1257:, pp. 258–60: " triremes could venture out for only a few hours each day. They were entirely dependent on friendly shores to provide food and water each evening. There was very little room to stow food and water in the ships, given the number of rowers and the need for spare rigging and parts. every captain had to berth his trireme each night someplace where fresh water was abundant. To travel even short distances, triremes needed safe ports at intervals of fifty miles or so, where ships could find food (barley bread, onions, dried fish, meats, fruit, and olive oil), water, wine, and shelter for their crews to sleep in. Much of Athenian foreign policy, including its efforts to maintain an overseas empire in the Aegean, cultivate allies such as Argos and Corcyra, and establish dependencies at distant Amphipolis and Potidaea, was predicated on just the need to create permanent bases to facilitate long-distance cruises."
397:
ships: 30 from Athens, 6 from Chios, and 2 from Lesbos. This expedition was led by the generals
Cleomedes and Tisias. After setting up camp on the island, the Athenians sent emissaries to negotiate with the rulers of Melos. The emissaries demanded that Melos join the Delian League and pay tribute to Athens or face destruction. The Melians rejected the ultimatum. The Athenians laid siege to the city and withdrew most of their troops from the island to fight elsewhere. The Melians made a number of sorties, at one point capturing part of the Athenian line, but failed to break the siege. In response, Athens sent reinforcements under the command of Philocrates. The Athenians also had help from traitors within Melos. Melos surrendered in the winter.
279:
1012:, p. 140: "The tribute payable by Melos was fixed by the 425/424 BC reassessment decree at fifteen talents, which to judge from the payments made by islands of other sizes was about twice what might have been expected. Although this may be related to the Melians' ability to produce silver from their own resources, it could be taken as an indication of a densely settled island, with correspondingly high levels of productivity and surplus"
1209:, pp. 413–14: "There is no solid evidence for a special charge brought against the Melians in 416 and there is no compelling reason to presume one. If there was an antecedent quarrel that provoked the attack, it probably would not have remained hidden in the sources but would have surfaced, if not in Thucydides or Xenophon, then certainly in the writings of the fourth century Attic orators who defended the expedition."
255:. Though the Melians had ancestral ties to Sparta, they were neutral in the war. Athens invaded Melos in the summer of 416 BC and demanded that the Melians surrender and pay tribute to Athens or face annihilation. The Melians refused, so the Athenians laid siege to their city. Melos surrendered in the winter, and the Athenians executed the men of Melos and enslaved the women and children.
510:) could carry little in the way of supplies and had no sleeping space for the crew, and thus needed to stop in port on a daily basis to buy supplies, cook meals, and camp for the night. Triremes were also not particularly seaworthy and thus needed harbors to shelter from rough weather. A trireme could normally travel around 80 kilometres (50 mi) in a day whereas a trip from Athens to
378:
362:
579:), many scholars regard it as a commentary on the massacre at Melos, but this is unlikely. Euripides was probably developing his play before the siege of Melos even began, and he had only a month or two after its fall to make revisions. It's also unlikely that Euripides would have dared to offend his Athenian audiences given how expensive the production was.
1392:: "There was mourning and sorrow for those that were lost, but the lamentation for the dead was merged in even deeper sorrow for themselves, as they pictured the evils they were about to suffer, the like of which they themselves had inflicted upon the men of Melos, who were colonists of the Lacedaemonians, when they mastered them by siege."
769:, p. 74: "The Melians might have had a strong motivation to contribute to the Spartan war effort either in response to Nikias' attack, i.e. in 426 or 425, or, as independent Dorian islanders alarmed at Athenian control of the Aegean, they might have contributed earlier, perhaps in 428 or 427, and hence provoked the attack."
1139:: "But there were other measures of Lysander upon which all the Greeks looked with pleasure, when, for instance, the Aeginetans, after a long time, received back their own city, and when the Melians and Scionaeans were restored to their homes by him, after the Athenians had been driven out and had delivered back the cities."
