1109:
148:
117:
1291:
136:
94:
105:
1235:
37:
1083:
1100:
this time 60,000 shot and shell had been fired into Lille. The
Austrians evacuated the trenches on 8 October and withdrew almost unmolested in the face of a weak pursuit led by FĂ©lix Marie Pierre Chesnon de Champmorin. The inhabitants of Lille emerged from their town and, in their rage at the destruction, leveled the Austrian siege works. The victory was celebrated throughout France and caused many men to enlist in the armies.
1130:, just before the start of the siege. Even so, he returned to Lille on 23 September to assume command but a few days later he was suspended and ordered to report to Paris. Instead, he remained in Lille during the siege, not arriving in Paris until 10 October. He was attacked in newspaper articles but defended himself by arguing that leaving Lille during the siege would have been cowardly.
1091:
surrender, the energetic Ruault mounted sorties every night but was unable to halt progress on the siege works. On 29 September, the
Austrian batteries opened a devastating bombardment upon the buildings of Lille with shot, shell and hot-shot. Fires were set in the city but citizen bucket brigades kept the damage in check. The cannons of the defenders returned a heavy volume of fire.
1299:
government that one-fourth of the houses in Lille were burnt. The political commissioners asserted that 500 houses were destroyed and another 2,000 damaged; the Church of Saint-Étienne was wrecked. One writer suggested that the damage was exaggerated for political purposes. Prudhomme attacked Duhoux in print for disobeying orders and
Bourdonnaye for not relieving Lille sooner.
1094:
Ruault was soon reinforced to 25,000 men, a force considerably outnumbering the besiegers. By 3 October the
Austrian bombardment began to noticeably taper off. On 3 October, the citizen captain Charlemagne Ovigneur continued to serve his gun even though he knew his house was burning and his wife was
870:
and the result was announced by Vauban to be the "Queen of
Citadels". The citadel was surrounded by marshes, except where it adjoined the city, and was protected by two flooded ditches and two covered ways. In 1670, parts of the old walls were torn down to make room for new fortifications. When the
1090:
On 24 September, the
Austrians pushed back the French outposts and commenced digging trenches that night. The first parallel was laid out across the main highway to Tournai and five batteries with a total of 30 artillery pieces were spaced 200 paces apart. After rejecting Saxe-Teschen's summons to
1099:
appeared in the
Austrian camp and the bombardment was redoubled. By this time, Saxe-Teschen became aware of Brunswick's retreat as well as the increasing numbers of French troops opposing him. On 6 October the Habsburg commander directed that the heavy siege guns be removed from the batteries. By
1074:
to Latour's division from
Tournai, bringing up the total to approximately 15,000 men and 50 guns. Saxe-Teschen set out from Tournai to join the besiegers on 25 September. Lille was one of the most powerful of the barrier fortresses, with a well-supplied garrison of 3,000 regular infantry under
830:. Though the city was fiercely bombarded, the French successfully withstood the Austrian attack in the action. Because the Austrians were unable to completely encircle the city, the French were able to continuously send in reinforcements. After news of the French victory over the Prussians at
1298:
One source estimated French military losses as 100–200 dead and wounded. The
Austrians reported 43 dead and 161 wounded and 20 siege cannons either burst or became unusable from continuous firing. The Austrians really had no chance of capturing such a strong fortress. Ruault reported to the
1278:". Banat described it as "probably the first all non-white military unit" (in Europe). The legion stationed in Lille comprised seven companies, of which only one was made up of coloured men, while the remainder comprised European-whites. St. Georges was appointed colonel in September 1972;
1079:. The defenders were quickly reinforced to a strength of 10,000 men. The Austrian effort was handicapped by the fact that their siege train was too small and their army was too weak to entirely surround Lille. Consequently, the French were able to bring in reinforcements without hindrance.
