357:
187:
968:-like structure where silicon is 6-coordinate. The density of stishovite is 4.287 g/cm, which compares to α-quartz, the densest of the low-pressure forms, which has a density of 2.648 g/cm. The difference in density can be ascribed to the increase in coordination as the six shortest SiâO bond lengths in stishovite (four SiâO bond lengths of 176 pm and two others of 181 pm) are greater than the SiâO bond length (161 pm) in α-quartz. The change in the coordination increases the ionicity of the SiâO bond.
47:
8401:
1077:
4026:
528:
1536:
4080:
3971:
4058:
3773:
3745:
3686:
3712:
3946:
858:
850:
737:
866:
3872:
3657:
3628:
3913:
3830:
3314:
531:
533:
1063:). In dimeric silicon dioxide there are two oxygen atoms bridging between the silicon atoms with an SiâOâSi angle of 94° and bond length of 164.6 pm and the terminal SiâO bond length is 150.2 pm. The SiâO bond length is 148.3 pm, which compares with the length of 161 pm in α-quartz. The bond energy is estimated at 621.7 kJ/mol.
5864:
These soft-focus pigments, mainly composed of polymers, micas and talcs covered with rough or spherical particles of small diameters, such as silica or titanium dioxide, are used to optically reduce the appearance of wrinkles. These effects are obtained by optimizing outlines of wrinkles and reducing
1527:
It can also be produced by vaporizing quartz sand in a 3000 °C electric arc. Both processes result in microscopic droplets of amorphous silica fused into branched, chainlike, three-dimensional secondary particles which then agglomerate into tertiary particles, a white powder with extremely low
3415:
The solubility of silicon dioxide in water strongly depends on its crystalline form and is three to four times higher for amorphous silica than quartz; as a function of temperature, it peaks around 340 °C (644 °F). This property is used to grow single crystals of quartz in a hydrothermal
1305:
The structural geometry of silicon and oxygen in glass is similar to that in quartz and most other crystalline forms of silicon and oxygen with silicon surrounded by regular tetrahedra of oxygen centres. The difference between the glass and crystalline forms arises from the connectivity of the
3433:
7108:
NIOSH (2002) Hazard Review, Health
Effects of Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
3416:
process where natural quartz is dissolved in superheated water in a pressure vessel that is cooler at the top. Crystals of 0.5â1 kg can be grown for 1â2 months. These crystals are a source of very pure quartz for use in electronic applications. Above the
2885:), strong bases react with glass and easily dissolve it. Therefore, strong bases have to be stored in plastic bottles to avoid jamming the bottle cap, to preserve the integrity of the recipient, and to avoid undesirable contamination by silicate anions.
3553:/m of air. Prior to 2013, it had allowed 100 ÎŒg/m and in construction workers even 250 ÎŒg/m. In 2013, OSHA also required the "green completion" of fracked wells to reduce exposure to crystalline silica and restrict the exposure limit.
3490:
or work with powdered crystalline silica products. Amorphous silica, such as fumed silica, may cause irreversible lung damage in some cases but is not associated with the development of silicosis. Children, asthmatics of any age, those with
2035:
of so-called native oxide. Higher temperatures and alternative environments are used to grow well-controlled layers of silicon dioxide on silicon, for example at temperatures between 600 and 1200 °C, using so-called dry oxidation with
3466:, as the dust becomes lodged in the lungs and continuously irritates the tissue, reducing lung capacities. When fine silica particles are inhaled in large enough quantities (such as through occupational exposure), it increases the risk of
1703:
is the process by which a semiconductor surface is rendered inert, and does not change semiconductor properties as a result of interaction with air or other materials in contact with the surface or edge of the crystal. The formation of a
1723:
and prevent these electrical characteristics from deteriorating by the gaseous ambient environment. Silicon oxide layers could be used to electrically stabilize silicon surfaces. The surface passivation process is an important method of
2781:
Silicon dioxide is a relatively inert material (hence its widespread occurrence as a mineral). Silica is often used as inert containers for chemical reactions. At high temperatures, it is converted to silicon by reduction with carbon.
959:
takes place abruptly at 573 °C. Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce fracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature limit. The high-pressure minerals,
1306:
tetrahedral units: Although there is no long-range periodicity in the glassy network ordering remains at length scales well beyond the SiO bond length. One example of this ordering is the preference to form rings of 6-tetrahedra.
900:
Based on the crystal structural differences, silicon dioxide can be divided into two categories: crystalline and non-crystalline (amorphous). In crystalline form, this substance can be found naturally occurring as
2506:
2006:
2658:
1732:
with an insulating layer of silicon oxide so that electricity could reliably penetrate to the conducting silicon below. Growing a layer of silicon dioxide on top of a silicon wafer enables it to overcome the
1522:
1016:: negative temperature expansion, density maximum at temperatures ~5000 °C, and a heat capacity minimum. Its density decreases from 2.08 g/cm at 1950 °C to 2.03 g/cm at 2200 °C.
2355:
2979:
2764:
4449:
3100:
2188:
3186:
1403:
3277:
1255:
of metallic products. The high melting point of silica enables it to be used in such applications such as iron casting; modern sand casting sometimes uses other minerals for other reasons.
6867:
3405:
2097:
1093:, which comprises more than 10% by mass of the Earth's crust. Quartz is the only polymorph of silica stable at the Earth's surface. Metastable occurrences of the high-pressure forms
955:
at room temperature. The high-temperature minerals, cristobalite and tridymite, have both lower densities and indices of refraction than quartz. The transformation from α-quartz to
532:
5303:
3542:
Regulations restricting silica exposure 'with respect to the silicosis hazard' specify that they are concerned only with silica, which is both crystalline and dust-forming.
6537:
Nandiyanto AB, Kim SG, Iskandar F, et al. (2009). "Synthesis of spherical mesoporous silica nanoparticles with nanometer-size controllable pores and outer diameters".
6439:
Chrystie RS, Ebertz FL, Dreier T, Schulz C (2019-01-28). "Absolute SiO concentration imaging in low-pressure nanoparticle-synthesis flames via laser-induced fluorescence".
3221:
7375:
Kihara K, Matsumoto T, Imamura M (1986). "Structural change of orthorhombic-Itridymite with temperature: A study based on second-order thermal-vibrational parameters".
1830:. Quartz is suitable for many purposes, while chemical processing is required to make a purer or otherwise more suitable (e.g. more reactive or fine-grained) product.
5652:
534:
1749:
5609:
6990:
4347:
4325:
568:
3447:
of 5000 mg/kg (5 g/kg). A 2008 study following subjects for 15 years found that higher levels of silica in water appeared to decrease the risk of
1670:
as a second passivation layer (for protecting semiconductor elements and the metallization layers) typically today layered with some other dielectrics like
936:
always have the same local structure around Si and O. In α-quartz the SiâO bond length is 161 pm, whereas in α-tridymite it is in the range 154â171 pm. The
4137:
This extended list enumerates synonyms for silicon dioxide; all of these values are from a single source; values in the source were presented capitalized.
1554:(non-crystalline) spherical particles with an average particle diameter of 150 nm, without the branching of the pyrogenic product. The main use is as
4846:
4418:
1532:
thickening agent, or as an anti-caking agent, and can be treated to make them hydrophilic or hydrophobic for either water or organic liquid applications.
542:
5678:
750:
7123:
6791:"Aluminum and Silica in Drinking Water and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease or Cognitive Decline: Findings from 15-Year Follow-up of the PAQUID Cohort"
5469:"Purity, Morphological, and Electrical Characterization of Silicon Dioxide from Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica) Using Different Ashing Temperatures"
2011:
Approximately one billion kilograms/year (1999) of silica were produced in this manner, mainly for use for polymer composites â tires and shoe soles.
1656:. Today when scaling (dimension of the gate length of the MOS transistor) has progressed below 10 nm, silicon dioxide has been replaced by other
5105:
3522:
In the body, crystalline silica particles do not dissolve over clinically relevant periods. Silica crystals inside the lungs can activate the NLRP3
990:(over 800 m/g). Faujasite-silica has very high thermal and acid stability. For example, it maintains a high degree of long-range molecular order or
2201:
with high chemical stability. It can protect the silicon, store charge, block current, and even act as a controlled pathway to limit current flow.
6711:
1174:
in and by cells has been common in the biological world and it occurs in bacteria, protists, plants, and animals (invertebrates and vertebrates).
1814:
Pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fibre for fibreglass.
556:
6994:
6160:"The Influence of Spherical Nano-SiO 2 Content on the Thermal Protection Performance of Thermal Insulation Ablation Resistant Coated Fabrics"
3546:
2858:, being able to react with bases under certain conditions. As it does not contain any hydrogen, non-hydrated silica cannot directly act as a
889:
forms 3-dimensional network solids in which each silicon atom is covalently bonded in a tetrahedral manner to 4 oxygen atoms. In contrast, CO
1566:
Silica, either colloidal, precipitated, or pyrogenic fumed, is a common additive in food production. It is used primarily as a flow or anti-
7204:
5878:
5847:
4014:
2366:
11239:
3420:
of water 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and a pressure of 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi) or higher, water is a
1856:
834:, and as components in the food and pharmaceutical industries. All forms are white or colorless, although impure samples can be colored.
7994:
4932:
2525:
2214:
Many routes to silicon dioxide start with an organosilicon compound, e.g., HMDSO, TEOS. Synthesis of silica is illustrated below using
1558:
material for high performance concrete. Fumed silica nanoparticles can be successfully used as an anti-aging agent in asphalt binders.
7637:
6998:
6947:
Reuzel PG, Bruijntjes JP, Feron VJ, et al. (1991). "Subchronic inhalation toxicity of amorphous silica and quartz dust in rats".
2859:
8120:
1240:
About 95% of the commercial use of silicon dioxide (sand) occurs in the construction industry, e.g. for the production of concrete (
7818:
Björkman T, Kurasch S, Lehtinen O, Kotakoski J, Yazyev OV, Srivastava A, Skakalova V, Smet JH, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2013).
5052:
3510:
because the process of cutting and installing the countertops creates large amounts of airborne silica. Crystalline silica used in
1846:, is first washed and then dehydrated to produce colorless microporous silica. The idealized equation involving a trisilicate and
11497:
7428:
5036:
2851:
does not react to HF to any significant degree. HF is used to remove or pattern silicon dioxide in the semiconductor industry.
2668:
Being highly stable, silicon dioxide arises from many methods. Conceptually simple, but of little practical value, combustion of
1570:
agent in powdered foods such as spices and non-dairy coffee creamer, or powders to be formed into pharmaceutical tablets. It can
1433:
6896:"Pesticide Exposure and Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis among Licensed Male Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study"
6225:
2224:
5508:"Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: Origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions"
2894:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7964:
7775:
6745:
6279:
5662:
5446:
5362:
4795:
4644:
4609:
4524:
4373:
4286:
3652:
Closely related to α-quartz (with an Si-O-Si angle of 155°) and optically active; ÎČ-quartz converts to ÎČ-tridymite at 1140 K
700:
7578:
5576:
4486:
5908:
2678:
940:
also varies between a low value of 140° in α-tridymite, up to 180° in ÎČ-tridymite. In α-quartz, the SiâOâSi angle is 144°.
745:
8079:
8066:
8056:
3345:
silicates which provide access to a wide variety of new silicon compounds. The silicates are essentially insoluble in all
8093:
6492:"Synthesis and characterization of silicaâlead sulfide coreâshell nanospheres for applications in optoelectronic devices"
3018:
2112:
1790:
6413:"The Silicon Dioxide Solution: How physicist Jean Hoerni built the bridge from the transistor to the integrated circuit"
893:
is a linear molecule. The starkly different structures of the dioxides of carbon and silicon are a manifestation of the
8087:
8070:
8060:
8038:
6490:
Romero-Jaime AK, Acosta-EnrĂquez MC, Vargas-HernĂĄndez D, TĂĄnori-CĂłrdova JC, Pineda LeĂłn HA, Castillo SJ (August 2021).
5791:"Rheological, physicochemical, and microstructural properties of asphalt binder modified by fumed silica nanoparticles"
5122:
3108:
3004:
and glasses as the Si-O-Si bonds in silica are broken successively). As an example the reaction of sodium oxide and SiO
1603:, a mined product, has been used in food and cosmetics for centuries. It consists of the silica shells of microscopic
1350:
2773:
of silicon dioxide onto crystal surface from silane had been used using nitrogen as a carrier gas at 200â500 °C.
11477:
7929:
7877:"Pulmonary Chemokine and Mutagenic Responses in Rats after Subchronic Inhalation of Amorphous and Crystalline Silica"
7236:
6900:
6764:"Formation of silica particles from supercritical fluids and its impacts on the hydrological properties in the crust"
6641:
6581:
6395:
6370:
6345:
6208:
6112:
6052:
6018:
5984:
5888:
5857:
5748:
5147:
5078:
4820:
4746:
4713:
4687:
4398:
4299:
371:
7271:
6613:
3342:
3225:
2855:
8441:
6795:
6104:
5507:
3566:
3451:. An increase of 10 mg/day of silica in drinking water was associated with a reduced risk of dementia of 11%.
1725:
1110:
933:
7791:
Weiss A, Weiss A (1954). "Ăber
Siliciumchalkogenide. VI. Zur Kenntnis der faserigen Siliciumdioxyd-Modifikation".
7264:
Respirable
Crystalline Silica in the Workplace: New Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standards
3362:
2888:
Silicon dioxide dissolves in hot concentrated alkali or fused hydroxide, as described in this idealized equation:
2519:. The course of the reaction and nature of the product are affected by catalysts, but the idealized equation is:
1678:
Because silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon it is more widely used compared to other semiconductors like
757:
11232:
7919:
7337:
Wright AF, Lehmann MS (1981). "The structure of quartz at 25 and 590 °C determined by neutron diffraction".
6136:
3417:
964:, stishovite, and coesite, though, have higher densities and indices of refraction than quartz. Stishovite has a
5165:"Silica in grasses as a defence against insect herbivores: Contrasting effects on folivores and a phloem feeder"
5976:
2048:
878:
265:
11472:
8113:
7074:
6872:
937:
7296:
Lager G. A., Jorgensen J. D., Rotella F.J. (1982). "Crystal structure and thermal expansion of a-quartz SiO
7130:
6949:
6862:
3966:
One of the densest (together with stishovite) polymorphs of silica; is produced at pressures above 40 GPa.
314:
182:
3623:
Helical chains making individual single crystals optically active; α-quartz converts to ÎČ-quartz at 846 K
11487:
5342:
4110:
3467:
335:
6658:
5386:"Morphology and Structure of Biomorphous Silica Isolated from Equisetum hyemale and Equisetum telmateia"
4129:
silicon dioxide, in high doses, leads to non-permanent short-term inflammation, where all effects heal.
3295:. In these glasses, silica is termed the network former or lattice former. The reaction is also used in
11467:
11225:
8651:
7302:
7025:"Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization"
982:
with combined acid and thermal treatment. The resulting product contains over 99% silica, and has high
596:
579:
5264:
4626:
5219:
5169:
3531:
2770:
1283:
194:
17:
7820:"Defects in bilayer silica and graphene: common trends in diverse hexagonal two-dimensional systems"
7490:
Shropshire J, Keat PP, Vaughan PA (1959). "The crystal structure of keatite, a new form of silica".
11462:
8106:
3638:
2215:
1241:
352:
259:
1667:
as a dielectric layer between metal (wiring) layers (sometimes up to 8â10) connecting elements and
9881:
8617:
7951:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 234. Washington DC: American Chemical Society. pp. 1â47.
7197:
6763:
6296:
463:
31:
8047:
3194:
1160:, which is used, for example, in filtration and as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in
1012:
exhibits several peculiar physical characteristics that are similar to those observed in liquid
10452:
10438:
9626:
9524:
7881:
7455:
2819:
1745:
1337:
676:
7597:"H in rutile-type compounds: II. Crystal chemistry of Al substitution in H-bearing stishovite"
7525:
Miehe G, Graetsch H (1992). "Crystal structure of moganite: a new structure type for silica".
