy of China, New Delhi
7753:Journal of Cold War Studies
7651:Strategic Studies Institute
7526:, Oxford University Press,
7389:, Oxford University Press,
6888:Khubchandani, Lata (2003).
5742:"Asia: Ending the Suspense"
5375:Men of Steel on Icy Heights
4983:Sukumaran, R. (July 2003),
4735:The Shade of the Big Banyan
4196:, in Robert S. Ross (ed.),
3500:Chari, P. R. (March 1979).
3423:Hoffman, Steven A. (1990).
3384:Van Tronder, Gerry (2018).
3016:
2427:conditions to do so are met
2344:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
1700:National Defense University
1585:south of the Thagla Ridge.
757:In the intervening period,
485:
135:Indian soldiers patrolling
40:Nathu La and Cho La clashes
10:
10019:
9765:Third Taiwan Strait Crisis
9624:People's Republic of China
9254:Indo-Myanmar border strike
8678:Defence Planning Committee
8192:Sino-Indian border dispute
8097:2007 Delhi security summit
8085:Sino-Indian Agreement 1954
7891:. Oxford University Press.
7624:Woodman, Dorothy (1970) ,
7369:10.1177/000944559102700206
6560:www.gallantryawards.gov.in
6433:10.1177/000944550604300109
6360:. In Thomas Fingar (ed.).
5041:"Ghosts of black November"
4891:Maxwell & Noorani 1971
4872:India's Quest for Security
4572:Diplomacy & Statecraft
3426:India and the China Crisis
3390:. Pen and Sword Military.
3211:. 中国民主法制出版社. p. 121.
3166:Margolis, Eric S. (2002).
3048:Sino-Indian border dispute
3002:1962: The War in the Hills
2889:
2823:
2560:
2485:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
2341:
2311:
2286:Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
1955:
1902:
1824:
1246:
1153:
1092:against Chinese rule. The
1025:People's Republic of China
995:
878:
620:
601:Sino-Indian border dispute
594:
540:North-East Frontier Agency
406:North-East Frontier Agency
402:Sino–Indian border dispute
167:North-East Frontier Agency
119:Sino-Indian border dispute
29:
9944:
9905:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
9878:
9828:
9801:
9781:
9774:
9685:
9630:
9551:
9490:
9474:
9439:
9408:
9392:
9361:
9301:
9262:
9111:
9018:
9009:
8989:Border Roads Organisation
8953:
8941:Border Roads Organisation
8908:
8881:South Western Air Command
8856:
8828:
8780:
8708:
8701:
8683:Nuclear Command Authority
8663:National Security Council
8631:
8624:
8566:National Security Advisor
8538:
8491:
8430:
8358:Hong Kong–India relations
8350:
8312:
8190:
8105:
8072:
8059:Embassy of India, Beijing
8041:
7975:. SAGE Publishing India.
7696:Resources in your library
7560:Warikoo, K., ed. (2009),
7432:10.1017/S0305741000044805
7383:Mehra, Parshotam (1992),
7325:10.1017/S0305741000010481
7262:Lüthi, Lorenz M. (2016),
5599:28 September 2007 at the
5262:30 September 2007 at the
5001:10.1080/09700160308450094
4522:India's National Magazine
3931:10.1017/S030574100004474X
3894:E-International Relations
3543:Sharma, Shri Ram (1999).
2927:sang the patriotic song "
2551:Indian Ordnance Factories
2370:1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
2348:1987 Sino-Indian skirmish
2226:U.S. Ambassador to India
2075:National Security Council
1671:refused to surrender the
1568:On 10 October, an Indian
1199:was told not to plan for
643:and narrowed down to the
278:
265:
236:
203:
143:
128:
116:
111:
9857:Daulat Beg Oldi incident
9508:President's Colour Award
9498:President's fleet review
8757:Maritime Theatre Command
8735:Strategic Forces Command
8688:Integrated Defence Staff
8586:Chief of the Naval Staff
7887:Lintner, Bertil (2018).
7830:Garver, John W. (2011),
7741:Indian Historical Review
7309:"India's Forward Policy"
7237:, Taylor & Francis,
5808:17 December 2013 at the
4868:Kavic, Lorne J. (1967).
4189:Garver, John W. (2006),
3063:
2543:Santu Jouharmal Shahaney
2388:between both countries.
2217:
2187:
1033:People's Liberation Army
992:Events leading up to war
821:Macartney–MacDonald Line
8581:Chief of the Army Staff
8422:Tamil–Chinese relations
8417:Chola–Chinese relations
8240:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
8175:Chinese Order of battle
7879:Lamb, Alastair (1964).
7790:Galbraith, John Kenneth
5457:Westcott, S.P. (2022).
5380:6 February 2007 at the
4740:13 October 2007 at the
4368:Tenpa, Lobsang (2014).
4308:Banerji, Borders (2007)
3599:"The Battle of Chushul"
3058:Sino-Indian War of 1967
2553:(DGOF). He was awarded
2463:Sino-Pakistan Agreement
2201:1965 India Pakistan War
2053:International reactions
2039:United States Air Force
911:First Anglo-Burmese War
373:question marks or boxes
340:4,897 killed or wounded
18:Sino-Indian War of 1962
9869:Sino-Indian skirmishes
9374:Ordnance Factory Board
9293:Dadra and Nagar Haveli
9001:Awards and Decorations
8848:Southern Naval Command
8591:Chief of the Air Staff
8571:Chief of Defence Staff
8363:India–Taiwan relations
8337:BCIM Economic Corridor
8247:Line of Actual Control
8180:Indian Order of battle
7811:Gardner, Kyle (2021).
7747:Chervin, Reed (2020).
7486:Palace, Wendy (1995),
7416:The Guilty Men of 1962
7081:Subedar Joginder Singh
6084:Logan, W.A.T. (2021).
5712:"Indo China Time Line"
4844:India's Ad Hoc Arsenal
4453:Free Tibet Campaign, "
4085:. New York: Pantheon.
3603:Bharat Rakshak Monitor
3145:Line of Actual Control
3043:Line of Actual Control
2984:Subedar Joginder Singh
2929:Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo
2873:
2764:Tapishwar Narain Raina
2258:John Kenneth Galbraith
2247:and a commentator for
2235:
2228:John Kenneth Galbraith
2034:
1975:
1841:
1648:
1188:
1171:
1116:Soviet first secretary
894:
840:fall of Tzarist Russia
739:
731:
648:
632:
450:Line of Actual Control
361:This article contains
237:Commanders and leaders
193:Status quo ante bellum
9646:Kuomintang insurgency
9538:National War Memorial
9533:Indian military bands
9523:Armed Forces Tribunal
9518:Armed Forces Flag Day
8843:Eastern Naval Command
8838:Western Naval Command
8820:Army Training Command
8810:South Western Command
8373:Five Fingers of Tibet
8368:India–Tibet relations
8235:Trans-Karakoram Tract
8155:2013 Depsang standoff
8028:China–India relations
7743:44.2 (2017): 285–312.
7580:Karim, Afsir (2009),
7500:Palit, D. K. (1991),
7180:. 17 September 2020.
