757:
confirming Te Kooti's presence at
Ngatapa were received. The raid of 12 December galvanised Whitmore, who had arrived at Tūranga with his Armed Constabulary on 6 December, to renew his campaign against Te Kooti. He had previously decided just days earlier to return to South Taranaki on hearing the rumours that Te Kooti had quit Ngatapa and retired inland. His troops, who had embarked on a ship for South Taranaki, were turned around and planning began for a second, better-equipped assault on Ngatapa. Concerned that Te Kooti could still vacate Ngatapa before Whitmore could get there with his men, a contingent of Ngāti Kahungunu had moved off from Wairoa to penetrate the interior and cut off his retreat. In the meantime, Ropata, disappointed with the performance of some of his Ngāti Porou at Ngatapa, went to his home region of
866:
escapees and their pursuers. Te Kooti and his key followers evaded capture but around 130 of his men, weak from hunger and lacking ammunition for defence, were rounded up from the bush and gorges below over the next two days. As many Ngāti Porou were incensed at the murders committed by the Ringatū in
Poverty Bay, most of the prisoners were marched up to a cliff and executed on Ropata's orders. Whitmore did nothing to interfere. Some Te Arawa members of the Armed Constabulary also participated in the killings. Around 20 men, some of whom later stood trial for the murders of the settlers at Matawhero, and 135 women and children were made prisoners.
649:
765:
408:. After being encircled and cut off from their water supply for almost a week, Te Kooti and his men escaped down a cliff face that their attackers believed to be inaccessible. Many of Te Kooti's followers were subsequently captured and executed by the Ngāti Porou and some Māori members of the Armed Constabulary with the cognisance of Whitmore, a massacre that has in modern times been condemned as an abuse of law and human rights.
417:
883:. This was in addition to the 60 or so killed or captured at Makaretu. At least some of the executed were likely to have been Māori captured by Te Kooti in his raids in Poverty Bay rather than Ringatū. The historian Matthew Wright noted that Ropata, who ordered the executions, had been captured and enslaved by Te Kooti's Rongowhakaata
625:, arrived at Makeretu on 2 December, bringing the total number opposing Te Kooti to over 800. Now resupplied with ammunition portered directly from Tūranga, they attacked Te Kooti's position the following day. However, Te Kooti had moved most of his fighters, along with women, children, food and livestock, to the
820:
Ropata had planned to move upwards from his position when the attack commenced but heavy rain soon fell. This affected the supply arrangements, which had been placed under stress when the Ngāti Porou arrived at
Ngatapa without much ammunition. It also delayed Whitmore's attack. In the meantime, there
776:
Whitmore departed Tūranga with his force on 24 December and three days later was observing
Ngatapa from a position, dubbed Fort Richmond, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away, having placed a number of depots of stores on his march to make supply of his troops easier. His Armed Constabulary were too
602:
were forced into a defensive posture on a ridge about 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) from
Makeretu, and one of the Ngāti Kahungunu leaders was among the 20 warriors killed. They held their positions while awaiting supplies of ammunition. However, Te Kooti sent a small raiding party to attack the depot
469:
rifles; either captured in battle or purchased from arms dealers. They still retained their close combat weapons and were also known to use shotguns. Their opponents also used Snider-Enfield rifles but could rely on more reliable and robust supplies of ammunition compared to the Māori, who would have
865:
No rearguard remained to cover the escape and Ropata's Ngāti Porou and the Te Arawa Armed
Constabulary promptly set off in pursuit of the fleeing Ringatū. The European personnel of the Armed Constabulary remained behind; there was concern that they may not be able to tell the difference between the
672:
while its southern side was steep and covered in bush. The northern side was nearly sheer. A secondary hill, known as the Crow's Nest and about 800 metres (2,600 ft) to the east rose from the same ridge, and this formed the approach to the base of the hilltop, which was triangular in shape. Te
570:
were also executed. Te Kooti remained in control of the area for a week, taking prisoners and gathering weapons and supplies. As a result of the massacre, the government were now determined to deal with Te Kooti, placing a bounty for his capture and sending
Whitmore's Armed Constabulary back to the
897:
and from there raided a number of Māori communities that he perceived as being allied to the government. A number of expeditions were mounted to capture him although he was able to evade these. Over time he lost support from Tūhoe due to the impact of punitive expeditions mounted by the government
878:
allies incurred few casualties at
