37:
519:) pursuing it closely, when it came alongside a merchant ship anchored outside the harbor. Using the merchant ship to protect its flanks while he turned, the Athenian captain spun his ship 270 degrees and rammed his leading pursuer in the side, sinking it. Although the Peloponnesians still held a great numerical advantage, the shock of this single action, which disheartened the Peloponnesian crews and reinvigorated the Athenians, proved sufficient to turn the tide of the battle. Confusion set in among the Peloponnesians; some rowers in leading ships dropped their oars to allow the main body to catch up with them—thus leaving themselves immobile and vulnerable in the face of an enemy force; other ships ran aground as a result of their captains' ignorance of the coastline. The ten Athenian ships in the harbor rushed out and joined the attack, and the Peloponnesians were instantly routed. The Athenians captured six ships in the pursuit, and recovered all but one of their own ships which had been taken earlier. Although both sides claimed victory and set up trophies, it was clear who had won the battle; the Peloponnesians, fearing the arrival of the Athenian reinforcements, retreated to Corinth under cover of darkness several days after the battle, and the Athenians continued to hold Naupactus and dominate the gulf.
3522:
3388:
2547:
2480:
2349:
1732:
1334:
415:. The Athenians were forced to shadow their movements, sailing eastward along the northern shore of the gulf. Attacking suddenly, the Peloponnesians drove nine Athenian ships ashore and pursued the others towards Naupactus; victory seemed securely in their hands. At the entrance to the harbor of Naupactus, however, the last Athenian ship to reach the harbor turned the tide by circling around an anchored merchant ship to ram and sink its leading pursuer. Confusion set in among the Peloponnesians, and the newly emboldened Athenians set out after them and routed them.
36:
483:, across the strait of Rhium from the Peloponnesians. Here, he was in position to move against the enemy fleet if it attempted to sail west into the open sea; if he allowed it to escape in this way, he would essentially have surrendered Athens' dominance over the sea, and might well have found himself blockaded in Naupactus.
527:
The
Athenian victory at Naupactus put an end to Sparta's attempt to challenge Athens in the Corinthian gulf and the Northwest, and secured Athens' dominance at sea. At Naupactus, the Athenians' backs had been against the wall; a defeat there would have lost Athens its foothold in the Corinthian gulf
418:
In all, the
Athenians recaptured all but one of their nine grounded ships and seized six Peloponnesian ships. This surprising victory preserved Athens' naval dominance and kept Naupactus secure; the arrival of an additional twenty Athenian ships shortly afterwards secured the victory and put an end
506:
from
Naupactus marched along the shore beside them. On the southern shore, the Peloponnesian fleet was sailing in four lines, parallel to the shore. On the right of these lines, leading the advance into the gulf, were the twenty best and fastest ships in the fleet, which had been assigned the job
496:. The Athenians, who in the previous battle had been able to take advantage of their superior maneuverability in the open sea, were reluctant to enter the constricted waters of the Gulf, but were forced to follow the Peloponnesians in order to protect Naupactus, which had been left ungarrisoned.
491:
With the fleets at anchor across the strait from each other, it fell to the
Peloponnesians to initiate a battle, as they wished to force an action before the Athenian reinforcements arrived. After six or seven days at Rhium, therefore, the Spartan commanders led their fleet eastward into the
514:
Ten
Athenian ships reached Naupactus safely and took up positions at the mouth of the harbor, prows facing outwards, ready to defend against any attempt to enter the harbor. The last Athenian ship was fleeing towards the harbor, with the Peloponnesians (who were already chanting the victory
510:
Seeing the
Athenians in the gulf and sailing in single file, Cnemus gave the signal for his ships to attack. The Peloponnesian fleet turned at once and raced across the gulf at the Athenians. The Athenians attempted to flee, but only the eleven leading ships were able to slip around the
470:
Cnemus and the advisors, combining the ships that Cnemus had taken with him to
Stratus with those retreating from Rhium and raising more ships levied from Sparta's allies on the gulf, had soon assembled a fleet of seventy-seven ships. The admirals then advanced with this fleet to
528:
and encouraged the
Peloponnesians to attempt further aggressive operations at sea. In 428 BC, the Spartans would be so cowed by the memory of their defeats at Phormio's hands that they sent no aid to Athens' rebellious subject
511:
Peloponnesian right wing and flee towards
Naupactus; the remaining nine were cornered, driven ashore, and captured, while the twenty elite Peloponnesian ships from the right wing set out after the fleeing Athenian eleven.