6405:on 19 September 2013.
6385:Aziz, Sartaj (2009).
6358:"Sino-Pakistani ties"
6032:Bhardwaj, A. (2018).
5100:Indian Defence Review
4841:Smith, Chris (1994).
4550:11 April 2010 at the
4461:11 April 2008 at the
4288:Indian Defence Review
3345:Malik, V. P. (2010).
3038:Trans-Karakoram Tract
3033:China–India relations
2987:(2017) about soldier
2963:1962: My Country Land
2868:
2640:Joginder Singh Sahnan
2225:
2159:had already emerged,
2029:
1969:
1962:Battle of Gurung Hill
1838:
1640:
1183:
1166:
1063:Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai
1031:In 1950, the Chinese
892:
825:Trans-Karakoram Tract
737:
722:
661:unsuccessful campaign
638:
630:
597:China–India relations
425:1959 Tibetan uprising
279:Casualties and losses
10003:Wars involving India
9923:Project Blue Sword-B
9863:Sino-Indian Standoff
9851:Sino-Indian skirmish
9041:Battle of Asal Uttar
8921:National Cadet Corps
8876:Southern Air Command
8767:Defence Space Agency
8762:Defence Cyber Agency
8165:2020–2021 skirmishes
8160:2017 border standoff
7785:. Natraj Publishers.
7766:10.1162/jcws_a_00911
7653:, pp. 340–341,
7602:Warikoo, K. (2009),
7418:by D. R. Mankekar".
7209:Dai, Chaowu (2016),
6930:. 11 December 1998.
6839:30 November 2012 at
5866:. 16 November 2010.
5605:National War College
4783:on 21 September 2013
4723:on 30 September 2016
2910:. Australian author
2372:, both sides showed
2197:test in October 1964
2139:Cuban Missile Crisis
2128:with India in 1965.
2083:United Arab Republic
1983:of Indian troops at
1860:Lull in the fighting
1831:Battle of Aksai Chin
1738:Non-Aligned Movement
1629:Neville Maxwell and
1589:Chinese preparations
1231:Cuban Missile Crisis
1109:clash at Kongka Pass
506:, which follows the
437:Cuban Missile Crisis
384:, also known as the
9899:Sino-Vietnamese War
9735:Yijiangshan Islands
9687:Cross-Taiwan Strait
9452:Historical Aircraft
9347:LOC surgical strike
9089:Battle of Longewala
9026:Indo-Pakistani wars
8994:Paramilitary forces
8965:Ranks and insignia
8926:Paramilitary forces
8896:Maintenance Command
8886:Western Air Command
8871:Eastern Air Command
8866:Central Air Command
8641:Ministry of Defence
8634:Committees/Councils
8556:Minister of Defence
8485:Indian Armed Forces
8395:China–India railway
7420:The China Quarterly
7313:The China Quarterly
4748:, 14 December 1959.
4435:The China Quarterly
3919:The China Quarterly
3851:, pp. 114–115.
3007:Battle of Rezang La
2979:Jaswant Singh Rawat
2917:The Pulse of Danger
2722:Jaswant Singh Rawat
2480:Operation Gibraltar
2414:of this section is
2392:Impacts in Pakistan
2230:and Prime Minister
2132:Foreign involvement
2047:Tibetan Armed Force
2005:Major Shaitan Singh
1958:Battle of Rezang La
1899:Continuation of war
1775:force concentration
1253:Battle of Namka Chu
1009:partitioned in 1947
963:Indian subcontinent
927:Convention of Lhasa
885:Simla Accord (1914)
865:George N. Patterson
709:Chang Chenmo Valley
699:at the foot of the
256:V. K. Krishna Menon
75:improve the article
9988:Invasions by China
9911:Battle of Fakashan
9741:Dachen Archipelago
9697:(after 1 Oct 1949)
9457:Aircraft Squadrons
9379:Ballistic missiles
9046:Battle of Chawinda
8961:Military Academies
8916:Indian Coast Guard
8740:Commander-in-Chief
8728:Commander-in-Chief
8313:Economic relations
7946:Whiting, Allen S.
7670:on 5 February 2012
7350:– via JSTOR.
7293:, Pantheon Books,
7053:Amazon Prime Video
7021:Amazon Prime Video
6877:– via Trove.
6862:The Canberra Times
6857:"Books into films"
6588:. 27 October 1965.
6556:"Gallantry Awards"
6512:on 11 October 2011
6059:Gupta, S. (2014).
6005:Verma, B. (2013).
5863:The Times of India
5516:Gangdruk, Chushi,
5506:. 18 November 1999
5495:9 May 2007 at the
5312:Fan, C.S. (2022).
5094:KC OPraval, 2011,
5075:www.usiofindia.org
5045:The Indian Express
4989:Strategic Analysis
4942:on 13 October 2007
4932:"Facts of History"
4618:The Indian Express
4350:, pp. 313–315
4256:A History of Burma
3867:, pp. 32–33;
3609:on 9 February 2001
3479:www.britannica.com
3308:The Indian Express
3251:, pp. 340–341
2864:In popular culture
2843:. You can help by
2491:Diplomatic process
2386:a clash in Yangtse
2374:military restraint
2360:2022 Yangtse clash
2273:bloc superpowers.
2249:The Indian Express
2245:The Times of India
2236:
2126:Second Kashmir War
2116:Muhammad Ayub Khan
1976:
1842:
1758:military regions.
1681:what it did in Goa
1169:in our territory.
1150:The Forward Policy
1102:Xinhua News Agency
1007:British India was
961:boundaries of the
895:
809:Chang Chenmo River
740:
732:
649:
633:
514:and what was then
9965:
9964:
9940:
9939:
9917:Battle of Laoshan
9698:
9670:Xinjiang conflict
9640:Chinese Civil War
9586:
9585:
9470:
9469:
9357:
9356:
9174:Balakot airstrike
8949:
8948:
8904:
8903:
8561:Defence Secretary
8446:
8445:
8400:China Study Group
7933:978-0-8157-2699-9
7843:978-0-295-80120-9
7822:978-1-108-84059-0
7783:Himalayan Blunder
7682:Library resources
7660:978-1-58487-126-2
7636:Wortzel, Larry M.
7617:978-1-134-03294-5
7595:978-1-134-03294-5
7573:978-1-134-03294-5
7553:978-94-017-6555-8
7533:978-1-84904-342-7
7513:978-1-85065-103-1
7479:978-0-19-908839-3
7396:978-0-19-562758-9
7300:978-0-394-47051-1
7290:India's China War
7277:978-1-315-38893-9
7244:978-1-315-38892-2
7224:978-1-315-38893-9
7178:Bollywood Hungama
6907:978-81-7991-066-5
6695:, pp. 73–74.
6676:, pp. 58–59.
6657:, pp. 79–80.
6398:978-0-19-547718-4
6371:978-0-8047-9764-1
6335:978-0-19-021075-5
6264:978-1-351-00154-0
6120:on 2 January 2007
6070:978-93-5009-606-2
6045:978-1-351-18681-0
6018:978-81-7062-218-5
5470:978-981-16-7450-1
5325:978-1-000-61813-6
5233:Swaminathan, R.,
5157:on 10 August 2002
5115:, 21 October 2000
4524:, 29 August 2003.