6631:
6004:
11437:
11339:
11331:
11053:
10789:
9898:
9677:
9609:
9233:
8685:
7721:
7660:
7604:
7569:
7419:
6737:
6098:
5970:
4991:
4703:
4478:
3565:, more so than almost any material, exists in many crystalline forms. These forms are called
2789:
1808:
1417:
1298:
is rapidly cooled, it does not crystallize, but solidifies as a glass. Because of this, most
987:
63:
7596:
6983:
5215:"Silicon as a plant defence against insect herbivory: Response to Massey, Ennos and Hartley"
11424:
11318:
11002:
10772:
10738:
10536:
10253:
10068:
9830:
9813:
9456:
9405:
8566:
8549:
8515:
8434:
8310:
7831:
7730:
7716:
7669:
7613:
7534:
7499:
7464:
7384:
7346:
7311:
6771:
6677:
6546:
6448:
6308:
6259:
5920:
5802:
5705:
5617:
5315:
5227:
5177:
4959:
4905:
4855:
4558:
4118:
3755:
3511:
3475:
1657:
1341:
1259:
475:
323:
164:
8057:
Epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of silica: factors in scientific judgement
7656:"Characterization of a high-pressure phase of silica from the Martian meteorite Shergotty"
7655:
6657:
Laine RM, Blohowiak KY, Robinson TR, Hoppe ML, Nardi P, Kampf J, Uhm J (17 October 1991).
6226:"This cloud-like, futuristic material has been sneaking its way into your life since 1931"
5265:"Production of rice husk ash for use in concrete as a supplementary cementitious material"
1597:
In cosmetics, silica is useful for its light-diffusing properties and natural absorbency.
124:
8:
11482:
11355:
11267:
11109:
11019:
10865:
10480:
10410:
10354:
10155:
10127:
10051:
10034:
10017:
9983:
9932:
9864:
9796:
9660:
9592:
9558:
9507:
9371:
9213:
9203:
9163:
8966:
8942:
8799:
8719:
8702:
8668:
8532:
6489:
6412:
5016:
3503:
3421:
3284:
2875:
2867:
1838:
Precipitated silica or amorphous silica is produced by the acidification of solutions of
1700:
1694:
1624:
1149:. Silica accelerates tooth wear, and high levels of silica in plants frequently eaten by
853:
Structural motif found in α-quartz, but also found in almost all forms of silicon dioxide
827:
114:
7835:
7734:
7673:
7617:
7538:
7503:
7468:
7388:
7350:
7315:
7230:"What you should know about crystalline silica, silicosis, and Oregon OSHA silica rules"
6775:
6681:
6550:
6452:
6312:
6263:
6073:
5924:
5806:
5709:
5621:
5426:
5319:
5231:
5181:
4963:
4859:
4562:
356:
186:
144:
11399:
11295:
11036:
10935:
10806:
10687:
10648:
10620:
10225:
10085:
10000:
9966:
9915:
9728:
9694:
9473:
9330:
9320:
9113:
9103:
9086:
9056:
8986:
8747:
8634:
8583:
8464:
7852:
7819:
7746:
7685:
7629:
7411:
7050:
7024:
6984:"Worker Exposure to Silica during Countertop Manufacturing, Finishing and Installation"
6924:
6895:
6817:
6790:
6703:
6519:
6491:
6472:
5823:
5790:
5721:
5633:
5581:
5354:
5048:
4983:
4949:
4582:
4018:
3441:
3288:
2198:
1783:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1600:
1314:
1013:
926:
7988:
5280:
4636:
1247:
Certain deposits of silica sand, with desirable particle size and shape and desirable
975:
11379:
11248:
11137:
11081:
10949:
10907:
10879:
10851:
10823:
10755:
10721:
10704:
10662:
10564:
10550:
10466:
10340:
10312:
10270:
10113:
9847:
9745:
9643:
9575:
9541:
9422:
9340:
9223:
9177:
9173:
9046:
8916:
8855:
8786:
8600:
8300:
8193:
8140:
7960:
7946:
7925:
7900:
7857:
7771:
7689:
7633:
7358:
7155:
7055:
7029:
6965:
6961:
6929:
6822:
6730:"The solubility of amorphous silica in water at high temperatures and high pressures"
6637:
6577:
6576:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 27.
6523:
6511:
6476:
6464:
6391:
6390:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. p. 72.
6366:
6341:
6275:
6253:
6204:
6181:
6108:
6048:
6014:
5980:
5972:
To the
Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology
5936:
5884:
5853:
5828:
5754:
5744:
5658:
5637:
5535:
5527:
5488:
5468:
5442:
5407:
5358:
5284:
5245:
5240:
5214:
5195:
5190:
5164:
5143:
5118:
5074:
4975:
4940:
4917:
4873:
4816:
4791:
4742:
4709:
4683:
4640:
4605:
4586:
4574:
4546:
4520:
4441:
4394:
4369:
4295:
4251:
4246:
3487:
2879:
2815:
2024:
1741:
1705:
1628:
995:
663:
639:
7750:
7445:
Wright AF, Leadbetter AJ (1975). "The structures of the ÎČ-cristobalite phases of SiO
6558:
5484:
921:(high-pressure form). On the other hand, amorphous silica can be found in nature as
11262:
11095:
10963:
10893:
10606:
10494:
10424:
10396:
10368:
10239:
10211:
10197:
9439:
9300:
9283:
9253:
9183:
9076:
9066:
9006:
8851:
8812:
8773:
8371:
7952:
7890:
7847:
7839:
7800:
7738:
7677:
7621:
7542:
7507:
7472:
7392:
7354:
7319:
7095:
7091:
7083:
7045:
7037:
6957:
6919:
6909:
6812:
6804:
6729:
6707:
6693:
6685:
6554:
6503:
6456:
6316:
6267:
6230:
6171:
6044:
5928:
5818:
5810:
5725:
5713:
5696:
5625:
5519:
5480:
5434:
5397:
5350:
5323:
5276:
5235:
5185:
5110:
5044:
4987:
4967:
4913:
4863:
4777:
4734:
4682:, translated by Eagleson M, Brewer W, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter,
4632:
4566:
4512:
4433:
4169:
3356:
Silicon dioxide reacts with elemental silicon at high temperatures to produce SiO:
3304:
2194:
1798:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1579:
1287:
1102:
1036:
948:
894:
831:
785:
659:
486:
399:
7561:
7511:
5114:
4470:
4093:
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica can lead to severe inflammation of the
1317:
are also made from silica. It is a primary raw material for many ceramics such as
287:
11492:
11387:
11326:
11208:
11204:
11123:
10921:
10634:
10578:
10298:
10183:
10141:
9779:
9762:
9711:
9388:
9273:
9263:
9153:
9133:
9036:
8996:
8877:
8825:
8760:
8498:
8427:
8405:
8226:
8083:
7765:
7396:
6335:
6320:
6038:
5694:
Elliott SR (1991). "Medium-range structural order in covalent amorphous solids".
4781:
4256:
4047:
3707:
Closely related to α-tridymite; ÎČ-tridymite converts to ÎČ-cristobalite at 2010 K
3334:
2989:
2672:
gives silicon dioxide. This reaction is analogous to the combustion of methane:
2516:
1839:
1671:
1649:
1608:
1528:
bulk density (0.03-0.15 g/cm) and thus high surface area. The particles act as a
1197:
228:
7176:
5438:
5304:"Silicification: The Processes by Which Organisms Capture and Mineralize Silica"
4738:
1607:; in a less processed form it was sold as "tooth powder". Manufactured or mined
10977:
10522:
10382:
10284:
10169:
9949:
9490:
9143:
9123:
8890:
8481:
8381:
8260:
8239:
8076:
7956:
7546:
6507:
6131:
5814:
4971:
4787:
4437:
4218:
3978:
3586:
2993:
1804:
1757:
1734:
1709:
1653:
1632:
1219:
1181:
1171:
1145:
content appear to be of importance to grazing animals, from chewing insects to
728:
635:
8027:
8021:
7895:
7876:
7476:
6460:
6271:
6043:. International series on advances in solid state electronics and technology.
5932:
4868:
4837:
4570:
4343:
4321:
11456:
10592:
9310:
9026:
9016:
8864:
8838:
7983:
7804:
6515:
6468:
6417:
6185:
6100:
New
Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface
5940:
5758:
5531:
5492:
5411:
5288:
4578:
4516:
3825:
rings; synthesised from glassy silica and alkali at 600â900 K and 40â400 MPa
3318:
3300:
3296:
3009:
2020:
1847:
1729:
1690:
1661:
1310:
1299:
1157:
1122:
1009:
991:
983:
501:
452:
442:
220:
175:
7924:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons (Wiley-Interscience). pp. 250â1.
7742:
7653:
6297:"Resource, characteristic, purification and application of quartz: a review"
4631:, Journal of Chromatography Library, vol. 16, Elsevier, pp. 1â14,
46:
10793:
10456:
10442:
10326:
9885:
9243:
9237:
9193:
8976:
8929:
8903:
8655:
8376:
8153:
7904:
7861:
7229:
7110:
7087:
7059:
6933:
6826:
6176:
6159:
5832:
5539:
5249:
5199:
4979:
4877:
4504:
4445:
4189:
3667:
3608:
3526:
inside macrophages and dendritic cells and thereby result in production of
3523:
3496:
3338:
3012:, sodium silicate, and glasses, dependent on the proportions of reactants:
2985:
1737:
that otherwise prevent electricity from reaching the semiconducting layer.
1583:
1547:
1413:
1252:
1208:
1118:
910:
815:
811:
647:
7625:
7262:
6969:
5467:
Irzaman I, Yustaeni D, Aminullah A, Irmansyah I, Yuliarto B (2021-04-19).
5402:
5385:
2862:. While silicon dioxide is only poorly soluble in water at low or neutral
555:
11192:
10159:
9630:
9528:
8305:
7681:
6808:
6698:
6598:
6006:
Makers of the
Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor
5789:
Cheraghian G, Wistuba MP, Kiani S, Barron AR, Behnood A (December 2021).
4954:
4106:
4025:
4013:
rings; mineral always found with hydrocarbons in interstitial spaces - a
3527:
3463:
3436:
Quartz sand (silica) as main raw material for commercial glass production
1823:
1543:
1318:
1212:
956:
929:. Quartz glass is a form of intermediate state between these structures.
643:
5895:
The silica is a multiporous ingredient, which absorbs the oil and sebum.
1535:
541:
11363:
11187:
11057:
10869:
10776:
10540:
9902:
9868:
9681:
9613:
9350:
9217:
8386:
8315:
8282:
8201:
8178:
8173:
7702:
5523:
4122:
4102:
3953:
3920:
3842:
3722:
3550:
3507:
3459:
3330:
3292:
2997:
2882:
2848:
2512:
1843:
1779:
1664:
or similar with higher dielectric constant compared to silicon dioxide,
1612:
1575:
1571:
1555:
1529:
1193:
1137:
Even though it is poorly soluble, silica occurs in many plants such as
1098:
1076:
961:
914:
548:
414:
195:
155:
7843:
7295:
5629:
4079:
3970:
2501:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 12 O2 -> SiO2 + 10 H2O + 8 CO2}}}
2218:(TEOS). Simply heating TEOS at 680â730 °C results in the oxide:
1797:
due to its ability to bind to the nucleic acids under the presence of
882:
11162:
11113:
11023:
10939:
10666:
10554:
10484:
10414:
10358:
10344:
10274:
10131:
10117:
10072:
9834:
9817:
9783:
9460:
9409:
9392:
9267:
9207:
9167:
9157:
9117:
9000:
8990:
8970:
8881:
8751:
8621:
8343:
8295:
8234:
8183:
7323:
7082:. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, NIOSH.
6868:
National
Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
6689:
6010:
5717:
4291:
4126:
4098:
4065:
3455:
2028:
1716:
1551:
1326:
1322:
1267:
1263:
1204:
1150:
1142:
1114:
971:
906:
11217:
7041:
6914:
6258:. Springer Geology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
5327:
3937:
One of the densest (together with seifertite) polymorphs of silica;
2001:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2Si3O7 + H2SO4 -> 3 SiO2 + Na2SO4 + H2O}}}
1693:
surface. Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon surfaces during
1645:
for the primary passivation (directly on the semiconductor surface),
1546:
is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and
1286:
lowers the melting point of the mixture and increases fluidity. The
727:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
11283:
11182:
11172:
11167:
11006:
10953:
10911:
10883:
10855:
10827:
10810:
10742:
10691:
10652:
10624:
10610:
10498:
10428:
10400:
10372:
10257:
10229:
10215:
10055:
10038:
10021:
9987:
9953:
9936:
9800:
9664:
9596:
9562:
9426:
9375:
9334:
9324:
9227:
9197:
9107:
9090:
9060:
9050:
8946:
8920:
8894:
8868:
8803:
8570:
8536:
8519:
8468:
8366:
8361:
8163:
6788:
5607:
as a percolation phase transition in a system of network defects".
4891:
Scherzer J (1978). "Dealuminated faujasite-type structures with SiO
4419:"Checklist, diversity and distribution of testate amoebae in Chile"
3837:
3448:
3350:
3001:
2785:
2032:
1587:
1185:
1165:
1146:
1106:
803:
514:
248:
212:
8098:
8032:
7594:
4341:
4319:
3432:
2653:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 4 HOCH2CH3}}}
1561:
11411:
11177:
11141:
11085:
11040:
10967:
10897:
10759:
10725:
10708:
10638:
10582:
10568:
10512:
10470:
10316:
10302:
10145:
10089:
10004:
9970:
9919:
9732:
9698:
9511:
9477:
9443:
9344:
9304:
9257:
9030:
9020:
9010:
8842:
8816:
8777:
8723:
8706:
8689:
8338:
8158:
8148:
8132:
5466:
4057:
3879:
3780:
3772:
3744:
3492:
3346:
1708:
grown silicon dioxide layer greatly reduces the concentration of
1604:
1333:
1125:. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of
1094:
979:
918:
823:
807:
798:. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of
781:
549:
432:
274:
7874:
7817:
7562:"High-pressure crystal structure and compressibility of coesite"
6893:
4729:
De La Rocha C, Conley DJ (2017). "Mystical
Crystals of Silica".
3424:
and solubility is once again higher than at lower temperatures.
1641:
Silicon dioxide is widely used in the semiconductor technology:
11347:
11099:
10925:
10526:
10386:
10288:
10243:
10201:
10187:
10173:
9851:
9749:
9647:
9579:
9545:
9287:
9277:
9247:
9187:
9137:
9080:
9070:
9040:
8980:
8933:
8907:
8829:
8790:
8764:
8672:
8638:
8553:
8502:
8353:
8216:
8168:
8033:
Formation of silicon oxide layers in the semiconductor industry
6840:
5425:
Tubaña BS, Heckman JR (2015), Rodrigues FA, Datnoff LE (eds.),
5103:
Flörke OW, Graetsch HA, Brunk F, et al. (2018). "Silica".
4930:
3938:
3326:
2871:
2669:
2037:
1827:
1636:
1567:
1223:
1189:
1161:
1090:
965:
902:
795:
7875:
Johnston CJ, Driscoll KE, Finkelstein JN, et al. (2000).
7022:
6946:
6633:
Descriptive
Inorganic, Coordination, and Solid State Chemistry
5743:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 354.
3711:
3685:
1539:
Manufactured fumed silica with maximum surface area of 380 m/g
869:
Relationship between refractive index and density for some SiO
11127:
10981:
9494:
8485:
8450:
8290:
8265:
8211:
8206:
7987:
7714:
6789:
Rondeau V, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Commenges D, et al. (2008).
5349:(Second ed.). Oxford: Academic Press. pp. 698â707.
4114:
3945:
3471:
3313:
1282:. As other minerals are melted with silica, the principle of
1279:
1153:
may have developed as a defense mechanism against predation.
1040:
849:
838:
802:. Silica is one of the most complex and abundant families of
777:
298:
135:
7767:
Molecular sieves: Principles of
Synthesis and Identification
6536:
5788:
4708:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 93â95.
3454:
Inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to
3299:
to remove sand impurities in the ore by neutralisation with
3283:
Examples of such glasses have commercial significance, e.g.
1517:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiCl4 + 2 H2 + O2 -> SiO2 + 4 HCl}}}
1423:
in an oxygen-rich hydrogen flame to produce a "smoke" of SiO
877:
In the majority of silicon dioxides, the silicon atom shows
340:
10330:
9766:
9715:
9354:
9147:
9127:
8604:
8587:
8330:
8320:
8244:
8067:
Scientific opinion on the health effects of airborne silica
7654:
Dera P., Prewitt C. T., Boctor N. Z., Hemley R. J. (2002).
