218:
42:
350:(UK, Australia, New Zealand). The grass or other forage is cut and partly dried until it contains 30–40% moisture (much drier than bulk silage, but too damp to be stored as dry hay). It is then made into large bales which are wrapped tightly in plastic to exclude air. The plastic may wrap the whole of each cylindrical or cuboid bale, or be wrapped around only the curved sides of a cylindrical bale, leaving the ends uncovered. In this case, the bales are placed tightly end to end on the ground, making a long continuous "sausage" of silage, often at the side of a field. The wrapping may be performed by a
283:. Silage must be made from plant material with a suitable moisture content: about 50% to 60% depending on the means of storage, the degree of compression, and the amount of water that will be lost in storage, but not exceeding 75%. Weather during harvest need not be as fair and dry as when harvesting for drying. For corn, harvest begins when the whole-plant moisture is at a suitable level, ideally a few days before it is ripe. For pasture-type crops, the grass is mown and allowed to wilt for a day or so until the moisture content drops to a suitable level. Ideally the crop is mowed when in full
371:
34:
232:
671:
398:
199:
838:
642:, these produce a hostile environment for competing bacteria that might cause spoilage. The VFAs thus act as natural preservatives, in the same way that the lactic acid in yogurt and cheese increases the preservability of what began as milk, or how vinegar (dilute acetic acid) preserves pickled vegetables. This preservative action is particularly important during winter in temperate regions, when green forage is unavailable.
335:'clamps' made of concrete or old wooden railway ties (sleepers) and built into the side of a bank are sometimes used. The chopped grass can then be dumped in at the top, to be drawn from the bottom in winter. This requires considerable effort to compress the stack in the silo to cure it properly. Again, the pit is covered with plastic sheet and weighed down with tires.
362:
matter upwards. The continuous "sausage" referred to above is made with a special machine which wraps the bales as they are pushed through a rotating hoop which applies the bale wrap to the outside of the bales (round or square) in a continuous wrap. The machine places the bales on the ground after wrapping by moving forward slowly during the wrapping process.
660:
The fermentation process that produces VFA also yields energy that the bacteria use: some of the energy is released as heat. Silage is thus modestly lower in caloric content than the original forage, in the same way that yogurt has modestly fewer calories than milk. However, this loss of energy is
361:
In the UK, baled silage is most often made in round bales about 1.2 m Ă— 1.2 m (4 ft Ă— 4 ft), individually wrapped with four to six layers of "bale wrap plastic" (black, white or green 25-micrometre stretch film). The percentage of dry matter can vary from about 20% dry
388:
Handling of wrapped bales is most often with some type of gripper that squeezes the plastic-covered bale between two metal parts to avoid puncturing the plastic. Simple fixed versions are available for round bales which are made of two shaped pipes or tubes spaced apart to slide under the sides of
565:
Silos are potentially hazardous: deaths may occur in the process of filling and maintaining them, and several safety precautions are necessary. There is a risk of injury by machinery or from falls. When a silo is filled, fine dust particles in the air can become explosive because of their large
499:
Ryegrasses have high sugars and respond to nitrogen fertiliser better than any other grass species. These two qualities have made ryegrass the most popular grass for silage-making for the last sixty years. There are three ryegrasses in seed form and commonly used: Italian, Perennial and Hybrid.
645:
When silage is prepared under optimal conditions, the modest acidity also has the effect of improving palatability, and provides a dietary contrast for the animal. (However, excessive production of acetic and butyric acids can reduce palatability: the mix of bacteria is ideally chosen so as to
334:
In North
America, Australia, northwestern Europe, and New Zealand it is common for silage to be placed in large heaps on the ground, rolled by tractor to push out the air, then covered with plastic sheets that are held down by used tires or tire ring walls. In New Zealand and Northern Europe,
998:
389:
the bale, but when lifted will not let it slip through. Often used on the tractor's loader as an attachment called a bale grabber, they incorporate a trip tipping mechanism which can flip the bales over on to the flat side or end for storage on the thickest plastic layers.
166:
farmers. Francis Morris of
Maryland prepared the first silage produced in America in 1876. The favourable results obtained in the US led to the introduction of the system in the United Kingdom, where Thomas Kirby first introduced the process for British dairy herds.
1225:
523:
Plastic sheeting used for sealing pit or baled silage needs proper disposal, and some areas have recycling schemes for it. Traditionally, farms have burned silage plastics; however odor and smoke concerns have led certain communities to restrict that practice.
