315:
1898:
350:, namely: "whoever dies clothed in this habit shall not suffer the fires of Hell." This is understood to mean that anyone who remains faithful to the Carmelite vocation until death will be granted the grace of final perseverance. The long-standing tradition of the church has approved the vision of Simon Stock as an acceptable cult, but that is distinguishable from authenticating it as a historical experience. "The question then, from a historical perspective, is not whether Mary appeared to Simon Stock and gave him the scapular, but rather did Simon Stock perceive the Mother of God bestowing this sign of her protection on him and his brothers in Carmel." However, wearing the scapular remains a valuable devotion as a sign of one's commitment to Mary, and a pledge of her protection.
259:, a place that hosted in 1247 the first general chapter of the Carmelite Order held outside the Holy Land, and where there is still a monastery of Carmelite friars. Simon was probably the fifth or sixth prior general of the Carmelites (historical evidence suggests perhaps from about 1256–1266). During his service, the order spread widely in southern and western Europe, especially in England. Stock is credited with founding houses in the university cities of that era, as in 1248 at Cambridge, in 1253 at Oxford, and in 1260 at Paris and Bologna. This action was important for both the growth of the institution and for the training of its younger members.
45:
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1604:
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366:. In response, a Carmelite named John Cheron published a fragment of a letter which he purported to be an account by Simon Stock's secretary Peter Swanington (or Swanyngton), giving details of Simon's life, and the scapular vision. This document was also the origin of the date that has become traditional for the vision,
381:
Benedict
Zimmerman proposed that an apparition did take place in the 13th century, but was to another Carmelite brother, which was later attributed to Simon Stock, and that the vision was not of the Virgin Mary, but of a recently deceased Carmelite. Over time, the scapular took an increasingly Marian
734:
Vol XVI July–December 1904. pp. 59–75. Dublin: Browne & Nolan, Limited. – well researched 1904 journal article demonstrates the falsity of the
Swanington letter as well as the forged papal bull that was the basis of the "Sabbatine privilege", discusses Carmelite history and the facts about the
322:
The earliest accounts of Simon's life which are still extant do not mention him having a vision. The first such reference that has survived intact dates from the late 14th century, over 100 years after the July 16, 1251 date when tradition says the vision occurred. It states that "St. Simon was an
247:
Historical evidence about Simon's life comes primarily from medieval catalogues of saints and of
Carmelite priors general, which are not consistent with one another in their details. The earliest of these describe Simon as someone known for holiness during his life, and miracles attested to this
353:
Scholarly investigation into historical source documents has raised questions about whether Simon Stock's vision actually happened, or if this tradition about him arose later, perhaps as a means of expressing in the form of a story, the strongly held
Carmelite spiritual belief in the favor and
285:
in Simon Stock's honour was composed in
Bordeaux in France, and dates from 1435. Liturgies are first known to have been celebrated in Ireland and England in 1458, and throughout the Carmelite Order in 1564. His feast day, an optional memorial, is May 16. Simon's bones are still preserved in a
718:– Book excerpt found at the web link contains extensive quotes from the 17th century forged letter purportedly written in the 13th century by Simon Stock's secretary "Peter Swanington". Many older sources surprisingly accepted the Swanington letter without question.
248:
after his death. The surname "Stock" appears in some documents but not in others, and is related to a story that Simon lived for a time in a hollow tree ("stock" meant tree trunk) before the arrival of the
Carmelites in England, in keeping with prophetic tradition.
419:. By its simplicity, its anthropological value and its relationship to Mary's role in regard to the Church and humanity, this devotion was so deeply and widely accepted by the People of God that it came to be expressed in the memorial of 16 July on the
589:"He spent his time in prayer and solitary contemplation, preferring to live under harsh conditions, drinking only water, and never consuming any foods that were not vegetarian. He sustained himself on herbs, roots, and wild apples."