Ngatapa, with the Armed Constabulary having five men killed and Ngati Porou six. Te Kooti suffered a major defeat with at least half of his Ringatū warriors, around 130 or so, being killed at Ngatapa or executed in the subsequent pursuit through the bush following
841:
were becoming desperate. The next day, the Te Arawa men of the Armed
Constabulary and Ngāti Porou warriors climbed the steep southern side via a route discovered by Ropata's scouts. They then attacked the outer trench and palisades while others in Whitmore's force kept up heavy covering fire. Te
756:
Rumours that Te Kooti had abandoned
Ngatapa spread in the days following the engagement there, but then on 12 December Te Kooti led a second lightning raid into Poverty Bay. This saw three settlers killed at Opou, near Tūranga, and a skirmish with some Ngāti Kahungunu followed. Further reports
514:
After rebuffing a request from Biggs to surrender, Te Kooti and his Ringatū warriors were pursued by the local militia, made up of European settlers, in order to prevent them moving inland. A series of defeats followed for the militia as they endeavoured to stop Te Kooti's march to Puketapu, a
808:. In the early hours of 1 January, a large detachment of 200 men cut off the southern approach. Soon afterwards, Ropata with 80 of his Ngāti Porou and the 60 Te Arawa Armed Constabulary began working their way around the base of the hilltop. In doing so, he cut off the streams that formed the
752:
of Ngāti Kahungunu, joined them but ammunition was low. Ropata requested some be brought up, but night had fallen and no one wanted to make the climb up in the dark. Ropata abandoned the position early the following morning as his men had run out of ammunition. They then withdrew from Ngatapa
544:
saw Whitmore and his men withdrawn to deal with that threat while the government sought a truce with Te Kooti, offering land in exchange for a surrender of arms. This did not meet with a response; Te Kooti did not trust the government. Te Kooti then spread rumours that an attack on
553:
was imminent. However, on the night of 9/10 November, Te Kooti and his Ringatū men instead attacked a number of communities in Poverty Bay, including at Matawhero. There they massacred settlers, their families, and local Māori. Te Kooti sought revenge—or
436:, many of the later conflicts were due to the rise of prophetic Māori leaders and religious movements which threatened the autonomy of the government. These movements also subverted tribalism so often were met with hostility by the leaders of many
597:
or Māori who were aligned with the Government—arrived in the area to reinforce the 240 Māori warriors already present in the area, and together began their pursuit of Te Kooti. They attacked Makeretu and met the Ringatū forces in open battle. The
723:
which, after the withdrawal from Makaretu, would contain around 300 of Te Kooti's warriors, their families plus numerous prisoners, at least 500 people in all. A further problem was a lack of a clear line of retreat, a common feature for modern
825:
which killed two of Ropata's men. On 3 January, Te Kooti's Ringatū warriors made a sortie against the Armed Constabulary holding the western perimeter, astride the narrow and precarious ridge line. In response, Whitmore briefly pounded the
714:
were excessively wide, creating a blind spot immediately in front them. When Te Kooti laid out the defensive arrangements he gave little consideration to the construction of traps and diversions, often problematic for attackers of modern
858:. They descended down the steep rock face on the northern side of Ngatapa, lowering themselves more than 20 metres (66 ft) down on vines woven to form a rope. On hearing the cries of one of the female prisoners still inside the
357:
in 1866 by the government. After two years of captivity, they escaped to the mainland, landing on the East Coast in July 1868. Pursued by the local militia, Te Kooti and his followers moved inland. He mounted a raid in November in
926:
described the executions at Ngatapa as "one of the worst abuses of law and human rights in New Zealand's colonial history". It also noted that Te Kooti's actions in killing settlers and Māori in Poverty Bay were a breach of the
503:, on the grounds of being a spy; communications between Te Kooti and a Pai Mārire leader, supposedly arranging an ambush of local militia, had been intercepted. In March 1866 he was exiled without a trial to the
636:, the leader of the Ngāti Kahungunu contingent, refused, and returned to Tūranga with most of his men. The inter-tribal dispute had delayed a move to Ngatapa by Ropata's forces, which now numbered around 450
812:
s water supply. More Armed Constabulary worked around the other side of the hilltop and despite boulders being rolled down the hill at them, cut off the last of the minor pathways off the hilltop. Ngatapa
748:
and during the course of the afternoon small groups of warriors were able to join them. Eventually, they breached the outer defensive trench. As night fell, more reinforcements, including some led by
603:
that was the expected source of the supplies of ammunition and this proved successful. They routed the small garrison at the depot and plundered 16,000 rounds of ammunition for Te Kooti's forces.