185:
In the early days of mechanized agriculture (late 1800s), stalks were cut and collected manually using a knife and horsedrawn wagon, and fed into a stationary machine called a "silo filler" that chopped the stalks and blew them up a narrow tube to the top of a
177:
Early silos were made of stone or concrete either above or below ground, but it is recognized that air may be sufficiently excluded in a tightly pressed stack, though in this case a few inches of the fodder around the sides is generally useless owing to
467:
In the past, the fermentation was conducted by indigenous microorganisms, but, today, some bulk silage is inoculated with specific microorganisms to speed fermentation or improve the resulting silage. Silage inoculants contain one or more strains of
331:-drawn or self-propelled. Harvesters blow the chaff into the wagon through a chute at the rear or side of the machine. Chaff may also be emptied into a bagger, which puts the silage into a large plastic bag that is laid out on the ground.
1222:
174:. Virtanen was awarded the 1945 Nobel prize in chemistry "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method", practically inventing modern silage.
464:. If the fermentation process is poorly managed, sour silage acquires an unpleasant odour due to excess production of ammonia or butyric acid (the latter is responsible for the smell of rancid butter).
508:
The fermentation process of silo or pit silage releases liquid. Silo effluent is corrosive. It can also contaminate water sources unless collected and treated. The high nutrient content can lead to
1141:
566:
aggregate surface area. Also, fermentation presents respiratory hazards. The ensiling process produces "silo gas" during the early stages of the fermentation process. Silage gas contains
444:
proceeds more rapidly and the temperature rises; if the mass is compressed when the temperature is 60–70 °C (140–160 °F), the action ceases and sweet silage results. The
704:
such as fish guts (entrails), fish heads and trimmings are utilized as ingredients in feed pellets. The silage is performed by first grinding the remains and mixing it with
154:. He published a book in 1877 which described the experiences of preserving green crops in silos. Goffart's experience attracted considerable attention. The conditions of
146:, green fodder was preserved for animals in parts of Germany since the start of the 19th century. This gained the attention of French agriculturist Auguste Goffart of
304: in) long. The material is spread in uniform layers over the floor of the silo, and closely packed. When the silo is filled or the stack built, a layer of
1327:
553:
Infiltration, which enables some oxygen infiltration, allowing for limited microbial respiration. Available carbohydrates (CHOs) are lost as heat and gas.
409:, which starts about 48 hours after the silo is filled, and converts sugars to acids. Fermentation is essentially complete after about two weeks.
873:
Crisp, Howard L.; Patterson, H. J. (July 1908). "Silos and silage in
Maryland: The construction of silos and the making and feeding of silage".
1504:
Compar Fresh or
Ensiled Fodders (e.g., Grass, Legume, Corn) on the Production of Greenhouse Gases Following Enteric Fermentation in Beef Cattle
1197:
983:
858:
853:
1149:
1023:
37:
Silage underneath plastic sheeting is held down by scrap tires. Concrete beneath the silage prevents fermented juice from leaching out.
170:
The modern silage preserved with acid and by preventing contact with air was invented by
Finnish academic and professor of chemistry
1061:
543:
Presealing, which, after the first few days after filling a silo, enables some respiration and some dry matter (DM) loss, but stops.
1476:
1242:
Buchanan-Smith, J. G. (2010). "An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep".
582:), which is toxic. Lack of oxygen inside the silo can cause asphyxiation. Molds that grow when air reaches cured silage can cause
944:
1175:
765:
440:
acids. This product is named sour silage. If the fodder is unchaffed and loosely packed, or the silo is built gradually,
114:, using the entire green plant (not just the grain). Specific terms may be used for silage made from particular crops:
308:
or some other dry porous substance may be spread over the surface. In the silo, the pressure of the material, when
217:
1342:
223:
Partially dried mown grass is formed into cylindrical bales in the field (above) and sealed in polywrap (below).
1490:
794:
327:
collect and chop the plant material, and deposit it in trucks or wagons. These forage harvesters can be either
416:
is consumed. How closely the fodder is packed determines the nature of the resulting silage by regulating the
1523:
1470:, John Murdoch, B.Sc., Ph.D. Published by Dairy Farmer (Books) Limited, Lloyd's Chambers, Ipswich, UK 1961)
1171:
712:
as well as further dissolving the residues. Process tanks for fish silage can be aboard ships or on land.