4400:India-seminar.com
4377:The Tibet Journal
4209:978-0-8047-5363-0
4092:978-0-224-61887-8
4081:India's China War
3799:, pp. 65–66.
3766:on 2 October 2011
3756:"Fact of History"
3556:978-81-7141-486-4
3436:978-0-520-30172-6
3397:978-1-5267-2838-8
3276:978-0-7656-1087-4
3179:978-0-415-93468-8
3028:Dogra–Tibetan War
2904:Maharana of Mewar
2861:
2860:
2821:
2820:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2282:Jammu and Kashmir
2177:Nikita Khrushchev
2157:Sino-Soviet split
1946:Brahmaputra River
1781:Chinese offensive
1716:Military planning
1612:Republic of China
1561:soldiers died of
1201:close air support
1119:Nikita Khrushchev
1021:Chinese Civil War
836:Xinhai Revolution
673:Jammu and Kashmir
536:Arunachal Pradesh
464:Sino-Soviet split
369:rendering support
349:
348:
327:548–1,047 wounded
305:1,300 killed (in
199:
198:
107:
106:
99:
79:discuss the issue
16:(Redirected from
10010:
9779:
9778:
9696:
9664:Tibetan uprising
9658:Battle of Chamdo
9613:
9606:
9599:
9590:
9589:
9559:
9558:
9543:Amar Jawan Jyoti
9421:Historical Ships
9390:
9389:
9131:Siachen conflict
9121:Kashmir conflict
9016:
9015:
8936:Territorial Army
8909:Other components
8891:Training Command
8805:Southern Command
8800:Northern Command
8706:
8705:
8629:
8628:
8616:Serving marshals
8611:Serving admirals
8606:Serving generals
8530:Indian Air Force
8528:
8526:
8525:
8515:
8513:
8512:
8502:
8500:
8499:
8483:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8450:
8449:
8437:
8436:
8042:Diplomatic posts
8036:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7937:
7884:
7875:
7852:Cold War History
7846:
7826:
7807:
7778:
7768:
7736:
7671:
7669:
7663:, archived from
7644:
7631:
7620:
7598:
7576:
7556:
7536:
7516:
7496:
7494:
7482:
7451:
7412:The Untold Story
7410:by J. P. Dalvi;
7399:
7379:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7303:
7285:Maxwell, Neville
7280:
7258:
7247:
7227:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7044:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6853:
6847:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6709:
6703:
6702:
6693:Chakravorty 1995
6690:
6684:
6683:
6674:Chakravorty 1995
6671:
6665:
6664:
6655:Chakravorty 1995
6652:
6646:
6645:
6629:
6618:
6617:
6601:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6413:
6407:
6406:
6401:. Archived from
6382:
6376:
6375:
6353:
6340:
6339:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6300:. Originally at
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6184:
6173:
6172:
6163:David Brewster.
6160:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6140:. Archived from
6128:
6122:
6121:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6002:
5996:
5989:
5983:
5982:
5968:
5962:
5955:Edward Crankshaw
5948:
5942:
5941:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5819:
5813:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5765:
5754:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5708:
5697:
5696:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5645:. 3 March 2017.
5633:
5627:
5626:
5625:. Mumbai, India.
5618:
5607:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5564:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5522:, archived from
5519:Establishment 22
5513:
5507:
5486:
5475:
5474:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5403:
5395:
5389:
5386:Deccan Chronicle
5384:Mohan Guruswamy
5372:
5366:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5343:
5330:
5329:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5275:
5269:
5254:
5245:
5244:
5230:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5207:
5197:
5188:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5145:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5036:
5017:
5016:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4957:. stratmag.com.
4950:
4944:
4943:
4938:, archived from
4927:
4921:
4915:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4719:, archived from
4708:
4702:
4696:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4642:Cold War History
4632:
4626:
4625:
4620:. Archived from
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4563:
4557:
4542:
4525:
4514:
4503:
4500:
4465:
4451:
4445:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4392:
4381:
4380:
4374:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4279:
4266:
4265:
4259:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4236:History of Burma
4231:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4195:
4186:
4113:
4110:
4097:
4096:
4084:
4075:Maxwell, Neville
4071:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4003:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3885:
3876:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3651:, p. 25–26.
3646:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3605:, archived from
3594:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3163:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3073:
2933:
2896:Pearl S. Buck's
2886:
2856:
2853:
2835:
2828:
2813:Sino-Indian War
2787:, Ladakh, India
2781:Sino-Indian War
2778:20 October 1962
2739:
2738:17 November 1962
2697:
2696:18 November 1962
2656:
2616:
2600:Dhan Singh Thapa
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2535:awardees and 67
2529:Param Vir Chakra
2450:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2266:Indian Air Force
2173:G. Parthasarathy
1905:Battle of Walong
1827:Battle of Galwan
1644:Chu Han boundary
1614:on Taiwan under
1510:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1197:Indian Air Force
1090:Tibetan uprising
1076:
1071:VK Krishna Menon
1067:G. Parthasarathi
942:Simla Convention
909:, following the
875:The McMahon Line
860:Jawaharlal Nehru
849:Kunlun mountains
817:Claude MacDonald
701:Kunlun Mountains
582:
570:
555:Italian Campaign
498:(then an Indian
457:mountain warfare
357:
356:
335:Chinese sources:
286:Chinese sources:
252:Jawaharlal Nehru
229:
227:
226:
216:
214:
213:
145:
144:
133:
109:
108:
102:
95:
91:
88:
82:
59:
58:
51:
21:
10018:
10017:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10007:
9978:Sino-Indian War
9968:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9936:
9893:Paracel Islands
9874:
9839:Sino-Indian War
9824:
9797:
9770:
9729:Dongshan Island
9695:
9689:
9681:
9626:
9620:Armed conflicts
9617:
9587:
9582:
9547:
9486:
9466:
9447:Active Aircraft
9435:
9404:
9388:
9353:
9309:Northeast India
9297:
9258:
9203:Doklam standoff
9113:
9107:
9103:Sino-Indian War
9068:Battle of Chamb
9005:
8945:
8900:
8852:
8824:
8815:Western Command
8795:Eastern Command
8790:Central Command
8776:
8697:
8633:
8620:
8534:
8523:
8521:
8510:
8508:
8497:
8495:
8487:
8477:
8447:
8442:
8426:
8346:
8308:
8186:
8113:Sino-Indian War
8101:
8068:
8037:
8030:
8020:
8018:
7983:
7934:
7844:
7823:
7804:
7725:10.2307/2757064
7713:Pacific Affairs
7707:
7706:
7705:
7690:
7689:
7687:Sino-Indian War
7685:
7678:
7676:Further reading
7667:
7661:
7642:
7618:
7596:
7574:
7554:
7534:
7514:
7492:
7480:
7414:by B. M. Kaul;
7397:
7345:
7343:
7301:
7278:
7245:
7225:
7202:
7197:
7187:
7185:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7157:
7155:
7148:Disney+ Hotstar
7142:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7110:
7109:
7105:
7095:
7093:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7046:
7045:
7041:
7031:
7029:
7014:
7013:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6992:. 17 May 2016.