1466:, 22: " take Alcibiades as their model, Alcibiades who carries his villainy to such unheard-of lengths that, after recommending that the people of Melos be sold into slavery, he purchased a woman from among the prisoners and has since had a son by her, a child whose birth was more unnatural than that of Aegis"
266:. In the negotiations, the Athenians offered no moral justification for their invasion, but instead bluntly told the Melians that Athens needed Melos for its own ends and that the only thing Melians stood to gain in submitting without a fight was self-preservation. It is taught as a classic case study in
514:
is roughly 300 kilometres (190 mi). Thus, in order to control the Aegean, Athens needed to control the islands' ports for its navy. If Melos was neutral, enemy ships could resupply there, so capturing it denied that to Athens' enemies. But this issue is not raised in the Melian
Dialogue; in fact
454:
The
Melians argue that an invasion will alarm the other neutral Greek states, who will become hostile to Athens for fear of being invaded themselves. The Athenians counter that the other Greek states on the mainland are unlikely to act this way, because they are free and independent and thus loath to
446:
The
Athenians offer the Melians an ultimatum: surrender and pay tribute to Athens, or be destroyed. The Athenians do not wish to waste time arguing over the morality of the situation, because in practice might makes right—or, in their own words, "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer
498:
in 426 BC, the
Melians assumed "an attitude of open hostility", but neither Thucydides nor any other writer of the era mentioned any specific offence that Melos committed against Athens. There is archaeological evidence that Melos once donated some money to Sparta (at least 12½ kg silver), but
462:
The
Melians argue that though the Athenians are far stronger, there is still a chance that the Melians could win, and they will regret not trying their luck. The Athenians counter that the Melians should not indulge in hope when their odds of winning are so evidently faint, and the consequences of
450:
The
Melians argue that they are a neutral city and not an enemy, so Athens has no need to conquer them. The Athenians counter that if they accept Melos' neutrality and independence, they would look weak: Their subjects would think that they left Melos alone because they were not strong enough to
522:
in 429 BC, the
Athenians spared the surviving Potidaeans and allowed them to leave the city. As the war dragged on, the Athenians came to feel that leniency made them look weak and encouraged revolts. The rising brutality of the Athenians was also a response to Spartan brutality, which had been
396:
In the summer of 416 BC, during a truce with Sparta, Athens sent an army of at least 3,400 men to conquer Melos: 1,600 heavy infantry, 300 archers, and 20 mounted archers all from Athens, plus 1,500 heavy infantry from other Delian League cities. The fleet that transported this army had 38
486:
explained that the purpose of conquering Melos was to demonstrate the strength and sternness of Athens so as to discourage its island territories from rebelling. Whether it was effective at discouraging rebellion is uncertain. Just a few years after the conquest of Melos, Athens suffered a
1074:
were males aged 20-29, eligible for military service, though it's not clear if the
Melians had a similar system. Rex Warner translated this as "men of military age". Another possible translation is "men in their prime". Thucydides made no specific mention of what happened to the elderly
455:
take up arms against Athens. What worries Athens is potential rebellions in its empire from disgruntled peoples they have already conquered, including islands that would threaten its dominance of the seas. Conquering Melos will demonstrate Athens' strength and discourage rebellions.
835:
of its client cities and the tributes it expected from each according to their respective wealth. This list was inscribed on marble slabs that were publicly displayed in Athens. The
Athenians had hundreds of such presumptuous donors. A few these, taken from tables appearing in
474:
The Athenians express their shock at the Melians' lack of realism. They reiterate that there is no shame in submitting to an overwhelmingly stronger enemy, especially one who is offering reasonable terms. The Melians do not change their minds and politely dismiss the envoys.
590:
advocated the enslavement of the Melian survivors before the government of Athens. This account gives no date for the decree, so it could have been passed to justify the atrocities after the fact. Thucydides made no mention of any such decree in his own account.