438:
to launch an offensive in the
Corinthian gulf and northwestern Greece aimed at knocking several Athenian allies out of the Peloponnesian War. Ideally, the Spartans hoped to capture the Athenian base at
463:) to oversee Cnemus as he resumed the offensive. Phormio, meanwhile, sent to Athens for reinforcements, and twenty ships were sent out to him; these were ordered to first sail to Crete to attack
2327:
2028:
532:
in that year. In 427, when they finally did send a fleet, the commander was so afraid of being caught at sea by the Athenians that he fled home without accomplishing anything.
191:
1251:
2737:
2653:
452:
2531:
3570:
3545:
2880:
2742:
2055:
2003:
657:
614:
598:
582:
553:
2747:
808:
184:
3290:
3270:
1206:
3358:
2403:
459:. The Spartan government, dismayed by this unexpected reversal, dispatched several advisors (including the aggressive and talented
2536:
3575:
2946:
2440:
3280:
177:
2807:
2526:
3228:
757:
3275:
3179:
2418:
3285:
2675:
724:
3310:
3217:
2177:
3037:
2388:
2013:
1155:
801:
1076:
609:
Unless otherwise noted, all details regarding the maneuvers leading up to the battle are drawn from Thucydides,
3027:
2434:
2413:
3328:
3371:
3353:
3001:
2033:
3295:
2892:
2511:
2450:
2280:
2090:
3348:
2725:
2628:
2167:
1926:
447:
shipping. That offensive, however, suffered a severe setback when Cnemus was turned back on land by the
354:
299:
3555:
3204:
2467:
2310:
2182:
2072:
830:
794:
254:
3437:
3366:
2941:
2797:
2730:
1956:
1899:
304:
2858:
3565:
3560:
3478:
3198:
2983:
2690:
2217:
2212:
2018:
1749:
1299:
952:
817:
464:
3085:
479:, where they met up with the Peloponnesian infantry. Phormio, meanwhile, brought his ships up to
3427:
3300:
2956:
2904:
2607:
2398:
2305:
2192:
1827:
1178:
3343:
1767:
499:
The twenty Athenian ships entered the gulf sailing in single file along the northern shore; the
3465:
3333:
2978:
2787:
2782:
2712:
2602:
2445:
2317:
2050:
1480:
1431:
1374:
1319:
1173:
3456:
3338:
3012:
2988:
2843:
2322:
2207:
2105:
2080:
1672:
1551:
1505:
1436:
1401:
364:
1637:
1145:
3432:
3305:
3245:
3098:
3032:
2875:
2863:
2707:
2516:
2275:
2270:
2172:
2132:
1936:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1369:
455:, while a Peloponnesian fleet of forty-seven ships was routed by Phormio's twenty ships at
393:
294:
279:
2462:
8:
3494:
3422:
3250:
3240:
3211:
3079:
2912:
2853:
2423:
2332:
2232:
2222:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2137:
2122:
2117:
2038:
1894:
1772:
1717:
1642:
1066:
1030:
359:
334:
319:
229:
3580:
3191:
2848:
2648:
2633:
2428:
2383:
2378:
2227:
1777:
1389:
222:
3111:
2772:
2720:
2702:
2643:
2265:
2202:
2197:
2127:
2023:
1983:
1978:
1961:
1931:
1597:
1541:
1535:
1384:
1361:
1183:
1113:
1071:
720:
472:
381:
344:
329:
269:
259:
249:
201:
28:
652:
Unless otherwise noted, all details regarding the battle are drawn from Thucydides,
3417:
3152:
2868:
2612:
2521:
2242:
2237:
2045:
1988:
1971:
1941:
1872:
1647:
1426:
1304:
1231:
1051:
927:
349:
339:
309:
289:
284:
244:
215:
3104:
2973:
3550:
2833:
2187:
2147:
2085:
1188:
1123:
977:
743:
493:
456:
408:
403:
In the battle, the Peloponnesians drew the Athenians out from their anchorage at
385:
274:
264:
234:
2885:
3139:
3073:
2828:
2587:
2455:
2260:
2255:
1966:
1919:
1837:
1782:
1510:
1416:
1379:
1226:
1088:
922:
324:
314:
735:
3539:
3487:
3172:
3132:
3118:
2777:
2592:
2367:
1914:
1909:
1882:
1810:
1707:
1241:
1163:
912:
892:
855:
772:
759:
3125:
1448:
507:
of preventing the Athenians from escaping when the Peloponnesians attacked.