6990:Hindustan Times
6984:
6983:
6979:
6969:
6967:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6937:
6935:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6908:
6894:Govind Nihalani
6886:
6882:
6872:
6870:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6832:
6828:
6812:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6770:
6766:
6756:
6754:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6724:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6653:
6649:
6630:
6621:
6602:
6593:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6554:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6537:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6354:
6343:
6336:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6302:Hindustan Times
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6176:
6161:
6157:
6147:
6145:
6144:on 24 June 2012
6130:
6129:
6125:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6082:
6078:
6071:
6057:
6053:
6046:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5990:
5986:
5969:
5965:
5949:
5945:
5918:Defence Studies
5914:
5910:
5895:10.2307/2644184
5879:
5875:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5836:10.2307/2643691
5830:(3): 230–244 .
5820:
5816:
5810:Wayback Machine
5801:
5797:
5782:10.2307/2754976
5770:Pacific Affairs
5766:
5757:
5752:on 21 May 2013.
5740:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5685:10.2307/3023681
5669:
5662:
5652:
5650:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5619:
5610:
5601:Wayback Machine
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5565:
5558:
5548:
5546:
5535:
5531:
5526:on 7 March 2001
5514:
5510:
5497:Wayback Machine
5487:
5478:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5428:
5424:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5382:Wayback Machine
5373:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5355:on 15 June 2002
5345:
5344:
5333:
5326:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5276:
5272:
5264:Wayback Machine
5255:
5248:
5243:on 25 June 2003
5231:
5220:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5181:
5177:
5166:
5162:
5147:
5146:
5119:
5110:
5106:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5037:
5020:
4981:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4951:
4947:
4928:
4924:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4885:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4839:
4835:
4824:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4742:Wayback Machine
4732:
4728:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4688:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4633:
4629:
4624:on 11 May 2013.
4610:
4606:
4596:
4594:
4564:
4560:
4552:Wayback Machine
4543:
4528:
4516:A.G. Noorani, "
4515:
4506:
4501:
4468:
4463:Wayback Machine
4452:
4448:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4407:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4290:
4280:
4269:
4250:Maung Htin Aung
4247:
4243:
4232:
4228:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4193:
4187:
4116:
4111:
4100:
4093:
4072:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3953:
3915:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3879:
3863:, p. 160;
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3831:
3823:
3819:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3715:, p. 160;
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3683:
3679:
3675:, pp. 1–2.
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3595:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3541:
3537:
3518:10.2307/2643691
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3277:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3019:
2938:and written by
2931:
2925:Lata Mangeshkar
2894:
2888:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2841:needs expansion
2826:
2804:General Duties
2774:Kumaon Regiment
2743:Sino-Indian War
2701:Sino-Indian War
2691:Kumaon Regiment
2660:Sino-Indian War
2655:23 October 1962
2619:Sino-Indian War
2615:20 October 1962
2610:8 Gorkha Rifles
2591:Place of action
2566:
2565:
2563:
2533:Maha Vir Chakra
2525:
2523:Military awards
2493:
2461:and signed the
2451:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2362:
2342:Main articles:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2220:
2190:
2185:
2134:
2067:internal issues
2055:
2021:
2009:Kumaon Regiment
1964:
1956:Main articles:
1954:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1862:
1833:
1825:Main articles:
1823:
1821:Western theatre
1796:
1794:Eastern theatre
1783:
1718:
1692:Marshal Chen Yi
1616:Chiang Kai-shek
1596:
1594:Chinese motives
1591:
1563:pulmonary edema
1551:Brij Mohan Kaul
1543:Brigadier Dalvi
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1255:
1247:Main articles:
1245:
1193:
1191:Early incidents
1158:
1152:
1139:
1088:after a failed
1082:14th Dalai Lama
1074:
1044:Chinese Premier
1011:and split into
1005:
1000:
994:
938:1911 Revolution
887:
879:Main articles:
877:
845:Neville Maxwell
801:Chip Chap River
793:St. Petersburgh
787:valley (called
780:Wakhan corridor
763:Survey of India
724:W. H. Johnson's
703:and went on to
686:terra incognita
659:. Following an
625:
619:
603:
595:Main articles:
593:
586:
583:
574:
571:
545:
538:, formerly the
488:
386:China–India War
382:Sino–Indian War
378:
377:
376:
367:Without proper
358:
354:
316:Indian sources:
260:Brij Mohan Kaul
258:
254:
245:
224:
222:
211:
209:
187:
181:Chinese victory
173:
152:
134:
112:Sino–Indian War
103:
92:
86:
83:
72:
60:
56:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10016:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9959:
9954:
9948:
9946:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9937:
9935:
9934:
9933:
9932:
9926:
9920:
9914:
9902:
9896:
9889:
9887:
9876:
9875:
9873:
9872:
9866:
9860:
9854:
9848:
9845:Chola incident
9842:
9835:
9833:
9826:
9825:
9823:
9822:
9816:
9809:
9807:
9799:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9788:
9786:
9776:
9772:
9771:
9769:
9768:
9762:
9756:
9753:Burmese border
9750:
9744:
9738:
9732:
9726:
9720:
9714:
9708:
9701:
9699:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9673:
9672:(1980–present)
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9636:
9634:
9632:Mainland China
9628:
9627:
9622:involving the
9616:
9615:
9608:
9601:
9593:
9584:
9583:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9494:
9492:
9488:
9487:
9485:
9484:
9478:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9443:
9441:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9426:Weapon Systems
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9387:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9365:
9363:
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9324:
9311:
9305:
9303:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9276:
9266:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9243:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9217:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9195:
9185:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9115:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9100:
9099:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9086:
9078:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9050:
9049:
9048:
9043:
9033:
9022:
9020:
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8931:Special forces
8928:
8923:
8918:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8862:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8834:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8823:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8786:
8784:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8743:
8742:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8703:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8659:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8637:
8635:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8551:Prime Minister
8548:
8542:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8519:
8506:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8453:
8444:
8443:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8397:
8392:
8390:Cheena Bhavana
8387:
8382:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8365:
8360:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8316:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8257:Infrastructure
8254:
8249:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8196:
8194:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8141:
8140:
8135:
8133:Forward policy
8130:
8125:
8120:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8093:
8092:
8082:
8076:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8017:
8016:
8009:
8002:
7994:
7988:
7987:
7981:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7916:
7909:Myrdal, Gunnar
7906:
7894:Malone, David
7892:
7885:
7876:
7858:(3): 387–419.
7847:
7842:
7827:
7821:
7808:
7803:978-0395077085
7802:
7786:
7779:
7759:(3): 225–247.
7744:
7737:
7719:(4): 612–630.
7704:
7703:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7659:
7632:
7621:
7616:
7599:
7594:
7577:
7572:
7557:
7552:
7537:
7532:
7517:
7512:
7497:
7483:
7478:
7452:
7404:Noorani, A. G.
