481:
in the 30th round he trapped Burke against the ropes and battered him severely around the body before throwing him to the ground. Burke fell on his face, vomiting and throwing up blood, and for the next few rounds Byrne looked the more likely winner. By the 49th round however, Burke had recovered sufficiently to knock Byrne to the ground, whose hands by then were so swollen that he was unable to deliver a finishing blow. By the 93rd round Byrne was "scarcely able to stand, and rolled before the Deaf'un like a ship in a storm". Although both men were utterly exhausted Burke continued to "pepper away at body and head", until in the 99th round Byrne collapsed unconscious and could not be revived to take his place once again at the scratch. A contemporary newspaper report of the day describes a blow-by-blow account of a fair match.
488:, where he was attended to by Tom Spring. On the evening of the fight Byrne was considered to be close to death, but over the course of the following two days he seemed to be recovering, and was sufficiently conscious to thank his friends for their ministrations. But his condition worsened during the afternoon of Saturday 1 June 1833, and he died the following day; the cause of death was given as "congestion of blood in the brain". Byrne himself was reportedly of a different opinion, telling a chambermaid shortly before his death that "If I should die, it will not be from the beating I received but from mortification. I would rather have died than been beaten in that fight." He left behind a wife and four children in Dublin.
338:. Tom Cribb, Reuben Martin, Thomas Reynolds, and George Cooper were charged with aiding and abetting manslaughter. With such illustrious names as Cribb's, Jackson's and Spring's involved, the trial had the potential to turn into a huge establishment scandal. People of all classes had bet hundreds of pounds on the outcome of the boxing match. Despite being banned, prize fighting enjoyed huge public support and patronage from levels up to the younger male members of the royal family, some of whom Jackson had taught to box. The support received by Byrne at his trial is testimony to the wealth of his backers. The establishment rallied to his support; Byrne was represented by three
413:. The fight was originally scheduled to take place at Leicester on 10 March 1829, but at the last minute Ward claimed that he was unfit and too ill to fight, much to the disapproval of his backers and friends. Rumours circulated that Ward had refused to enter the ring unless he received a prize money of £250 plus an additional £250 if he lost; the event became known in some quarters as the Leicester Hoax. Ward did not fight again for two years, but he and Byrne finally met on 12 July 1831 at Willeycott, near Stratford upon Avon. Each fighter was paid £200. Although Ward was the older man he prevailed in the contest after one hour and seventeen minutes, when Byrne's seconds,
477:, for a prize of £100 to each man. To get himself into condition for the fight, Byrne had reduced his weight from 210 pounds (95 kg) to 186 pounds (84 kg), an effort that "as it was effected by hard work and sweating, somewhat impaired his natural stamina, especially as, his habits being far from abstemious when in Ireland, he was scarcely fitted to undergo the necessary amount of labour". Despite his hard work Byrne looked "fleshy", with "no special show of muscle", compared to Burke's "perfect condition", although he did have a slight height advantage. Burke weighed in at 172 pounds (78 kg), and started the contest as the marginal favourite at odds of 5–4.
193:
five rounds, earning him a further £100. This match was McKay's first ever prize-fight. This victory was soon followed by a win against Bob Avery, earning a further £50, then another win over Phil Samson in 1829, earning him £200. By the standards of the day these latter sums were enormous; it is therefore surprising that he was then offered £200 for a rematch, regardless of whether he won or not, against the less experienced McKay, whom he had beaten so easily on the first occasion. As of 2008 that would be the equivalent of about £13,600.
108:
457:(90 kg), and handicapped by deafness, Burke had assumed the championship after defeating Harry Macone in one of the prolonged and brutal fights for which he was known. Ward, who had faced public criticism for his refusal to fight Burke, felt that Byrne was the better fighter and promised to acknowledge the victor of a fight between Burke and Byrne as the new champion. The match took place on 30 May 1833 on
202:
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386:'s words fell on deaf ears, and the sport continued unabated. The following year a similar legal case occurred when another boxer was killed. However, in this instance less wealthy patrons and illustrious names were involved, and the manager of the convicted boxer, unlike Tom Cribb, was found guilty of abetting manslaughter and sentenced to 14 years
144:
left much to the discretion of referees. Rounds were not of a fixed length but continued until one of the fighters was knocked or thrown to the ground, after which those in his corner were allowed 30 seconds to return him to the "scratch" – the middle of the ring – failing which his opponent was declared the victor.