6894:
Meyer A, Sandler DP, Beane Freeman LE, et al. (2017).
6656:
5775:
5384:
Neumann M, Wagner S, Noske R, Tiersch B, Strauch P (2010).
4933:"Molecular structural order and anomalies in liquid silica"
4094:
3871:
3656:
3627:
3307:
1278:
Silica is the primary ingredient in the production of most
1248:
1138:
1126:
922:
865:
857:
819:
799:
611:
239:
8035:. LPCVD and PECVD method in comparison. Stress prevention.
6843:. CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training
6438:
5739:
Atkins PW, Overton T, Rourke J, et al., eds. (2010).
5654:
Fundamentals of Amorphous Solids: Structure and Properties
5433:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 7â51,
3912:
3829:
2350:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si(OC2H5)4 -> SiO2 + 2 O(C2H5)2}}}
10596:
9314:
8419:
5738:
5383:
3377:
3259:
3240:
3171:
3158:
3142:
3123:
3085:
3072:
3056:
3037:
2984:
Silicon dioxide will neutralise basic metal oxides (e.g.
2974:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 NaOH -> Na2SiO3 + H2O}}}
2964:
2948:
2935:
2909:
2814:
Most forms of silicon dioxide are attacked ("etched") by
2749:
2729:
2713:
2693:
2646:
2633:
2613:
2594:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2494:
2471:
2451:
2435:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2289:
2273:
2260:
2247:
2176:
2156:
2137:
2085:
2069:
1991:
1975:
1962:
1946:
1926:
1913:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1794:
1500:
1484:
1468:
1448:
1416:, also known as pyrogenic silica, is prepared by burning
1365:
6659:"Synthesis of pentacoordinate silicon complexes from SiO
6040:
Invention of integrated circuits: untold important facts
5102:
3440:
Silica ingested orally is essentially nontoxic, with an
1822:
Silicon dioxide is mostly obtained by mining, including
881:, with four oxygen atoms surrounding a central Si atom (
447:
1,713 °C (3,115 °F; 1,986 K) (amorphous)
7409:
7023:
Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, et al. (2008).
5958:. Washington DC, United States of America: Smithsonian.
5865:
the difference of brightness due to diffuse reflection.
5271:. Composite Materials and Adhesive Bonding Technology.
4835:
2863:
837:
Silicon dioxide is a common fundamental constituent of
7559:
7374:
6496:
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
3478:
compared to expected rates in the general population.
2759:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiH4 + 2 O2 -> SiO2 + 2 H2O}}}
7489:
6991:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
5505:
4931:
Shell SM, Debenedetti PG, Panagiotopoulos AZ (2002).
4544:
4416:
4348:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4326:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3365:
3228:
3197:
3111:
3021:
2897:
2681:
2528:
2369:
2227:
2115:
2051:
1859:
1436:
1353:
213:
5262:
5071:
Silicon chemistry: from the atom to extended systems
4547:"Electronic structure of silicon dioxide (a review)"
4053:
consisting of edge-sharing chains, melts at ~1700 K
3095:{\displaystyle {\ce {2 Na2O + SiO2 -> Na4SiO4;}}}
2183:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + 2 H2O -> SiO2 + 2 H2}}}
5603:
Ojovan MI (2004). "Glass formation in amorphous SiO
4658:
3768:Closely related to α-cristobalite; melts at 1978 K
3486:Silica is an occupational hazard for people who do
1782:, it is useful in fiber form as a high-temperature
7793:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie
7270:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
6337:Handbook of Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
6198:
5162:
4604:. Oxford University Press. pp. 50â52, 65â67.
4505:"Crystal Structures of Silica and Metal Silicates"
4363:
3399:
3271:
3215:
3181:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> Na2SiO3;}}}
3180:
3094:
2973:
2758:
2652:
2500:
2349:
2182:
2091:
2000:
1750:metalâoxideâsemiconductor field-effect transistors
1516:
1398:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + 2 C -> Si + 2 CO}}}
1397:
1055:with matrix isolated dimeric silicon monoxide, (Si
480:12 (|| c-axis), 6.8 (â„ c-axis), 1.4 (am.) W/(mâ
K)
7763:
6565:
4838:"Electron-density distribution in stishovite, SiO
4836:Kirfel A, Krane HG, Blaha P, et al. (2001).
4776:
4728:
1273:
11454:
7444:
6612:(2). Mineralogical Society of America: 172â174.
6574:An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology
6388:An Introduction To Semiconductor Microtechnology
6379:
6295:Pan X, Li S, Li Y, Guo P, Zhao X, Cai Y (2022).
5876:
5845:
5557:. University of the State of New York at Albany.
4842:: a new high-energy synchrotron-radiation study"
2204:
1294:is about 1475 K. When molten silicon dioxide SiO
861:Typical subunit for low pressure silicon dioxide
286:
7595:Smyth J. R., Swope R. J., Pawley A. R. (1995).
6074:"Martin Atalla in Inventors Hall of Fame, 2009"
5212:
4468:
3272:{\displaystyle {\ce {Na2O + SiO2 -> glass}}}
2209:
1562:Food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications
530:
123:
5506:Uriz MJ, Turon X, Becerro MA, Agell G (2003).
5106:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5014:
4678:Holleman AF, Wiberg E (2001), Wiberg N (ed.),
4677:
3941:-like with 6-fold coordinated Si; 7.5â8.5 GPa
1740:The process of silicon surface passivation by
1251:and other mineral content, were important for
974:silica, another polymorph, is obtained by the
11233:
8435:
8114:
7717:"The crystal structure of low melanophlogite"
7524:
7336:
6995:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
6590:
5424:
5263:Zain MF, Islam MN, Mahmud F, Jamil M (2011).
5068:
4509:Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids
4471:"Melanophlogite, a cubic polymorph of silica"
3547:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
3400:{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2 + Si -> 2 SiO}}}
1332:Silicon dioxide is used to produce elemental
810:and as a synthetic product. Examples include
30:"Silica" redirects here. For other uses, see
7998:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6727:
6333:
6002:
5574:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4705:Ceramic Technology for Potters and Sculptors
4599:
4545:Nekrashevich SS, Gritsenko VA (2014-02-01).
4511:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 233â278,
3495:, and the elderly (all of whom have reduced
2360:Similarly TEOS combusts around 400 °C:
2027:, producing a very shallow layer of about 1
1689:Silicon dioxide could be grown on a silicon
1075:
457:2,950 °C (5,340 °F; 3,220 K)
6623:
6571:
6385:
6354:
6251:
6223:
5909:"On the Causes of Elevation and Subsidence"
5880:Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology
5849:Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
4602:Periodicity and the s- and p-Block Elements
2019:Thin films of silica grow spontaneously on
1719:preserve the electrical characteristics of
1697:, and could be used for diffusion masking.
11240:
11226:
8442:
8428:
8121:
8107:
7790:
7715:Nakagawa T., Kihara K., Harada K. (2001).
7260:
6887:
6294:
6255:Quartz: Deposits, Mineralogy and Analytics
6157:
5998:
5996:
5650:
5577:"New Rules Would Cut Silica Dust Exposure"
5555:Albany moulding sands of the Hudson Valley
4417:FernĂĄndez LD, Lara E, Mitchell EA (2015).
4337:
4335:
4315:
4313:
4311:
2092:{\displaystyle {\ce {Si + O2 -> SiO2}}}
1089:is most commonly encountered in nature as
1043:matrix. The dimeric silicon dioxide, (SiO
355:
185:
163:
7894:
7851:
7412:"The pressure behavior of a cristobalite"
7098:. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 86-102.
7049:
6923:
6913:
6816:
6768:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
6697:
6596:
6410:
6175:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6032:
6030:
5962:
5822:
5741:Shriver & Atkins' inorganic chemistry
5401:
5239:
5189:
4953:
4867:
4755:
4502:
4368:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A22.
3392:
3026:
2918:
2738:
2702:
2622:
2583:
2483:
2460:
2424:
2298:
2165:
2126:
1935:
1509:
1457:
1390:
1374:
437:2.648 (α-quartz), 2.196 (amorphous) g·cm
322:
7982:
7072:
6126:
6124:
6092:
6090:
5883:(4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 442.
5852:(4th ed.). CRC Press. p. 444.
5770:
5768:
5680:Advanced Inorganic Chemistry: Vollume II
5561:
5163:Massey FP, Ennos AR, Hartley SE (2006).
5137:
4890:
4342:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
4320:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
3431:
3312:
2193:The native oxide layer is beneficial in
1710:electronic states at the silicon surface
1534:
1156:Silica is also the primary component of
864:
856:
848:
8016:International Chemical Safety Card 0809
8010:International Chemical Safety Card 0808
8004:International Chemical Safety Card 0807
7370:
7368:
6761:
6629:
5993:
5968:
5906:
5693:
5683:. Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 563.
4332:
4308:
1811:to collect extraterrestrial particles.
351:
264:
14:
11455:
8028:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
8022:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
7944:
6976:
6061:
6036:
6027:
5956:The Economic Importance of the Diatoms
5657:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 176.
5602:
5340:
5308:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
5140:An Introduction to Forensic Geoscience
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
4593:
4412:
4410:
4283:
3740:Metastable form under normal pressure
3681:Metastable form under normal pressure
3481:
1833:
1207:in the cells of many plants including
176:
11247:
11221:
8423:
8102:
7917:
7198:"If It's Silica, It's Not Just Dust!"
7111:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2002-129
6650:
6360:
6199:Goodwin W, Linacre A, Hadi S (2007).
6121:
6096:
6087:
5877:Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI (2014).
5846:Barel AO, Paye M, Maibach HI (2014).
5765:
5552:
5301:
5062:
4810:
4628:Chapter 1 General chemistry of silica
4624:
4464:
4462:
4287:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
3514:presents a health hazard to workers.
2776:
1748:. It is commonly used to manufacture
1744:(silicon dioxide) is critical to the
1066:
383:Key: VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
143:
7365:
6636:. Cengage Learning. pp. 421â2.
6539:Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
6201:An Introduction to Forensic Genetics
5953:
5015:Aksay IA, Pask JA, Davis RF (1979).
4701:
4388:
4359:
4357:
3556:
2788:reacts with silicon dioxide to form
1586:for wine, beer, and juice, with the
1302:have silica as the main ingredient.
1211:, many grasses, and a wide range of
1035:. It has been produced by combining
951:is the most stable form of solid SiO
806:, existing as a compound of several
8128:
7921:1001 chemicals in everyday products
6363:Encyclopedia of chemical processing
5343:"Archaeobotany: Plant Microfossils"
5269:Construction and Building Materials
5087:
4884:
4407:
3410:
2799:whereas the other halogen gases (Cl
1141:. Plant materials with high silica
994:even after boiling in concentrated
277:
247:
24:
8088:Institute of Occupational Medicine
8071:Institute of Occupational Medicine
8061:Institute of Occupational Medicine
7410:Downs R. T., Palmer D. C. (1994).
7261:Szymendera SD (January 16, 2018).
5355:10.1016/b978-0-323-90799-6.00114-2
5049:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1979.tb19071.x
4733:. Cham: Springer. pp. 50â55.
4459:
4268:
3517:
526:
25:
11509:
8026:Crystalline, as respirable dust,
7976:
7560:Levien L., Prewitt C. T. (1981).
7076:Occupational Respiratory Diseases
6901:Environmental Health Perspectives
6334:Doering R, Nishi Y, eds. (2007).
5512:Microscopy Research and Technique
5281:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.003
5142:. Wiley & Sons. p. 138.
4354:
4290:(92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
3549:reduced the exposure limit to 50
3427:
3341:base to produce highly reactive,
3325:Silicon dioxide reacts in heated
3000:, or mixtures of oxides, forming
1618:
1550:alloy production. It consists of
1235:
1019:
8399:
8094:Structure of precipitated silica
7938:
7911:
7868:
7643:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7584:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7492:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
7434:from the original on 2022-10-10.
7377:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Kristallographie
7339:Journal of Solid State Chemistry
6863:"Action Plan for Lupus Research"
6796:American Journal of Epidemiology
6751:from the original on 2022-10-10.
6717:from the original on 2017-08-19.
6619:from the original on 2011-07-22.
6252:Götze J, Möckel R, eds. (2012).
6203:. Wiley & Sons. p. 29.
5390:Zeitschrift fĂŒr Naturforschung B
5345:. In Nikita E, Rehren T (eds.).
5241:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01380.x
5213:Keeping MG, Kvedaras OL (2008).
5191:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01082.x
5058:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4503:Douglas BE, Ho SM, eds. (2006),
4492:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4469:Skinner BJ, Appleman DE (1963).
4455:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4426:European Journal of Protistology
4078:
4056:
4024:
3969:
3944:
3911:
3870:
3828:
3771:
3743:
3710:
3684:
3655:
3626:
3499:) can be affected in less time.
2663:
2014:
1842:. The gelatinous precipitate or
1726:semiconductor device fabrication
1611:is used as the hard abrasive in
1113:. The high-temperature forms of
1111:ultra-high-pressure metamorphism
978:of a low-sodium, ultra-stable Y
735:
45:
7948:The Colloid Chemistry of Silica
7811:
7784:
7757:
7708:
7696:
7647:
7588:
7553:
7518:
7483:
7438:
7403:
7330:
7289:
7277:from the original on 2022-10-10
7254:
7242:from the original on 2022-10-10
7222:
7210:from the original on 2022-10-10
7190:
7169:
7148:
7116:
7102:
7066:
7016:
7004:from the original on 2022-10-10
6940:
6855:
6833:
6782:
6755:
6721:
6559:10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.12.019
6530:
6483:
6432:
6404:
6327:
6288:
6245:
6217:
6192:
6151:
6137:National Inventors Hall of Fame
5947:
5900:
5870:
5839:
5782:
5732:
5687:
5671:
5644:
5596:
5546:
5499:
5485:10.21608/ejchem.2019.15430.1962
5460:
5418:
5377:
5334:
5295:
5256:
5206:
5156:
5131:
5008:
4924:
4829:
4815:. Oxford Science Publications.
4804:
4722:
4695:
4618:
1408:
1051:has been obtained by reacting O
943:
731:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
11498:Occupational safety and health
7527:European Journal of Mineralogy
5977:Johns Hopkins University Press
5776:"Cab-O-Sil Fumed Metal Oxides"
4813:Structural Inorganic Chemistry
4538:
4496:
4382:
4132:
3386:
3321:composed of high purity silica
3262:
3210:
3198:
3145:
3059:
2922:
2716:
2600:
2564:
2535:
2438:
2405:
2376:
2333:
2304:
2276:
2263:
2234:
2143:
2072:
1929:
1487:
1378:
1274:Precursor to glass and silicon
1258:Crystalline silica is used in
1031:has a linear structure like CO
1001:
794:, commonly found in nature as
13:
1:
7945:Bergna HE, ed. (1994-05-05).
7934:– via Internet Archive.
7512:10.1524/zkri.1959.112.1-6.409
6873:National Institutes of Health
6728:Fournier RO, Rowe JJ (1977).
6158:Liu G, Liu Y, Zhao X (2017).
5473:Egyptian Journal of Chemistry
5427:"Silicon in Soils and Plants"
5115:10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3
4637:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60805-2
4262:
4075:Sheet-like bilayer structure
3987:32, No.208) or tetragonal (P4
3537:
3506:for those working with stone
2205:Laboratory or special methods
1817:
1222:forming the skeleton of many
573:(US health exposure limits):
8069:by A Pilkington and others.
7397:10.1524/zkri.1986.177.1-2.27
7359:10.1016/0022-4596(81)90449-7
7177:"Frequently Asked Questions"
6962:10.1016/0278-6915(91)90205-L
6321:10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107600
6003:LĂ©cuyer C, Brock DC (2010).
5575:Greenhouse S (23 Aug 2013).
5069:Jutzi P, Schubert U (2003).
4918:10.1016/0021-9517(78)90051-9
4111:systemic autoimmune diseases
3468:systemic autoimmune diseases
2210:From organosilicon compounds
1262:of formations which contain
1177:Prominent examples include:
844:
7:
8077:The toxic effects of silica
6572:Morgan DV, Board K (1991).
6386:Morgan DV, Board K (1991).
6224:Calderone J (20 Aug 2015).