511:. In 1868, he and his followers escaped from captivity and, now armed with weapons secured from the vessel they had commandeered to effect their escape, landed back at Poverty Bay in July.
804:, digging in under sniper fire. By nightfall, the main approach to Ngatapa was under Whitmore's control although there were still minor pathways through the broken terrain surrounding the
931:
and went on to comment that "The horrors of Ngatapa were perpetrated to avenge the horrors of Matawhero". On 5 January 2019, to commemorate the passage of 150 years since the massacre, a
610:
were still able to hold their defensive positions due to their greater numbers but needed reinforcements and ammunition before they could go on the offensive. A force of around 370
837:
Further attempts were made by the Ringatū to gain access to the water supply, but these too were defeated. The actions of Te Kooti made Whitmore realise that the occupiers of the
695:
had been a key to success for Māori combatants in previous campaigns, as the British and colonial forces had discovered. When outnumbered, Māori often used a well-constructed
499:. Afterwards, already regarded as a troublemaker by the settlers in the region and some local Māori, he was arrested by the local magistrate and militia commander, Captain
629:
of Ngatapa, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) further inland. Only a small rearguard had been left at Makeretu, and at least 14 were killed and some others taken prisoner.
1507:
215:
862:, yelling that there were no men present, the attackers entered to find mainly women and children left, and wounded men. The latter were immediately killed.
975:
Two men of the Armed Constabulary, Benjamin Biddle and Solomon Black, were later awarded the New Zealand Cross for their role in turning back the attackers.
785:. This brought the total forces under Whitmore's command to nearly 700 men; 370 Ngāti Porou and 300 men of the Armed Constabulary, 60 of them Māori of the
782:
560:—for his banishment to the Chathams. Among those killed were Biggs, his wife, and their infant son. Soon afterwards, Te Kooti murdered a chief—or
817:
was effectively encircled, with only the north side, a high rocky precipice considered far too steep for use as an escape route, left unsecured.
345:(tribes) on the other, that took place from 1843 to 1872. Like some of the later clashes in this period, Te Kooti's War had a religious basis.
1537:
60:
800:
The following day, Whitmore moved his force up to the Crow's Nest and erected fortifications. Detachments advanced up the hill towards the
208:
668:
located on a hilltop rising 800 metres (2,600 ft) from a ridge. An elongated, narrow ridge extended away to the west side of the
1780:
579:
On 17 November, Te Kooti began withdrawing his forces and captives from Poverty Bay to the rural community of Makeretu, known now as
428:
on one side, and British imperial and colonial forces and their Māori allies on the other. These clashes are collectively termed the
362:
which resulted in the murders of several local settlers and a series of skirmishes with Māori aligned with the government—known as
1785:
533:, a paramilitary law enforcement agency that formed New Zealand's main defence force at the time and which was led by Colonel
1736:
1717:
1698:
1679:
1657:
1635:
1616:
1575:
201:
1499:
529:. This resulted in Te Kooti acquiring more supplies for his men. The militia were soon reinforced with troops from the
1591:
The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Māori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume II: The Hauhau Wars, 1864–72
1585:
1017:
371:
Te Kooti and his 300 followers, along with their families and a number of prisoners, retreated to the hillfort—or
484:
781:. However, on 30 December, they were joined at Fort Richmond by 300 Ngāti Porou gathered and led by Ropata and
660:
Ngatapa, about 56 kilometres (35 mi) from Poverty Bay and 24 kilometres (15 mi) northwest from the
1775:
1770:
686:
1760:
1755:
744:
of the Armed Constabulary who was attached to the Ngāti Porou contingent, led a party up close to the
492:
1765:
632:
Following the capture of Makeretu, Ropata's Ngāti Porou wanted to execute some of the prisoners, but
530:
397:
146:
753:
altogether, fatigued from the marching and fight of the past several days, and returned to Tūranga.