7400:
7395:
7380:
7363:(2): 147–154,
7352:
7304:
7299:
7281:
7276:
7259:
7248:
7243:
7228:
7223:
7206:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7195:
7165:
7135:
7103:
7086:YouTube Movies
7071:
7039:
7007:
6977:
6955:Ratha Thilagam
6945:
6913:
6906:
6880:
6848:
6826:
6815:Buck, Pearl S.
6803:
6764:
6734:
6704:
6685:
6666:
6647:
6619:
6610:Times of India
6591:
6577:
6547:
6515:
6493:
6476:
6446:
6408:
6397:
6377:
6370:
6341:
6334:
6314:
6282:
6263:
6243:
6210:
6174:
6155:
6123:
6103:
6096:
6076:
6069:
6051:
6044:
6024:
6017:
5997:
5984:
5963:
5959:Strobe Talbott
5943:
5908:
5889:(7): 707–720.
5873:
5849:
5814:
5795:
5755:
5733:
5698:
5660:
5628:
5623:New York Times
5608:
5586:
5556:
5541:. YaleGlobal.
5529:
5508:
5500:Bharat Rakshak
5476:
5469:
5449:
5422:
5390:
5367:
5358:
5331:
5324:
5301:
5270:
5246:
5218:
5215:on 1 July 2007
5189:
5184:People's Daily
5175:
5172:. p. 300.
5160:
5117:
5113:Times of India
5104:
5087:
5062:
5018:
4972:
4945:
4922:
4907:
4905:, p. 138.
4895:
4893:, p. 157.
4883:
4860:
4853:
4833:
4818:
4806:
4794:
4762:
4750:
4726:
4703:
4686:
4675:
4649:(2): 197–222.
4627:
4604:
4558:
4555:Times of India
4526:
4504:
4466:
4446:
4426:
4417:
4382:
4360:
4340:
4320:
4300:
4267:
4241:
4226:
4208:
4114:
4098:
4091:
4027:
4025:, p. 101.
4015:
3963:
3951:
3906:
3877:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3811:, p. 73;
3801:
3789:
3787:, p. 149.
3777:
3737:
3735:, p. 116.
3725:
3719:, p. 65;
3711:, p. 48;
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3624:
3612:
3574:
3555:
3535:
3512:(3): 230–244.
3492:
3466:
3454:
3435:
3415:
3396:
3376:
3358:978-9350293133
3357:
3337:
3325:
3294:
3275:
3253:
3236:
3218:978-7516214862
3217:
3197:
3178:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3136:
3123:
3113:
3097:
3085:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3015:
2989:Joginder Singh
2958:Ratha Thilagam
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2836:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2795:Jag Mohan Nath
2791:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2747:Nuranang Falls
2744:
2741:
2735:
2733:Garhwal Rifles
2729:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2585:Date of action
2583:
2580:
2577:
2562:
2559:
2524:
2521:
2492:
2489:
2453:
2452:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2339:
2336:
2312:Main article:
2309:
2306:
2219:
2216:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2133:
2130:
2054:
2051:
2020:
2017:
1953:
1950:
1915:
1912:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1858:
1822:
1819:
1795:
1792:
1782:
1779:
1763:People's Daily
1717:
1714:
1705:People's Daily
1620:mainland China
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1549:On 4 October,
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1241:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1192:
1189:
1154:Main article:
1151:
1148:
1138:
1135:
1114:On 2 October,
1004:
1001:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
876:
873:
834:Following the
713:Karakash River
682:Karakoram Pass
665:treaty in 1842
621:Main article:
618:
615:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
565:
487:
484:
480:United Kingdom
466:deepened, the
390:Indo–China War
371:, you may see
359:
352:
351:
350:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:3,968 captured
341:
332:
331:
330:3,968 captured
328:
325:
322:
312:
311:
310:
299:Indian sources
296:
295:
292:
281:
280:
276:
275:
272:
268:
267:
263:
262:
249:
239:
238:
234:
233:
220:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
196:
189:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
161:
159:
155:
154:
149:
141:
140:
126:
125:
114:
113:
105:
104:
87:September 2017
63:
61:
54:
36:Indochina Wars
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10015:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9973:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9943:
9930:
9927:
9924:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9900:
9897:
9894:
9891:
9890:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9881:South Vietnam
9877:
9870:
9867:
9864:
9861:
9858:
9855:
9852:
9849:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9832:
9827:
9820:
9817:
9814:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:United States
9800:
9793:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9780:
9777:
9775:International
9773:
9766:
9763:
9760:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9718:
9717:Hainan Island
9715:
9712:
9711:Dengbu Island
9709:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9700:
9693:
9688:
9684:
9677:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9659:
9656:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9614:
9609:
9607:
9602:
9600:
9595:
9594:
9591:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9489:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9477:
9473:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9438:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9407:
9401:
9398:
9397:
9395:
9391:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9323:
9322:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9300:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9277:
9275:
9273:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9101:
9097:
9094:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9038:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9024:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8999:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8952:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8913:
8911:
8907:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8855:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8827:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8700:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8636:
8630:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8537:
8531:
8520:
8518:
8507:
8505:
8494:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8474:
8469:
8467:
8462:
8460:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8441:
8440:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8215:Depsang Bulge
8213:
8211:
8210:Dehra Compass
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8189:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8150:1987 skirmish
8148:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8015:
8010:
8008:
8003:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7984:
7982:9789353885298
7978:
7974:
7973:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7920:Riedel, Bruce
7917:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7904:9780199552023
7901:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7845:
7839:
7835:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7784:
7781:Dalvi, John.
7780:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7745:
7742:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7666:
7662:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7638:(July 2003),
7637:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7600:
7597:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7578:
7575:
7569:
7566:, Routledge,
7565:
7564:
7558:
7555:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7538:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7518:
7515:
7509:
7505:
7504:
7498:
7491:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7456:Noorani, A.G.
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7392:
7388:
7387:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7353:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7305:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7256:
7255:
7249:
7246:
7240:
7236:
7235:
7229:
7226:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7107:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7027:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7011:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6981:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6956:
6949:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6909:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6884:
6868:
6864:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6842:
6841:archive.today
6838:
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6810:
6808:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6700:
6694:
6689:
6681:
6675:
6670:
6662:
6656:
6651:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6587:
6581:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6486:
6480:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6318:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6214:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6097:9783030787677
6093:
6089:
6088:
6080:
6072:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6020:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6001:
5994:
5991:Mohan Malik,
5988:
5981:(2): 174–175.
5980:
5976:
5975:
5967:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5924:(1): 63–80 .
5923:
5919:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5776:(3): 283–95.
5775:
5771:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5679:(2): 96–106.
5678:
5674:
5667:
5665:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5632:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5561:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5520:
5512:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5488:YADAV, Atul,
5485:
5483:
5481:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5453:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5306:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5253:
5251:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5211:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5179:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5076:
5072:
5071:"Publication"
5066:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4864:
4856:
4854:9780198291688
4850:
4846:
4845:
4837:
4829:
4822:
4816:, p. 99.