480:
Tom Spring was once again in Byrne's corner, as was Jem Ward. In true Burke style the match lasted for 3 hours and 6 minutes, during which time 99 rounds were fought the longest ever recorded prize fight. For the most part Byrne seemed to be in control in the early stages of the fight;
370:
of 5 June 1830 condemned the "barbarous, filthy and swindling exhibitions called prize fights" and expressed the hope that "an example will be made of the more wealthy monsters in this affair of blood – the sanguinary cowards who stood by and saw a fellow creature beaten to death for their sport
143:
in 1741, an event that triggered
Broughton to draw up a set of rules with the help of some of his patrons to prevent a recurrence. Published on 16 August 1743, Broughton's Rules outlawed hitting or seizing any part of an opponent's body below the waist, or striking him when he was down, but otherwise
541:
were introduced by the
Pugilists's Protective Association to more clearly define the range of fouls and to introduce certain safety measures. Butting, gouging, biting, scratching, kicking were all forbidden as was the use of stones or any hard object in the hand. Thirty-second breaks were introduced
262:
years earlier, McKay had fought and won just three matches, earning him £180, while Byrne had earned £200. Both men were promised £200 for the match whatever its outcome. McKay had earned £100 for his previous fight against Paul
Spencer, the most he had ever received; the promised payment was a huge
192:
hours—despite the fact that at this time a round could vary in length, and usually only ended when a man was knocked down. His second fight was a draw against Jack
Manning in 1826, earning Byrne £100. Next was Byrne's first match against the Scottish boxer Alexander McKay, which Byrne won easily in
351:
began a rumour that McKay had been drugged by "a sleeping draught" introduced into his water bottle. That the fight was illegal, as was the public assembly of spectators does not seem to have been considered in court. This benign neglect is surprising because as recently as 1825, in the case of
98:
that lasted for 3 hours and 6 minutes, the longest ever recorded prize fight. Byrne died three days later as the result of damage to his brain caused by the beating he had received. Burke was arrested and tried for manslaughter but was acquitted. Following the death in 1838 of another
266:
McKay's boxing relied on brute strength rather than scientific pugilistic theory, but the fight still lasted for 47 rounds before McKay collapsed under a left-handed punch to the throat that did not seem particularly powerful. He was carried to his corner, where he regained consciousness,
93:
for the vacant championship of
England. The injuries McKay received in his fight with Byrne resulted in his death the following day, and rioting in his home country of Scotland. Byrne went on to lose his next match against Jem Ward, which some commentators believed he was not sufficiently in
65:
champion of
Ireland, he was drawn to England by the larger sums of prize money on offer and his hopes of becoming the heavyweight champion there as well. He became one of only six fighters ever to have been involved in fatal fights as both survivor and deceased since records began in 1741.
170:, a fighter who on one occasion admitted taking £100, equivalent to several thousand pounds today, to lose a contest. By 1830 the sport had become widely known for its corruption, and blatant cheating was commonplace. It was against this background that Simon Byrne earned his living.
309:
church was burned and looted (the mob would have assumed Byrne, an
Irishman, to be a Roman Catholic). Byrne was arrested three days later on board the ferry to Ireland as he tried to leave the country. He was incarcerated in Buckingham Gaol to await his trial and the prospect of the
542:
between rounds, at the end of which each fighter had to walk to the scratch unaided within 8 seconds. The wearing of spiked boots was prohibited, and boxers who went to ground without being hit were disqualified. These rules still form the basis for the modern sport of boxing.
213:
The fight against
Alexander McKay was Byrne's first brush with notoriety. On 2 June 1830, Byrne, billed as "Champion of Ireland", fought McKay, the "Champion of Scotland", for the right to challenge Jem Ward, the heavyweight champion of England. The match had been organized at
29:
99:
fighter, William Phelps, also known as
Brighton Bill, the London Prize Ring Rules were introduced to more clearly define the rules of prize fighting and to introduce certain safety measures, rules that still form the basis for the modern sport of boxing.