354:
protection of the
Blessed Virgin Mary. Several other religious orders in the Middle Ages had similar stories of Mary giving their habit or promising protection. The great Carmelite authors of the 14th century do not mention the
389:, the historical uncertainties revealed by 20th-century scholars such as Ludovico Saggi, of the "Institutum Carmelitanum" in Rome, resulted in the Catholic Church briefly striking the feast day of Simon Stock from the
407:. The Carmelites continue to find meaning in the traditional story and iconography of Simon Stock receiving the scapular, particularly as reflecting their filial relationship with Mary. When
358:
at all. Challenges to the historicity of the scapular vision (and passionate defenses of it) are not a new phenomenon; a notable challenge came in 1653, from a scholar at the
1660:
A list of all the congregations, notable members, priories, churches, and convents of the Order of the
Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Carmelites)
2041:
1776:
1771:
1223:
1578:
502:"The Scapular of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel-Catechesis & Rituals prepared under the direction of The North American Provincials of Carmelite Orders, 2000
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tone, became identified with
Carmelite piety toward the Virgin Mary, and the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel began to be called the "scapular feast".
314:
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792:
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728:
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415:"Over time this rich Marian heritage of Carmel has become, through the spread of the Holy Scapular devotion, a treasure for the whole
2036:
1897:
1117:
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3087:
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2015:
1187:
676:
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addressed the
Carmelite family in 2001 on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of the bestowal of the Scapular, he said that
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religious who persevered in their vocation would be saved. Beginning in the 16th century, the Carmelites began giving the
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to lay people who wanted to be affiliated with the Order, and it became increasingly popular as a religious article.
396:. It was restored in 1979 as an optional memorial, on the condition that no mention be made of the scapular vision.
3077:
2437:
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470:
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The Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel had their origins as a Christian hermit community in
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2031:
863:
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and the resumption of Muslim rule, in the early 13th century the members moved to Europe where they became
374:, though that liturgy made no reference to the scapular). Today, scholars affirm that this document was a
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Volume XXI, pp 17–22, July–August 2005, Discalced Carmelite Secular Order, Washington Province.
605:
Bede Edwards, OCDS. "St. Simon Stock – The Scapular Vision & the Brown Scapular Devotion."
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2194:
1607:
1142:
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Morello, OCD, Sam Anthony and McMahon, OCarm, Patrick. "A Catechesis on the Brown Scapular",
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956:
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1995:
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57:
8:
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to favour his Order with some singular privilege. The Virgin appeared to him holding the
324:
202:
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Englishman, a man of great holiness and devotion, who always in his prayers asked the
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65:
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808:
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and became an early leader of the Order soon after it migrated to that country.
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1357:
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1065:
516:
278:, France on May 16, though the year is not documented, and was buried there.
549:
The Friars, Aylesford Priory website (Carmelites of the Ancient Observance)
2531:
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1742:
1737:
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1460:
1390:
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894:
886:
633:
The Carmelites and Antiquity. Mendicants and their Pasts in the Middle Ages
331:
in her hand. In its original context, the meaning of this promise was that
230:
158:
550:
205:
is traditionally said to have appeared to him and given him the Carmelite
2707:
2351:
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1932:
1546:
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1493:
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1192:
1175:
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343:
213:. Thus, popular devotion to Stock is usually associated with devotion to
2977:
1707:
1649:
1367:
1248:
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386:
295:
179:
35:
824:(Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. p. 129.
1395:
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332:
299:
252:
198:
124:
80:
302:
in 1950. Simon Stock is the patron saint of the English province of
1216:
1170:
1107:
931:
915:
758:
Rev. Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD. "Brown Scapular: a 'Silent Devotion'",
287:
275:
163:
95:
2769:
1264:
1253:
1092:
367:
241:
128:
83:
815:
1692:
1687:
1275:
855:
672:
The Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel: Catechesis and Ritual
465:
237:
186:
167:
118:
99:
639:
521:
Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 Jun. 2013
2214:
2062:
Carmelite Missionaries Sister of Saint Therese of Child Jesus
1892:
1618:
565:
The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints
370:, 1251 (July 16 was already in the 17th century the feast of
271:
190:
25:
923:
267:
263:
256:
2042:
Carmelite Sisters of the Most Sacred Heart of Los Angeles
346:
made the "Scapular Promise" to Simon Stock regarding the
1777:
Hermits of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
290:; a tibia was brought to England in the 1860s for the
1772:
Monks of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
714:
New York: P.J. Kennedy & Sons, 1927. pp 218–226.