5439:10.1007/978-3-319-22930-0_2
5347:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
4739:10.1007/978-3-319-54054-2_4
4364:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
4240:
3908:rings; 900 K and 3â3.5 GPa
1121:are known from silica-rich
52:A sample of silicon dioxide
10:
11514:
8652:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide
8449:
8043:) piezoelectric properties
7957:10.1021/ba-1994-0234.ch001
7764:Rosemarie Szostak (1998).
7303:Journal of Applied Physics
6508:10.1007/s10854-021-06648-1
5815:10.1038/s41598-021-90620-w
5431:Silicon and Plant Diseases
4972:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011202
4551:Physics of the Solid State
4438:10.1016/j.ejop.2015.07.001
4366:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
4232:Synthetic amorphous silica
3216:{\displaystyle (0.25-0.8)}
2854:Silicon dioxide acts as a
1622:
1132:
1071:
934:distinct crystalline forms
917:(high-pressure form), and
586:TWA 20 mppcf (80 mg/m/%SiO
29:
11311:
11276:
11255:
11201:
11155:
11074:
10995:
10844:
10680:
10106:
9364:
8959:
8740:
8457:
8395:
8352:
8329:
8281:
8274:
8253:
8225:
8192:
8139:
8086:by A. Seaton and others.
8059:by C. Soutar and others.
7477:10.1080/00318087508228690
7073:Merchant JA, ed. (1986).
6841:"Work Safely with Silica"
6461:10.1007/s00340-019-7137-8
6272:10.1007/978-3-642-22161-3
5933:10.1017/S0016756800172474
4869:10.1107/S0108767301010698
4783:Chemistry of the Elements
4571:10.1134/S106378341402022X
4174:Colloidal silicon dioxide
4088:
3532:pro-inflammatory cytokine
3502:Crystalline silica is an
2771:chemical vapor deposition
1284:freezing point depression
913:(high-temperature form),
909:(high-temperature form),
725:
669:
624:
567:
508:
419:60.08 g/mol
392:
367:
221:(acidity regulators, ...)
107:
72:
62:
57:
44:
11478:IARC Group 1 carcinogens
8090:Research Report TM/87/13
8073:Research Report TM/95/08
8063:Research Report TM/97/09
7805:10.1002/zaac.19542760110
6908:(7): 077010-1â077010-7.
6164:Journal of Nanomaterials
4517:10.1007/0-387-36687-3_10
3573:Crystalline forms of SiO
2216:tetraethyl orthosilicate
1763:
1728:that involves coating a
1242:Portland cement concrete
1039:(SiO) with oxygen in an
879:tetrahedral coordination
9882:Praseodymium(III) oxide
8618:Manganese(II,III) oxide
7995:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7896:10.1093/toxsci/56.2.405
7743:10.2138/am-2001-11-1219
7124:"Crystalline Factsheet"
7096:2027/uc1.31210023588922
5109:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4391:The Chemistry of Silica
4284:Haynes WM, ed. (2011).
2102:or wet oxidation with H
1336:. The process involves
1290:temperature of pure SiO
1230:
1101:have been found around
464:Magnetic susceptibility
32:Silica (disambiguation)
10453:Protactinium(IV) oxide
10439:Praseodymium(IV) oxide
9627:Einsteinium(III) oxide
9525:Californium(III) oxide
8943:Water (hydrogen oxide)
8458:Mixed oxidation states
7882:Toxicological Sciences
7456:Philosophical Magazine
7088:10.26616/NIOSHPUB86102
5651:Stachurski ZH (2015).
4625:Unger KK, ed. (1979),
4180:DRI-DIE Insecticide 67
3534:in the immune system.
3437:
3401:
3322:
3273:
3217:
3182:
3096:
2975:
2820:hexafluorosilicic acid
2760:
2654:
2502:
2351:
2184:
2093:
2002:
1789:Silica is used in the
1752:(MOSFETs) and silicon
1746:semiconductor industry
1540:
1518:
1399:
1338:carbothermic reduction
1080:
874:
862:
854:
603:TWA 6 mg/m (amorphous)
537:
470:−29.6·10 cm/mol
11203:Oxides are sorted by
11054:Technetium(VII) oxide
10790:Protactinium(V) oxide
9899:Promethium(III) oxide
9678:Gadolinium(III) oxide
9610:Dysprosium(III) oxide
9234:Protactinium monoxide
8686:Terbium(III,IV) oxide
7722:American Mineralogist
7661:American Mineralogist
7626:10.2138/am-1995-5-605
7605:American Mineralogist
7570:American Mineralogist
7420:American Mineralogist
7300:at low temperature".
7156:"Silica, Crystalline"
6606:American Mineralogist
5403:10.1515/znb-2010-0910
4780:, Earnshaw A (1984).
4600:N. C. Norman (1997).
4194:Fumed silicon dioxide
4151:Amorphous silica dust
3435:
3402:
3316:
3274:
3218:
3183:
3097:
2976:
2761:
2655:
2503:
2352:
2185:
2094:
2003:
1778:In its capacity as a
1538:
1519:
1400:
1079:
988:specific surface area
868:
860:
852:
618:3000 mg/m (amorphous)
536:
427:Transparent or white
11473:Refractory materials
11003:Dichlorine heptoxide
10773:Phosphorus pentoxide
10739:Dinitrogen pentoxide
10537:Technetium(IV) oxide
10254:Dinitrogen tetroxide
10069:Ytterbium(III) oxide
9831:Neodymium(III) oxide
9814:Manganese(III) oxide
9457:Berkelium(III) oxide
9406:Americium(III) oxide
8567:Dichlorine pentoxide
8550:Cobalt(II,III) oxide
8516:Chlorine perchlorate
7682:10.2138/am-2002-0728
7547:10.1127/ejm/4/4/0693
6597:Fleischer M (1962).
6301:Minerals Engineering
6177:10.1155/2017/2176795
4119:rheumatoid arthritis
3512:hydraulic fracturing
3476:rheumatoid arthritis
3418:critical temperature
3363:
3226:
3195:
3109:
3019:
2895:
2679:
2526:
2367:
2225:
2113:
2049:
1857:
1826:and purification of
1658:dielectric materials
1434:
1351:
1342:electric arc furnace
1260:hydraulic fracturing
1105:and associated with
828:structural materials
519:(fire diamond)
476:Thermal conductivity
380:InChI=1S/O2Si/c1-3-2
11110:Ruthenium tetroxide
11020:Manganese heptoxide
10866:Molybdenum trioxide
10481:Ruthenium(IV) oxide
10411:Plutonium(IV) oxide
10355:Neptunium(IV) oxide
10156:Californium dioxide
10128:Berkelium(IV) oxide
10052:Vanadium(III) oxide
10035:Tungsten(III) oxide
10018:Titanium(III) oxide
9984:Thallium(III) oxide
9933:Samarium(III) oxide
9865:Phosphorus trioxide
9797:Lutetium(III) oxide
9661:Europium(III) oxide
9593:Dinitrogen trioxide
9559:Chromium(III) oxide
9508:Caesium sesquioxide
9372:Actinium(III) oxide
9214:Phosphorus monoxide
9204:Palladium(II) oxide
9164:Manganese(II) oxide
8967:Aluminium(II) oxide
8800:Dichlorine monoxide
8720:Triuranium octoxide
8703:Tribromine octoxide
8669:Silver(I,III) oxide
8533:Chloryl perchlorate
8406:Minerals portal
7836:2013NatSR...3E3482B
7735:2001AmMin..86.1506N
7674:2002AmMin..87.1018D
7618:1995AmMin..80..454S
7539:1992EJMin...4..693M
7504:1959ZK....112..409S
7469:1975PMag...31.1391W
7389:1986ZK....177...27K
7351:1981JSSCh..36..371W
7316:1982JAP....53.6751L
7136:on 22 December 2017
6950:Food Chem. Toxicol.
6776:2019EGUGA..21.4614O
6682:1991Natur.353..642L
6630:Rodgers GE (2011).
6599:"New mineral names"
6551:2009MicMM.120..447N
6502:(16): 21425â21431.
6453:2019ApPhB.125...29C
6313:2022MiEng.18307600P
6264:2012qdma.book.....G
5969:Bassett RK (2007).
5925:1882GeoM....9..479G
5913:Geological Magazine
5907:Gardner JS (1882).
5807:2021NatSR..1111455C
5710:1991Natur.354..445E
5622:2004JETPL..79..632O
5320:2003RvMG...54..291P
5232:2008JAnEc..77..631K
5182:2006JAnEc..75..595M
5138:Berslien E (2012).
4964:2002PhRvE..66a1202S
4860:2001AcCrA..57..663K
4847:Acta Crystallogr. A
4790:. pp. 393â99.
4680:Inorganic Chemistry
4563:2014PhSS...56..207N
4393:. New York: Wiley.
3577:
3504:occupational hazard
3482:Occupational hazard
3422:supercritical fluid
3379:
3261:
3242:
3173:
3160:
3144:
3125:
3087:
3074:
3058:
3039:
3008:can produce sodium
2966:
2950:
2937:
2911:
2866:(typically, 2 Ă 10
2860:BrĂžnstedâLowry acid
2751:
2731:
2715:
2695:
2648:
2635:
2615:
2596:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2496:
2473:
2453:
2437:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2291:
2275:
2262:
2249:
2197:, where it acts as
2178:
2158:
2139:
2087:
2071:
1993:
1977:
1964:
1948:
1928:
1915:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1834:Precipitated silica
1809:Stardust spacecraft
1701:Surface passivation
1695:diffusion processes
1625:Surface passivation
1502:
1486:
1470:
1450:
1367:
41:
11488:E-number additives
11075:+8 oxidation state
11037:Rhenium(VII) oxide
10996:+7 oxidation state
10936:Tellurium trioxide
10845:+6 oxidation state
10807:Tantalum pentoxide
10688:Antimony pentoxide
10681:+5 oxidation state
10649:Vanadium(IV) oxide
10621:Tungsten(IV) oxide
10226:Chromium(IV) oxide
10107:+4 oxidation state
10086:Yttrium(III) oxide
10001:Thulium(III) oxide
9967:Terbium(III) oxide
9916:Rhodium(III) oxide
9729:Holmium(III) oxide
9695:Gallium(III) oxide
9474:Bismuth(III) oxide
9365:+3 oxidation state
9331:Vanadium(II) oxide
9321:Titanium(II) oxide
9114:Germanium monoxide
9104:Europium(II) oxide
9087:Dinitrogen dioxide
9057:Chromium(II) oxide
8987:Berkelium monoxide
8960:+2 oxidation state
8748:Aluminium(I) oxide
8741:+1 oxidation state
8635:Mellitic anhydride
8584:Iron(II,III) oxide
8465:Antimony tetroxide
8082:2016-04-15 at the
7824:Scientific Reports
6809:10.1093/aje/kwn348
6762:Okamoto A (2019).
6411:Riordan M (2007).
6047:. pp. 96â97.
5979:. pp. 22â23.
5795:Scientific Reports
5582:The New York Times
5524:10.1002/jemt.10395
5037:J. Am. Ceram. Soc.
4903:ratios over 100".
4040:oI12, Ibam, No.72
3886:mS48, C2/c, No.15
3846:mS46, C2/c, No.15
3572:
3545:In 2013, the U.S.
3438:
3397:
3367:
3323:
3289:borosilicate glass
3269:
3249:
3230:
3213:
3178:
3161:
3148:
3132:
3113:
3092:
3075:
3062:
3046:
3027:
2971:
2954:
2938:
2925:
2899:
2811:) are unreactive.
2777:Chemical reactions
2756:
2739:
2719:
2703:
2683:
2650:
2636:
2623:
2603:
2584:
2551:
2538:
2533:
2515:via the so-called
2498:
2484:
2461:
2441:
2425:
2392:
2379:
2374:
2347:
2320:
2307:
2302:
2279:
2250:
2237:
2232:
2199:electric insulator
2180:
2166:
2146:
2127:
2089:
2075:
2059:
1998:
1981:
1965:
1952:
1936:
1916:
1903:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1784:thermal protection
1773:defoamer component
1769:Hydrophobic silica
1754:integrated circuit
1601:Diatomaceous earth
1541:
1514:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1438:
1395:
1355:
1315:telecommunications
1081:
1067:Natural occurrence
927:diatomaceous earth
875:
863:
855:
758:Infobox references
625:Related compounds
614:(Immediate danger)
538:
90:Crystalline silica
39:
11468:Ceramic materials
11450:
11449:
11249:Silicon compounds
11215:
11214:
11138:Hassium tetroxide
11082:Iridium tetroxide
10950:Tungsten trioxide
10908:Selenium trioxide
10880:Polonium trioxide
10852:Chromium trioxide
10824:Vanadium(V) oxide
10756:Niobium pentoxide
10722:Bismuth pentoxide
10705:Arsenic pentoxide
10663:Zirconium dioxide
10565:Terbium(IV) oxide
10551:Tellurium dioxide
10467:Rhodium(IV) oxide
10341:Manganese dioxide
10313:Hafnium(IV) oxide
10271:Germanium dioxide
10114:Americium dioxide
9848:Nickel(III) oxide
9746:Indium(III) oxide
9644:Erbium(III) oxide
9576:Cobalt(III) oxide
9542:Cerium(III) oxide
9423:Antimony trioxide
9341:Yttrium(II) oxide
9224:Polonium monoxide
9174:Mercury(II) oxide
9047:Chlorine monoxide
8917:Thallium(I) oxide
8787:Dicarbon monoxide
8601:Lead(II,IV) oxide
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8301:Chrome chalcedony
8275:Notable varieties
8194:Cryptocrystalline
7966:978-0-8412-2103-1
7918:Lewis GR (1999).
7844:10.1038/srep03482
7777:978-0-7514-0480-7
7310:(10): 6751â6756.
6676:(6345): 642â644.
6441:Applied Physics B
6281:978-3-642-22160-6
6097:Black LE (2016).
6037:Saxena A (2009).
5704:(6353): 445â452.
5664:978-3-527-68219-5
5630:10.1134/1.1790021
5553:Nevin CM (1925).
5448:978-3-319-22929-4
5364:978-0-323-91856-5
5341:Radini A (2024).
5302:Perry CC (2003).
5017:"Densities of SiO
4811:Wells AF (1984).
4797:978-0-08-022057-4
4646:978-0-444-41683-4
4611:978-0-19-855961-0
4526:978-0-387-36687-6
4375:978-0-618-94690-7
4252:Orthosilicic acid
4247:Mesoporous silica
4226:Silicic anhydride
4223:Silica, amorphous
4086:
4085:
3584:Crystal symmetry
3557:Crystalline forms
3395:
3385:
3370:
3267:
3252:
3245:
3233:
3164:
3151:
3135:
3128:
3116:
3078:
3065:
3049:
3042:
3030:
2969:
2957:
2941:
2928:
2921:
2902:
2880:cryptocrystalline
2816:hydrofluoric acid
2754:
2742:
2722:
2706:
2686:
2639:
2626:
2606:
2599:
2587:
2554:
2541:
2532:
2487:
2476:
2464:
2444:
2428:
2395:
2382:
2373:
2323:
2310:
2301:
2282:
2253:
2240:
2231:
2169:
2149:
2142:
2130:
2119:
2078:
2062:
2055:
2025:thermal oxidation
1996:
1984:
1968:
1955:
1939:
1919:
1906:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1791:extraction of DNA
1742:thermal oxidation
1629:Thermal oxidation
1512:
1493:
1477:
1461:
1441:
1393:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1188:(i.e. shells) of
1103:impact structures
1027:The molecular SiO
996:hydrochloric acid
883:see 3-D Unit Cell
766:Chemical compound
764:
763:
721:â911 kJ·mol
664:Silicon disulfide
655:Related compounds
640:Germanium dioxide
605:Ca TWA 0.05 mg/m
336:CompTox Dashboard
87:Silicon(IV) oxide
16:(Redirected from
11505:
11242:
11235:
11228:
11219:
11218:
11096:Osmium tetroxide
10964:Uranium trioxide
10894:Rhenium trioxide
10607:Titanium dioxide
10495:Selenium dioxide
10425:Polonium dioxide
10397:Platinum dioxide
10369:Nitrogen dioxide
10240:Curium(IV) oxide
10212:Chlorine dioxide
10198:Cerium(IV) oxide
9440:Arsenic trioxide
9301:Thorium monoxide
9284:Disulfur dioxide
9254:Silicon monoxide
9184:Nickel(II) oxide
9077:Copper(II) oxide
9067:Cobalt(II) oxide
9007:Bromine monoxide
8852:Mercury(I) oxide
8813:Gallium(I) oxide
8774:Caesium monoxide
8444:
8437:
8430:
8421:
8420:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8372:Herkimer diamond
8279:
8278:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8100:
8099:
7999:
7991:
7971:
7970:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7915:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7855:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7712:
7706:
7700:
7694:
7693:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7612:(5â6): 454â456.