1025:
decided to divert French strength away from
Brunswick's invasion by launching attacks on the enemies before him. Saxe-Teschen counted 51 infantry battalions and 40 cavalry squadrons of which 14 battalions were in garrisons. On 3 September
1058:, routing them. The defeated soldiers tried to lynch Moreton but he managed to talk them out of it. Moreton later complained that many of his troops were uncontrollable and became drunk or looted houses in Saint-Amand. Radical journalist
1116:
Ruault's 10,000-man garrison consisted of two battalions of the 85th Line Infantry Regiment, one battalion each of the 15th, 86th and 100th Line, the depots of battalions of the 24th, 44th, 56th and 90th Line, one
1306:. He secured permission from the French government to undertake his offensive and soon massed 80,000–100,000 troops for the purpose. Saxe-Teschen faced a very dangerous situation. The next major action was the
1121:
battalion and the depots of three National Guard battalions and depot squadrons of the 3rd and 6th Cavalry Regiments. Other reinforcements came into the city during the siege. Since the summer of 1792,
967:
703:
485:
727:
1147:
battalions, six companies and 18 squadrons. The siege train included 52 cannons, howitzers and mortars. Saxe-Teschen organized his army into three divisions under Latour,
715:
963:
739:
495:
392:
210:
422:
478:
1148:
427:
417:
971:
1792:
1787:
1767:
226:
1639:
1762:
1302:
With Brunswick in full retreat, Dumouriez noticed that the large forces assembled to defend Lille could now be used for his pet project to invade
1070:
Seeing the panic that his attacks had caused, Saxe-Teschen decided to besiege Lille. On 16 September, he added troops from Beaulieu's division at
1541:
1043:
471:
879:. Vauban estimated that 12,000 soldiers were required to defend the huge fortifications, including 1,000 manning the citadel. The four-month
1772:
1713:
1076:
815:
140:
942:
203:
1258:
was the first person to sign in Lille and appointed captain. St. Georges commanded the company of volunteers that held the line at
904:
794:
299:
708:
983:
888:
402:
1231:
commanded one company each of sappers and pontonniers. One squadron and one-half battalion are not accounted for in the list.
1679:
1604:
1166:
Nr. 33 Infantry Regiment. Württemberg's division controlled Sztáray's brigade which was composed of the 1st Battalion of the
1262:
near the Belgian border. On 7 September 1792, the Parliament established a light cavalry consisting of volunteers from the
196:
1096:
369:
1151:
and Beaulieu, each with one brigade. Latour's division had the brigade of Franz Xaver von Wenckheim, which included the
892:
978:
on 2 September. At last Dumouriez realized that Brunswick might be headed to Paris and marched his available troops to
925:
him, the Prussians and Austrians imprisoned La Fayette until 1797. His replacement in army command was the more astute
732:
1752:
1701:
1212:
781:
452:
1648:
1178:
Grenadier Battalion. Beaulieu's division directed the brigade of Karl von Biela which had the 1st Battalions of the
859:
921:
for questioning and on the 19th he was charged with treason. Not understanding that his domestic enemies wanted to
789:
152:
974:
with 14,000 Austrians. The Coalition forces bombarded Longwy into submission then gained a quick triumph in the
1490:
1273:
1268:
914:
744:
638:
447:
432:
294:
284:
934:
926:
720:
244:
1243:
589:
564:
359:
1228:
913:
and entered Coalition territory with 22 members of his staff. On 17 August, the increasingly radicalized
766:
544:
539:
289:
1777:
1255:
909:
761:
633:
625:
584:
569:
529:
384:
259:
220:
28:
1123:
1251:
658:
643:
604:
364:
1757:
776:
698:
609:
594:
554:
514:
379:
354:
314:
1197:. Louis-François, Count of Civalart d'Happoncourt led a cavalry brigade with two squadrons of the
549:
1782:
1118:
975:
579:
344:
254:
1279:
1022:
933:, but events soon forced him to hold off on that plan. On 24 August, the politically-connected
884:
827:
599:
442:
437:
309:
1247:
1059:
1035:
880:
839:
811:
688:
678:
534:
524:
324:
274:
239:
135:
109:
98:
93:
979:
349:
1667:
1050:
toward Lille on 5 September, Moreton abandoned the Camp of Maulde and fell back behind the
1010:
1001:
With Dumouriez absent, the French only had 6,000 troops under René Joseph Lanoue to defend
930:
614:
519:
42:
407:
8:
1006:
693:
683:
668:
663:
574:
412:
374:
334:
329:
1307:
835:
771:
756:
648:
509:
319:
304:
279:
249:
1697:
1675:
1610:
1600:
957:
851:
823:
673:
653:
147:
121:
116:
1108:
1005:. There were 4,000 soldiers led by Jacques Henri Moreton Chabrillant spread between
188:
1055:
751:
559:
339:
1027:
1623:
1594:
995:
941:
had fallen to the Coalition the day before after a feeble defense. After calling
831:
264:
1542:"Extrait de l'historique du 13e Chasseurs et des Chasseurs Ă cheval de la Garde"
1516:
1471:
1208:
1051:
1234:
1746:
1728:
1715:
1071:
1031:
1614:
1126:
was the commander of Lille but he was ordered to take charge of the Camp of
991:
954:
36:
1497:
1082:
1039:
1689:
1652:
1263:
397:
1290:
922:
834:, Albert withdrew his troops and siege cannons. The next battle was at
998:
occurred on 20 September, after which Brunswick withdrew from France.