1563:
1529:
963:
534:
432:. While some of the wars of this period were as a result of land confiscations or clashes with the
401:
353:
religion and gathered a following of disenfranchised Māori who like himself had been exiled to the
125:
507:
along with 200 Pai Mārire warriors and their families. While there he developed his own religion,
446:
was the last of these later wars, and marked the final field engagements of the New Zealand Wars.
269:
740:
was beaten off by concentrated fire from the Ringatū, Ropata and a European officer, Lieutenant
1589:
907:
854:
In the early hours of the morning of 5 January, Te Kooti and the rest of the Ringatū fled the
541:
433:
293:
584:
550:
500:
317:
699:
to negate the advantage of the superior firepower possessed by the attacking Europeans and
251:
566:–Paratene Pototi, who had played a role in Te Kooti being sent to the Chathams. Six other
8:
281:
1009:
928:
898:
into their land. After further engagements with government forces, Te Kooti moved into
633:
466:
263:
257:
588:
424:
From 1843 to 1872, there were a series of conflicts in New Zealand between some local
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1713:
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321:
299:
275:
30:
378:
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332:
225:
615:
504:
393:
354:
129:
425:
336:
728:. Nonetheless, Ngatapa was considered a serious obstacle for attacking forces.
580:
619:
386:
1749:
1599:
758:
749:
741:
477:
461:
335:, a series of conflicts between the British, the local authorities and their
287:
245:
239:
75:
62:
488:
1645:
899:
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than a modern one. A fault with the fortifications at Ngatapa was that the
681:, as well as covered walkways connecting the trenches. The interior of the
648:
496:
420:
A drawing purported to be of Te Kooti, though there are doubts about this
359:
1568:
The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict
1013:
997:
772:, drawn by Whitmore after the battle; west is orientated towards the top
656:, on the summit of the hill, scene of the four-day siege in January 1869
449:
The earliest conflicts of the New Zealand Wars saw Māori warriors using
526:
903:
508:
350:
158:
112:
933:
919:
764:
562:
453:
in addition to their traditional weapons, such as striking staffs—or
593:
364:
151:
786:
736:
On 4 December, after an initial attack on Ngatapa by the remaining
678:
516:
473:
346:
193:
134:
1431:
1429:
1196:
1194:
891:
941:
wood was unveiled near Matawhero by descendants of those killed.
887:
as a young man and this was a factor in the massacre at Ngatapa.
831:
711:
661:
416:
53:
465:. By the time of Te Kooti's War, they were equipped with modern
1628:
Wars Without End: New Zealand's Land Wars – A Māori Perspective
1426:
1191:
1131:
1121:
1119:
546:
455:
450:
320:
that took place from 31 December 1868 to 5 January 1869 during
1480:
1179:
719:. Another weakness was the lack of a water source within the
1446:
1444:
1404:
1402:
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1398:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
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1235:
1233:
1116:
1080:
521:
373:
1609:
Kūpapa: The Bitter Legacy of Māori Alliances with the Crown
1143:
918:
In 2004, in a report on land claims in the Poverty Bay and
404:, along with Ropata's Ngāti Porou warriors, surrounded the
385:). An initial attack made on 4 December by warriors of the
1092:
1068:
1032:
834:. A relief party helped force the attacking Ringatū back.
1441:
1395:
1374:
1326:
1299:
1272:
1230:
1155:
966:
for this action, the recommendation coming from Whitmore.