318:
Chiesa del Carmine, Milan. Simon Stock and an angel.
1920:
1579:
Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions
298:, London, and a part of the skull was enshrined at
262:Stock lived an ascetic life. He lived on a diet of
1910:
2862:Basilica-Sanctuary of Maria Santissima Annunziata
274:and drank only water. He is said to have died in
3024:
2052:Carmelite Daughters of the Divine Heart of Jesus
691:Fr. Kieran Kavanaugh, OCD, Zenit News Service.
193:who lived in the 13th century and was an early
2898:Carmelite Monastery Church of the Annunciation
2240:Teresa del Niño Jesús y de San Juan de la Cruz
620:Medieval Devotion to Mary Among the Carmelites
538:Saint Simon Stock (XIII Century) Saint, Priest
342:Carmelite tradition has held that in 1251 the
56:and Carmelite saints (Simon Stock (standing),
2770:Carmelite churches, convents, and monasteries
2320:Carmelite mystics & doctors of the church
1634:
871:
809:Butler's Lives of the Saints: St. Simon Stock
665:
663:
601:
599:
597:
595:
2792:St. Joseph's Carmelite Church, Berkeley Road
781:The Carmelite Scapular: History and Devotion
532:
530:
528:
231:enfeebling and fall of the Crusader Kingdoms
729:"The Origin of the Scapular – A Criticism."
16:13th-century English saint; Carmelite Prior
2962:Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland
2056:Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel
1641:
1627:
878:
864:
813:
748:, "The Month", Vol. 150, 1927, pp. 323–237
660:
592:
403:remains widespread and recommended by the
3038:Priors General of the Order of Carmelites
2059:Carmelite Sister of the Divine Providence
2037:Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm
525:
512:
510:
508:
2180:Teresa of St. Augustine & Companions
2074:Congregation Of Our Lady Of Mount Carmel
840:Prior General of the Order of Carmelites
712:Carmel, Its History, Spirit, and Saints.
636:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
313:
2939:
2913:Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield
2815:Monastery of The Holy Spirit, Sheffield
2245:Angel Prat i Hostench and 16 companions
1787:Carmelites of the Holy Face (Palmarian)
735:evolution of the scapular devotion etc.
423:of the universal Church," the Feast of
3025:
553:, Friars website from Aylesford Priory
505:
378:and Cheron himself the likely author.
2938:
2768:
2230:María Pilar de San Francisco de Borja
2065:Carmelite Sister of Mother Candelaria
1909:
1808:Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites
1669:
1622:
859:
773:
1728:Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
517:Hilgers, Joseph. "St. Simon Stock."
456:Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
441:Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
348:Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
1874:The Practice of the Presence of God
1768:(also known as Teresian Carmelites)
13:
2903:Monastery of Mary, Mother of Grace
2787:Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church
2499:Maria Francesca of the Holy Spirit
2484:Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín
2372:Catalina de Balmaseda y San Martín
937:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
540:– Scholarly historical information
14:
3114:
2802:Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence
2453:Margaret of the Blessed Sacrament
802:
693:Brown Scapular: A Silent Devotion
309:
3011:
2999:
1896:
1891:
1603:
1602:
885:
251:He is believed to have lived at
43:
2847:Santa Maria del Carmine, Naples
2071:Institute of Our Lady of Carmel
2047:Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel
1552:Latin Church in the Middle East
793:Message to the Carmelite Family
785:
751:
738:
732:The Irish Ecclesiastical Record
721:
705:
685:
551:"A Brief History of the Friars"
2392:Maria Candida of the Eucharist
2016:Marie-Eugène de l'Enfant-Jésus
1911:Members of the Carmelite Order
1648:
624:
612:
571:
556:
543:
496:
471:St Simon Stock Catholic School
1:
3088:English Roman Catholic saints
3073:13th-century Christian saints
2883:Berdychiv Carmelite Monastery
2797:Church of Our Lady Victorious
2688:Philip of the Blessed Trinity
2205:Teresa Benedicta of The Cross
2077:Carmelite Sisters of Our Lady
2011:María López de Rivas Martínez
1782:Carmelites of Mary Immaculate
744:Zimmerman, O.C.D., Benedict.