1640:"Representations of the Republic at War: Lille and Toulon, 1792–1793"
1194:
1159:
463:
1259:
1127:
1002:
876:
1596:
The Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow
1303:
1215:
led a second cavalry brigade which included two squadrons of the
1201:
1047:
1014:
872:
863:
1018:
938:
867:
966:
at the head of 42,000 Prussians was supported on his right by
1224:
968:
François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
946:
918:
866:
was constructed between 1668 and 1672 at a cost of 1,500,000
855:
819:
65:
1242:
In April and June 1791, the Parliament recruited (400,000)
1672:
The Armies of the First French Republic: The Armée du Nord
1461:
1459:
1457:
964:
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
842:
monument was completed in 1845 to commemorate the siege.
1367:
1331:
1095:
going to give birth. On 4 October, Saxe-Teschen's wife,
1571:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1379:
1269:
Légion franche de cavalerie des Américains et du Midi
218:
1491:"La légion de Saint-George, une histoire très noire"
1355:
1343:
1186:
Nr. 55 Infantry Regiments, the 2nd Battalion of the
929:. Dumouriez dreamed of an immediate invasion of the
862:
was ordered to improve its defenses. The five-sided
1439:
1190:Nr. 57 Infantry Regiment and four companies of the
1133:The Austrians besieged Lille with 13,800 troops in
1086:
The citizen bucket brigades during the bombardment.
1062:accused Moreton of either incompetence or treason.
1422:
1403:
1391:
953:, Dumouriez headed south with Westermann and his
1744:
1674:. Vol. 1. USA: Pickle Partners Publishing.
1319:
1149:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of WĂĽrttemberg
972:Friedrich Wilhelm, FĂĽrst zu Hohenlohe-Kirchberg
1054:. Latour pursued and pounced on the French at
1044:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
479:
204:
937:arrived at headquarters with the news that
1480:, p. 364-365, 368, 370, 374, 500-501.
1017:as well as 4,000–5,000 men in the Camp of
986:to join him with 10,000 soldiers from the
486:
472:
211:
197:
35:
1077:Jean-Baptiste André Ruault de La Bonnerie
970:with 15,000 Austrians and on his left by
871:work was done, Lille was protected by 16
816:Jean-Baptiste André Ruault de La Bonnerie
1793:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
1788:Sieges of the War of the First Coalition
1768:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
1599:. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.
1289:
1233:
1107:
1081:
982:in the Prussian's path. He also ordered
943:Anne François Augustin de La Bourdonnaye
905:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette
1763:Sieges of the French Revolutionary Wars
1637:
1433:
984:Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville
917:had demanded that La Fayette report to
889:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
1745:
1666:
1651:. fortified-places.com. Archived from
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
858:in 1668, the famous military engineer
810:(25 September – 8 October 1792) saw a
1688:
1646:
1592:
1577:
1517:"1789-1815 Hussards de Saint-Georges"
1503:
1477:
1465:
1385:
1325:
493:
467:
192:
1621:
1539:
1506:, p. 372-373, 379-380, 382-383.
1448:
1416:
1397:
1272:", but it was often referred to as "
1219:Hussars Nr. 30 and six squadrons of
845:
1773:Military history of Hauts-de-France
1097:Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen
13:
1562:
1533:
1509:
1204:Nr. 16 and seven squadrons of the
1174:Nr. 15 Infantry Regiments and the
14:
1804:
1213:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1162:Battalions and two battalions of
949:to lead the northern wing of the
883:ended in the city's surrender to
1266:and Africa. The name of it was "
893:Louis François, duc de Boufflers
146:
134:
115:
103:
92:
1624:"Annals of the Wars: 1783–1795"
1483:
1170:Nr. 9 and 2nd Battalion of the
1642:. Canadian Journal of History.
860:SĂ©bastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1:
1694:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1586:
898:
448:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
56:25 September – 8 October 1792
7:
1238:Alexandre Dumas (1762-1806)
1229:Karl Friedrich von Lindenau
915:French Legislative Assembly
10:
1809:
1285:
1282:was one of the officers.
1256:Chevalier de Saint-Georges
935:François Joseph Westermann
927:Charles François Dumouriez
222:War of the First Coalition
29:War of the First Coalition
1252:French Revolutionary Army
1103:
994:to bring 3,050 more. The
505:
428:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
235:
171:
158:
127:
85:
48:
34:
26:
21:
1753:Sieges involving Austria
1313:
1065:
907:left his command at the
822:against an assault by a
1647:Goode, Dominic (2004).