363:
as a "very human kind man", and McKay as "a very large muscular man – a magnificent man". The jury came to a verdict after only ten minutes of deliberation: "Not guilty". Byrne was once again a free man, but the image of the sport had been damaged.
155:) and his brothers. Championship boxing matches acquired a louche reputation as the places to be seen by the wealthy upper classes. Thus, a match would often be attended by thousands of people, many of whom had wagered money on the outcome. The
135:
of 1715, which defined a riot as "a tumultuous disturbance of the peace by three or more persons assembling together, of their own authority, with intent mutually to execute a violent enterprise to the terror of the people".
222:. The former champion boxer Tom Spring, as treasurer of the "Fair Play Club" – the organization which oversaw boxing – was immensely influential in the boxing world. Along with two other well-known boxers,
525:
Burke was arrested and tried for manslaughter. He was acquitted on 11 July 1833, but avoided competitive fights for some time afterwards, only taking part in exhibition matches. He retired in 1843 and died of
230:(who also acted as Byrne's manager), he was Byrne's sponsor for the match. Cribb was considered to be one of the greatest fighters of the era; more than 20,000 people attended one of his fights.
420:
An observer commented that Byrne may not have been in the best of condition for the fight, as "his appearance failed to favour the impression that he possessed active vigour"; boxing historian
127:
During the first half of the 19th century pugilism, better known as prize-fighting, held a curious position in
British society. Although supported by members of the establishment from the
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Very little is known of Byrne's early life beyond the fact that he was born in Ireland in 1806. His first fight, in 1825, was a loss to Mike Larking; it lasted 138 rounds spread over
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describes the fight as "disgraceful". Another commentator noted that "it is a singular fact that neither of the men had a black eye; neither had an external cut worth mentioning".
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453:, although some disputed Burke's right to the title as Ward had refused to fight him before retiring. Standing 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall, weighing 200
433:
69:
Byrne fought in an era when English boxing, although illegal, was patronised by many powerful individuals. Its patronage and popularity did not, however, free it from
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Cleared of any responsibility for McKay's death, Byrne collected his £200 prize money, and as the winner earned the right to fight the English heavyweight champion
297:
McKay's death attracted widespread publicity and led to rioting in the streets of his homeland. In Dundee, three people died and 200 were injured in the fracas. In
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and sheep thieves, Buckingham had never before seen such a spectacle. The town was inundated with journalists and the merely curious. Byrne was charged with
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examination found the cause of death to be brain damage. McKay was buried in Hanslope Churchyard with the following inscription on his headstone:
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The defence produced a witness who claimed to have seen McKay fall and strike his head on some stones several hours before the fight, and the
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One contemporary view of Byrne's fatal fight, and of his earlier contest against Ward, was expressed in a popular poem written by
1217:
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As the "wealthy monsters" patronising boxing included King George IV (who had asked Gentleman Jackson and the country's leading
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237:, Buckinghamshire. But as a vast crowd of spectators began pouring into Hanslope the venue was switched at the last minute to
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Boxing had become a nest of "gambling related corruption" by the 1820s. The epitome of this era was the championship reign of
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by a surgeon on the scene and taken to a local inn, the Watts Arms, where he died at 9:00 pm the following evening. A
81:. Byrne fought eight recorded matches, but accounts of his career focus on the last three, against the Scottish champion
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v. Billingham, Savage and Skinner, it had been deemed that anyone even attending a fight was guilty of an offence.
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Despite the publicity and billing this was only McKay's fifth prize-fight. Since his defeat at the hands of Byrne
163:) was reported to have bet thousands of pounds on Jack Broughton, who was the English champion for 18 years.
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Following the death in 1838 of another fighter, William Phelps, also known as Brighton Bill, in a match against
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Fights for the Championship and Celebrated Prize Battles, Or, Accounts of All the Battles for the Championship
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Jem Ward announced his retirement from the ring in a letter published in the 29 January edition of
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The boxer George Stevenson had died a few days after his 35-minute fight with the English champion
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119:, or in open fields away from the eyes of local authorities. This painting was by Byrne's friend
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and five solicitors, and twelve witnesses journeyed from London to give evidence on his behalf.