4815:
4810:
4804:, p. 96.
4803:
4798:
4779:
4772:
4766:
4760:, p. 91.
4759:
4754:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4730:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4683:Garver (2006)
4679:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4578:(1): 91–117.
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4344:
4335:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4310:, p. 198
4309:
4304:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4263:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4237:
4230:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:(43): 47–80,
3924:
3920:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3871:, p. 9;
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3663:, p. 26.
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3622:, p. 24.
3621:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3481:. 10 May 2024
3480:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3341:
3334:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2947:Indian cinema
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:C. Ramchandra
2930:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:Pearl S. Buck
2872:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2839:This section
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Shaitan Singh
2679:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2650:Sikh Regiment
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2531:awardees, 20
2530:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2435:February 2023
2428:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2262:B. N. Mullick
2259:
2254:
2253:Krishna Menon
2250:
2246:
2242:
2241:Radhakrishnan
2233:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2150:Bay of Bengal
2147:
2146:
2140:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:Tezpur, Assam
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1636:Chinese chess
1632:
1631:Allen Whiting
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:, commanding
1552:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1509:
1331:
1324:Sumdorong Chu
1270:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:John W Garver
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:invaded Tibet
1034:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
999:
989:
985:
983:
979:
973:
971:
966:
964:
958:
955:
951:
947:
946:Henry McMahon
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
920:
917:
912:
908:
904:
900:
891:
886:
882:
872:
868:
866:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
785:Yarkand River
781:
775:
773:
769:
764:
760:
759:W. H. Johnson
755:
753:
749:
745:
744:Dungan Revolt
736:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
646:
645:Yarkand River
642:
637:
629:
624:
614:
612:
608:
602:
598:
581:
576:
569:
564:
563:
562:
560:
556:
552:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:West Pakistan
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
476:United States
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
370:
366:
364:
342:
339:
338:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:1,696 missing
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
313:
308:
304:
303:
302:
300:
294:1,697 wounded
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
270:
269:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:
248:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
221:
219:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
190:
185:
184:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
156:
150:
147:
146:
142:
138:
132:
127:
124:
120:
115:
110:
101:
98:
90:
80:
76:
70:
69:
62:
53:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Indochina War
19:
9907:(1979–1991)
9838:
9723:Nanri Island
9491:Other topics
9416:Active Ships
9328:
9320:
9302:Insurgencies
9280:
9271:
9247:
9239:
9221:
9183:Congo Crisis
9142:
9102:
9083:Cactus-Lilly
9082:
9074:
8632:Ministry and
8625:Organisation
8432:
8405:Tan Yun-Shan
8112:
7971:
7962:
7956:
7947:
7940:
7923:
7912:
7895:
7888:
7880:
7855:
7851:
7832:
7812:
7793:
7756:
7752:
7740:
7716:
7712:
7686:
7665:the original
7646:
7626:
7607:
7585:
7562:
7546:, Springer,
7542:
7522:
7502:
7488:
7460:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7385:
7360:
7357:China Report
7356:
7344:. Retrieved
7316:
7312:
7289:
7267:
7253:
7233:
7214:
7200:Bibliography
7186:. Retrieved
7177:
7168:
7156:. Retrieved
7147:
7138:
7126:. Retrieved
7115:
7106:
7094:, retrieved
7080:
7074:
7062:. Retrieved
7051:
7042:
7030:. Retrieved
7019:
7010:
6998:. Retrieved
6989:
6980:
6968:, retrieved
6954:
6948:
6936:. Retrieved
6925:
6916:
6897:
6883:
6871:. Retrieved
6860:
6851:
6829:
6819:
6794:. Retrieved
6777:
6767:
6755:. Retrieved
6746:
6737:
6725:. Retrieved
6716:
6707:
6688:
6669:
6650:
6637:
6609:
6580:
6568:. Retrieved
6559:
6550:
6538:. Retrieved
6527:
6518:
6510:the original
6505:
6496:
6479:
6467:. Retrieved
6458:
6449:
6424:
6421:China Report
6420:
6411:
6403:the original
6387:
6380:
6361:
6324:
6317:
6305:. Retrieved
6295:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6253:
6246:
6234:. Retrieved
6225:The Atlantic
6223:
6213:
6201:. Retrieved
6158:
6146:. Retrieved
6142:the original
6135:
6126:
6118:the original
6112:
6106:
6086:
6079:
6060:
6054:
6034:
6027:
6007:
6000:
5987:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5946:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5886:
5883:Asian Survey
5882:
5876:
5861:
5852:
5827:
5824:Asian Survey
5823:
5817:
5798:
5773:
5769:
5750:the original
5745:
5736:
5724:. Retrieved
5715:
5676:
5673:Asian Survey
5672:
5651:. Retrieved
5642:Taipei Times
5640:
5631:
5622:
5589:
5579:27 September
5577:. Retrieved
5549:27 September
5547:. Retrieved
5532:
5524:the original
5518:
5511:
5459:
5452:
5440:. Retrieved
5434:. hpol.org.
5425:
5409:
5405:
5393:
5385:
5370:
5361:
5353:the original
5347:
5314:
5292:. Retrieved
5283:
5273:
5266:
5241:the original
5235:
5210:the original
5201:
5182:
5178:
5169:
5163:
5155:the original
5149:
5112:
5107:
5090:
5080:16 September
5078:. Retrieved
5074:
5065:
5053:. Retrieved
5044:
4992:
4988:
4963:. Retrieved
4948:
4940:the original
4935:
4925:
4920:, p. 24
4903:Noorani 1970
4898:
4886:
4871:
4863:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4821:
4809:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4778:the original
4765:
4753:
4745:
4729:
4721:the original
4716:
4706:
4699:Noorani 1970
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4646:
4640:
4630:
4622:the original
4617:
4607:
4595:. Retrieved
4575:
4571:
4561:
4554:
4521:
4449:
4434:
4429:
4420:
4408:. Retrieved
4399:
4376:
4363:
4343:
4330:, p. 26
4323:
4303:
4291:. Retrieved
4287:
4255:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4218:, retrieved
4198:
4080:
4018:
4006:. Retrieved
3986:
3982:
3954:
3922:
3918:
3897:. Retrieved
3893:
3875:, p. 69
3856:
3844:
3832:
3820:
3815:, p. 63
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:the original
3759:
3728:
3723:, p. 29
3704:
3692:
3680:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3627:
3615:
3607:the original
3602:
3565:. Retrieved
3545:
3538:
3509:
3506:Asian Survey
3505:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3425:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3386:
3379:
3367:. Retrieved
3347:
3340:
3333:Wortzel 2003
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3266:
3256:
3249:Wortzel 2003
3227:. Retrieved
3207:
3205:刘振起 (2017).