2908:Marylake Carmelite Monastery
2878:Convento de San José (Ávila)
2593:Brother John of Saint Samson
2588:Lawrence of the Resurrection
2032:Carmelite Sisters of Charity
7:
3103:13th-century English people
2918:Döbling Carmelite Monastery
2888:Muhraqa Carmelite Monastery
2443:Mariana of the Purification
1670:
649:, St. Andrews Press, 2000,
579:Vegetarian Christian Saints
434:
10:
3119:
2807:Annunciation Church, Mdina
2734:Teresa of St. Rose of Lima
2438:Thérèse of Saint Augustine
1946:Baptist Spagnoli of Mantua
1824:Rite of the Holy Sepulchre
822:Men of Kent and Kentishmen
519:The Catholic Encyclopedia.
2997:
2970:
2950:Colleges and universities
2949:
2945:
2934:
2870:
2839:
2823:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2747:
2716:
2650:
2601:
2580:
2522:
2504:Giovanni Antonio Guadagni
2477:Carmelite Servants of God
2476:
2420:
2319:
2258:
2235:María Ángeles de San José
2162:
2131:
2100:
2084:
2068:Corpus Christi Carmelites
2024:
2006:María Guggiari Echeverría
1981:Angelo Agostini Mazzinghi
1956:Anne of Saint Bartholomew
1916:
1905:
1889:
1832:
1816:
1803:Third Order of Carmelites
1795:
1756:
1680:
1676:
1665:
1658:
1592:
1574:Eastern Catholic Churches
1539:
1453:
1406:
1345:
1332:
1307:
1239:
1161:
1046:
983:
908:
893:
846:
837:
831:
814:Hutchinson, John (1892).
618:Eamon R. Carroll, OCarm;
476:Cincture of the Theotokos
157:
150:holding or receiving the
144:
134:
115:
105:
89:
73:
42:
23:
3068:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
2698:Pedro Cornejo de Pedrosa
2542:Agnes Mariam de la Croix
2407:Marie of the Incarnation
2382:Elizabeth of the Trinity
2357:Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi
2225:Elvira Moragas Cantarero
2149:Adeodato Giovanni Piazza
2025:Congregations of sisters
1868:The Living Flame of Love
1733:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
727:Herbert Thurston, S.J.,
577:Roberts, Holly. (2004).
489:
425:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
372:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
215:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
54:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
3078:Medieval English saints
2982:Institutum Carmelitanum
2971:Pontifical universities
2811:Santa Maria del Carmine
2739:Kuriakose Elias Chavara
2724:Maria Crocifissa Curcio
2637:Juan Bautista de Lezana
2433:Veronica of the Passion
2342:Mary of Jesus Crucified
2311:Kuriakose Elias Chavara
2271:Cyril of Constantinople
2185:Marie-Geneviève Meunier
2144:Joaquín Lluch y Garriga
1986:Maria Crocifissa Curcio
1976:Kuriakose Elias Chavara
1951:Maria Crocifissa Curcio
1723:Book of the First Monks
1322:Liturgical use of Latin
948:Pierbattista Pizzaballa
779:Fr. Paul D'Souza, OCD.
581:. Anjeli Press. p. 96.
562:Butler, Alban. (1846).