618:
During fermentation, the silage bacteria act on the cellulose and carbohydrates in the forage to produce
583:
421:
41:
1432:
586:. Collapsing silage from large bunker silos has caused deaths. Silage itself poses no special danger.
420:
that occur in the stack. When closely packed, the supply of oxygen is limited, and the attendant acid
182:. In the US, structures were typically constructed of wooden cylinders to 35 or 40 ft. in depth.
95:. The exact methods vary, depending on available technology, local tradition and prevailing climate.
904:
1085:
1047:
1271:"High-Level Folate Production in Fermented Foods by the B12 Producer Lactobacillus reuteri JCM1112"
358:, either impaling the bale on a flap, or by using a special grab. The flaps do not hole the bales.
27:
1201:
1413:
880:
649:
Several of the fermenting organisms produce vitamins: for example, lactobacillus species produce
474:
171:
1062:"Ontario Agricultural Waste Study: Environmental Impacts of Open-Burning Agricultural Plastics"
757:
747:
480:
406:
550:
drops, and there is more DM loss, but hemicellulose is broken down; aerobic respiration stops.
1446:
1072:
1034:
883:, in 1876, by putting whole corn in a trench or pit dug in the ground and covered with earth.
810:
977:
843:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1282:
619:
486:
469:
206:
448:
ingredients of the fodder also change: in making sour silage, as much as one-third of the
8:
753:
679:
460:
compounds; in making sweet silage, a smaller proportion is changed, but they become less
64:
1473:
1286:
919:
370:
1334:
1303:
1270:
385:. Horse haylage is usually 60% to 70% dry matter, made in small bales or larger bales.
955:
1486:
1308:
1269:
Santos, F.; Wegkamp, A.; de Vos, W. M.; Smid, E. J.; Hugenholtz, J. (14 March 2008).
1122:
790:
761:
709:
417:
412:
Before anaerobic fermentation starts, there is an aerobic phase in which the trapped
381:
sometimes refers to high dry matter silage of around 40% to 60%, typically made from
279:
1398:
1381:
1338:
1393:
1298:
1290:
1251:
1112:
575:
324:
1528:
1480:
1229:
556:
Emptying, which exposes surface, causing additional loss; rate of loss increases.
661:
offset by the preservation characteristics and improved digestibility of silage.
1485:"The Owner-Built Homestead" by Barbara and Ken Kern, New York: Scribner, 1977.
721:
627:
509:
33:
1380:
de Arruda, Lia Ferraz; Borghesi, Ricardo; Oetterer, MarĂlia (September 2007).
1255:
1169:
1517:
1268:
1126:
972:
849:
844:
786:
20:
1506:. Rouyn-Noranda, Qué.: Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 2011.
862:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 653–654.
532:
Silage must be firmly packed to minimize the oxygen content, lest it spoil.
1359:
1312:
701:
697:
670:
635:
599:
567:
433:
425:
355:
351:
312:, excludes air from all but the top layer; in the case of the stack, extra
1362:
English translation: Handbook in fish silage by the RUBIN Foundation, 1993
1117:
1100:
338:
In an alternative method, the cut vegetation is formed into bales using a
1294:
705:
654:
631:
623:
603:
492:
437:
429:
198:
163:
99:
1098:
812:
Manuel de la culture et de l'ensilage des maĂŻs et autres fourrages verts
693:
650:
449:
155:
143:
397:
187:
151:
726:
595:
461:
441:
231:
976:
879:
The first silage made in
America was prepared by Francis Morris of
513:
457:
445:
313:
80:
328:
294:
After harvesting, crops are shredded to pieces about 15 mm (
274:
246:
241:
The crops most often used for ensilage are the ordinary grasses,
202:
147:
123:
107:
68:
1474:
Feeding baleage to horses – the ultimate guide – Horsetalk.co.nz
1142:"Bunker silo, drive-over pile safety precautions can save lives"
999:"Intensive crops for high quality silage from one to five years"
872:
413:
284:
266:
242:
179:
111:
72:
53:
1325:
354:, while the baled silage is handled using a bale handler or a
611:
607:
453:
339:
309:
305:
262:
250:
159:
103:
76:
1099:
Bolsen, K. K.; Ashbell, =G.; Weinberg, Z. G. (1996-10-01).
987:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
536:
517:
288:
270:
60:
57:
1379:
382:
258:
254:
131:
875:
Bulletin of the
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station
614:. The advantages of silage as animal feed are several:
1170:
Burris, Robert H.; Niedermeier, R. P.; Sund, Julian M.