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3168:
3161:
3139:
3126:
3116:
3109:Younghusband
3100:
3088:
3071:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2874:
2869:
2852:January 2021
2849:
2845:adding to it
2840:
2623:Pangong Lake
2564:
2541:
2526:
2517:
2506:
2502:various wars
2498:
2494:
2478:
2467:
2456:
2441:
2432:
2410:
2363:
2317:
2298:
2290:
2279:infiltrating
2275:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2209:
2205:
2194:
2191:
2170:
2154:
2144:
2135:
2112:
2080:
2063:
2056:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1977:
1939:
1932:
1917:
1908:
1893:
1889:great powers
1885:
1881:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1784:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1703:
1697:
1685:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1355:Nyamjang Chu
1343:Nyamjang Chu
1312:Thagla ridge
1234:
1228:
1224:
1205:
1194:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1123:expansionist
1113:
1106:
1079:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1006:
986:
982:World War II
974:
967:
959:
950:McMahon Line
935:
931:Lohit Valley
924:
921:
896:
881:McMahon Line
869:
856:independence
853:
833:
805:Galwan River
797:
776:
772:Johnson Line
756:
741:
690:
685:
678:Pangong Lake
650:
604:
551:Chinese Army
547:
544:
500:protectorate
489:
468:Soviet Union
461:
454:
445:Tawang Tract
441:McMahon Line
422:
389:
385:
381:
379:
360:
334:
333:
321:1,383 killed
315:
314:
298:
297:
285:
284:
204:Belligerents
191:
137:Spanggur Tso
93:
84:
65:
48:
9871:(2020-2021)
9853:(1986-1987)
9821:(1965–1973)
9819:Vietnam War
9815:(1950–1953)
9654:(1950–1958)
9648:(1949–1961)
9274:(Hyderabad)
9263:Annexations
9248:Devi Shakti
8984:Coast Guard
8517:Indian Navy
8504:Indian Army
8205:Dakpa Sheri
7016:"Tubelight"
6717:Indian Army
6275:16 February
6236:17 November
6203:17 November
5504:The Tribune
4717:Rediff News
3567:16 February
1993:Spangur Gap
1985:Gurung Hill
1771:Liu Bocheng
1575:mortar fire
1084:, who fled
657:Sikh Empire
653:Gulab Singh
607:sovereignty
559:World War I
524:Switzerland
186:Territorial
9972:Categories
9813:Korean War
9806:and allies
9327:Operation
9319:Operation
9279:Operation
9270:Operation
9246:Operation
9238:Operation
9220:Operation
9141:Operation
9126:Korean War
9096:Kargil War
9081:Operation
9073:Operation
9011:Operations
8539:Leadership
8200:Aksai Chin
7346:29 January
6938:4 November
6927:Rediff.com
6727:25 January
6638:Indiatimes
6459:Rediff.com
6167:(Report).
5716:Rediff.com
4264:, 214–215.
3989:(3): 6–8.
3154:References
2912:Jon Cleary
2890:See also:
2664:Tongpen La
2594:Citations
2555:Padma Shri
2537:Vir Chakra
2412:neutrality
2382:skirmishes
2324:internment
2145:Kitty Hawk
2025:cease-fire
1523:Dhola Post
1477:Dhola Pass
1463:Khinzemane
1391:Namkha Chu
1379:Namkha Chu
1367:Namkha Chu
1298:Khinzemane
1249:Dhola Post
1098:Mao Zedong
1047:Zhou Enlai
1019:while the
936:After the
813:Lord Elgin
697:Shahidulla
641:Aksai Chin
623:Aksai Chin
617:Aksai Chin
591:Background
520:Aksai Chin
429:Dalai Lama
414:Aksai Chin
363:Indic text
291:722 killed
247:Zhou Enlai
243:Mao Zedong
163:Aksai Chin
9767:(1995–96)
9755:(1960–61)
9705:Kuningtou
9642:(1927–50)
9576:Air Force
9475:Documents
9440:Air Force
9362:Equipment
9321:Blue Star
9164:2016–2018
9159:2014–2015
9114:Conflicts
9112:External
9058:Naval War
9031:1947–1948
8979:Air Force
8954:Personnel
8858:Air Force
8546:President
8106:Conflicts
8073:Diplomacy
7872:153617754
7775:221117342
7630:, Praeger
7448:153324884
7377:153622885
7341:153895462
6786:0971-751X
6778:The Hindu
6529:The Hindu
6441:220873221
6307:2 October
5938:154073320
5442:18 August
5284:Salon.com
5267:DNA India
5055:9 January
5009:154278010
4965:18 August
4936:Frontline
4787:30 August
4663:154795017
4592:213644121
4220:27 August
4008:30 August
3995:1651-9728
3947:154434828
3770:24 August
3760:Frontline
3447:1 October
3408:1 October
3080:Ney Elias
2968:Tubelight
2949:include:
2705:Rezang La
2509:Silk Road
2474:Ayub Khan
2423:talk page
2332:Rajasthan
2183:Aftermath
2143:USS
2105:, met in
2103:Indonesia
2095:Sri Lanka
2089:, Burma,
2019:Ceasefire
1845:cleared.
1788:regiments
1745:Hong Kong
1527:Namka Chu
1489:Tsangdhar
1439:Hatung La
1403:Zemithang
905:from the
752:Yakub Beg
726:route to
508:Himalayas
412:, and in
307:Rezang La
9945:See also
9759:Dong-Yin
9561:Category
9329:Woodrose
9288:Junagadh
9143:Parakram
8702:Commands
8412:Zhengyou
8170:Timeline
7922:(2015).
7792:(1969).
7458:(2010),
7287:(1970),
7188:29 March
7182:Archived
7152:Archived
7122:Archived
7112:"Paltan"
7090:archived
7058:Archived
7026:Archived
6994:Archived
6964:archived
6960:Eros Now
6932:Archived
6873:18 April
6867:Archived
6837:Archived
6817:(1970),
6790:Archived
6751:Archived
6721:Archived
6642:Archived
6614:Archived
6564:Archived
6540:10 March
6534:Archived
6506:IBN Live
6469:10 March
6463:Archived
6269:Archived
6230:Archived
6197:Archived
6169:Archived
5868:Archived
5806:Archived
5726:10 March
5720:Archived
5653:10 March
5647:Archived
5597:Archived
5573:Archived
5543:Archived
5493:Archived
5436:Archived
5414:Archived
5378:Archived
5294:10 March
5288:Archived
5260:Archived
5049:Archived
5013:archived
4959:Archived
4738:Archived
4668:17 March
4597:17 March
4548:Archived
4459:Archived
4410:10 March
4404:Archived
4252:(1967).
4214:archived
4077:(1970).
3999:Archived
3561:Archived
3530:Archived
3441:Archived
3402:Archived
3363:Archived
3312:Archived
3287:14 April
3281:Archived
3223:Archived
3190:11 March
3184:Archived
3017:See also
2971:(2017),
2965:(2016),
2961:(1963),
2955:(1964),
2952:Haqeeqat
2920:(1966).
2588:Conflict
2513:Nathu La
2416:disputed
2326:camp in
2271:Cold War
2091:Cambodia
1981:platoons
1935:Thembang
1924:Bomdi La
1769:Marshal
1730:Lin Biao
1669:Portugal
1555:IV Corps
1186:courage.