7601:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7566:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7442:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7416:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7372:
7363:
7362:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7324:10.1063/1.330062
7293:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7276:
7269:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7234:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7129:. Archived from
7128:
7120:
7114:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7081:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7003:
6988:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6820:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6734:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6701:
6690:10.1038/353642a0
6667:
6654:
6648:
6647:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6603:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6331:
6325:
6324:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6231:Business Insider
6221:
6215:
6214:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6179:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6128:
6119:
6118:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6059:
6058:
6045:World Scientific
6034:
6025:
6024:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5718:10.1038/354445a0
5691:
5685:
5684:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5572:
5559:
5558:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5479:(8): 4143â4149.
5464:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5396:(9): 1113â1120.
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5100:
5085:
5084:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5043:(7â8): 332â336.
5033:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4990:. Archived from
4957:
4955:cond-mat/0203383
4937:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4871:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4774:
4753:
4752:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4702:Cuff YH (1996).
4699:
4693:
4692:
4675:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4475:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4389:Iler RK (1979).
4386:
4380:
4379:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4281:
4170:Colloidal silica
4082:
4060:
4028:
3973:
3948:
3915:
3874:
3832:
3775:
3747:
3714:
3688:
3659:
3630:
3578:
3571:
3411:Water solubility
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3368:
3305:calcium silicate
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3028:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2907:
2900:
2844:
2818:(HF) to produce
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2624:
2614:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2485:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2462:
2452:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2426:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2371:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2195:microelectronics
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2117:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1807:was used in the
1756:chips (with the
1684:indium phosphide
1680:gallium arsenide
1580:Colloidal silica
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1459:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1309:The majority of
1288:glass transition
1088:
1037:silicon monoxide
895:double bond rule
832:microelectronics
826:. It is used in
793:
786:chemical formula
772:, also known as
748:
742:
739:
738:
717:
694:42 J·mol·K
690:
670:Thermochemistry
660:Silicon monoxide
558:
551:
544:
529:
487:Refractive index
400:Chemical formula
360:
359:
344:
342:
326:
290:
279:
268:
251:
229:Gmelin Reference
215:
197:
189:
178:
167:
147:
127:
49:
42:
40:Silicon dioxide
38:
27:Oxide of silicon
21:
11513:
11512:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11503:
11502:
11463:Silicon dioxide
11453:
11452:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11432:
11428:
11419:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11395:
11391:
11383:
11375:
11367:
11359:
11351:
11343:
11335:
11322:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11291:
11287:
11272:
11251:
11246:
11216:
11211:
11209:Category:Oxides
11205:oxidation state
11197:
11151:
11147:
11133:
11124:Xenon tetroxide
11119:
11105:
11091:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11049:
11045:
11032:
11028:
11015:
11011:
10991:
10987:
10973:
10959:
10945:
10931:
10922:Sulfur trioxide
10917:
10903:
10889:
10875:
10861:
10840:
10836:
10832:
10819:
10815:
10802:
10798:
10785:
10781:
10768:
10764:
10751:
10747:
10734:
10730:
10717:
10713:
10700:
10696:
10676:
10672:
10658:
10644:
10635:Uranium dioxide
10630:
10616:
10602:
10588:
10579:Thorium dioxide
10574:
10560:
10546:
10532:
10518:
10509:Silicon dioxide
10504:
10490:
10476:
10462:
10448:
10434:
10420:
10406:
10392:
10378:
10364:
10350:
10336:
10322:
10308:
10299:Iridium dioxide
10294:
10280:
10266:
10262:
10249:
10235:
10221:
10207:
10193:
10184:Carbon trioxide
10179:
10165:
10151:
10142:Bromine dioxide
10137:
10123:
10102:
10098:
10094:
10081:
10077:
10064:
10060:
10047:
10043:
10030:
10026:
10013:
10009:
9996:
9992:
9979:
9975:
9962:
9958:
9945:
9941:
9928:
9924:
9911:
9907:
9894:
9890:
9877:
9873:
9860:
9856:
9843:
9839:
9826:
9822:
9809:
9805:
9792:
9788:
9780:Lanthanum oxide
9775:
9771:
9763:Iron(III) oxide
9758:
9754:
9741:
9737:
9724:
9720:
9712:Gold(III) oxide
9707:
9703:
9690:
9686:
9673:
9669:
9656:
9652:
9639:
9635:
9622:
9618:
9605:
9601:
9588:
9584:
9571:
9567:
9554:
9550:
9537:
9533:
9520:
9516:
9503:
9499:
9486:
9482:
9469:
9465:
9452:
9448:
9435:
9431:
9418:
9414:
9401:
9397:
9389:Aluminium oxide
9384:
9380:
9360:
9296:
9292:
9274:Sulfur monoxide
9264:Strontium oxide
9154:Magnesium oxide
9134:Iodine monoxide
9099:
9095:
9037:Carbon monoxide
8997:Beryllium oxide
8955:
8951:
8938:
8925:
8912:
8899:
8886:
8878:Potassium oxide
8873:
8860:
8847:
8834:
8826:Iodine(I) oxide
8821:
8808:
8795:
8782:
8769:
8761:Copper(I) oxide
8756:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8715:
8711:
8698:
8694:
8681:
8677:
8664:
8660:
8647:
8643:
8630:
8626:
8613:
8609:
8596:
8592:
8579:
8575:
8562:
8558:
8545:
8541:
8528:
8524:
8511:
8507:
8499:Carbon suboxide
8494:
8490:
8477:
8473:
8453:
8448:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8398:
8391:
8348:
8325:
8270:
8249:
8221:
8188:
8135:
8127:
8084:Wayback Machine
8051:
8042:
7979:
7974:
7967:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7916:
7912:
7873:
7869:
7816:
7812:
7799:(1â2): 95â112.
7789:
7785:
7778:
7762:
7758:
7729:(11â12): 1506.
7713:
7709:
7701:
7697:
7652:
7648:
7640:
7599:
7593:
7589:
7581:
7564:
7558:
7554:
7523:
7519:
7498:(1â6): 409â13.
7488:
7484:
7463:(6): 1391â401.
7452:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7431:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7373:
7366:
7335:
7331:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7207:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7103:
7079:
7071:
7067:
7042:10.1038/ni.1631
7021:
7017:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6945:
6941:
6915:10.1289/EHP1013
6892:
6888:
6878:
6876:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6846:
6844:
6839:
6838:
6834:
6787:
6783:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6732:
6726:
6722:
6714:
6665:
6662:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6601:
6595:
6591:
6584:
6570:
6566:
6535:
6531:
6488:
6484:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6332:
6328:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6197:
6193:
6156:
6152:
6142:
6140:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6095:
6088:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6062:
6055:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6013:. p. 111.
6001:
5994:
5987:
5967:
5963:
5954:Mann A (1917).
5952:
5948:
5919:(10): 479â480.
5905:
5901:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5860:
5844:
5840:
5787:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5751:
5737:
5733:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5665:
5649:
5645:
5616:(12): 632â634.
5606:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5573:
5562:
5551:
5547:
5504:
5500:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5423:
5419:
5382:
5378:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5339:
5335:
5328:10.2113/0540291
5314:(54): 291â327.
5300:
5296:
5261:
5257:
5211:
5207:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5101:
5088:
5081:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5013:
5009:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4935:
4929:
4925:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4775:
4756:
4749:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4676:
4659:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4598:
4594:
4543:
4539:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4473:
4467:
4460:
4452:
4421:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4362:
4355:
4340:
4333:
4318:
4309:
4302:
4282:
4269:
4265:
4257:Silicon carbide
4243:
4238:
4142:CAS 112945-52-5
4135:
4091:
4051:
4039:
4034:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3986:
3959:
3930:
3926:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3845:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3758:
3752:ÎČ-cristobalite
3733:
3729:
3725:
3719:α-cristobalite
3701:
3697:
3674:
3670:
3645:
3641:
3616:
3612:
3593:
3585:
3576:
3564:
3559:
3540:
3520:
3518:Pathophysiology
3484:
3445:
3430:
3413:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3343:pentacoordinate
3335:ethylene glycol
3285:sodaâlime glass
3258:
3253:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3141:
3136:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3055:
3050:
3036:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3007:
2990:potassium oxide
2963:
2958:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2779:
2748:
2743:
2728:
2723:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2612:
2607:
2593:
2588:
2573:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2547:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2517:sol-gel process
2511:TEOS undergoes
2493:
2488:
2470:
2465:
2450:
2445:
2434:
2429:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2175:
2170:
2155:
2150:
2136:
2131:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2063:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2017:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1940:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1840:sodium silicate
1836:
1820:
1766:
1715:
1672:silicon nitride
1650:gate dielectric
1648:as an original
1639:
1621:
1609:hydrated silica
1564:
1499:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1467:
1462:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1411:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1297:
1293:
1276:
1238:
1233:
1198:testate amoebae
1168:manufacturing.
1135:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1007:
1005:
954:
946:
892:
888:
872:
847:
792:
788:
770:Silicon dioxide
767:
760:
755:
754:
753: ?)
744:
740:
736:
732:
718:
715:
709:
705:
702:
701:Std enthalpy of
691:
688:
681:
678:
662:
656:
646:
642:
638:
632:
619:
615:
604:
600:
589:
583:
563:
562:
561:
560:
553:
546:
539:
535:
527:
497:
495:
467:
408:
402:
388:
385:
384:
381:
375:
374:
363:
345:
338:
329:
309:
293:
280:
266:Silicon+dioxide
254:
231:
207:
170:
150:
130:
117:
103:
102:
68:
67:Silicon dioxide
53:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11511:
11501:
11500:
11495:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11435:
11430:
11426:
11422:
11417:
11413:
11409:
11405:
11401:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11365:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11345:
11341:
11337:
11333:
11329:
11324:
11320:
11315:
11313:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11305:
11301:
11297:
11293:
11289:
11285:
11280:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11259:
11257:
11253:
11252:
11245:
11244:
11237:
11230:
11222:
11213:
11212:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11159:
11157:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11145:
11135:
11131:
11121:
11117:
11107:
11103:
11093:
11089:
11078:
11076:
11072:
11071:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11060:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11034:
11030:
11026:
11017:
11013:
11009:
10999:
10997:
10993:
10992:
10990:
10989:
10985:
10978:Xenon trioxide
10975:
10971:
10961:
10957:
10947:
10943:
10933:
10929:
10919:
10915:
10905:
10901:
10891:
10887:
10877:
10873:
10863:
10859:
10848:
10846:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10804:
10800:
10796:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10753:
10749:
10745:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10670:
10660:
10656:
10646:
10642:
10632:
10628:
10618:
10614:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10586:
10576:
10572:
10562:
10558:
10548:
10544:
10534:
10530:
10523:Sulfur dioxide
10520:
10516:
10506:
10502:
10492:
10488:
10478:
10474:
10464:
10460:
10450:
10446:
10436:
10432:
10422:
10418:
10408:
10404:
10394:
10390:
10383:Osmium dioxide
10380:
10376:
10366:
10362:
10352:
10348:
10338:
10334:
10324:
10320:
10310:
10306:
10296:
10292:
10285:Iodine dioxide
10282:
10278:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10251:
10247:
10237:
10233:
10223:
10219:
10209:
10205:
10195:
10191:
10181:
10177:
10170:Carbon dioxide
10167:
10163:
10153:
10149:
10139:
10135:
10125:
10121:
10110:
10108:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10015:
10011:
10007:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9950:Scandium oxide
9947:
9943:
9939:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9862:
9858:
9854:
9845:
9841:
9837:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9811:
9807:
9803:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9692:
9688:
9684:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9641:
9637:
9633:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9491:Boron trioxide
9488:
9484:
9480:
9471:
9467:
9463:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9420:
9416:
9412:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9348:
9338:
9328:
9318:
9308:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9281:
9271:
9261:
9251:
9241:
9231:
9221:
9211:
9201:
9191:
9181:
9171:
9161:
9151:
9144:Lead(II) oxide
9141:
9131:
9124:Iron(II) oxide
9121:
9111:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9084:
9074:
9064:
9054:
9044:
9034:
9024:
9014:
9004:
8994:
8984:
8974:
8963:
8961:
8957:
8956:
8954:
8953:
8949:
8940:
8936:
8927:
8923:
8914:
8910:
8901:
8897:
8891:Rubidium oxide
8888:
8884:
8875:
8871:
8862:
8858:
8849:
8845:
8836:
8832:
8823:
8819:
8810:
8806:
8797:
8793:
8784:
8780:
8771:
8767:
8758:
8754:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8683:
8679:
8675:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8482:Boron suboxide
8479:
8475:
8471:
8461:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8447:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8424:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8396:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8384:
8382:Shocked quartz
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8335:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8276:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8240:Lechatelierite
8237:
8231:
8229:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8145:
8143:
8137:
8136:
8126:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8103:
8097:
8096:
8091:
8074:
8064:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8018:
8014:Cristobalite,
8012:
8006:
8000:
7989:"Silica"
7986:, ed. (1911).
7978:
7977:External links
7975:
7973:
7972:
7965:
7937:
7930:
7910:
7889:(2): 405â413.
7867:
7810:
7783:
7776:
7756:
7707:
7695:
7646:
7587:
7552:
7533:(4): 693â706.
7517:
7482:
7450:
7446:
7437:
7402:
7383:(1â2): 27â38.
7364:
7329:
7297:
7288:
7253:
7221:
7189:
7168:
7147:
7115:
7101:
7065:
7036:(8): 847â856.
7015:
6975:
6939:
6886:
6854:
6832:
6781:
6754:
6720:
6660:
6649:
6642:
6622:
6589:
6582:
6564:
6545:(3): 447â453.
6529:
6482:
6431:
6403:
6396:
6378:
6371:
6361:Lee S (2006).
6353:
6346:
6326:
6287:
6280:
6244:
6216:
6209:
6191:
6150:
6120:
6113:
6107:. p. 17.
6086:
6060:
6053:
6026:
6019:
5992:
5985:
5961:
5946:
5899:
5889:
5869:
5858:
5838:
5781:
5764:
5749:
5731:
5686:
5670:
5663:
5643:
5604:
5595:
5560:
5545:
5518:(4): 279â299.
5498:
5459:
5447:
5417:
5376:
5363:
5333:
5294:
5275:(2): 798â805.
5255:
5220:J. Anim. Ecol.
5205:
5176:(2): 595â603.
5170:J. Anim. Ecol.
5155:
5148:
5130:
5124:978-3527306732
5123:
5086:
5079:
5061:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5007:
4923:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4883:
4839:
4828:
4821:
4803:
4796:
4788:Pergamon Press
4754:
4747:
4731:Silica Stories
4721:
4714:
4694:
4688:
4657:
4645:
4617:
4610:
4592:
4557:(2): 207â222.
4537:
4525:
4495:
4458:
4406:
4399:
4381:
4374:
4353:
4331:
4307:
4300:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:Silica aerogel
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:cubic (cP*, P4
3981:
3979:melanophlogite
3975:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:/mmc, No. 194
3699:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3590:
3587:Pearson symbol
3582:
3574:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3539:
3536:
3519:
3516:
3483:
3480:
3443:
3429:
3428:Health effects
3426:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3319:optical fibres
3297:blast furnaces
3281:
3280:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3237:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3168:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3082:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3034:
3025:
3005:
2994:lead(II) oxide
2982:
2981:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2932:
2924:
2917:
2914:
2906:
2856:LuxâFlood acid
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2701:
2698:
2690:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2643:
2630:
2621:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2545:
2537:
2509:
2508:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2423:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2386:
2378:
2358:
2357:
2340:
2335:
2327:
2314:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2257:
2244:
2236:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2134:
2125:
2122:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2039:
2021:silicon wafers
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1931:
1923:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1835:
1832:
1819:
1816:
1805:Silica aerogel
1765:
1762:
1758:planar process
1735:surface states
1713:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1654:MOS technology
1646:
1633:Planar process
1620:
1619:Semiconductors
1617:
1578:applications.