541:
There is circumstantial evidence that suggests that the Melians surrendered only after enduring extreme starvation: the expression "Melian famine" entered the Greek language as a metaphor for extreme starvation. The first known appearance of this phrase is in
437:
included a dramatization of the negotiations between the Athenian emissaries and the rulers of Melos. Thucydides did not witness the negotiations and in fact had been in exile at the time, so this dialogue paraphrases what he believed was discussed.
1123:: "Meantime Lysander, upon reaching Aegina, restored the state to the Aeginetans, gathering together as many of them as he could, and he did the same thing for the Melians also and for all the others who had been deprived of their native states."
986:, 6.8: "Early in the spring of the following summer the Athenian envoys arrived from Sicily, and the Egestaeans with them, bringing sixty talents of uncoined silver, as a month's pay for sixty ships, which they were to ask to have sent them."
466:
The Melians argue that they will have the assistance of the gods because their position is morally just. The Athenians counter that the gods will not intervene because it is the natural order of things for the strong to dominate the weak.
999:, pp. 277–78: " the assessed Melian tribute of 390 kg of silver would buy wheat sufficient to feed 2,160 men for one year. 390 kg of silver would have bought, as calculated above, 540,000 kg of wheat in 425/424 BC."
534:, in his apologia for Athens' conquests, mentioned the massacre at Melos as a major point of criticism against Athens, but he argued that it was necessary and that the other warring states were just as brutal. The Athenian historian
412:
expelled the Athenian colonists from Melos and restored the survivors of the siege to the island. The once-independent Melos became a Spartan territory, which would mean that it had a Spartan garrison and a military governor (a
971:, p. 114: "Each trireme had a crew of 200 In good times, such as the early years of the Archidamian War, rowers could receive as much as a drachma per day. At this rate each ship would cost one talent per month to crew."
458:
The Melians argue that it would be shameful and cowardly of them to submit without a fight. The Athenians advise the Melians to swallow their pride because they are not facing a fair fight and defeat will mean annihilation.
1305:, p. 185: "In the Athenian mind, the Spartans had initiated the cycle of executing surrendering citizens at the very outset of the war, and had continued that policy throughout the first decade of the fighting."
750:: "The inscription found near Sparta records two separate donations by Melos to the Spartan war-funds, one of twenty Aeginetan minae The other figure has perished. The donors are described, it will be noticed, as
470:
The Melians argue that their Spartan kin will come to their defense. The Athenians counter that the Spartans don't have enough at stake in Melos to risk an intervention, noting that Athens has the stronger navy.
1345:
argument to Sparta. Sparta's treatment of subject cities has been worse than that of Athens; Sparta has laid waste large and flourishing cities; the Athenians were within their rights in punishing revolting
340:
In 426 BC, Athens sent an army of 2,000 men to raid the Melian countryside, but the Melians would not be bullied into submission. In 425 or 424 BC, Athens demanded of Melos a tribute of fifteen
1103:, pp. 49–50: "Melos thus passed from Athenian to Spartan control, and the Melians who returned found a government of ten established, made effective by the presence of a Spartan garrison and of a
538:
wrote that in 405 BC, with the Spartan army closing in on Athens, the citizens of Athens worried that the Spartans would treat them with the same cruelty that the Athenian army had shown the Melians.
1317:, p. 182: "Lining up and murdering the surrendered adult Greek male population was still rare before the Peloponnesian War, and such slaughter became habitual only after the siege of Plataea."
349:
crew for 15 months, or bought 540 metric tons of wheat, enough to feed 2,160 men for a year. Given the relative size of Melos, this suggests that it was a prosperous island. Melos refused to pay.
705:, 5.84: " at first remained neutral and took no part in the struggle, but afterwards upon the Athenians using violence and plundering their territory, assumed an attitude of open hostility."
333:. In general, the Melians sought to remain neutral in the war, although there is archaeological evidence that sometime between 428 and 425 BC, the Melians donated at least twenty
518:
The Athenians had shown mercy to their defeated enemies in the earlier years of the Peloponnesian War, and in preceding wars. For instance, after putting down the rebellious city of
582:
It is uncertain whether the fate of Melos was decided by the government of Athens or the Athenian generals on Melos. A historical speech falsely attributed to the Athenian orator
499:
it's uncertain whether this donation happened before or after the raid by Nicias. Melos is typically regarded by scholars to have been an innocent victim of Athenian imperialism.