700:. This way, the parts of the fish that are not used as
639:
547:
1433:"– Flere hundre tusen tonn fiskerester kastes i havet"
1241:
1195:
708:, and then storing it in a tank. The acid helps with
316:
is applied by weights to prevent excessive heating.
142:Using the same technique as the process for making
130:may also refer to high dry matter silage made from
265:. Many crops have ensilaging potential, including
158:in the United States suited the ensiling of green
1326:Steffen, R.; Szolar, O.; Braun, R. (1998-09-30).
83:. The fermentation and storage process is called
1515:
1360:"HĂĄndbok i ensilering - Stiftelsen RUBIN, 1993 (
1439:
1414:"Utnyttelse av biprodukter fra fiskerinæringen"
1223:The silage puzzle: Overcoming common challenges
894:Obituary of Thomas Kirby, Bromley Record, 1901.
1140:Bolsen, Keith; Bolsen, Ruth E. (15 May 2012).
783:Extension publications: forage and grain crops
1105:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
546:Fermentation, which occurs over a few weeks.
1386:Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology
1139:
942:
692:Fish silage is a method used for conserving
684:Silage may be used for anaerobic digestion.
535:Silage goes through four major stages in a
16:Fermented fodder preserved by acidification
1101:"Silage fermentation and silage additives"
602:, while baled silage tends to be used for
1397:
1302:
1196:Kimberlee Schoonmaker (October 1, 2000).
1116:
922:. Ogden Publications, Inc. Farm Collector
971:
848:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
669:
396:
369:
197:
40:
32:
1382:"Use of fish waste as silage: a review"
907:. April 29, 2020 – via Knowledge.
1516:
1275:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
780:
696:from fishing for later use as feed in
665:
503:
1430:
1176:National Agricultural Safety Database
945:"Haylage and Other Fermented Forages"
917:
818:
739:
570:(NO), which will react with oxygen (O
1328:"Feedstocks for Anaerobic Digestion"
1198:"Four ways to be safe around silage"
938:
936:
745:
205:rolling a silage heap or "clamp" in
512:(hypertrophication), the growth of
13:
1496:
1431:Berge, Aslak (February 18, 2016).
815:(Paris, France: G. Masson, 1877).
598:. Bulk silage is commonly fed to
424:brings about decomposition of the
14:
1540:
933:
646:maximize lactic acid production.)
527:
836:
594:Ensilage can be substituted for
230:
216:
162:fodder, and was soon adopted by
1424:
1406:
1399:10.1590/S1516-89132007000500016
1373:
1352:
1319:
1262:
1235:
1215:
1189:
1163:
1133:
1092:
1054:
1016:
991:
965:
781:George, J. Ronald, ed. (1994).
749:Microbiology of fermented foods
401:Top view of silage fermentation
392:
911:
897:
888:
866:
803:
774:
687:
478:. Other bacteria used include
1:
732:
193:
63:which have been preserved by
589:
319:
98:Silage is usually made from
7:
1232:. The Progressive Dairyman.
1172:"Watch Out For Silage Gas!"
1003:Cotswold Grass Seeds Direct
715:
584:organic dust toxic syndrome
291:on the day of its cutting.
10:
1545:
1461:
746:Wood, Brian J. B. (1998).
677:
365:
137:
25:
18:
1468:Making and Feeding Silage
1256:10.1017/S0003356100004700
918:Moore, Sam (2011-07-20).
905:"Artturi Ilmari Virtanen"
560:
472:, and the most common is
789:: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.
26:Not to be confused with
984:Encyclopædia Britannica
881:Ellicott City, Maryland
859:Encyclopædia Britannica
475:Lactobacillus plantarum
287:, and deposited in the
172:Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
1451:www.arbeidstilsynet.no
1080:Cite journal requires
1042:Cite journal requires
675:
481:Lactobacillus buchneri
452:may be converted into
407:anaerobic fermentation
402:
375:
374:Haylage bales in Tyrol
209:
46:
38:
1118:10.5713/ajas.1996.483
673:
574:) in the air to form
400:
373:
201:
44:
36:
1295:10.1128/AEM.02719-07
1146:Progressive Dairyman
620:volatile fatty acids
487:Enterococcus faecium
470:lactic acid bacteria
45:Cattle eating silage
1524:Anaerobic digestion
1510:.: Research report.
1287:2008ApEnM..74.3291S
680:Anaerobic digestion
666:Anaerobic digestion
638:acids. By lowering
504:Pollution and waste
346:(North America) or
207:Victoria, Australia
1479:2012-10-21 at the
1228:2018-08-23 at the
752:. Vol. 1, 2.