1017:Pakistan
807:and the
528:Xinjiang
510:between
486:Location
478:and the
416:west of
408:east of
266:Strength
158:Location
123:Cold War
121:and the
117:Part of
66:may not
9885:Vietnam
9503:History
9337:Kashmir
9075:Trident
9063:Air War
8380:Chindia
8351:Related
8230:Sirijap
7950:(1975)
7733:2757064
7158:30 June
7128:30 June
7096:30 June
7064:30 June
7032:30 June
7000:30 June
6970:30 June
6820:Mandala
6796:20 July
6757:20 July
6570:20 July
6148:25 June
5903:2644184
5844:2643691
5790:2754976
5693:3023681
3526:2643691
3485:28 June
3369:25 June
3318:15 June
3011:Hotstar
2940:Pradeep
2908:Chushul
2899:Mandala
2883:Mandala
2806:(Pilot)
2785:Chushul
2165:MiG-21s
2155:As the
2148:to the
2107:Colombo
2071:Kennedy
2007:of the
1756:Lanzhou
1752:Chengdu
1673:exclave
1427:Zirkhim
954:Beijing
907:Burmese
899:Manipur
705:Yarkand
502:), and
462:As the
388:or the
188:changes
73:Please
9931:(1988)
9925:(1986)
9919:(1984)
9913:(1981)
9901:(1979)
9895:(1974)
9865:(2017)
9859:(2013)
9847:(1967)
9841:(1962)
9794:(1969)
9761:(1965)
9749:(1958)
9743:(1955)
9737:(1955)
9731:(1953)
9725:(1952)
9719:(1950)
9713:(1949)
9707:(1949)
9692:Taiwan
9678:(1989)
9666:(1959)
9660:(1950)
9462:Future
9431:Future
9314:Punjab
9240:Raahat
9222:Cactus
8527:
8514:
8501:
8385:Chinas
8220:Doklam
7979:
7952:online
7930:
7902:
7870:
7840:
7819:
7800:
7773:
7731:
7684:about
7657:
7614:
7592:
7570:
7550:
7530:
7510:
7476:
7446:
7440:652088
7438:
7393:
7375:
7339:
7333:651889
7331:
7297:
7274:
7241:
7221:
6904:
6890:Gulzar
6784:
6439:
6395:
6368:
6332:
6261:
6094:
6067:
6042:
6015:
5936:
5901:
5842:
5788:
5691:
5467:
5322:
5007:
4851:
4661:
4590:
4443:652324
4441:
4293:9 June
4206:
4089:
3993:
3945:
3939:652082
3937:
3899:9 June
3637:756256
3635:
3553:
3524:
3433:
3394:
3355:
3273:
3229:7 June
3215:
3176:
2994:Paltan
2880:,
2709:Ladakh
2627:Ladakh
2567:
2358:, and
2212:Doklam
2161:Moscow
2069:. The
1808:Walong
1676:colony
1570:Rajput
1559:Gurkha
1284:3miles
1236:Pravda
1035:(PLA)
978:Tawang
789:Raskam
748:Khotan
728:Khotan
611:Ladakh
504:Bhutan
496:Sikkim
433:Ladakh
410:Bhutan
274:22,000
271:80,000
228:
215:
178:Result
169:, and
9831:India
9281:Vijay
8710:Joint
8332:BASIC
8320:BRICS
8262:Roads
8225:Dolam
7868:S2CID
7771:S2CID
7729:JSTOR
7668:(PDF)
7643:(PDF)
7493:(PDF)
7444:S2CID
7436:JSTOR
7373:S2CID
7337:S2CID
7329:JSTOR
6488:(PDF)
6437:S2CID
5934:S2CID
5899:JSTOR
5840:JSTOR
5786:JSTOR
5689:JSTOR
5417:(PDF)
5402:(PDF)
5213:(PDF)
5206:(PDF)
5005:S2CID
4995:(3),
4781:(PDF)
4774:(PDF)
4659:S2CID
4588:S2CID
4439:JSTOR
4379:: 62.
4373:(PDF)
4194:(PDF)
4002:(PDF)
3979:(PDF)
3943:S2CID
3935:JSTOR
3633:JSTOR
3522:JSTOR
3208:毛泽东精神
3132:Hunza
3064:Notes
2824:China
2810:1962
2755:India
2713:India
2672:India
2631:India
2579:Award
2576:Name
2561:India
2545:, an
2328:Deoli
2232:Nehru
2218:India
2188:China
2099:Ghana
2087:Egypt
1920:Se La
1688:Delhi
1501:Dhola
1415:Lumpo
1086:Lhasa
1013:India
903:Assam
829:Hunza
532:Tibet
512:Burma
492:Nepal
418:Nepal
398:India
394:China
231:India
218:China
171:Assam
9784:USSR
9690:(vs
9571:Navy
9566:Army
9409:Navy
9393:Army
9272:Polo
9208:2020
9193:1987
9169:2019
9154:2013
9149:2011
9053:1971
9036:1965
9019:Wars
8974:Navy
8969:Army
8830:Navy
8782:Army
8325:BRIC
7977:ISBN
7928:ISBN
7900:ISBN
7838:ISBN
7817:ISBN
7798:ISBN
7655:ISBN
7612:ISBN
7608:Ibid
7590:ISBN
7586:Ibid
7568:ISBN
7548:ISBN
7528:ISBN
7508:ISBN
7474:ISBN
7391:ISBN
7348:2021
7295:ISBN
7272:ISBN
7268:Ibid
7239:ISBN
7219:ISBN
7215:Ibid
7190:2021
7160:2021
7130:2021
7117:ZEE5
7098:2021
7066:2021
7034:2021
7002:2021
6972:2021
6940:2010
6902:ISBN
6875:2020
6798:2021
6782:ISSN
6759:2021
6729:2022
6699:help
6680:help
6661:help
6572:2021
6542:2017
6471:2017
6393:ISBN
6366:ISBN
6330:ISBN
6309:2022
6277:2021
6259:ISBN
6238:2013
6205:2013
6193:OPEN
6150:2012
6137:Sify
6092:ISBN
6065:ISBN
6040:ISBN
6013:ISBN
5746:Time
5728:2017
5655:2017
5581:2016
5551:2016
5465:ISBN
5444:2006
5320:ISBN
5296:2017
5082:2024
5057:2013
4967:2006
4849:ISBN
4789:2013
4746:Time
4670:2023
4599:2023
4412:2017
4354:help
4334:help
4314:help
4295:2024
4222:2017
4204:ISBN
4087:ISBN
4010:2013
3991:ISSN
3901:2024
3772:2011
3569:2021
3551:ISBN
3487:2024
3449:2020
3431:ISBN
3410:2020
3392:ISBN
3371:2020
3353:ISBN
3320:2021
3289:2011
3271:ISBN
3231:2020
3213:ISBN
3192:2019
3174:ISBN
3143:The
2751:NEFA
2731:4th
2668:NEFA
2582:Unit
2547:IOFS
2409:The
2101:and
1960:and
1922:and
1840:War.
1829:and
1754:and
1503:Post
1465:Post
1300:Post
1251:and
1015:and
916:NEFA
901:and
883:and
599:and
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