491:, after which rebellions happened throughout the empire. Whatever benefit the conquest of Melos produced was wiped away by the disaster that happened in Sicily.
42:
1329:, p. 53: "The actions of the Athenians were condemned throughout Greece and in the 4th century BC Athenian rule was associated with the capture of Melos"
405:
The Athenians executed the men of fighting age and sold the women and children into slavery. They then settled 500 of their own colonists on the island.
1909:
1386:
1117:
1985:
1371:
1133:
262:, a dramatization of the negotiations between the Athenians and the Melians before the siege, written by the classical Athenian historian
35:
1168:
Thomas Hobbes (1629): "they that have odds of power exact as much as they can, and the weak yield to such conditions as they can get".
2034:
1412:, line 186 (translated by George Murray): "You'll rule mankind like gnats and cockchafers, and with a Melian famine starve the gods!"
575:, which explores the suffering of the inhabitants of a conquered city. Although Melos isn't explicitly mentioned (the setting is the
1170:
Johanna Hanink (2019): "Those in positions of power do what their power permits, while the weak have no choice but to accept it."
1197:, p. 385: "Specific Athenian charges against Melos should have figured prominently in the talks; Thucydides ignores them."
690:, p. 49: "The start of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta in 431 BC saw Melos and Thera still independent..."
28:
2054:
1522:
1497:
506:
provided valuable tax revenue for Athens, but what was probably more vital was control of their ports. Warships of the era (
361:
1914:
463:
defeat so terrible. If the Melians resist, they will likely lose and come to bitterly regret their irrational optimism.
1922:
1964:
1945:
1834:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1728:
1670:
1624:
1594:
1575:
1160:
William Smith (1831): "in what terms soever the powerful enjoin obedience, to those the weak are obliged to submit."
1356:
429:
1815:
1647:
1164:
Rex Warner (1954): "the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept".
329:, the same ethnic group as the Spartans, but they were independent of the Spartan empire; the Athenians were
2049:
2044:
1538:
494:
Whether Melos was truly neutral is sometimes debated by scholars. Thucydides wrote that after the raid by
205:
150:
325:
was the only significant island in the Aegean Sea that Athens did not control. The people of Melos were
2029:
530:
Even so, the massacre of the Melians shocked the Greek world, even in Athens. The Athenian rhetorician
105:
754:, 'the Melians'. there is good reason to think these gifts to Sparta were made in the spring of 427."
155:
1805:
1066:(ἡβῶντας) which generally means young adult. In the Spartan military training system known as the
594:
The treatment of the Melians is sometimes considered an example of genocide in the ancient world.
523:
extreme from the beginning. In particular, it was after the massacre committed by the Spartans at
1605:
2039:
832:
1395:
This event takes place after the people of Athens learned of their navy's final defeat at the
1166:
Benjamin Jowett (1881): "the powerful exact what they can, and the weak grant what they must".
1438:
1396:
779:
215:
1513:
Landes, Richard (2011). "The Melian Dialogue, the Protocols, and the Paranoid Imperative".
342:
302:
290:
145:
130:
8:
1887:
488:
210:
185:
170:
90:
80:
1684:
1162:
Richard Crawley (1910): "the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must"
849:
1874:
1865:
de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice (1954). "The Character of the Athenian Empire".
1853:
1707:
73:
1960:
1941:
1830:
1811:
1790:
1771:
1752:
1724:
1680:
1666:
1643:
1636:
1620:
1590:
1571:
1518:
1493:
1180:
603:
298:
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52:
571:
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66:
278:
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85:
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1638:
A War Like No Other: How the Athenians and Spartans Fought the Peloponnesian War
385:
252:
175:
1898:
1341:, p. 146: "Isocrates does not attempt to deny these charges but uses the
1149:
1085:
1048:
981:
805:
700:
672:
2018:
2000:
1987:
1156:
Original Greek: δυνατὰ δὲ οἱ προύχοντες πράσσουσι καὶ οἱ ἀσθενεῖς ξυγχωροῦσιν
408:
In 405 BC, by which time Athens was losing the war, the Spartan general
310:
286:
270:
to illustrate that selfish and pragmatic concerns motivate a country at war.