556:
438:
341:
1456:
1316:
1314:
1287:
1262:
1260:
1104:
842:
Kooti had to withdraw from the trench; the loss of the
583:, about 48 kilometres (30 mi) west of Tūranga—now
1044:
1468:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1245:
1218:
1206:
1167:
890:
Te Kooti found refuge in the Urewera ranges with the
1650:
The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History
1414:
1311:
1257:
1056:
400:—a regular paramilitary force—commanded by Colonel
706:Belich argues that Ngatapa was more a traditional
677:with a series of three trenches, earth banks and
1747:
1729:Guns and Utu: A Short History of the Musket Wars
962:Ropata and Preece were subsequently awarded the
396:, was fended off. At the end of the month, the
1630:. Auckland: Penguin Random House New Zealand.
209:
1691:The New Zealand Wars: Nga Pakanga O Aotearoa
1688:
1435:
1200:
1149:
1137:
1098:
470:to rely on what they captured or scavenged.
673:Kooti had strengthened the defences of the
1707:
1666:
1486:
1185:
1125:
1086:
1074:
483:who in 1865 had fought on the side of the
216:
202:
1712:. Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.
995:
1644:
1293:
1161:
1050:
1038:
763:
647:
415:
188:150 prisoners, mostly women and children
1672:A Short History of the New Zealand Wars
1748:
1726:
1693:. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books.
1625:
1606:
1562:
1474:
1450:
1408:
1389:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1305:
1281:
1251:
1239:
1224:
1212:
1173:
1062:
910:, until he received a pardon in 1883.
339:allies on one side, and several Māori
1652:. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
1584:
1462:
1420:
1320:
1266:
1110:
1020:from the original on 26 December 2023
849:
197:
1540:from the original on 28 October 2021
223:
1510:from the original on 7 October 2021
998:"Iconography of Te Kooti Rikirangi"
13:
14:
1797:
1002:Journal of the Polynesian Society
44:31 December 1868 – 5 January 1869
1781:History of the Gisborne District
1708:Ryan, Tim; Parham, Bill (2002).
874:The government forces and their
16:Engagement during Te Kooti's War
1530:"Dark Days at Ngatapa Recalled"
1522:
1500:"Killings Blamed on Both Sides"
1492:
969:
956:
795:
331:Te Kooti's War was part of the
989:
491:religious movement during the
1:
1786:Battles involving New Zealand
1710:The Colonial New Zealand Wars
1556:
411:
982:
949:
869:
7:
1731:. Auckland: Penguin Books.
1674:. Auckland: David Bateman.
1611:. Auckland: Penguin Books.
996:Greenwood, William (1946).
476:was a Māori warrior of the
10:
1802:
1689:O'Malley, Vincent (2019).
937:(land post) sculpted from
902:where he was sheltered by
761:to recruit more warriors.
643:
574:
542:conflict in South Taranaki
1594:. Wellington: R.E. Owen.
913:
235:
177:
164:
140:
118:
103:
36:
28:
23:
1727:Wright, Matthew (2011).
944:
846:was now almost certain.
731:
664:bearing its name, was a
493:siege of Waerenga-a-Hika
1626:Keenan, Danny (2021) .
328:region of New Zealand.
270:Invasion of the Waikato
1075:Ryan & Parham 2002
879:their escape from the
773:
657:
587:. Two days later, 200
485:New Zealand government
421:
382:
349:was the leader of the
119:Commanders and leaders
109:New Zealand government
76:38.51361°S 177.56361°E
1570:. Auckland: Penguin.
821:was sniping from the
767:
651:
419:
178:Casualties and losses
1607:Crosby, Ron (2015).
777:few to surround the
527:Urewera hill country
252:Hutt Valley campaign
81:-38.51361; 177.56361
1776:1869 in New Zealand
1771:1868 in New Zealand
1506:. 31 October 2004.
1489:, pp. 171–172.
1465:, pp. 281–282.
1453:, pp. 265–266.
1438:, pp. 223–225.
1411:, pp. 352–354.
1392:, pp. 264–265.
1335:, pp. 350–351.
1308:, pp. 348–349.
1284:, pp. 260–261.
1242:, pp. 231–232.
1203:, pp. 218–219.
1188:, pp. 167–168.
1140:, pp. 213–214.
1128:, pp. 163–165.
1113:, pp. 223–224.
1089:, pp. 161–162.
1041:, pp. 370–371.
640:, by nearly a day.