676:
674:Anaerobic digester
418:chemical reactions
403:
376:
210:
47:
39:
19:For the band, see
1281:(10): 3291–3294.
1244:Animal Production
943:Schroeder, J. W.
809:Auguste Goffart,
767:978-0-7514-0216-2
405:Silage undergoes
325:Forage harvesters
280:Spergula arvensis
1536:
1455:
1454:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1418:www.miljolare.no
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:. Archived from
1332:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1233:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1200:. Archived from
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1148:. Archived from
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1024:"Eutrophication"
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
995:
989:
988:
980:
969:
963:
962:
960:
954:. Archived from
949:
940:
931:
930:
928:
927:
915:
909:
908:
901:
895:
892:
886:
885:
870:
864:
863:
842:
840:
839:
833:
816:
807:
801:
800:
785:(8th ed.).
778:
772:
771:
743:
622:(VFAs), such as
576:nitrogen dioxide
303:
302:
298:
234:
220:
67:to the point of
56:made from green
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1514:
1513:
1499:
1497:Further reading
1481:Wayback Machine
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1459:
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1267:
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1236:
1230:Wayback Machine
1221:Heiman, Caley.
1220:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1152:on 6 March 2016
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923:
916:
912:
903:
902:
898:
893:
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871:
867:
852:, ed. (1911). "
837:
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239:
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71:. It is fed to
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1542:
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1471:
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1438:
1423:
1405:
1392:(5): 879–886.
1372:
1351:
1348:on 2019-02-20.
1318:
1261:
1250:(2): 253–260.
1234:
1214:
1188:
1162:
1132:
1111:(5): 483–494.
1091:
1082:|journal=
1053:
1044:|journal=
1015:
990:
975:, ed. (1911).
973:Chisholm, Hugh
964:
961:on 2019-04-26.
952:Quality Forage
932:
920:"Silo Filling"
910:
896:
887:
865:
850:Chisholm, Hugh
817:
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722:Grain crimping
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528:Storing silage
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510:eutrophication
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348:silage bales
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65:fermentation
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1447:"Ensilasje"
978:"Hay"
706:formic acid
694:by-products
688:Fish silage
655:vitamin B12
604:beef cattle
493:Pediococcus
450:albuminoids
446:nitrogenous
164:New England
100:grass crops
1518:Categories
1491:0684149222
1208:2010-01-02
1156:2023-01-02
926:2022-06-22
796:0840393415
756:. p.
733:References
702:human food
651:folic acid
596:root crops
462:digestible
273:, notably
194:Production
188:tower silo
144:sauerkraut
118:for oats,
102:including
79:and other
1181:April 26,
1127:1011-2367
727:Grain bin
628:propionic
590:Nutrition
514:bacterial
496:species.
442:oxidation
342:, making
320:Equipment
110:or other
81:ruminants
1477:Archived
1339:37782611
1313:18344331
1226:Archived
1008:26 April
854:Ensilage
754:Springer
716:See also
520:blooms.
458:ammonium
314:pressure
277:such as
267:potatoes
93:silaging
89:ensiling
85:ensilage
1462:Sources
1304:2394963
1283:Bibcode
847::
636:butyric
434:butyric
379:Haylage
366:Haylage
329:tractor
310:chaffed
299:⁄
275:spurrey
251:vetches
247:alfalfa
243:clovers
203:MB Trac
152:Orléans
150:, near
148:Sologne
138:History
128:haylage
124:alfalfa
120:haylage
116:oatlage
112:cereals
108:sorghum
69:souring
58:foliage
28:Sillage
1529:Fodder
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634:, and
632:lactic
624:acetic
612:horses
561:Safety
438:lactic
430:acetic
414:oxygen
344:balage
285:flower
180:mildew
73:cattle
54:fodder
50:Silage
1367:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:S2CID
1331:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
948:(PDF)
608:sheep
518:algal
454:amino
340:baler
306:straw
271:weeds
263:maize
104:maize
91:, or
77:sheep
61:crops
1487:ISBN
1309:PMID
1183:2019
1123:ISSN
1086:help
1048:help
1010:2019
791:ISBN
762:ISBN
653:and
610:and
537:silo
490:and
456:and
436:and
289:silo
261:and
255:oats
160:corn
122:for
1508:N.B
1394:doi
1299:PMC
1291:doi
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516:or
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