317:. Athens had the superior navy and controlled nearly all the islands in the
1919:
1844:
Seaman, Michael G. (1997). "The Athenian Expedition to Melos in 416 B.C.".
938:
920:
543:
345:
of silver (roughly 390 kg). This sum could have paid the wages of a
334:
1768:
The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World
1878:
1857:
1711:
783:
V 1, 1: "The Melians gave to the Lacedaimonians twenty mnas of silver."
587:
576:
527:
in 429 BC that the Athenians habitually massacred their own prisoners.
511:
503:
483:
434:
318:
263:
248:
1976:
The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth-Century Athens
1938:
From Melos to My Lai: A Study in Violence, Culture and Social Survival
1587:
Thucydides and the Ancient Simplicity: The Limits of Political Realism
515:
the Melians struggle to understand why Athens can't leave them alone.
583:
566:
531:
20:
1957:
Diagoras of Melos: A Contribution to the History of Ancient Atheism
915:
900:
535:
519:
409:
1269:, p. 49: "... harbour was doubtless useful to either side..."
910:
895:
890:
875:
507:
415:
346:
330:
326:
858:
495:
433:(Book 5, Chapters 84–116), the contemporary Athenian historian
306:
301:
lasted from 431 to 404 BC. The war was fought between the
240:
1886:
Smith, William; Wayte, William; Marindin, G. E., eds. (1890).
925:
905:
885:
865:
388:
322:
282:
244:
1693:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
1665:. Translated by Waterfield, Robin. Oxford University Press.
870:
558:
552:(414 BC), and its usage seems to have lasted well into the
1807:
An Island Polity: The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos
1617:
How to Think about War: An Ancient Guide to Foreign Policy
1747:
Meritt, Benjamin Dean; McGregor, Malcolm Francis (1950).
1698:
Law, Helen H. (Dec 1919). "Atrocities in Greek Warfare".
1062:
The word by which Thucydides referred to the executed is
880:
337:
of silver (about 12½ kg) to the Spartan war effort.
377:
662:, 8.48: "The Melians (who are of Lacedaemonian stock) "
1490:
War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History
391:, and the approximate location of the ancient city.
251:roughly 110 kilometres (68 miles) east of mainland
1721:The Spartan War Fund: IG V 1, 1 and a New Fragment
1658:
1635:
1920:The Melian Dialogue (Benjamin Jowett translation)
1565:
1415:
1230:
677:, 5.84: "The Melians are a colony of Lacedaemon "
2016:
1804:Renfrew, Colin; Wagstaff, Malcolm, eds. (1982).
831:In 425 or 424 BC, the government of Athens
762:
760:
1803:
1266:
1100:
1035:
1022:
1009:
996:
837:
687:
646:
1746:
841:
1864:
1433:A translation of the relevant entry from the
757:
747:
714:Estimates of the weight of an Aeginetan mina:
36:
1915:The Melian Dialogue (Rex Warner translation)
1885:
723:
1889:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1126:
1110:
1954:
1657:Herodotus (1998) . Dewald, Carolyn (ed.).
1421:
1326:
376:
43:
29:
1892:. John Murray (Albermane Street, London).
1827:Euripides and the Boundaries of the Human
1742:. Oxford University Press Inc., New York.
565:In March 415 BC, the Athenian playwright
562:, a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia.
1978:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1902:. Translated by Crawley, Richard (1914).