1593:Banat, Gabriel (2006).
1124:Charles François Duhoux
826:army commanded by Duke
181:43 dead, 161 wounded
1295:
1239:
1113:
1087:
1023:Albert of Saxe-Teschen
895:ran out of gunpowder.
885:Prince Eugene of Savoy
828:Albert of Saxe-Teschen
443:Rhine campaign of 1796
438:Rhine campaign of 1795
403:Mediterranean campaign
128:Commanders and leaders
1696:. London: Greenhill.
1668:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
1638:Germani, Ian (1994).
1622:Cust, Edward (1859).
1294:Column of the Goddess
1293:
1248:French National Guard
1237:
1111:
1085:
1060:Louis-Marie Prudhomme
1036:Johann Peter Beaulieu
891:when the garrison of
840:Column of the Goddess
630:Battle of Vaux (1794)
172:Casualties and losses
167:13,800, 52 siege guns
22:Siege of Lille (1792)
1729:50.62778°N 3.05833°E
1310:on 6 November 1792.
1112:Duke of Saxe-Teschen
1011:Saint-Amand-les-Eaux
945:from the command of
931:Austrian Netherlands
141:Jean-Baptiste Ruault
43:Louis Joseph Watteau
1725: /
1340:, pp. 106–107.
1007:Bruille-Saint-Amand
881:1708 siege of Lille
639:Villers-en-Cauchies
423:East Indies Theatre
413:War of the Pyrenees
1376:, p. 117–119.
1308:Battle of Jemappes
1296:
1240:
1114:
1088:
622:Marchiennes (1793)
41:Siege of Lille by
1778:Conflicts in 1792
1734:50.62778; 3.05833
1681:978-1-908692-24-5
1606:978-1-57647-109-8
1580:, pp. 30–31.
1521:www.1789-1815.com
1468:, pp. 27–28.
1388:, pp. 26–27.
1275:LĂ©gion St-Georges
988:Army of the North
958:Jacques MacDonald
951:Army of the North
910:Army of the North
852:Kingdom of France
846:Historic defenses
838:in November. The
812:Republican French
803:
802:
497:Flanders campaign
461:
460:
453:Anglo-Spanish War
433:Atlantic campaign
418:Italian campaigns
408:War in the Vendée
393:Flanders campaign
187:
186:
153:Albert of Teschen
122:Habsburg monarchy
99:Republican France
81:
80:
1800:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1707:
1685:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:. 16 April 2018.
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1420:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1246:from the entire
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1056:Mortagne-du-Nord
976:Battle of Verdun
748:
736:
728:2nd Valenciennes
724:
712:
565:1st Valenciennes
500:
498:
488:
481:
474:
465:
464:
230:
223:
213:
206:
199:
190:
189:
151:
150:
139:
138:
120:
119:
108:
107:
106:
97:
96:
50:
49:
39:
19:
18:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1758:Sieges of Lille
1743:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1682:
1658:
1656:
1628:
1626:
1607:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:Detaille, p. 93
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1288:
1280:Alexandre Dumas
1188:Josef Colloredo
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1106:
1068:
996:Battle of Valmy
901:
848:
814:garrison under
804:
799:
742:
730:
718:
706:
501:
496:
494:
492:
462:
457:
389:
231:
221:
219:
217:
145:
133:
114:
104:
102:
101:
91:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1806:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:1792 in France
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1644:
1635:
1619:
1605:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1570:
1561:
1532:
1508:
1496:
1482:
1470:
1453:
1451:, p. 105.
1438:
1421:
1419:, p. 104.
1402:
1400:, p. 103.
1390:
1378:
1366:
1364:, p. 111.
1354:
1352:, p. 109.