1563:
1560:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1311:optical fibers
1300:ceramic glazes
1295:
1291:
1275:
1272:
1237:
1236:Structural use
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1201:
1172:Silicification
1134:
1131:
1123:volcanic rocks
1109:formed during
1085:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1003:
1000:
952:
945:
942:
890:
886:
870:
846:
843:
790:
765:
762:
761:
756:
734:
733:
729:standard state
726:
723:
722:
719:
713:
707:
699:
696:
695:
692:
686:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
657:
654:
651:
650:
636:Carbon dioxide
633:
631:Related diones
630:
627:
626:
622:
621:
616:
610:
607:
606:
601:
595:
592:
591:
590:) (amorphous)
587:
584:
578:
575:
574:
565:
564:
554:
547:
540:
525:
524:
523:
522:
520:
511:
510:
506:
505:
498:
493:
485:
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
425:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
406:
403:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
387:
386:
382:
379:
378:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
362:
361:
348:
346:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
319:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
303:
301:
295:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
273:
270:
269:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
236:
235:
232:
227:
224:
223:
217:
209:
208:
206:
205:
201:
199:
191:
190:
180:
172:
171:
169:
168:
160:
158:
152:
151:
149:
148:
140:
138:
132:
131:
129:
128:
120:
118:
113:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11510:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11491:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11458:
11443:
11436:
11434:
11423:
11421:
11410:
11408:
11398:
11396:
11386:
11384:
11378:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11362:
11360:
11354:
11352:
11346:
11344:
11338:
11336:
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11317:
11316:
11314:
11310:
11304:
11294:
11292:
11282:
11281:
11279:
11275:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11254:
11250:
11243:
11238:
11236:
11231:
11229:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11210:
11206:
11200:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11160:
11158:
11154:
11143:
11139:
11136:
11129:
11125:
11122:
11115:
11111:
11108:
11101:
11097:
11094:
11087:
11083:
11080:
11079:
11077:
11073:
11059:
11055:
11052:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11025:
11021:
11018:
11008:
11004:
11001:
11000:
10998:
10994:
10983:
10979:
10976:
10969:
10965:
10962:
10955:
10951:
10948:
10941:
10937:
10934:
10927:
10923:
10920:
10913:
10909:
10906:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10885:
10881:
10878:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10857:
10853:
10850:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10829:
10825:
10822:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10795:
10791:
10788:
10778:
10774:
10771:
10761:
10757:
10754:
10744:
10740:
10737:
10727:
10723:
10720:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10693:
10689:
10686:
10685:
10683:
10679:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10654:
10650:
10647:
10640:
10636:
10633:
10626:
10622:
10619:
10612:
10608:
10605:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10584:
10580:
10577:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10556:
10552:
10549:
10542:
10538:
10535:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10514:
10510:
10507:
10500:
10496:
10493:
10486:
10482:
10479:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10458:
10454:
10451:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10416:
10412:
10409:
10402:
10398:
10395:
10388:
10384:
10381:
10374:
10370:
10367:
10360:
10356:
10353:
10346:
10342:
10339:
10332:
10328:
10325:
10318:
10314:
10311:
10304:
10300:
10297:
10290:
10286:
10283:
10276:
10272:
10269:
10259:
10255:
10252:
10245:
10241:
10238:
10231:
10227:
10224:
10217:
10213:
10210:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10161:
10157:
10154:
10147:
10143:
10140:
10133:
10129:
10126:
10119:
10115:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10105:
10091:
10087:
10084:
10074:
10070:
10067:
10057:
10053:
10050:
10040:
10036:
10033:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10006:
10002:
9999:
9989:
9985:
9982:
9972:
9968:
9965:
9955:
9951:
9948:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9921:
9917:
9914:
9904:
9900:
9897:
9887:
9883:
9880:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9853:
9849:
9846:
9836:
9832:
9829:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9802:
9798:
9795:
9785:
9781:
9778:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9751:
9747:
9744:
9734:
9730:
9727:
9717:
9713:
9710:
9700:
9696:
9693:
9683:
9679:
9676:
9666:
9662:
9659:
9649:
9645:
9642:
9632:
9628:
9625:
9615:
9611:
9608:
9598:
9594:
9591:
9581:
9577:
9574:
9564:
9560:
9557:
9547:
9543:
9540:
9530:
9526:
9523:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9496:
9492:
9489:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9445:
9441:
9438:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9411:
9407:
9404:
9394:
9390:
9387:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9326:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9312:
9311:Tin(II) oxide
9309:
9306:
9302:
9299:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9245:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9215:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9185:
9182:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9165:
9162:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9149:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9135:
9132:
9129:
9125:
9122:
9119:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9028:
9027:Calcium oxide
9025:
9022:
9018:
9017:Cadmium oxide
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8982:
8978:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8958:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8870:
8866:
8865:Nitrous oxide
8863:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8839:Lithium oxide
8837:
8831:
8827:
8824:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8792:
8788:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8759:
8753:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8708:
8704:
8701:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8674:
8670:
8667:
8657:
8653:
8650:
8640:
8636:
8633:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8606:
8602:
8599:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8555:
8551:
8548:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8504:
8500:
8497:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8445:
8440:
8438:
8433:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8408:
8407:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:Miscellaneous
8252:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8131:
8124:
8119:
8117:
8112:
8110:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8046:
8044:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7996:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7980:
7968:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7949:
7941:
7933:
7931:0-471-29212-5
7927:
7923:
7922:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7883:
7878:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7787:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7768:
7760:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7711:
7705:. Mindat.org.
7704:
7699:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7662:
7657:
7650:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7598:
7591:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7571:
7563:
7556:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7458:
7457:
7441:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7413:
7406:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7371:
7369:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7345:(3): 371â80.
7344:
7340:
7333:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7304:
7292:
7273:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7178:
7172:
7157:
7151:
7132:
7125:
7119:
7112:
7105:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:Nat. Immunol.
7026:
7019:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6985:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6956:(5): 341â54.
6955:
6952:
6951:
6943:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6858:
6842:
6836:
6828:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6803:(4): 489â96.
6802:
6798:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6758:
6747:
6744:: 1052â1056.
6743:
6740:
6739:
6731:
6724:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6699:2027.42/62810
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6664:
6653:
6645:
6643:9781133172482
6639:
6635:
6634:
6626:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6583:9780471924784
6579:
6575:
6568:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6420:
6419:
6418:IEEE Spectrum
6414:
6407:
6399:
6397:9780471924784
6393:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6372:9780824755638
6368:
6365:. CRC Press.
6364:
6357:
6349:
6347:9781574446753
6343:
6340:. CRC Press.
6339:
6338:
6330:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6248:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6210:9780470010259
6206:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6132:"Dawon Kahng"
6127:
6125:
6116:
6114:9783319325217
6110:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6091:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6056:
6054:9789812814456
6050:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6020:9780262294324
6016:
6012:
6008:
6007:
5999:
5997:
5988:
5986:9780801886393
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5892:
5890:9781842145654
5886:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5866:
5861:
5859:9781842145654
5855:
5851:
5850:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5750:9780199236176
5746:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5666:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5599:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5463:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5366:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5149:9781405160544
5145:
5141:
5134:
5126:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5082:
5080:9783527306473
5076:
5073:. Wiley-VCH.
5072:
5065:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5011:
4997:on 2016-06-04
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4948:(1): 011202.
4947:
4943:
4942:
4934:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4854:(6): 663â77.
4853:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4832:
4824:
4822:9780198553700
4818:
4814:
4807:
4799:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4750:
4748:9783319540542
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4715:9780812213775
4711:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4691:
4689:0-12-352651-5
4685:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4528:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4432:(5): 409â24.
4431:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4400:9780471024040
4396:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4303:
4301:1-4398-5511-0
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4267:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:CAB-O-GRIP II
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4016:
3996:
3993:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:/mnm, No.136
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3800:
3797:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3497:lung capacity
3494:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3389:
3380:
3372:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:polar solvent
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3301:calcium oxide
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3254:
3246:
3235:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3191:
3190:
3174:
3166:
3153:
3137:
3129:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3088:
3080:
3067:
3051:
3043:
3032:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:orthosilicate
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2930:
2915:
2912:
2904:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2772:
2744:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2708:
2699:
2696:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2664:Other methods
2641:
2628:
2619:
2616:
2608:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2489:
2480:
2477:
2466:
2457:
2454:
2446:
2430:
2421:
2418:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2338:
2325:
2312:
2295:
2292:
2284:
2268:
2255:
2242:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2151:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2080:
2064:
2056:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:On microchips
2012:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:sulfuric acid
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1771:is used as a
1770:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:silicon wafer
1727:
1722:
1721:pân junctions
1718:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1691:semiconductor
1687:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:hafnium oxide
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:is used as a
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1506:
1503:
1495:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1387:
1384:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:rice husk ash
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1064:
1042:
1038:
1020:Molecular SiO
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:Molten silica
999:
997:
993:
992:crystallinity
989:
985:
984:crystallinity
981:
977:
976:dealumination
973:
969:
967:
963:
958:
950:
941:
939:
938:SiâOâSi angle
935:
932:All of these
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
898:
896:
884:
880:
867:
859:
851:
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
759:
752:
747:
730:
724:
720:
712:
704:
698:
697:
693:
685:
680:
674:
673:
668:
665:
661:
658:
653:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
629:
628:
623:
617:
613:
609:
608:
602:
599:(Recommended)
598:
594:
593:
585:
582:(Permissible)
581:
577:
576:
572:
571:
566:
559:
552:
545:
521:
518:
517:
513:
512:
507:
504:), 1.553 (e)
503:
499:
492:
488:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:Boiling point
451:
450:
446:
444:
443:Melting point
441:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
404:
401:
397:
396:
391:
377:
376:
373:
366:
358:
354:
353:DTXSID1029677
350:
349:
347:
337:
333:
332:
325:
321:
320:
318:
316:
313:
312:
305:
304:
302:
300:
297:
296:
289:
285:
284:
282:
276:
272:
271:
267:
263:
261:
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
243:
241:
238:
237:
233:
230:
226:
225:
222:
218:
216:
211:
210:
203:
202:
200:
198:
193:
192:
188:
184:
181:
179:
177:ECHA InfoCard
174:
173:
166:
162:
161:
159:
157:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
139:
137:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
119:
116:
112:
111:
106:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
84:Silicic oxide
83:
80:
77:
76:
71:
65:
61:
56:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
11371:
10508:
10327:Lead dioxide
9244:Radium oxide
9194:Nitric oxide
8977:Barium oxide
8930:Sodium oxide
8904:Silver oxide
8397:
8377:Smoky quartz
8154:Cristobalite
8129:
7993:
7947:
7940:
7920:
7913:
7886:
7880:
7870:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7796:
7792:
7786:
7770:. Springer.
7766:
7759:
7726:
7720:
7710:
7698:
7665:
7659:
7649:
7609:
7603:
7590:
7574:
7568:
7555:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7460:
7454:
7440:
7424:
7418:
7405:
7380:
7376:
7342:
7338:
7332:
7307:
7301:
7291:
7279:. Retrieved
7263:
7256:
7244:. Retrieved
7224:
7212:. Retrieved
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7150:
7138:. Retrieved
7131:the original
7118:
7104:
7075:
7068:
7033:
7028:
7018:
7006:. Retrieved
6978:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6905:
6899:
6889:
6877:. Retrieved
6866:
6857:
6845:. Retrieved
6835:
6800:
6794:
6784:
6767:
6757:
6741:
6738:Am. Mineral.
6736:
6723:
6673:
6669:
6652:
6632:
6625:
6609:
6605:
6592:
6573:
6567:
6542:
6538:
6532:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6416:
6406:
6387:
6381:
6362:
6356:
6336:
6329:
6304:
6300:
6290:
6254:
6247:
6235:. Retrieved
6229:
6219:
6200:
6194:
6167:
6163:
6153:
6141:. Retrieved
6135:
6099:
6077:. Retrieved
6039:
6005:
5971:
5964:
5955:
5949:
5916:
5912:
5902:
5894:
5879:
5872:
5863:
5848:
5841:
5801:(1): 11455.
5798:
5794:
5784:
5740:
5734:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5679:
5673:
5653:
5646:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5586:. Retrieved
5580:
5554:
5548:
5515:
5511:
5501:
5476:
5472:
5462:
5452:, retrieved
5430:
5420:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5368:. Retrieved
5346:
5336:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5226:(3): 631â3.
5223:
5218:
5208:
5173:
5168:
5158:
5139:
5133:
5104:
5070:
5064:
5040:
5035:
5010:
4999:. Retrieved
4992:the original
4945:
4941:Phys. Rev. E
4939:
4926:
4909:
4904:
4886:
4851:
4845:
4831:
4812:
4806:
4782:
4778:Greenwood NN
4730:
4724:
4704:
4697:
4679:
4650:, retrieved
4627:
4620:
4601:
4595:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4530:, retrieved
4508:
4498:
4482:
4479:Am. Mineral.
4477:
4429:
4425:
4390:
4384:
4365:
4285:
4190:Fumed silica
4186:Fossil flour
4163:CAB-O-SPERSE
4136:
4092:
4038:orthorhombic
3958:orthorhombic
3760:
3693:ÎČ-tridymite
3668:orthorhombic
3664:α-tridymite
3646:22, No. 180
3609:rhombohedral
3589:, group no.
3560:
3544:
3541:
3524:inflammasome
3521:
3501:
3488:sandblasting
3485:
3453:
3439:
3414:
3355:
3339:alkali metal
3324:
3282:
2986:sodium oxide
2983:
2887:
2853:
2847:
2831:+ 6 HF â H
2813:
2784:
2780:
2769:However the
2768:
2667:
2510:
2359:
2213:
2192:
2101:
2018:
2010:
1837:
1821:
1813:
1803:
1788:
1777:
1767:
1739:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1640:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1584:fining agent
1565:
1548:ferrosilicon
1542:
1526:
1414:Fumed silica
1412:
1409:Fumed silica
1331:
1308:
1304:
1277:
1257:
1253:sand casting
1246:
1239:
1213:dicotyledons
1209:Equisetaceae
1176:
1170:
1155:
1136:
1119:cristobalite
1082:
1026:
1008:
970:
949:Alpha quartz
947:
944:Polymorphism
931:
911:cristobalite
899:
885:). Thus, SiO
876:
836:
816:fumed silica
812:fused quartz
773:
769:
768:
710:
683:
648:Lead dioxide
569:
515:
490:
299:RTECS number
108:Identifiers
73:Other names
36:
11193:Oxypnictide
10593:Tin dioxide
8306:Chrysoprase
8261:Tiger's eye
8141:Crystalline
8052:) and water
8048:Silica (SiO
8039:Quartz (SiO
8020:Amorphous,
8002:Tridymite,
7668:(7): 1018.
7577:: 324â333.
4485:: 854â867.
4133:Other names
4107:lung cancer
3530:, a highly
3528:interleukin
3508:countertops
3464:lung cancer
1824:sand mining
1576:hygroscopic
1544:Silica fume
1530:thixotropic
1319:earthenware
957:beta-quartz
644:Tin dioxide
424:Appearance
393:Properties
183:100.028.678
145:CHEBI:30563
99:Silica sand
93:Pure Silica
11483:Excipients
11457:Categories
11188:Superoxide
9351:Zinc oxide
8387:Prasiolite
8316:Moss agate
8311:Heliotrope
8283:Chalcedony
8202:Chalcedony
8179:Stishovite
8174:Seifertite
7984:Chisholm H
7703:Seifertite
7281:27 January
6307:: 107600.
5610:JETP Lett.
5454:2024-07-19
5370:2024-06-20
5001:2009-07-07
4912:(2): 285.
4786:. Oxford:
4652:2023-09-12
4532:2023-10-08
4263:References
4123:Inhalation
4113:, such as
4103:bronchitis
4070:hexagonal
4015:clathrasil
3954:seifertite
3925:tetragonal
3921:stishovite
3884:monoclinic
3843:monoclinic
3795:2, No. 92
3785:tetragonal
3763:m, No.227
3734:2, No. 92
3723:tetragonal
3671:oS24, C222
3617:21 No.152
3611:(trigonal)
3600:Structure
3567:polymorphs
3538:Regulation
3460:bronchitis
3331:dinitrogen
3317:Bundle of
3303:, forming
3293:lead glass
2998:zinc oxide
2883:chalcedony
2849:Stishovite
2513:hydrolysis
1844:silica gel
1818:Production
1799:chaotropes
1780:refractory
1623:See also:
1613:toothpaste
1590:reference
1556:pozzolanic
1205:phytoliths
1194:Radiolaria
1151:herbivores
1099:stishovite
1002:Molten SiO
962:seifertite
915:stishovite
415:Molar mass
324:ETJ7Z6XBU4
156:ChemSpider
115:CAS Number
64:IUPAC name
11163:Oxocarbon
8344:Geyserite
8296:Carnelian
8235:Fulgurite
8227:Amorphous
8184:Tridymite
7690:129400258
7634:196903109
6524:236182027
6516:0957-4522
6477:127735545
6469:1432-0649
6447:(2): 29.