1784:
1242:
968:
277:
1973:
1679:
1603:
1008:Malcolm Wagstaff and John F. Cherry in
944:
845:
729:
717:
18:Siege during Peloponnesian War (416 BC)
2017:
1959:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
1935:
1843:
1824:
1765:
1737:
1718:
1656:
1633:
1614:
1512:
1475:
1450:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1254:
1206:
1194:
956:
950:
819:
792:
766:
735:
633:
258:This siege is best remembered for the
1910:The Melian Dialogue (original Greek)
1584:
1487:
1218:
621:
367:
305:, an alliance of Greek cities led by
50:
24:
1852:(4). Franz Steiner Verlag: 385–418.
259:
1697:
1686:Griechische und Römische Metrologie
1566:Constantakopoulou, Christy (2007).
1338:
13:
1589:. University of California Press.
854:Thasos – 60 talents
422:
14:
2066:
1873:(1). Franz Steiner Verlag: 1–41.
1642:. Random House Publishing Group.
1439:Suda On Line (section lambda 557)
863:Melos – 15 talents
856:Paros – 30 talents
235:, which was a war fought between
2035:Battles of the Peloponnesian War
1899:History of the Peloponnesian War
1610:. Oxford at the Clarendon Press.
1182:History of the Peloponnesian War
1151:History of the Peloponnesian War
1087:History of the Peloponnesian War
1050:History of the Peloponnesian War
983:History of the Peloponnesian War
807:History of the Peloponnesian War
702:History of the Peloponnesian War
674:History of the Peloponnesian War
430:History of the Peloponnesian War
360:
1789:. Manchester University Press.
1559:
1539:"Genocide in the Ancient World"
1531:
1506:
1481:
1469:
1456:
1444:
1427:
1402:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1173:
1142:
1093:
1078:
1056:
1041:
1028:
1015:
1002:
989:
974:
962:
931:
825:
813:
798:
786:
772:
1810:. Cambridge University Press.
1619:. Princeton University Press.
937:Estimates of the weight of an
741:
708:
693:
680:
665:
652:
639:
627:
615:
231:occurred in 416 BC during the
1:
1517:. New York University Press.
1267:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
1101:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
1036:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
1023:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
1010:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
997:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
838:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
688:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
647:Renfrew & Wagstaff (1982)
609:
489:military expedition to Sicily
273:
2055:Settlement schemes in Europe
1936:Tritle, Lawrence A. (2002).
1607:A History of Ancient Coinage
888: – 10 talents
883: – 10 talents
878: – 10 talents
873: – 10 talents
868: – 15 talents
861: – 15 talents
842:Meritt & McGregor (1950)
400:
7:
1770:. Oxford University Press.
1766:Oleson, John Peter (2008).
1719:Loomis, William T. (1992).
1570:. Oxford University Press.
918: – 2 talents
913: – 2 talents
908: – 5 talents
903: – 5 talents
898: – 6 talents
893: – 9 talents
597:
478:
441:
10:
2071:
1955:Winiarczyk, Marek (2016).
1749:The Athenian Tribute Lists
1543:World History Encyclopedia
928: – 1 talent
923: – 1 talent
586:claims that the statesman
556:as it is mentioned in the
1787:The Ancient Greeks At War
1691:Greek and Roman Metrology
850:Attic Inscriptions Online
62:
1974:Zimmern, Alfred (1961).
1896:Thucydides (c. 400 BC).
1785:Rawlings, Louis (2007).
1738:Meiggs, Russell (1972).
1723:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
1615:Hanink, Johanna (2019).
1568:The Dance of the Islands
1231:Constantakopoulou (2007)
569:premiered a play called
487:devastating defeat in a
352:
1634:Hanson, Victor (2005).
1604:Gardner, Percy (1918).
1585:Crane, Gregory (1998).
1515:The Paranoid Apocalypse
1492:. Springer. p. 8.
1107:or military commander."
1751:. Vol. 3. ASCSA.
1158:Possible translations:
294:
1825:Ringer, Mark (2016).
1700:The Classical Journal
1397:Battle of Aegospotami
780:Inscriptiones Graecae
313:, an alliance led by
281:
1462:Andocides (pseudo).