1342:
1330:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1287:
1284:
1119:National Guard
1105:
1102:
1067:
1064:
1046:advanced from
903:On 19 August,
900:
897:
847:
844:
808:siege of Lille
801:
800:
798:
797:
792:
787:
784:
779:
774:
769:
767:2nd Aldenhoven
764:
762:2nd Maastricht
759:
754:
749:
737:
725:
716:2nd Le Quesnoy
713:
704:2nd Landrecies
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
634:1st Landrecies
631:
628:
623:
620:
619:Cysoing (1793)
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
595:Avesnes-le-Sec
592:
587:
585:1st Le Quesnoy
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:1st Aldenhoven
537:
532:
530:1st Maastricht
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
503:
502:
491:
490:
483:
476:
468:
459:
458:
456:
455:
450:
445:
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425:
420:
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410:
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367:
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262:
257:
252:
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216:
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193:
185:
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178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
143:
130:
129:
125:
124:
112:
110:Belgian exiles
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:French victory
75:
71:
70:
68:, Nord, France
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1741:
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1690:Smith, Digby
1671:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1627:. Retrieved
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1552:. Retrieved
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1524:. Retrieved
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1434:Germani 1994
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1199:Blankenstein
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1052:Scarpe River
1000:
992:Blaise Duval
987:
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955:aide-de-camp
950:
908:
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849:
807:
805:
786:Geldermalsen
659:2nd Courtrai
605:1st Courtrai
345:Newfoundland
310:Altenkirchen
269:
180:
86:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1732: /
1549:Ancestramil
1374:Phipps 2011
1362:Phipps 2011
1350:Phipps 2011
1338:Phipps 2011
1264:West Indies
1182:Nr. 30 and
1030:threatened
743: [
731: [
719: [
707: [
679:Erquelinnes
590:Hondschoote
515:1st Limburg
398:Chouannerie
1747:Categories
1717:50°37′40″N
1659:2015-08-23
1587:References
1578:Smith 1998
1526:2022-01-09
1504:Banat 2006
1478:Banat 2006
1466:Smith 1998
1386:Smith 1998
1326:Goode 2004
1244:volunteers
1223:Freikorps
923:guillotine
899:Background
850:After the
795:Den Helder
782:Luxembourg
615:Wattignies
545:Neerwinden
520:Anderlecht
300:Den Helder
295:Guadeloupe
290:Martinique
260:Thionville
240:Porrentruy
1629:15 August
1554:9 January
1449:Cust 1859
1417:Cust 1859
1398:Cust 1859
1221:Degelmann
1195:Freikorps
1160:Grenadier
1040:Quiévrain
877:hornworks
875:and four
854:captured
790:Amsterdam
740:2nd Condé
694:Lambusart
684:Gosselies
669:Tourcoing
664:Grandreng
626:Le Cateau
575:Lincelles
550:1st Condé
385:Diersheim
375:Fishguard
335:Neresheim
245:Quiévrain
1720:3°3′30″E
1692:(1998).
1670:(2011).
1615:63703876
1260:Baisieux
1250:for the
1211:Nr. 31.
1192:O'Donell
1168:Clerfayt
1157:Rousseau
1128:Soissons
1038:menaced
1003:Maubeuge
980:Grandpré
873:bastions
836:Jemappes
824:Habsburg
777:Nijmegen
772:Puiflijk
757:Sprimont
649:Mouscron
644:Beaumont
610:Maubeuge
510:Jemappes
365:Biberach
360:2nd Kehl
350:WĂĽrzburg
325:1st Kehl
320:Kircheib
305:Siegburg
285:Sardinia
280:Jemappes
250:Marquain
159:Strength
61:Location
1649:"Lille"
1304:Belgium
1286:Results
1217:Wurmser
1202:Hussars
1176:PĂĽckler
1164:Sztáray
1153:Leeuven
1142:⁄
1048:Tournai
1042:. When
1021:. Duke
1015:Orchies
868:florins
864:citadel
699:Fleurus
674:Tournay
654:Willems
580:Dunkirk
555:Raismes
380:Neuwied
370:Ireland
355:Limburg
315:Wetzlar
177:100–200
1700:
1678:
1613:
1603:
1225:Uhlans
1206:Latour
1184:Murray
1104:Forces
1034:while
1019:Maulde
939:Longwy
752:Boxtel
560:Famars
340:Amberg
330:Malsch
255:Verdun
74:Result
16:Battle
1545:(PDF)
1314:Notes
1180:Ligne
1172:Alton
1066:Siege
947:Lille
919:Paris
856:Lille
832:Valmy
820:Lille
818:hold
747:]
735:]
723:]
711:]
689:Ypres
600:Menin
535:Breda
525:Namur
275:Mainz
270:Lille
265:Valmy
66:Lille
1698:ISBN
1676:ISBN
1631:2015
1611:OCLC
1601:ISBN
1556:2022
1155:and
1072:Mons
1013:and
990:and
887:and
806:The
227:List
53:Date
1749::
1609:.
1547:.
1519:.
1456:^
1441:^
1424:^
1405:^
1254:.
1227:.
1135:10
1009:,
960:.
745:fr
733:fr
721:fr
709:fr
1706:.
1684:.
1662:.
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1617:.
1558:.
1529:.
1436:.
1328:.
1144:2
1140:1
1137:+
487:e
480:t
473:v
229:)
225:(
212:e
205:t
198:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