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Contracts were signed at Spring's tavern and it was arranged for the fight to take place at
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Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States
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condition to fight. His final contest in May 1833 was a gruelling 99 rounds against
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877:. National Library of Scotland: National Library of Scotland. 1830. p. F.3.a.13(18)
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654:"Pugilistic Prosecutions: Prize Fighting and the Courts in Nineteenth Century Britain"
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The Life and Adventures of James Ward, Viewed as "The Champion" and "The Artist"
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614:"Death under the Spotlight: The Manuel Velazquez Boxing Fatality Collection"
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The only known image of Simon Byrne, a poster advertising the match between
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less than two years later in 1845, having by then been reduced to poverty.
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This article is about the Irish boxer. For the British police officer, see
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The sport enjoyed an unprecedented surge in popularity during the
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51:(1806 – 2 June 1833), nicknamed "The Emerald Gem", was an Irish
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To fight Burke for two hundred pounds, a man of courage bold,
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to act as pages at his coronation in 1821) and his heir, the
1325:"Trial of the Pugilists for the Manslaughter of Simon Byrne"
704:. International Boxing Research Organization. Archived from
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Back'd by Jem Ward the champion, likewise by Gallant Spring,
205:
Newspaper report of rioting against the Irish population of
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downwards, it was considered illegal under the terms of the
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28:
1396:
The Life and Times of James Catnach ... Ballad Monger
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when it was openly patronised by the Prince Regent (later
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and Tom Reynolds, withdrew their man in the 33rd round.
820:
Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present
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To stop reports that with Ward the battle he had sold.
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1251:
National Gazette and Literary Register, Philadelphia
899:. Milton Keynes Heritage Association. Archived from
102:
510:
On Thursday, 30 May day, Brave Simon took the ring,
111:A typical 19th-century boxing match, often held in
1060:
484:Byrne was carried to "The Woolpack" inn in nearby
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588:The report accounts for only 27 of the 99 rounds.
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330:of Buckingham. More used to the trials of local
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449:. He was succeeded as champion of England by
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1016:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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1218:"Battle Between Simon Byrne and Deaf Burke"
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1487:Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing
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305:were called out to quell rioting after a
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267:complaining of severe headache. He was
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359:At the trial Byrne was described by a
289:Lest you should rue your case too late
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1247:"Death of Simon Byrne, the pugilist"
1010:; Gee, Tony (2004). "Ward, James ".
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848:. Milton Keynes Heritage Association
761:. Milton Keynes Heritage Association
393:
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1121:. International Boxing Hall of Fame
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693:
612:Svinth, Joseph R. (February 2004),
283:And bravely fought with Simon Byrne
13:
1403:Lynch, John Gilbert Rohun (2008),
287:Stranger take warning from my fate
14:
1518:
1099:International Boxing Hall of Fame
785:International Boxing Hall of Fame
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103:Early 19th-century English boxing
871:"Broadside entitled 'Rioting!!'"
823:, MeasuringWorth, archived from
652:Anderson, Jack (November 2001),
279:Strong and athletic was my frame
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838:
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1288:Johnstone's Political Register
773:
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500:, the catchpenny publisher of
293:Determine now to fight no more
291:If you have ever fought before
281:Far from my native home I came
1:
1448:Rodriguez, Robert G. (2009),
976:"Pugilism; Hoax on the Fancy"
817:Officer, Lawrence H. (2009),
557:
263:improvement in his fortunes.
173:
1030:UK public library membership
491:
301:, four people died, and the
21:Simon Byrne (police officer)
7:
1372:Dowling, Frank L. (2009) ,
759:"The Fight at Salcey Green"
552:List of bare-knuckle boxers
545:
10:
1523:
986:(139): 428–429, April 1829
618:Journal of Combative Sport
579:of £200 in 1830 with 2008.
322:The trial was held at the
285:Alas, but never to return.
18:
1502:Irish bare-knuckle boxers
1394:Hindley, Charles (1878),
965:(Vol. 172, 1831, p. 925).