748:de Ste. Croix (1954)
303:Peloponnesian League
291:Peloponnesian League
247:is an island in the
2050:Sieges of antiquity
2045:Massacres in Greece
1997: /
1829:. Lexington Books.
1740:The Athenian Empire
724:Smith et al. (1890)
502:The islands of the
171:Sicilian Expedition
1925:2009-06-15 at the
1681:Hultsch, Friedrich
1488:Crowe, D. (2014).
1464:Against Alcibiades
1437:is available from
1099:Brian Sparkes, in
1034:Brian Sparkes, in
1021:Brian Sparkes, in
995:Brian Sparkes, in
686:Brian Sparkes, in
645:Brian Sparkes, in
295:
289:(orange), and the
2030:410s BC conflicts
2001:36.683°N 24.417°E
1524:978-0-8147-4893-0
1499:978-1-137-03701-5
1422:Winiarczyk (2016)
1327:Winiarczyk (2016)
1245:, pp. 118–20
604:Mytilenean Debate
447:what they must".
299:Peloponnesian War
268:political realism
233:Peloponnesian War
224:
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624:, pp. 61–65
619:
572:The Trojan Women
380:
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2015:
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1927:Wayback Machine
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260:Melian Dialogue
225:
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53:
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19:
12:
11:
5:
2068:
2058:
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2052:
2047:
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2037:
2032:
2027:
2006:36.683; 24.417
1981:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1952:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1904:
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1716:
1706:(3): 132–147.
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1408:Aristophanes.
1401:
1378:
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1331:
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988:
973:
961:
959:, p. 764)
953:, p. 593)
947:, p. 135)
945:Hultsch (1882)
930:
846:Zimmern (1961)
833:drew up a list
824:
812:
797:
785:
771:
756:
740:
738:, p. 764)
732:, p. 114)
730:Gardner (1918)
726:, p. 448)
720:, p. 502)
718:Hultsch (1882)
707:
692:
679:
664:
651:
638:
626:
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285:(purple), the
275:
272:
229:siege of Melos
222:
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2040:Ancient Milos
2038:
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2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2010:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1966:9783110447651
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1947:9781134603640
1943:
1940:. Routledge.
1939:
1934:
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1661:The Histories
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1477:
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1472:
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1452:
1451:Ringer (2016)
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1373:Panathenaicus
1367:
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1360:, 100–02, 110
1359:
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1323:
1316:
1315:Hanson (2005)
1311:
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1303:Hanson (2005)
1299:
1293:, p. 186
1292:
1291:Hanson (2005)
1287:
1281:, p. 172
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1279:Hanson (2005)
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957:Oleson (2008)
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951:Dewald (1998)
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839:
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828:
822:, p. 322
821:
820:Meiggs (1972)
816:
809:
808:
801:
795:, p. 387
794:
793:Seaman (1997)
789:
782:
781:
775:
768:
767:Loomis (1992)
763:
761:
753:
749:
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737:
736:Oleson (2008)
731:
725:
719:
711:
704:
703:
696:
689:
683:
676:
675:
668:
661:
660:The Histories
655:
648:
642:
636:, p. 412
635:
634:Seaman (1997)
630:
623:
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601:
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554:Byzantine era
551:
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311:Delian League
308:
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287:Delian League
284:
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64:
61:
56:
46:
41:
39:
34:
32:
27:
26:
23:
16:
1982:
1975:
1956:
1937:
1897:
1888:
1870:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1826:
1806:
1786:
1767:
1748:
1739:
1720:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1660:
1637:
1616:
1606:
1586:
1567:
1560:Bibliography
1546:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1489:
1483:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1429:
1424:, p. 53
1417:
1409:
1404:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1233:, p. 87
1226:
1219:Crane (1998)
1214:
1202:
1190:
1181:
1179:Thucydides.
1175:
1150:
1148:Thucydides.
1144:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1084:Thucydides.
1080:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1047:Thucydides.
1043:
1030:
1025:, p. 49
1017:
1004:
991:
982:
980:Thucydides.
976:
964:
939:Attic talent
933:
827:
815:
806:
804:Thucydides.