3233:
2923:
2917:
2823:
2818:
2757:
2638:
1993:
1867:
1842:
1794:
1787:
1712:
1627:
1263:
1198:
1056:
994:
917:
875:
712:
3158:
3472:
3055:
2994:
2813:
2767:
2752:
2680:
2408:
1887:
1692:
1587:
1394:
1130:
1061:
967:
885:
870:
94:
3510:
1567:
3007:
2838:
2697:
2685:
2597:
2506:
2095:
1847:
1515:
1490:
1469:
1411:
1273:
1246:
962:
842:
747:
730:
480:
467:, and as a result did not arrive in time to participate in the battle.
404:
2762:
3017:
2930:
1946:
1904:
1877:
1687:
1632:
1616:
1474:
1314:
1268:
1193:
1168:
1135:
989:
932:
907:
448:
440:
412:
384:. The battle, which took place a week after the Athenian victory at
61:
786:
169:
3165:
1667:
1662:
1530:
1485:
1406:
1294:
1289:
1258:
1015:
972:
937:
902:
850:
529:
500:
460:
125:
1612:
3450:
2897:
2393:
2285:
1682:
1652:
1607:
1592:
1577:
1572:
1525:
1495:
1218:
1025:
1020:
957:
897:
860:
503:
444:
432:
389:
115:
98:
3501:
3146:
2967:
1951:
1857:
1702:
1657:
1602:
1562:
1546:
1520:
1464:
1309:
1236:
1140:
1108:
1098:
1046:
947:
880:
476:
435:
428:
397:
120:
102:
89:
72:
1862:
1852:
1697:
1677:
1622:
1582:
1556:
1500:
999:
516:
419:
to Sparta's attempt to take the offensive in the Northwest.
1459:
1118:
1103:
1083:
984:
865:
734:
1093:
388:, set an Athenian fleet of twenty ships, commanded by
1350:
411:, moving as if to attack the vital Athenian base at
3537:
443:, from which the Athenians had been harassing
802:
185:
396:fleet of seventy-seven ships, commanded by
3344:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3291:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3271:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2563:
809:
795:
192:
178:
35:
3404:
3359:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
3329:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
3571:Naval battles involving ancient Athens
3546:Naval battles of the Peloponnesian War
3538:
3281:European Association of Archaeologists
729:
164:At least 1 ship sunk, 6 ships captured
3403:
2562:
2537:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2495:
2365:
2364:
1747:
1349:
828:
816:
790:
199:
173:
16:Naval battle of the Peloponnesian War
3276:Archaeological Institute of America
13:
14:
3592:
3286:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2676:Coastal defence and fortification
2051:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1351:Navigation, and ports and harbors
3520:
3386:
3311:Society for American Archaeology
2545:
2478:
2347:
1730:
1332:
737:History of the Peloponnesian War
2743:Phoenician discovery of America
689:
676:
3576:Naval battles involving Sparta
2435:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
663:
646:
633:
620:
603:
587:
571:
558:
542:
1:
3354:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2029:Phoenician maritime expansion
706:
3296:Nautical Archaeology Society
522:
7:
3349:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
2726:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2532:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2389:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1748:
829:
431:government had ordered the
10:
3597:
3205:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2496:
2046:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2039:Circumnavigation of Africa
422:
380:was a naval battle in the
3518:
3410:
3399:
3384:
3319:
3261:
3064:
3048:
2796:
2731:Samothrace temple complex
2666:
2621:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2558:
2543:
2502:
2491:
2476:
2374:
2360:
2345:
2298:
2251:
2104:
2071:
2064:
2002:
1803:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1728:
1447:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1330:
1282:
1217:
1154:
1039:
1008:
841:
837:
824:
486:
211:
155:
142:
109:
83:
43:
34:
26:
21:
2019:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
535:
3301:RPM Nautical Foundation
3038:Surviving ancient ships
2957:Marsala Punic shipwreck
719:(Penguin Books, 2003).