434:Māori King Movement
282:Second Taranaki War
186:at least 130 killed
72: /
1668:McLauchlan, Gordon
1536:. 7 January 2019.
1504:New Zealand Herald
929:Treaty of Waitangi
850:Escape and pursuit
774:
768:A plan of Ngatapa
658:
634:Tareha Te Moananui
531:Armed Constabulary
459:—and war clubs—or
442:(tribes) as well.
422:
398:Armed Constabulary
264:First Taranaki War
258:Whanganui campaign
147:Armed Constabulary
95:Government victory
1761:Conflicts in 1869
1756:Conflicts in 1868
1738:978-0-14-356565-9
1719:978-1-86934-082-7
1700:978-1-988545-99-8
1681:978-1-86953-962-7
1659:978-0-19-558376-2
1637:978-0-14-377493-8
1618:978-0-14-357311-1
1577:978-0-14-027504-9
1164:, pp. 32–34.
1077:, pp. 12–14.
964:New Zealand Cross
924:Waitangi Tribunal
783:Hotene Porourangi
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276:Tauranga campaign
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1766:New Zealand Wars
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430:New Zealand Wars
333:New Zealand Wars
314:siege of Ngatapa
294:Tītokowaru's War
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227:New Zealand Wars
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24:Siege of Ngatapa
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1199:
1192:
1186:McLauchlan 2017
1184:
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1126:McLauchlan 2017
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1087:McLauchlan 2017
1085:
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1021:
994:
990:
985:
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961:
957:
952:
947:
916:
872:
852:
832:Coehorn mortars
798:
734:
662:modern township
646:
616:Ropata Wahawaha
589:Ngāti Kahungunu
577:
535:George Whitmore
505:Chatham Islands
414:
402:George Whitmore
394:Ropata Wahawaha
355:Chatham Islands
310:
305:
231:
226:
224:
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187:
149:
130:Ropata Wahawaha
128:
126:George Whitmore
80:
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17:
12:
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5:
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1744:
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1658:
1648:, ed. (2000).
1642:
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1555:
1552:
1551:
1521:
1491:
1479:
1477:, p. 203.
1467:
1455:
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1425:
1423:, p. 278.
1413:
1394:
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1371:, p. 352.
1361:
1359:, p. 263.
1349:
1347:, p. 262.
1337:
1325:
1323:, p. 275.
1310:
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1256:
1254:, p. 347.
1244:
1229:
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1215:, p. 228.
1205:
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 225.
1166:
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1142:
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1103:
1101:, p. 211.
1091:
1079:
1067:
1065:, p. 231.
1055:
1053:, p. 379.
1043:
1031:
987:
986:
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968:
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943:
915:
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871:
868:
851:
848:
830:defences with
797:
794:
733:
730:
685:was a maze of
645:
642:
581:Ashley Clinton
576:
573:
540:In September,
501:Reginald Biggs
467:Snider–Enfield
444:Te Kooti's War
413:
410:
322:Te Kooti's War
307:
306:
304:
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300:Te Kooti's War
297:
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141:Units involved
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52:
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31:Te Kooti's War
26:
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1646:McGibbon, Ian
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1564:Belich, James
1561:
1560:
1539:
1535:
1534:Wateanews.com
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1162:McGibbon 2000
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1150:O'Malley 2019
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1099:O'Malley 2019
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1051:McGibbon 2000
1047:
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1039:McGibbon 2000
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922:regions, the
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788:
784:
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771:
766:
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751:
750:Ihaka Whaanga
747:
743:
742:George Preece
739:
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478:Rongowhakaata
475:
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458:
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452:
447:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
427:
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403:
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395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
377:—at Ngatapa (
376:
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344:
343:
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329:
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288:East Cape War
286:
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246:Flagstaff War
244:
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240:Wairau Affray
238:
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207:
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200:
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196:
185:
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155:(Ngāti Porou)
154:
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127:
123:
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117:
114:
111:
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56:, New Zealand
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1728:
1709:
1690:
1671:
1649:
1627:
1608:
1590:
1586:Cowan, James
1567:
1542:. Retrieved
1533:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1416:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1328:
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1289:
1247:
1220:
1208:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1005:
1001:
991:
971:
958:
932:
917:
900:King Country
894:
889:
884:
880:
875:
873:
864:
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827:
822:
819:
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805:
801:
799:
796:Encirclement
789:
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631:
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578:
567:
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555:
539:
520:
513:
487:against the
480:
472:
460:
454:
448:
437:
426:Māori people
423:
405:
389:
372:
370:
363:
340:
330:
313:
311:
150:
104:Belligerents
18:
1475:Wright 2011
1451:Belich 1998
1409:Crosby 2015
1390:Belich 1998
1369:Crosby 2015
1357:Belich 1998
1345:Belich 1998
1333:Crosby 2015
1306:Crosby 2015
1282:Belich 1998
1252:Crosby 2015
1240:Belich 1998
1225:Belich 1998
1213:Belich 1998
1174:Belich 1998
1063:Keenan 2021
1008:(1): 1–14.