702:"Pugilism's First Heroes"
673:10.1080/17460260109447881
1421:Mingaud, Edward (1853),
1284:"Accidents and Offences"
960:11 February 2006 at the
465:between the villages of
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1492:Sport deaths in England
1341:(subscription required)
939:(subscription required)
539:London Prize Ring Rules
218:'s "Castle Tavern", in
209:following McKay's death
85:, the English champion
1432:Encyclopedia of Boxing
1224:, 1833, archived from
1222:The Word on the Street
1022:10.1093/ref:odnb/28687
875:The word on the street
846:"The Fighters' Plaque"
440:
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1430:Odd, Gilbert (1983),
1294:(11): 97, 1 July 1833
446:Bell's Life in London
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277:
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110:
31:
1228:on 27 September 2007
903:on 10 September 2010
729:, pp. xxiv–xxvi
661:The Sports Historian
1405:Knuckles and Gloves
1398:, Reeves and Turner
1045:, pp. 117, 120
827:on 24 November 2009
575:Comparing relative
502:Seven Dials, London
326:in the small rural
40:) and Simon Byrne (
1507:Heavyweight boxers
1207:, pp. 126–129
441:
428:Byrne versus Burke
407:
348:Glasgow Free Press
211:
197:Byrne versus McKay
159:(an uncle of King
157:Duke of Cumberland
125:
46:
1497:Irish male boxers
1459:978-0-7864-3862-4
1441:978-0-600-34669-2
1414:978-1-4086-7620-2
1407:, Roberts Press,
1387:978-1-150-77109-5
1378:General Books LLC
1028:(Subscription or
980:Sporting Magazine
897:"Buckingham Gaol"
394:Byrne versus Ward
361:Bow Street Runner
224:Gentleman Jackson
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34:Alexander McKay
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1355:Rodriguez 2009
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1331:, 12 July 1833
1316:
1312:Hindley (1878)
1304:
1275:
1263:
1238:
1209:
1205:Dowling (2009)
1197:
1193:Dowling (2009)
1185:
1181:Dowling (2009)
1173:
1169:Dowling (2009)
1161:
1157:Dowling (2009)
1149:
1132:
1110:
1083:
1079:Dowling (2009)
1071:
1059:
1055:Mingaud (1853)
1047:
1043:Dowling (2009)
1035:
996:
967:
942:
914:
888:
859:
837:
809:
797:
772:
731:
719:
692:
629:
600:
599:
591:
590:
581:
567:
566:
559:
556:
555:
554:
547:
544:
523:
522:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
493:
490:
471:Wheathampstead
429:
426:
405:, c. 1825
395:
392:
388:transportation
319:
316:
307:Roman Catholic
241:, just inside
198:
195:
175:
172:
149:Regency period
141:Jack Broughton
104:
101:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1519:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1455:
1452:, McFarland,
1451:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1314:, p. 262
1313:
1308:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1195:, p. 129
1194:
1189:
1183:, p. 126
1182:
1177:
1171:, p. 125
1170:
1165:
1159:, p. 124
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1120:
1114:
1100:
1096:
1095:"James Burke"
1090:
1088:
1081:, p. 121
1080:
1075:
1069:, p. 167
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1001:
985:
981:
977:
971:
964:
963:
959:
956:
951:
946:
929:, 5 June 1830
928:
924:
918:
902:
898:
892:
876:
872:
866:
864:
847:
841:
826:
822:
821:
813:
806:
801:
786:
782:
776:
760:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
728:
723:
707:
703:
696:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
619:
615:
608:
606:
601:
598:
597:
585:
578:
572:
568:
565:
564:
553:
550:
549:
543:
540:
536:
531:
529:
518:
515:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
503:
499:
498:James Catnach
489:
487:
482:
478:
476:
475:Hertfordshire
472:
468:
464:
461:, a tract of
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
438:
434:
425:
423:
418:
416:
412:
404:
400:
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
369:
368:
362:
357:
355:
350:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
308:
304:
300:
294:
276:
274:
270:
264:
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
203:
194:
171:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
145:
142:
137:
134:
130:
129:royal princes
122:
118:
114:
109:
100:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:staged fights
76:
72:
67:
64:
61:
57:
56:prize fighter
54:
50:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1449:
1431:
1422:
1404:
1395:
1373:
1365:Bibliography
1364:
1363:
1357:, p. 26
1333:, retrieved
1328:
1319:
1307:
1296:, retrieved
1291:
1287:
1278:
1273:, p. 84
1266:
1255:, retrieved
1250:
1241:
1230:, retrieved
1226:the original
1221:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1123:. Retrieved
1113:
1102:, retrieved
1074:
1062:
1057:, p. 53
1050:
1038:
1011:
1008:Boase, G. C.