3334:Giza Solar boat museum
2788:Underwater exploration
2783:Underwater archaeology
2748:Pre-Columbian theories
2603:John Sinclair Morrison
2564:Research and education
2014:Austronesian Expansion
110:Commanders and leaders
3405:Legend and literature
3363:Viking ship museums:
3339:Grand Egyptian Museum
3099:Austronesian replicas
3074:Heyerdahl expeditions
2984:Caligula's Giant Ship
2844:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1506:Berenice Troglodytica
717:The Peloponnesian War
697:The Peloponnesian War
684:The Peloponnesian War
671:The Peloponnesian War
654:The Peloponnesian War
641:The Peloponnesian War
628:The Peloponnesian War
611:The Peloponnesian War
595:The Peloponnesian War
579:The Peloponnesian War
566:The Peloponnesian War
550:The Peloponnesian War
156:Casualties and losses
3306:Sea Research Society
2708:Maritime archaeology
2517:Ameinias the Phocian
2512:Mediterranean piracy
407:by sailing into the
2399:Maritime Jade Route
1552:Kaveri Poompattinam
773:38.3914°N 21.8297°E
769: /
378:Battle of Naupactus
320:Sicilian Expedition
22:Battle of Naupactus
2947:Bajo de la Campana
2649:Peter Throckmorton
2634:Jean-Yves Empereur
2608:William L. Rodgers
2429:Maritime Silk Road
3556:420s BC conflicts
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3395:
3394:
3382:
3381:
3002:Madrague de Giens
2721:Temple of Isthmia
2717:Maritime temples
2703:Marine navigation
2662:
2661:
2654:Shelley Wachsmann
2644:J. Richard Steffy
2554:
2553:
2487:
2486:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2294:
2293:
2024:Ocean exploration
1739:
1738:
1726:
1725:
1385:Rutter (nautical)
1341:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1184:Mortise and tenon
818:Ancient seafaring
382:Peloponnesian War
373:
372:
203:Peloponnesian War
168:
167:
79:
78:
29:Peloponnesian War
3588:
3524:
3523:
3418:Ark of bulrushes
3401:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3028:Oldest surviving
2738:Nusantao network
2613:Chester G. Starr
2578:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2522:Cilician pirates
2493:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2419:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2414:Iron Age Britain
2362:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2069:
2068:
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1648:Ptolemais Theron
1358:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1335:
928:Single-outrigger
839:
838:
826:
825:
811:
804:
797:
788:
787:
784:
783:
781:
780:
779:
778:38.3914; 21.8297
774:
770:
767:
766:
765:
762:
751:
742:. Translated by
741:
700:
693:
687:
680:
674:
667:
661:
650:
644:
637:
631:
624:
618:
607:
601:
591:
585:
575:
569:
562:
556:
546:
206:
204:
194:
187:
180:
171:
170:
45:
44:
39:
19:
18:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3566:Gulf of Corinth
3561:Ancient Aetolia
3536:
3535:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3321:
3315:
3263:
3262:Institutes and
3257:
3212:Viking replicas
3153:Balangay Voyage
3066:
3060:
3044:
2799:
2792:
2668:
2658:
2617:
2565:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2370:
2352:
2348:
2339:
2290:
2247:
2100:
2060:
2005:
1998:
1799:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1598:Mueang Phra Rot
1452:
1443:
1352:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1278:
1252:Triangular sail
1213:
1150:
1124:Sail components
1035:
1004:
978:Tessarakonteres
833:
820:
815:
777:
775:
771:
768:
763:
760:
758:
756:
755:
744:Richard Crawley
709:
704:
703:
694:
690:
681:
677:
668:
664:
651:
647:
638:
634:
625:
621:
608:
604:
592:
588:
576:
572:
563:
559:
547:
543:
538:
525:
494:Corinthian Gulf
489:
427:In 429 BC, the
425:
409:Gulf of Corinth
374:
369:
207:
202:
200:
198:
161:1 ship captured
137:
135:
133:
131:
129:
124:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3187:Mediterranean
3185:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3140:Alingano Maisu
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2989:De Meern ships
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Cape Gelidonya
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2622:Archaeologists
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2588:David Blackman
2584:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Jewish pirates
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2213:Lake Trasimene
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:Mediterranean:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:Maritime pilot
1414:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1380:Portolan chart
1377:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
953:Oared warships
950:
942:
941:
940:
935:
930:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
889:
888:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
835:
834:
822:
821:
814:
813:
806:
799:
791:
753:
752:
727:
708:
705:
702:
701:
688:
675:
662:
645:
632:
619:
602:
586:
570:
557:
540:
539:
537:
534:
524:
521:
488:
485:
424:
421:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
220:
212:
209:
208:
197:
196:
189:
182:
174:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
95:Peloponnesians
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
70:
66:
65:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3593:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3488:Metamorphoses
3485:
3483:
3481:
3480:The Histories
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3458:The Histories
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:Marumaru Atua
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:Samudra Raksa
3130:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3119:Te Au o Tonga
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Blackfriars I
2977:
2975:
2974:Arles Rhône 3
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Thalassocracy
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Shell middens
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2713:Naval warfare
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Lionel Casson
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2490:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Incense trade
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:South America
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Sailing ships
2274:
2272:
2271:Oared vessels
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Cape Hermaeum
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:Migration and
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:Ancient Egypt
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:Civilizations
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Clinker built
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Boat building
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
943:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
913:Navis lusoria
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
792:
789:
785:
782:
749:
745:
740:
738:
732:
728:
726:
725:0-670-03211-5
722:
718:
714:
713:Kagan, Donald
711:
710:
698:
692:
685:
679:
672:
666:
659:
655:
649:
642:
636:
629:
623:
616:
612:
606:
600:
596:
590:
584:
580:
574:
567:
561:
555:
551:
545:
541:
533:
531:
520:
518:
512:
508:
505:
502:
497:
495:
484:
482:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
434:
430:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:Peloponnesian
391:
387:
383:
379:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
225:
221:
219:
218:
214:
213:
210:
205:
195:
190:
188:
183:
181:
176:
175:
172:
163:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
141:
138:Agatharchidas
130:Timocrates †,
127:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
82:
74:
71:
68:
67:
63:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
3509:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3466:On the Ocean
3464:
3457:
3449:
3446:Literature:
3234:
3216:
3197:
3190:
3180:Aotearoa One
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3065:Experimental
3033:Museum ships
3000:
2993:
2966:
2938:Phoenician:
2929:
2924:Leontophoros
2922:
2886:Butuan boats
2881:Pontian boat
2819:Dufuna canoe
2758:Shipbuilding
2669:and theories
2639:Boris Rankov
2433:
2366:Economy and
2266:Incendiaries
2142:
2113:
1900:Indus Valley
1868:Tarumanagara
1795:Ubaid period
1713:Wadi al-Jarf
1628:Ostia Antica
1232:Fore-and-aft
1199:Shipbuilding
1174:Carvel built
1156:Construction
1114:Steering oar
995:Sailing ship
918:Obelisk ship
876:Dugout canoe
754:
746:– via
736:
716:
696:
691:
683:
678:
670:
665:
653:
648:
640:
635:
627:
622:
610:
605:
594:
593:Thucydides,
589:
578:
577:Thucydides,
573:
565:
560:
549:
548:Thucydides,
544:
526:
513:
509:
498:
490:
469:
426:
417:
402:
392:, against a
377:
375:
355:2nd Mytilene
250:1st Mytilene
239:
223:
216:
84:Belligerents
27:Part of the
3473:Argonautica
3460:(Herodotus)
3423:Flood myths
3320:Museums and
3264:conferences
3229:Vital Alsar
3067:archaeology
2876:Austronesia
2869:Hjortspring
2864:Rochelongue
2814:Pesse canoe
2768:Ship burial
2753:Sea Peoples
2686:Lighthouses
2681:Grave goods
2629:George Bass
2409:Spice trade
2006:exploration
1828:Philippines
1823:Austronesia
1816:Old Kingdom
1693:Trincomalee
1643:Prosphorion
1588:Myos Hormos
1432:Micronesian
1423:By region:
1395:Lighthouses
1203:By region:
968:Quinquereme
893:Kunlun ship
886:Penteconter
871:Dragon boat
776: /
449:Acarnanians
365:Aegospotami
3540:Categories
3482:(Polybius)
3126:Hawaiʻiloa
3008:Nemi ships
2893:Black Sea
2839:Khufu ship
2800:and relics
2698:Marine art
2691:Alexandria
2598:Fik Meijer
2581:Historians
2468:Indo-Roman
2281:Greek navy
2183:Salamis II
2173:Hellespont
2133:Artemisium
2123:Nile Delta
2086:Achaemenid
1979:Achaemenid
1848:Langkasuka
1843:Micronesia
1761:Prehistory
1688:Sounagoura
1516:Chittagong
1491:Barbarikon
1470:Alexandria
1412:Pilot boat
1362:Navigation
1194:Sewn-plank
1189:Lashed-lug
1067:Figurehead
1040:Components
1009:Propulsion
963:Quadrireme
944:Polyremes
923:Outriggers
764:21°49′47″E
761:38°23′29″N
748:Wikisource
731:Thucydides
707:References
699:, 105, 107
481:Antirrhium
445:Corinthian
405:Antirrhium
295:Amphipolis
280:Sphacteria
136:Isocrates,
132:Lycophron,
3581:Nafpaktos
3495:Geography
3433:Gilgamesh
3322:memorials
3246:Viracocha
3159:Faʻafaite
3112:Sarimanok
3018:Yassi Ada
2931:Syracusia
2854:Canaanite
2829:Moor Sand
2299:By region
2261:Grappling
2233:Naulochus
2223:Myonessus
2178:Echinades
2163:Arginusae
2158:Cynossema
2143:Naupactus
2138:Eurymedon
1972:Classical
1947:Phoenicia
1942:Mycenaean
1905:Tamilakam
1888:Polynesia
1878:Srivijaya
1673:Satingpra
1633:Palembang
1617:Cattigara
1559:(Kadaram)
1542:Jambukola
1536:Guangzhou
1477:(Podouke)
1475:Arikamedu
1437:Polynesia
1370:Celestial
1283:Armaments
1269:Spritsail
1227:Crab claw
1169:Careening
1136:Sternpost
990:Reed boat
933:Catamaran
908:Multihull
523:Aftermath
501:Messenian
441:Naupactus