484:Eastern Orthodox Church
451:Book of the First Monks
220:
62:Mary Magdalene de'Pazzi
2893:Stella Maris Monastery
2301:Euphrasia Eluvathingal
2190:Redemptus of the Cross
1961:Candelaria of San José
1862:Ascent of Mount Carmel
1855:Dark Night of the Soul
1584:Western Rite Orthodoxy
1224:Santiago de Compostela
1153:1983 Code of Canon Law
1128:Protestant Reformation
1071:Historical development
746:The Carmelite Scapular
647:Inside Heaven and Hell
478:relic associated with
429:
319:
3058:People from Aylesford
2871:Carmelite monasteries
2693:Franciscus Bonae Spei
2673:Henri de Saint-Ignace
2651:Carmelite theologians
2612:Ludovicus a S. Carolo
2527:Louise de La Vallière
2514:Anastasio Ballestrero
2195:Denis of the Nativity
2108:Inácio de São Caetano
2001:Elia of Saint Clement
1598:Doctors of the Church
1061:History of the papacy
920:Patriarch of the West
413:
317:
110:Roman Catholic Church
3043:Venerated Carmelites
2857:San Martino, Bologna
2852:San Martino ai Monti
2717:Carmelite tertiaries
2572:Josefina Constantino
2567:Tadea de San Joaquín
2489:Camille de Soyécourt
2421:Venerable Carmelites
2281:Nuno Álvares Pereira
2220:Alfons Maria Mazurek
2170:Angelus of Jerusalem
2139:Girolamo Maria Gotti
1996:Teresa Maria Manetti
1921:Beatified Carmelites
1766:Discalced Carmelites
1718:Rule of Saint Albert
1317:Ecclesiastical Latin
1088:Early African church
1056:Apostolic succession
767:May 4, 2009, at the
536:Louis Saggi, OCarm;
304:Discalced Carmelites
281:The earliest extant
240:. Simon was born in
58:Angelus of Jerusalem
2957:Whitefriars College
2940:Carmelite education
2494:Mary of Saint Peter
2397:Marianna Fontanella
2362:Teresa of the Andes
2132:Carmelite cardinals
1991:Françoise d'Amboise
1841:The Interior Castle
1748:Sabbatine Privilege
1713:Albert of Jerusalem
1527:Pre-Tridentine Mass
1138:Counter-Reformation
900:order of precedence
817:"Simon Stock"
421:liturgical calendar
394:liturgical calendar
360:University of Paris
203:Blessed Virgin Mary
3063:Marian visionaries
3007:Catholicism portal
2840:Carmelite basilica
2824:Carmelite convents
2780:Carmelite churches
2602:Carmelite scholars
2581:Carmelite brothers
2562:Natividad Zialcita
2552:Ann Teresa Mathews
2448:María Luisa Josefa
2387:Archangela Girlani
2367:John of St. Samson
2337:Thérèse of Lisieux
2200:Hilary Januszewski
1833:Spiritual classics
1384:Extraordinary form
1294:Isidore of Seville
1282:Augustine of Hippo
1259:Hilary of Poitiers
975:Francesco Moraglia
957:Filipe Neri Ferrão
849:Nicolas Le Françoi
791:Pope John Paul II
716:The Brown Scapular
698:2009-05-04 at the
679:2015-12-05 at the
630:Andrew Jotischky;
320:
3020:
3019:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2729:Maria de Dominici
2658:Gerard of Bologna
2402:Marie of St Peter
2327:John of the Cross
2296:Albert of Trapani
2163:Carmelite martyrs
2154:Anders Arborelius
2101:Carmelite bishops
1971:Giovanna Scopelli
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1848:Way of Perfection
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1206:
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1190:
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1129:
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1103:Scholasticism
1101:
1099:
1096:
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1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:First Martyrs
1076:
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1069:
1067:
1066:Papal primacy
1064:
1063:
1062:
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933:
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925:
921:
917:
914:
913:
911:
907:
904:
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895:Patriarchates
892:
888:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
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858:
842:
841:
830:
823:
818:
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794:
788:
782:
776:
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766:
763:
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730:
724:
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713:
708:
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682:
678:
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666:
664:
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634:
627:
621:
615:
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600:
598:
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587:0-9754844-0-0
584:
580:
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316:
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286:cathedral in
284:
279:
277:
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63:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
27:
22:
19:
3004:
2532:Anne Worsley
2468:Sister Lúcia
2458:Fulton Sheen
2428:Ana de Jesús
2377:Ana de Jesús
2306:George Preca
2291:Peter Thomas
2275:
2175:Luigi Rabatà
1872:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1743:Flos Carmeli
1738:Mount Carmel
1698:Saint Joseph
1567:Titular sees
1519:
1512:
1505:
1484:Hereford Use
1461:African Rite
1391:Anglican Use
1083:Great Church
930:
887:Latin Church
838:
821:
787:
775:
759:
753:
745:
740:
731:
723:
711:
707:
687:
671:
646:
641:
632:
626:
614:
606:
578:
573:
564:
558:
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518:
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430:
414:
398:
384:
380:
352:
341:
321:
280:
261:
250:
246:
224:
175:
174:
60:(kneeling),
18:
3083:1265 deaths
2708:John Beston
2617:Robert Bale
2352:Maria Petyt
2276:Simon Stock
1933:John Soreth
1547:Latin cross
1514:Missa sicca
1479:Durham Rite
1474:Celtic Rite
1029:(1555–1663)
1017:(1524–1963)
1015:West Indies
1011:(1204–1964)
1005:(1098–1964)
999:(1276–1964)
966:Rui Valério
953:East Indies
344:Virgin Mary
229:; with the
201:order. The
176:Simon Stock
93:16 May 1265
31:Simon Stock
3033:Carmelites
3027:Categories
2978:Teresianum
1759:and groups
1708:Saint Anne
1681:Attributes
1651:Carmelites
1368:Roman Rite
1249:Tertullian
1148:Vatican II
1035:(560–1451)
1023:(560–1751)
997:Alexandria
844:1254–1265
480:St. Thomas
446:Carmelites
387:Vatican II
296:Kensington
146:Attributes
2678:John Bate
1489:Sarum Use
1396:Zaire Use
1143:Vatican I
944:Jerusalem
391:Carmelite
333:Carmelite
300:Aylesford
270:and wild
253:Aylesford
235:mendicant
227:Palestine
199:Carmelite
159:Patronage
125:Aylesford
81:Aylesford
79:possibly
1796:Tertiary
1608:Category
1540:See also
1494:York Use
1470:British
1309:Language
1217:Barnabas
1188:Syracuse
1123:Humanism
1108:Crusades
1027:Ethiopia
1021:Aquileia
993:(?−1964)
991:Carthage
932:cathedra
765:Archived
696:Archived
677:Archived
657:page 105
435:See also
356:scapular
329:Scapular
288:Bordeaux
276:Bordeaux
164:Bordeaux
96:Bordeaux
1817:Liturgy
1671:General
1596:* also
1454:Defunct
1346:Current
1265:Ambrose
1254:Cyprian
1093:Vulgate
1048:History
1003:Antioch
984:Defunct
927:Francis
909:Current
482:in the
376:forgery
368:July 16
242:England
197:of the
182:was an
129:England
84:England
77:c. 1165
68:), 1641
1757:Orders
1693:Elisha
1688:Elijah
1562:Turkey
1557:Latins
1408:Orders
1276:Jerome
971:Venice
962:Lisbon
929:(with
674:, 2000
653:
585:
466:Hermit
417:Church
325:Virgin
272:apples
238:friars
209:, the
187:priest
168:France
140:May 16
119:shrine
117:Major
100:France
1229:James
1212:Milan
1200:Malta
1193:Peter
1176:Peter
1033:Grado
834:Alain
760:Zenit
490:Notes
268:roots
264:herbs
207:habit
195:prior
191:saint
180:OCarm
136:Feast
36:OCarm
26:Saint
1205:Paul
1181:Paul
1171:Rome
924:Pope
922:'):
916:Rome
898:(by
651:ISBN
583:ISBN
257:Kent
221:Life
189:and
90:Died
74:Born
935:in
294:in
255:in
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820:.
662:^
594:^
527:^
507:^
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306:.
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178:,
166:,
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1296:*
1290:*
1284:*
1278:*
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879:e
872:t
865:v
427:.
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