988:, retrieved
983:
979:
970:
953:
949:
945:
931:, retrieved
926:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:the original
891:
879:. Retrieved
874:
850:. Retrieved
840:
829:, retrieved
825:the original
819:
812:
805:Lynch (2008)
800:
788:. Retrieved
775:
763:. Retrieved
722:
710:. Retrieved
706:the original
700:Cuoco, Dan.
695:
684:, retrieved
667:(2): 35–53,
664:
660:
621:, retrieved
617:
595:
594:
584:
571:
562:
561:
532:
528:tuberculosis
524:
495:
483:
479:
444:
442:
419:
408:
383:
373:
365:
358:
346:
344:
336:manslaughter
321:
296:
278:
265:
247:
239:Salcey Green
232:
212:
177:
165:
146:
138:
126:
68:
53:bare-knuckle
48:
47:
41:
37:
25:
1482:1833 deaths
1477:1806 births
807:, p. 3
765:28 February
623:28 February
463:common land
451:James Burke
437:James Burke
422:Gilbert Odd
371:and gain!"
328:market town
273:post mortem
96:James Burke
91:James Burke
60:heavyweight
49:Simon Byrne
16:Irish boxer
1471:Categories
1434:, Hamlyn,
1335:14 October
1271:Lynch 2008
1257:13 October
1232:14 October
1145:Lynch 2008
1125:13 October
1119:"Jem Ward"
1104:13 October
1067:Odd (1983)
1032:required.)
933:11 October
907:13 October
881:31 January
852:13 October
831:3 December
790:13 October
727:Lynch 2008
712:14 October
686:14 October
558:References
535:Owen Swift
459:Nomansland
415:Tom Spring
340:barristers
216:Tom Spring
174:Early life
161:George III
113:warehouses
71:corruption
1329:The Times
927:The Times
681:162238764
596:Citations
492:Aftermath
486:St Albans
467:Sandridge
384:The Times
376:pugilists
367:The Times
228:Tom Cribb
153:George IV
1298:29 April
958:Archived
923:"Leader"
546:See also
411:Jem Ward
403:Jem Ward
332:poachers
303:Dragoons
235:Hanslope
168:Jem Ward
133:Riot Act
121:Jem Ward
87:Jem Ward
73:, heavy
952:(1831)
324:Assizes
312:gallows
299:Glasgow
257:⁄
220:Holborn
187:⁄
75:betting
1456:
1438:
1411:
1384:
1026:
679:
537:, the
207:Dundee
89:, and
77:, and
63:boxing
58:. The
990:4 May
677:S2CID
657:(PDF)
563:Notes
318:Trial
42:right
1454:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1337:2010
1300:2021
1259:2010
1234:2010
1127:2010
1106:2010
992:2011
935:2010
909:2010
883:2014
854:2010
833:2009
792:2010
767:2006
714:2010
688:2010
625:2006
469:and
269:bled
226:and
117:inns
38:left
1018:doi
669:doi
473:in
354:Rex
1473::
1380:,
1376:,
1347:^
1327:,
1292:II
1290:,
1286:,
1249:,
1220:,
1135:^
1097:,
1086:^
999:^
984:23
982:,
978:,
925:,
873:.
862:^
783:.
734:^
675:,
665:21
663:,
659:,
632:^
616:,
604:^
504::
455:lb
390:.
382:,
314:.
1129:.
1024:.
1020::
911:.
885:.
856:.
794:.
769:.
716:.
671::
259:2
255:1
252:+
250:2
189:2
185:1
182:+
180:2
123:.
44:)
36:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