413:Naupactus
360:Arginusae
335:Cynossema
240:Naupactus
230:Spartolos
62:Naupactus
3511:Tākitimu
3414:Legend:
3372:Roskilde
3251:Tangaroa
3192:Olympias
3166:Gaualofa
3105:Hōkūleʻa
3080:Kon-Tiki
2913:Ashkelon
2849:Uluburun
2808:Earliest
2574:Scholars
2456:shipping
2256:Boarding
2168:Mytilene
2153:Syracuse
2118:Alashiya
2081:Egyptian
2065:Military
2056:Timeline
2034:Sardinia
1957:Carthage
1873:Kalingga
1833:Sa Huỳnh
1768:Timeline
1718:Zanzibar
1668:Sarapion
1663:Rhacotis
1593:Martaban
1538:(Canton)
1531:Godavaya
1526:Giao Chỉ
1496:Barygaza
1486:Avalites
1407:Piloting
1295:Catapult
1290:Ballista
1264:Mast-aft
1077:Planking
1016:Paddling
973:Hexareme
938:Trimaran
903:Longship
851:Balangay
530:Mytilene
504:hoplites
473:Panormus
461:Brasidas
300:Mantinea
224:Potidaea
151:77 ships
148:20 ships
143:Strength
134:Machaon,
126:Brasidas
73:Athenian
56:Location
3451:Odyssey
3428:Genesis
3225:Others
3024:Lists:
3013:Marausa
2963:Roman:
2953:Punic:
2918:Kyrenia
2909:Greek:
2905:Marsala
2898:Sinop D
2773:Tacking
2507:History
2394:Meluhha
2384:Fishing
2379:Whaling
2286:Ramming
2208:Aegates
2203:Drepana
2198:Ecnomus
2128:Salamis
2116:
2106:Battles
1984:Nabatea
1967:Archaic
1937:Nuragic
1927:Somalia
1778:Oceania
1773:Britain
1750:History
1683:Socotra
1653:Qandala
1638:Piraeus
1608:Muziris
1578:Madurai
1573:Manthai
1511:Canopus
1481:Arsinoe
1453:harbors
1402:History
1390:Coastal
1320:Sambuca
1305:Dolphin
1219:Rigging
1031:Poling
1021:Sailing
958:Trireme
898:Liburna
861:Coracle
831:Vessels
695:Kagan,
682:Kagan,
669:Kagan,
658:2.90-92
639:Kagan,
626:Kagan,
568:, 91-93
564:Kagan,
465:Cydonia
453:Stratus
433:navarch
429:Spartan
423:Prelude
390:Phormio
345:Cyzicus
330:Eretria
270:Idomene
260:Aetolia
255:Tanagra
245:Plataea
116:Phormio
99:Corinth
75:victory
3551:429 BC
3502:Aeneid
3218:Viking
3199:Regina
2968:Alkedo
2824:Abydos
2798:Wrecks
2667:Topics
2497:Piracy
2451:Greece
2311:Odisha
2243:Actium
2238:Mycale
2073:Navies
1962:Greece
1952:Olmecs
1920:Pandya
1895:Minoan
1858:Champa
1838:Lapita
1783:Remote
1703:Tyndis
1658:Quilon
1603:Muscat
1568:Lothal
1563:Korkai
1547:Jeddah
1521:Essina
1465:Adulis
1375:Charts
1310:Harpax
1300:Corvus
1274:Square
1242:Settee
1237:Lateen
1146:Tiller
1141:Strake
1109:Rudder
1099:Paddle
1047:Anchor
1026:Towing
948:Bireme
881:Galley
856:Bangka
739:
723:
686:, 95-6
643:, 94-5
599:2.85-6
487:Battle
477:Achaea
436:Cnemus
398:Cnemus
350:Notium
340:Abydos
310:Orneae
305:Hysiae
290:Delium
285:Megara
217:Sybota
121:Cnemus
103:Sparta
90:Athens
69:Result
51:429 BC
3438:Greek
3241:Abora
3235:Ivlia
3147:Saina
3091:Ra II
3049:Sites
2834:Dokos
2446:Egypt
2368:trade
2333:Rafts
2318:Japan
2306:India
2218:Chios
2188:Mylae
2148:Olpae
2096:Roman
2091:Greek
1989:Aksum
1915:Chera
1910:Chola
1883:Sunda
1863:Kutai
1853:Kedah
1698:Tulum
1678:Sidon
1623:Opone
1613:Óc Eo
1583:Malao
1557:Kedah
1501:Basra
1449:Ports
1427:Inuit
1247:Tanja
1207:Egypt
1057:Cabin
1000:Tomol
843:Types
536:Notes
517:paean
475:, in
457:Rhium
386:Rhium
315:Melos
275:Pylos
265:Olpae
235:Rhium
3367:Oslo
3089:and
2995:Isis
2942:Gozo
2463:Rome
2441:Maya
2323:Rome
2228:Nile
1994:Rome
1932:Maya
1788:Near
1708:Tyre
1460:Aden
1259:Junk
1131:Stem
1119:Sail
1104:Rope
1089:Mast
1084:Keel
1072:Hull
1062:Deck
985:Raft
866:Dhow
721:ISBN
673:, 95
630:, 94
615:2.86
583:2.85
554:2.80
400:.
376:The
325:Syme
60:Off
48:Date
2404:Tin
1451:and
1315:Ram
1094:Oar
1052:Bow
451:at
3542::
3087:Ra
3056:H3
2810::
733:.
715:.
656:,
613:,
597:,
581:,
552:,
101:,
1619:)
1615:(
810:e
803:t
796:v
750:.
660:.
617:.
193:e
186:t
179:v
128:,
123:,
105:)
97:(
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