800:
788:
778:
774:
751:
743:
710:
701:
699:Thucydides.
695:
682:
673:
671:Thucydides.
667:
659:
654:
649:, p. 45
641:
629:
622:Crane (1998)
617:
593:
581:
570:
564:
557:
548:
544:Aristophanes
540:
529:
517:
501:
493:
482:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
451:conquer it.
449:
445:
428:
426:
414:
407:
404:
395:
369:
339:
296:
257:
228:
226:
206:2nd Mytilene
165:
101:1st Mytilene
74:
67:
15:
2004: /
1370:Isocrates.
1358:Panegyricus
1355:Isocrates.
949:25.992 kg (
943:26.196 kg (
658:Herodotus.
216:Aegospotami
2019:Categories
1817:0521237858
1649:1400060958
1385:Xenophon.
1346:colonies."
1339:Law (1919)
1132:Plutarch.
1116:Xenophon.
1053:, 5.84–116
852:, include:
752:toi Malioi
610:References
588:Alcibiades
577:Trojan War
512:Asia Minor
504:Aegean Sea
484:Thucydides
435:Thucydides
319:Aegean Sea
309:, and the
274:Background
264:Thucydides
249:Aegean Sea
146:Amphipolis
131:Sphacteria
1410:The Birds
1388:Hellenica
1343:Tu quoque
1119:Hellenica
955:26.2 kg (
734:623.7 g (
584:Andocides
567:Euripides
549:The Birds
532:Isocrates
401:Aftermath
211:Arginusae
186:Cynossema
91:Naupactus
81:Spartolos
1923:Archived
1867:Historia
1846:Historia
1683:(1882).
1072:hebontes
1064:hebôntas
916:Seriphos
901:Karystos
598:See also
536:Xenophon
520:Potidaea
508:triremes
479:Analysis
442:Synopsis
410:Lysander
151:Mantinea
75:Potidaea
1992:24°25′E
1989:36°41′N
1879:4434378
1858:4436483
1712:3287836
1390:, 2.2.3
1375:, 62–63
1121:, 2.2.9
1105:harmost
1090:, 5.116
911:Mykonos
896:Kythnos
891:Siphnos
876:Chalcis
728:622 g (
722:630 g (
716:605 g (
546:' play
525:Plataea
416:harmost
347:trireme
343:talents
331:Ionians
327:Dorians
293:(green)
196:Cyzicus
181:Eretria
121:Idomene
111:Aetolia
106:Tanagra
96:Plataea
2025:415 BC
1963:
1944:
1877:
1856:
1833:
1814:
1793:
1774:
1755:
1727:
1710:
1669:
1646:
1623:
1593:
1574:
1548:28 May
1521:
1496:
1185:. 5.84
1154:, 5.89
1137:, 14.3
1075:males.
1070:, the
859:Andros
844:, and
810:, 3.91
496:Nicias
315:Athens
307:Sparta
253:Greece
241:Sparta
237:Athens
201:Notium
191:Abydos
161:Orneae
156:Hysiae
141:Delium
136:Megara
68:Sybota
1875:JSTOR
1854:JSTOR
1708:JSTOR
1689:[
1068:agoge
926:Syros
906:Thera
886:Tenos
866:Naxos
389:Melos
353:Siege
335:minas
323:Melos
283:Melos
245:Melos
166:Melos
126:Pylos
116:Olpae
86:Rhium
1961:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1550:2021
1519:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1435:Suda
871:Ceos
848:and
559:Suda
297:The
239:and
227:The
176:Syme
921:Ios
881:Kea
427:In
419:).
2021::
1869:.
1850:46
1848:.
1704:15
1702:.
1541:.
840:,
759:^
321:.
243:.
1969:.
1950:.
1881:.
1871:3
1860:.
1839:.
1820:.
1799:.
1780:.
1761:.
1733:.
1714:.
1675:.
1652:.
1629:.
1599:.
1580:.
1552:.
1527:.
1502:.
1441:.
1399:.
941::
370:★
44:e
37:t
30:v
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