620:Ngāti Porou
551:Hawke's Bay
497:Poverty Bay
387:Ngāti Porou
368:—followed.
360:Poverty Bay
302:(1868–1872)
296:(1868–1869)
290:(1865–1866)
284:(1863–1866)
272:(1863–1864)
266:(1860–1861)
79: /
67:177°33′49″E
1750:Categories
1557:References
1544:14 October
1463:Cowan 1956
1421:Cowan 1956
1321:Cowan 1956
1267:Cowan 1956
1111:Cowan 1956
1024:13 October
908:Māori King
687:rifle pits
489:Pai Mārire
412:Background
326:East Coast
318:engagement
64:38°30′49″S
1600:715908103
1588:(1956) .
1566:(1998) .
1514:7 October
983:Citations
950:Footnotes
934:pouwhenua
920:East Cape
870:Aftermath
679:palisades
614:, led by
591:warriors—
568:rangatira
563:rangatira
392:, led by
183:11 killed
1670:(2017).
1538:Archived
1508:Archived
1018:Archived
1014:20703034
787:Te Arawa
712:parapets
652:Ngatapa
585:Gisborne
571:region.
525:—in the
517:hillfort
474:Te Kooti
347:Te Kooti
165:Strength
135:Te Kooti
124:Colonel
49:Location
29:Part of
904:Tāwhiao
644:Ngatapa
618:of the
575:Prelude
509:Ringatū
451:muskets
383:Ngātapa
351:Ringatū
324:in the
316:was an
159:Ringatū
113:Ringatū
54:Ngatapa
1735:
1716:
1697:
1678:
1656:
1634:
1615:
1598:
1574:
1012:
939:totara
914:Legacy
906:, the
876:kūpapa
759:Waiapu
738:kūpapa
701:kūpapa
638:kūpapa
612:kūpapa
608:kūpapa
600:kūpapa
594:kūpapa
547:Wairoa
456:taiaha
365:kūpapa
278:(1864)
260:(1847)
254:(1846)
248:(1845)
242:(1843)
152:Kūpapa
92:Result
1010:JSTOR
945:Notes
892:Tūhoe
732:Siege
379:Māori
337:Māori
1733:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1632:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1596:OCLC
1572:ISBN
1546:2021
1516:2021
1026:2021
606:The
519:—or
462:mere
312:The
41:Date
895:iwi
885:iwi
810:pā'
790:iwi
623:iwi
557:utu
549:in
495:in
481:iwi
439:iwi
390:iwi
342:iwi
173:300
170:670
1752::
1532:.
1502:.
1443:^
1428:^
1397:^
1376:^
1313:^
1274:^
1259:^
1232:^
1193:^
1118:^
1016:.
1006:55
1004:.
1000:.
881:pā
860:pā
856:pā
844:pā
839:pā
828:pā
823:pā
815:pā
806:pā
802:pā
792:.
779:pā
770:pa
746:pā
726:pā
721:pā
717:pā
708:pā
703:.
697:pā
693:Pā
689:.
683:pā
675:pā
670:pā
666:pā
654:pā
627:pā
537:.
522:pā
406:pā
381::
374:pā
1741:.
1722:.
1703:.
1684:.
1662:.
1640:.
1621:.
1602:.
1580:.
1548:.
1518:.
1028:.
217:e
210:t
203:v
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