6186:1687-4110
6011:MIT Press
5941:0016-7568
5759:430678988
5638:124299526
5532:1059-910X
5493:2357-0245
5412:1865-7117
5289:0950-0618
4906:J. Catal.
4587:255234311
4579:1090-6460
4292:CRC Press
4166:Catalogue
4160:CAB-O-SIL
4127:amorphous
4099:silicosis
4066:2D silica
4035:W-silica
4019:clathrate
3960:oP, Pbcn
3759:cF104, Fd
3696:hexagonal
3639:hexagonal
3635:ÎČ-quartz
3605:α-quartz
3493:allergies
3456:silicosis
3387:⟶
3263:⟶
3205:−
3146:⟶
3060:⟶
3002:silicates
2923:⟶
2874:up to 10
2717:⟶
2601:⟶
2439:⟶
2277:⟶
2144:⟶
2073:⟶
1930:⟶
1706:thermally
1574:water in
1552:amorphous
1488:⟶
1379:⟶
1327:porcelain
1323:stoneware
1268:shale gas
1264:tight oil
1186:frustules
1147:ungulates
1143:phytolith
1115:tridymite
1107:eclogites
972:Faujasite
907:tridymite
845:Structure
804:materials
784:with the
703:formation
677:Std molar
306:VV7565000
204:231-545-4
196:EC Number
125:7631-86-9
18:Siliceous
11183:Peroxide
11173:Oxyanion
11168:Suboxide
8367:Ametrine
8362:Amethyst
8164:Moganite
8133:minerals
8080:Archived
8008:Quartz,
7905:10911000
7862:24336488
7830:: 3482.
7751:53525827
7638:Archived
7579:Archived
7449:and AlPO
7429:Archived
7427:: 9â14.
7272:Archived
7246:3 August
7237:Archived
7214:3 August
7205:Archived
7182:3 August
7161:3 August
7140:3 August
7060:18604214
6999:Archived
6997:. 2015.
6934:28718769
6827:19064650
6770:: 4614.
6746:Archived
6712:Archived
6614:Archived
6170:: 1â11.
6105:Springer
5833:34075083
5540:14534903
5250:18341561
5200:16638012
5053:Archived
4980:12241346
4878:11679696
4487:Archived
4450:Archived
4446:26340665
4350:(NIOSH).
4328:(NIOSH).
4241:See also
4235:Vulkasil
4229:Silikill
4212:Santocel
4183:FLO-GARD
4177:Dicalite
4097:tissue,
4017:(silica
3838:moganite
3787:tP36, P4
3726:tP12, P4
3698:hP12, P6
3675:, No.20
3642:hP18, P6
3470:such as
3449:dementia
3351:methanol
2786:Fluorine
1786:fabric.
1588:E number
1220:spicules
1166:concrete
824:aerogels
808:minerals
776:, is an
516:NFPA 704
509:Hazards
466:(χ)
214:E number
11277:Si(III)
11178:Ozonide
11156:Related
8339:Fiorite
8159:Keatite
8149:Coesite
7853:3863822
7832:Bibcode
7731:Bibcode
7670:Bibcode
7614:Bibcode
7535:Bibcode
7500:Bibcode
7465:Bibcode
7385:Bibcode
7347:Bibcode
7312:Bibcode
7051:2834784
6970:1648030
6925:5744649
6818:2809081
6772:Bibcode
6708:4310228
6678:Bibcode
6547:Bibcode
6449:Bibcode
6309:Bibcode
6260:Bibcode
6143:27 June
6079:21 June
5921:Bibcode
5824:8169902
5803:Bibcode
5726:4344891
5706:Bibcode
5618:Bibcode
5316:Bibcode
5228:Bibcode
5178:Bibcode
4988:6109212
4960:Bibcode
4856:Bibcode
4559:Bibcode
4344:"#0682"
4322:"#0552"
4206:Nalcoag
4154:Aquafil
4148:Aerosil
4145:Acitcel
4033:fibrous
3927:tP6, P4
3880:coesite
3781:keatite
3613:hP9, P3
3594:(g/cm)
3349:except
3337:and an
1605:diatoms
1334:silicon
1224:sponges
1203:Silica
1190:diatoms
1133:Biology
1095:coesite
1072:Geology
980:zeolite
919:coesite
782:silicon
751:what is
749: (
679:entropy
500:1.544 (
433:Density
409:
275:PubChem
234:200274
96:Silicea
11493:Oxides
11312:Si(IV)
11256:Si(II)
8451:Oxides
8354:Quartz
8217:Jasper
8169:Quartz
8130:Silica
7963:
7928:
7903:
7860:
7850:
7774:
7749:
7688:
7632:
7058:
7048:
7008:26 Feb
6968:
6932:
6922:
6879:11 Feb
6875:. 2017
6847:11 Feb
6825:
6815:
6706:
6670:Nature
6640:
6580:
6522:
6514:
6475:
6467:
6424:11 Feb
6394:
6369:
6344:
6278:
6237:11 Feb
6207:
6184:
6111:
6051:
6017:
5983:
5939:
5887:
5856:
5831:
5821:
5757:
5747:
5724:
5697:Nature
5661:
5636:
5588:24 Aug
5538:
5530:
5491:
5445:
5410:
5361:
5287:
5248:
5198:
5146:
5121:
5077:
5029:Melts"
4986:
4978:
4876:
4819:
4794:
4745:
4712:
4686:
4643:
4608:
4585:
4577:
4523:
4444:
4397:
4372:
4298:
4215:Silica
4209:Nyacol
4200:LO-VEL
4197:HI-SEL
4109:, and
4089:Safety
3991:/nbc)
3963:4.294
3939:rutile
3934:4.287
3900:and Si
3889:2.911
3867:rings
3859:and Si
3798:3.011
3737:2.334
3678:2.265
3649:2.533
3620:2.648
3597:Notes
3329:under
3327:reflux
2872:quartz
2670:silane
2031:or 10
1828:quartz
1637:MOSFET
1635:, and
1572:adsorb
1568:caking
1340:in an
1325:, and
1196:, and
1162:cement
1091:quartz
966:rutile
903:quartz
822:, and
796:quartz
774:silica
746:verify
743:
249:C16459
81:Silica
78:Quartz
58:Names
8291:Agate
8266:Aqeeq
8212:Flint
8207:Chert
7747:S2CID
7686:S2CID
7641:(PDF)
7630:S2CID
7600:(PDF)
7582:(PDF)
7565:(PDF)
7432:(PDF)
7415:(PDF)
7275:(PDF)
7268:(PDF)
7240:(PDF)
7233:(PDF)
7208:(PDF)
7201:(PDF)
7134:(PDF)
7127:(PDF)
7080:(PDF)
7002:(PDF)
6987:(PDF)
6749:(PDF)
6733:(PDF)
6715:(PDF)
6704:S2CID
6666:(PDF)
6617:(PDF)
6602:(PDF)
6520:S2CID
6473:S2CID
5722:S2CID
5634:S2CID
5056:(PDF)
5032:(PDF)
4995:(PDF)
4984:S2CID
4950:arXiv
4936:(PDF)
4583:S2CID
4490:(PDF)
4474:(PDF)
4453:(PDF)
4422:(PDF)
4203:Ludox
4115:lupus
4046:Like
4043:1.97
3994:2.04
3756:cubic
3581:Form
3472:lupus
3462:, or
3333:with
3266:glass
2839:+ 2 H
2795:and O
1764:Other
1717:films
1712:. SiO
1660:like
1280:glass
1182:Tests
1041:argon
1014:water
873:forms
839:glass
778:oxide
570:NIOSH
372:InChI
288:24261
219:E551
165:22683
136:ChEBI
11400:Si(N
11364:SiAu
11332:SiCl
11319:SiBr
8331:Opal
8321:Onyx
8245:Opal
7961:ISBN
7926:ISBN
7901:PMID
7858:PMID
7772:ISBN
7283:2018
7248:2017
7216:2017
7184:2017
7163:2017
7142:2017
7056:PMID
7010:2015
6993:and
6966:PMID
6930:PMID
6881:2019
6849:2019
6823:PMID
6638:ISBN
6578:ISBN
6512:ISSN
6465:ISSN
6426:2019
6392:ISBN
6367:ISBN
6342:ISBN
6276:ISBN
6239:2019
6205:ISBN
6182:ISSN
6168:2017
6145:2019
6109:ISBN
6081:2013
6049:ISBN
6015:ISBN
5981:ISBN
5937:ISSN
5885:ISBN
5854:ISBN
5829:PMID
5755:OCLC
5745:ISBN
5659:ISBN
5590:2013
5536:PMID
5528:ISSN
5489:ISSN
5443:ISBN
5408:ISSN
5359:ISBN
5285:ISSN
5246:PMID
5196:PMID
5144:ISBN
5119:ISBN
5075:ISBN
4976:PMID
4874:PMID
4817:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4743:ISBN
4710:ISBN
4684:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4606:ISBN
4575:ISSN
4521:ISBN
4442:PMID
4395:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4117:and
4095:lung
4005:, Si
3817:, Si
3809:, Si
3474:and
3308:slag
3202:0.25
2920:NaOH
2878:for
2870:for
2803:, Br
2625:HOCH
2023:via
1850:is:
1793:and
1592:E551
1440:SiCl
1418:SiCl
1313:for
1266:and
1249:clay
1231:Uses
1218:The
1164:and
1139:rice
1127:sand
1117:and
1097:and
986:and
925:and
923:opal
820:opal
800:sand
620:Ca
612:IDLH
315:UNII
260:MeSH
240:KEGG
11438:SiF
11380:SiS
11372:SiO
11356:SiI
11348:SiH
11340:SiF
11327:SiC
11268:SiS
11263:SiO
7953:doi
7891:doi
7848:PMC
7840:doi
7801:doi
7797:276
7739:doi
7678:doi
7622:doi
7543:doi
7508:doi
7496:112
7473:doi
7453:".
7393:doi
7381:177
7355:doi
7320:doi
7092:hdl
7084:doi
7046:PMC
7038:doi
6958:doi
6920:PMC
6910:doi
6906:125
6813:PMC
6805:doi
6801:169
6694:hdl
6686:doi
6674:353
6555:doi
6543:120
6504:doi
6457:doi
6445:125
6317:doi
6305:183
6268:doi
6172:doi
5929:doi
5819:PMC
5811:doi
5714:doi
5702:354
5626:doi
5520:doi
5481:doi
5435:doi
5398:doi
5351:doi
5324:doi
5277:doi
5236:doi
5186:doi
5111:doi
5045:doi
5021:-Al
4968:doi
4914:doi
4895:/Al
4864:doi
4735:doi
4633:doi
4567:doi
4513:doi
4434:doi
4125:of
4048:SiS
3561:SiO
3394:SiO
3369:SiO
3251:SiO
3208:0.8
3163:SiO
3134:SiO
3077:SiO
3048:SiO
2940:SiO
2901:SiO
2835:SiF
2827:SiO
2807:, I
2790:SiF
2721:SiO
2685:SiH
2605:SiO
2443:SiO
2281:SiO
2148:SiO
2106:O.
2077:SiO
1938:SiO
1795:RNA
1760:).
1682:or
1652:in
1511:HCl
1492:SiO
1427:.
1357:SiO
1244:).
1184:or
1084:SiO
789:SiO
780:of
714:298
687:298
597:REL
580:PEL
405:SiO
341:EPA
278:CID
11459::
11442:Cl
11429:Cl
11425:Si
11412:Si
11388:Si
11300:Cl
11296:Si
11284:Si
11207:.
11142:Hs
11128:Xe
11114:Ru
11100:Os
11086:Ir
11058:Tc
11041:Re
11024:Mn
11007:Cl
10982:Xe
10940:Te
10912:Se
10898:Re
10884:Po
10870:Mo
10856:Cr
10811:Ta
10794:Pa
10760:Nb
10726:Bi
10709:As
10692:Sb
10667:Zr
10611:Ti
10597:Sn
10583:Th
10569:Tb
10555:Te
10541:Tc
10513:Si
10499:Se
10485:Ru
10471:Rh
10457:Pa
10443:Pr
10429:Po
10415:Pu
10401:Pt
10387:Os
10359:Np
10345:Mn
10331:Pb
10317:Hf
10303:Ir
10275:Ge
10244:Cm
10230:Cr
10216:Cl
10202:Ce
10160:Cf
10146:Br
10132:Bk
10118:Am
10073:Yb
10022:Ti
10005:Tm
9988:Tl
9971:Tb
9954:Sc
9937:Sm
9920:Rh
9903:Pm
9886:Pr
9852:Ni
9835:Nd
9818:Mn
9801:Lu
9784:La
9767:Fe
9750:In
9733:Ho
9716:Au
9699:Ga
9682:Gd
9665:Eu
9648:Er
9631:Es
9614:Dy
9580:Co
9563:Cr
9546:Ce
9529:Cf
9512:Cs
9478:Bi
9461:Bk
9444:As
9427:Sb
9410:Am
9393:Al
9376:Ac
9357:O)
9355:Zn
9347:O)
9337:O)
9327:O)
9325:Ti
9317:O)
9315:Sn
9307:O)
9305:Th
9280:O)
9270:O)
9268:Sr
9260:O)
9258:Si
9250:O)
9248:Ra
9240:O)
9238:Pa
9230:O)
9228:Po
9220:O)
9210:O)
9208:Pd
9200:O)
9190:O)
9188:Ni
9180:O)
9178:Hg
9170:O)
9168:Mn
9160:O)
9158:Mg
9150:O)
9148:Pb
9140:O)
9130:O)
9128:Fe
9120:O)
9118:Ge
9110:O)
9108:Eu
9083:O)
9081:Cu
9073:O)
9071:Co
9063:O)
9061:Cr
9053:O)
9051:Cl
9043:O)
9033:O)
9031:Ca
9023:O)
9021:Cd
9013:O)
9011:Br
9003:O)
9001:Be
8993:O)
8991:Bk
8983:O)
8981:Ba
8973:O)
8971:Al
8952:O)
8939:O)
8934:Na
8926:O)
8921:Tl
8913:O)
8908:Ag
8900:O)
8895:Rb
8887:O)
8874:O)
8861:O)
8856:Hg
8848:O)
8843:Li
8835:O)
8822:O)
8817:Ga
8809:O)
8804:Cl
8796:O)
8783:O)
8778:Cs
8770:O)
8765:Cu
8757:O)
8752:Al
8707:Br
8690:Tb
8673:Ag
8663:11
8656:Pr
8642:12
8622:Mn
8605:Pb
8588:Fe
8571:Cl
8554:Co
8537:Cl
8520:Cl
8489:12
8469:Sb
7992:.
7959:.
7899:.
7887:56
7885:.
7879:.
7856:.
7846:.
7838:.
7826:.
7822:.
7795:.
7745:.
7737:.
7727:86
7725:.
7719:.
7684:.
7676:.
7666:87
7664:.
7658:.
7636:.
7628:.
7620:.
7610:80
7608:.
7602:.
7575:66
7573:.
7567:.
7541:.
7529:.
7506:.
7494:.
7471:.
7461:31
7459:.
7425:79
7423:.
7417:.
7391:.
7379:.
7367:^
7353:.
7343:36
7341:.
7318:.
7308:53
7306:.
7235:.
7203:.
7090:.
7054:.
7044:.
7027:.
6989:.
6964:.
6954:29
6928:.
6918:.
6904:.
6898:.
6871:.
6865:.
6821:.
6811:.
6799:.
6793:.
6766:.
6742:62
6735:.
6710:.
6702:.
6692:.
6684:.
6672:.
6668:.
6610:47
6608:.
6604:.
6553:.
6541:.
6518:.
6510:.
6500:32
6498:.
6494:.
6471:.
6463:.
6455:.
6443:.
6415:.
6315:.
6303:.
6299:.
6274:.
6266:.
6228:.
6180:.
6166:.
6162:.
6134:.
6123:^
6103:.
6089:^
6063:^
6029:^
6009:.
5995:^
5975:.
5935:.
5927:.
5915:.
5911:.
5893:.
5862:.
5827:.
5817:.
5809:.
5799:11
5797:.
5793:.
5767:^
5753:.
5720:.
5712:.
5700:.
5632:.
5624:.
5614:79
5579:.
5563:^
5534:.
5526:.
5516:62
5514:.
5510:.
5487:.
5477:64
5475:.
5471:.
5441:,
5429:,
5406:.
5394:65
5392:.
5388:.
5357:.
5322:.
5310:.
5306:.
5283:.
5273:25
5267:.
5244:.
5234:.
5224:77
5217:.
5194:.
5184:.
5174:75
5167:.
5117:.
5089:^
5051:.
5041:62
5034:.
4982:.
4974:.
4966:.
4958:.
4946:66
4944:.
4938:.
4910:54
4872:.
4862:.
4852:57
4850:.
4844:.
4757:^
4741:.
4660:^
4639:,
4581:.
4573:.
4565:.
4555:56
4553:.
4549:.
4519:,
4507:,
4483:48
4476:.
4461:^
4448:.
4440:.
4430:51
4428:.
4424:.
4409:^
4356:^
4346:.
4334:^
4324:.
4310:^
4294:.
4270:^
4121:.
4105:,
4101:,
4021:)
4011:12
4003:10
3997:Si
3906:16
3892:Si
3865:12
3851:Si
3823:16
3807:10
3801:Si
3592:Ï
3569:.
3551:ÎŒg
3458:,
3444:50
3442:LD
3384:Si
3353:.
3310:.
3291:,
3287:,
3232:Na
3150:Na
3115:Na
3064:Na
3029:Na
2996:,
2992:,
2988:,
2927:Na
2864:pH
2822::
2638:CH
2540:OC
2531:Si
2486:CO
2458:10
2422:12
2381:OC
2372:Si
2239:OC
2230:Si
2118:Si
2054:Si
2029:nm
1967:SO
1954:Na
1918:SO
1876:Si
1863:Na
1801:.
1775:.
1686:.
1631:,
1627:,
1615:.
1594:.
1392:CO
1382:Si
1344::
1329:.
1321:,
1270:.
1192:,
1129:.
998:.
905:,
897:.
841:.
830:,
818:,
814:,
706:(Î
11440:3
11433:O
11431:6
11427:2
11420:O
11418:2
11416:N
11414:2
11406:4
11404:)
11402:3
11394:4
11392:N
11390:3
11382:2
11374:2
11366:4
11358:4
11350:4
11342:4
11334:4
11321:4
11302:6
11298:2
11290:6
11288:H
11286:2
11241:e
11234:t
11227:v
11148:)
11146:4
11144:O
11140:(
11134:)
11132:4
11130:O
11126:(
11120:)
11118:4
11116:O
11112:(
11106:)
11104:4
11102:O
11098:(
11092:)
11090:4
11088:O
11084:(
11067:)
11065:7
11063:O
11061:2
11056:(
11050:)
11048:7
11046:O
11044:2
11039:(
11033:)
11031:7
11029:O
11027:2
11022:(
11016:)
11014:7
11012:O
11010:2
11005:(
10988:)
10986:3
10984:O
10980:(
10974:)
10972:3
10970:O
10968:U
10966:(
10960:)
10958:3
10956:O
10954:W
10952:(
10946:)
10944:3
10942:O
10938:(
10932:)
10930:3
10928:O
10926:S
10924:(
10918:)
10916:3
10914:O
10910:(
10904:)
10902:3
10900:O
10896:(
10890:)
10888:3
10886:O
10882:(
10876:)
10874:3
10872:O
10868:(
10862:)
10860:3
10858:O
10854:(
10837:)
10835:5
10833:O
10831:2
10828:V
10826:(
10820:)
10818:5
10816:O
10814:2
10809:(
10803:)
10801:5
10799:O
10797:2
10792:(
10786:)
10784:5
10782:O
10780:2
10777:P
10775:(
10769:)
10767:5
10765:O
10763:2
10758:(
10752:)
10750:5
10748:O
10746:2
10743:N
10741:(
10735:)
10733:5
10731:O
10729:2
10724:(
10718:)
10716:5
10714:O
10712:2
10707:(
10701:)
10699:5
10697:O
10695:2
10690:(
10673:)
10671:2
10669:O
10665:(
10659:)
10657:2
10655:O
10653:V
10651:(
10645:)
10643:2
10641:O
10639:U
10637:(
10631:)
10629:2
10627:O
10625:W
10623:(
10617:)
10615:2
10613:O
10609:(
10603:)
10601:2
10599:O
10595:(
10589:)
10587:2
10585:O
10581:(
10575:)
10573:2
10571:O
10567:(
10561:)
10559:2
10557:O
10553:(
10547:)
10545:2
10543:O
10539:(
10533:)
10531:2
10529:O
10527:S
10525:(
10519:)
10517:2
10515:O
10511:(
10505:)
10503:2
10501:O
10497:(
10491:)
10489:2
10487:O
10483:(
10477:)
10475:2
10473:O
10469:(
10463:)
10461:2
10459:O
10455:(
10449:)
10447:2
10445:O
10441:(
10435:)
10433:2
10431:O
10427:(
10421:)
10419:2
10417:O
10413:(
10407:)
10405:2
10403:O
10399:(
10393:)
10391:2
10389:O
10385:(
10379:)
10377:2
10375:O
10373:N
10371:(
10365:)
10363:2
10361:O
10357:(
10351:)
10349:2
10347:O
10343:(
10337:)
10335:2
10333:O
10329:(
10323:)
10321:2
10319:O
10315:(
10309:)
10307:2
10305:O
10301:(
10295:)
10293:2
10291:O
10289:I
10287:(
10281:)
10279:2
10277:O
10273:(
10267:)
10265:4
10263:O
10261:2
10258:N
10256:(
10250:)
10248:2
10246:O
10242:(
10236:)
10234:2
10232:O
10228:(
10222:)
10220:2
10218:O
10214:(
10208:)
10206:2
10204:O
10200:(
10194:)
10192:3
10190:O
10188:C
10186:(
10180:)
10178:2
10176:O
10174:C
10172:(
10166:)
10164:2
10162:O
10158:(
10152:)
10150:2
10148:O
10144:(
10138:)
10136:2
10134:O
10130:(
10124:)
10122:2
10120:O
10116:(
10099:)
10097:3
10095:O
10093:2
10090:Y
10088:(
10082:)
10080:3
10078:O
10076:2
10071:(
10065:)
10063:3
10061:O
10059:2
10056:V
10054:(
10048:)
10046:3
10044:O
10042:2
10039:W
10037:(
10031:)
10029:3
10027:O
10025:2
10020:(
10014:)
10012:3
10010:O
10008:2
10003:(
9997:)
9995:3
9993:O
9991:2
9986:(
9980:)
9978:3
9976:O
9974:2
9969:(
9963:)
9961:3
9959:O
9957:2
9952:(
9946:)
9944:3
9942:O
9940:2
9935:(
9929:)
9927:3
9925:O
9923:2
9918:(
9912:)
9910:3
9908:O
9906:2
9901:(
9895:)
9893:3
9891:O
9889:2
9884:(
9878:)
9876:6
9874:O
9872:4
9869:P
9867:(
9861:)
9859:3
9857:O
9855:2
9850:(
9844:)
9842:3
9840:O
9838:2
9833:(
9827:)
9825:3
9823:O
9821:2
9816:(
9810:)
9808:3
9806:O
9804:2
9799:(
9793:)
9791:3
9789:O
9787:2
9782:(
9776:)
9774:3
9772:O
9770:2
9765:(
9759:)
9757:3
9755:O
9753:2
9748:(
9742:)
9740:3
9738:O
9736:2
9731:(
9725:)
9723:3
9721:O
9719:2
9714:(
9708:)
9706:3
9704:O
9702:2
9697:(
9691:)
9689:3
9687:O
9685:2
9680:(
9674:)
9672:3
9670:O
9668:2
9663:(
9657:)
9655:3
9653:O
9651:2
9646:(
9640:)
9638:3
9636:O
9634:2
9629:(
9623:)
9621:3
9619:O
9617:2
9612:(
9606:)
9604:3
9602:O
9600:2
9597:N
9595:(
9589:)
9587:3
9585:O
9583:2
9578:(
9572:)
9570:3
9568:O
9566:2
9561:(
9555:)
9553:3
9551:O
9549:2
9544:(
9538:)
9536:3
9534:O
9532:2
9527:(
9521:)
9519:3
9517:O
9515:2
9510:(
9504:)
9502:3
9500:O
9498:2
9495:B
9493:(
9487:)
9485:3
9483:O
9481:2
9476:(
9470:)
9468:3
9466:O
9464:2
9459:(
9453:)
9451:3
9449:O
9447:2
9442:(
9436:)
9434:3
9432:O
9430:2
9425:(
9419:)
9417:3
9415:O
9413:2
9408:(
9402:)
9400:3
9398:O
9396:2
9391:(
9385:)
9383:3
9381:O
9379:2
9374:(
9353:(
9345:Y
9343:(
9335:V
9333:(
9323:(
9313:(
9303:(
9297:)
9295:2
9293:O
9291:2
9288:S
9286:(
9278:S
9276:(
9266:(
9256:(
9246:(
9236:(
9226:(
9218:P
9216:(
9206:(
9198:N
9196:(
9186:(
9176:(
9166:(
9156:(
9146:(
9138:I
9136:(
9126:(
9116:(
9106:(
9100:)
9098:2
9096:O
9094:2
9091:N
9089:(
9079:(
9069:(
9059:(
9049:(
9041:C
9039:(
9029:(
9019:(
9009:(
8999:(
8989:(
8979:(
8969:(
8950:2
8947:H
8945:(
8937:2
8932:(
8924:2
8919:(
8911:2
8906:(
8898:2
8893:(
8885:2
8882:K
8880:(
8872:2
8869:N
8867:(
8859:2
8854:(
8846:2
8841:(
8833:2
8830:I
8828:(
8820:2
8815:(
8807:2
8802:(
8794:2
8791:C
8789:(
8781:2
8776:(
8768:2
8763:(
8755:2
8750:(
8733:)
8731:8
8729:O
8727:3
8724:U
8722:(
8716:)
8714:8
8712:O
8710:3
8705:(
8699:)
8697:7
8695:O
8693:4
8688:(
8682:)
8680:2
8678:O
8676:2
8671:(
8665:)
8661:O
8659:6
8654:(
8648:)
8646:9
8644:O
8639:C
8637:(
8631:)
8629:4
8627:O
8625:3
8620:(
8614:)
8612:4
8610:O
8608:3
8603:(
8597:)
8595:4
8593:O
8591:3
8586:(
8580:)
8578:5
8576:O
8574:2
8569:(
8563:)
8561:4
8559:O
8557:3
8552:(
8546:)
8544:6
8542:O
8540:2
8535:(
8529:)
8527:4
8525:O
8523:2
8518:(
8512:)
8510:2
8508:O
8506:3
8503:C
8501:(
8495:)
8493:2
8491:O
8486:B
8484:(
8478:)
8476:4
8474:O
8472:2
8467:(
8443:e
8436:t
8429:v
8122:e
8115:t
8108:v
8050:2
8041:2
7969:.
7955::
7907:.
7893::
7864:.
7842::
7834::
7828:3
7807:.
7803::
7780:.
7753:.
7741::
7733::
7692:.
7680::
7672::
7624::
7616::
7549:.
7545::
7537::
7531:4
7514:.
7510::
7502::
7479:.
7475::
7467::
7451:4
7447:2
7399:.
7395::
7387::
7361:.
7357::
7349::
7326:.
7322::
7314::
7298:2
7285:.
7250:.
7218:.
7186:.
7165:.
7144:.
7113:.
7094::
7086::
7062:.
7040::
7034:9
7012:.
6972:.
6960::
6936:.
6912::
6883:.
6851:.
6829:.
6807::
6778:.
6774::
6696::
6688::
6680::
6663:"
6661:2
6646:.
6586:.
6561:.
6557::
6549::
6526:.
6506::
6479:.
6459::
6451::
6428:.
6400:.
6375:.
6350:.
6323:.
6319::
6311::
6284:.
6270::
6262::
6241:.
6213:.
6188:.
6174::
6147:.
6117:.
6083:.
6057:.
6023:.
5989:.
5943:.
5931::
5923::
5917:9
5835:.
5813::
5805::
5778:.
5761:.
5728:.
5716::
5708::
5667:.
5640:.
5628::
5620::
5605:2
5592:.
5542:.
5522::
5495:.
5483::
5437::
5414:.
5400::
5373:.
5353::
5330:.
5326::
5318::
5312:1
5291:.
5279::
5252:.
5238::
5230::
5202:.
5188::
5180::
5152:.
5127:.
5113::
5083:.
5047::
5027:3
5025:O
5023:2
5019:2
5004:.
4970::
4962::
4952::
4920:.
4916::
4901:3
4899:O
4897:2
4893:2
4880:.
4866::
4858::
4840:2
4825:.
4800:.
4751:.
4737::
4718:.
4635::
4614:.
4589:.
4569::
4561::
4515::
4436::
4403:.
4378:.
4304:.
4050:2
4009:O
4007:6
4001:O
3999:5
3989:2
3985:2
3929:2
3904:O
3902:8
3898:8
3896:O
3894:4
3863:O
3861:6
3857:8
3855:O
3853:4
3821:O
3819:8
3815:8
3813:O
3811:4
3805:O
3803:5
3793:1
3791:2
3789:1
3761:3
3732:1
3730:2
3728:1
3700:3
3673:1
3644:2
3615:1
3575:2
3563:2
3390:2
3381:+
3373:2
3279:.
3255:2
3247:+
3244:O
3236:2
3211:)
3199:(
3175:;
3167:3
3154:2
3138:2
3130:+
3127:O
3119:2
3089:;
3081:4
3068:4
3052:2
3044:+
3041:O
3033:2
3024:2
3006:2
2968:O
2960:2
2956:H
2952:+
2944:3
2931:2
2916:2
2913:+
2905:2
2876:M
2868:M
2843:O
2841:2
2837:6
2833:2
2829:2
2809:2
2805:2
2801:2
2797:2
2792:4
2753:O
2745:2
2741:H
2736:2
2733:+
2725:2
2709:2
2705:O
2700:2
2697:+
2689:4
2642:3
2629:2
2620:4
2617:+
2609:2
2598:O
2590:2
2586:H
2581:2
2578:+
2570:4
2565:)
2557:5
2553:H
2544:2
2536:(
2490:2
2481:8
2478:+
2475:O
2467:2
2463:H
2455:+
2447:2
2431:2
2427:O
2419:+
2411:4
2406:)
2398:5
2394:H
2385:2
2377:(
2339:2
2334:)
2326:5
2322:H
2313:2
2309:C
2305:(
2300:O
2296:2
2293:+
2285:2
2269:4
2264:)
2256:5
2252:H
2243:2
2235:(
2172:2
2168:H
2163:2
2160:+
2152:2
2141:O
2133:2
2129:H
2124:2
2121:+
2104:2
2081:2
2065:2
2061:O
2057:+
2040:2
2038:O
2033:Ă
1995:O
1987:2
1983:H
1979:+
1971:4
1958:2
1950:+
1942:2
1933:3
1922:4
1909:2
1905:H
1901:+
1893:7
1889:O
1880:3
1867:2
1714:2
1674:.
1507:4
1504:+
1496:2
1480:2
1476:O
1472:+
1464:2
1460:H
1455:2
1452:+
1444:4
1425:2
1420:4
1388:2
1385:+
1376:C
1372:2
1369:+
1361:2
1296:2
1292:2
1226:.
1215:.
1200:.
1086:2
1061:2
1059:O
1057:2
1053:2
1049:2
1047:)
1045:2
1033:2
1029:2
1022:2
1004:2
953:2
891:2
887:2
871:2
791:2
741:N
716:)
711:H
708:f
689:)
684:S
682:(
588:2
557:0
550:0
543:0
502:o
496:)
494:D
491:n
489:(
407:2
343:)
339:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
