1607:
1706:
1774:
1844:, preventing him from assisting the main body. But Diogo de Melo skillfully managed to break through the Panapitiya Mudali's force and killed him in the ensuing battle. Once they saw their leader's death, Panapitiya mudali's force abandoned the fight and ran back. Seeing the fleeing enemy, a 3,000 strong Lascarin force chased them down, but they ran into an ambush laid by King Mayadunne's forces. Many were killed and the rest were routed. Only a few managed to join back with Diogo de Melo.
1874:, the hero of the “Battle by the Lake”. So intending for a peaceful solution, he encountered Diogo de Melo publicly and questioned him “Diogo de Melo what do you mean? I own I owe you my life, and since you have given it to me and saved me from so many enemies, don’t be the occasion of my losing it.” These words released the tension between them and the demonstrations ended with Diogo de Melo publicly accepting and praising the leadership of Afonso Pereira.
2387:
1891:
7,000 Lascarins. They were arranged in 3 formations: advance guard (dianteyra) led by Diogo de Melo
Coutinho, vanguard by Jorge de Melo, and rear guard commanded by Afonso Pereira himself. (Due to paucity of soldiers, during campaigns in Sri Lanka Portuguese commanders usually used these alternated military terms instead of usual vanguard, center (batatha), and rearguard respectively.)
1770:
break into the encampment of Tikiri
Bandara. They captured the standard of Tikiri Bandara and almost managed to kill him; but were forced to withdraw as Rui Dias Pereira was mortally wounded by an arrow to the neck. By the time Francisco Barreto retreated back to Kotte, they had killed many Sitawaka men with little casualties to their own.
1825:) at the dawn watch, but could not achieve the intended surprise. Tikiri Bandara, realizing thePortuguese were trying to break through, threw out his musket men and artillery to cover the main body of his vanguard. Meanwhile, Panapitiya Mudali and King Mayadunne learnt about the attack and rushed to the scene with reinforcements.
1732:, arrived at Kotte with 300 Portuguese soldiers just arrived from Goa, increasing the total number of Portuguese soldiers to 480. In addition to the elite King's Guard, at least 9,000 Lascarins were stationed in Kotte under the command of Francisco Barreto (Tammita Suriya Bandara – Uncle of King Dharmapala).
1890:
By
November 1558 Afonso Pereira de Lacerda, now strengthened by the new reinforcements, decided to lead another attack against the Sitawaka forces. This time he chose to attack the “Pass of Ambolao” defended by Tikiri Bandara's men. The Portuguese attack force consisted of 370 Portuguese soldiers and
1793:
Throughout the next few months, Afonso
Pereira de Lacerda used numerous raiding sorties and skirmishes to prevent Sitawaka forces from approaching the ramparts. But despite all his efforts, Sitawaka forces managed to maintain a strict blockade cutting off all the provisions. By August 1558 provisions
1769:
scattered them. Taking advantage of the situation, a force of 8,000 Lascarins under
Francisco Barreto (Tammita Suriya Bandara) with 80 Portuguese led by Diogo de Melo mounted a counterattack in the dawn. This unexpected attack met with little resistance and a company under Rui Dias Pereira managed to
1881:
with rumors of Afonso
Pereira's death. The commander of Mannar garrison was Captain Jorge de Melo (nicknamed the First). With out any means to verify the truth of the rumors he rallied all the forces he could muster and arrived at Kotte. They managed to break through the blockade and enter the city
1735:
Afonso
Pereira rapidly organized Kotte's defenses with the help of the remaining inhabitants. He stationed 20 Portuguese and 200 Lascarins at the "pass of Ambolao", another 40 Portuguese and 400 Lascarins at the "pass of Mosquitos" and 80 Portuguese and 800 Lascarins manned various defenses in Pita
1645:
After consulting with his council, Mayadunne proclaimed himself heir to the throne of Kotte and appealed to the subjects of Kotte to join his cause. Many chieftains and their followers answered and deserted to
Sitawaka. Mayadunne taking the initiative rallied his forces to invade the Kingdom of
1747:
By the end of
November 1557, the Sitawaka army approached Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte. Tikiri Bandara's corps took positions to the south and west of the city with their main encampment just west to the lake. Panapitiya Mudali covered the rest of the area and King Mayadunne's corps remained as a
1836:
and caused many casualties. The
Sitawaka advance guard withdrew, and satisfied with the success, the Portuguese vanguard and center charged across the field chasing them down. This charge disrupted the cohesion of the Portuguese and opened up a gap between them and the rearguard. Suddenly the
1847:
Diogo de Melo now found himself with a depleted force of Portuguese and without the majority of the Lascarins. Yet he managed to break through the lines of Sitawaka men and open up a pass. What remained of the Portuguese vanguard and center withdrew through this gap towards the lake.
1693:
Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (sometimes simply referred to as “Kotte”) was the capital of Kotte kingdom. It was a triangular elevated area of land with its apex at the north. On either side it was protected by Kolonnawa canal and its connecting streams, which were heavily infested with
1901:
Mayadunne realised that he was unable maintain an effective blockade without controlling the Pass of Ambolao and decided to abandon the siege. The main Sitawaka force withdrew back to Kaduwela while Mayadunnne with his forces withdrew to the grand stockade of Mapitigama.
1556:. After receiving reinforcements from Mannar, Portuguese made a sally and succeeded in forcing the besiegers to withdraw. This siege marked the beginning of a series of battles between Portuguese and Sitawaka forces, and ultimately ended as Portuguese abandoned
1602:
With Raigam Bandara's death in 1538 Mayadunne annexed the principality of Raigama and invaded Kotte. Buvanekabahu VII with the help of the Portuguese defeated Mayadunne's invading forces, eventually paving the way to an uneasy peace between the two kingdoms.
1856:
which fell among both Sitawaka men and Lascarins who were fighting in the rear. Sitawaka archers retaliated, killing 14 Portuguese soldiers with arrows. However, heavy fire from fustas stopped the Sitawaka pursuit and the Portuguese withdrew back to Kotte.
1922:, with other religious standards. Meanwhile, the Portuguese started to lay plans to invade Sitawaka, but Afonso Pereira de Lacerda fell severely ill with chronic malaria. So the Portuguese viceroy at Goa sent a veteran commander named D.
1865:
Failure at the “Battle by the Lake” and the deaths of many Portuguese soldiers soon spread discontent in the Portuguese camp. Portuguese captains openly questioned the leadership of the captain major with mutinous demonstrations.
1760:
As soon as they positioned themselves, the Sitawaka army mounted their first attack. Under the cover of darkness, a force led by Tikiri Bandara tried to approach the Ethul Kotte ramparts from the west. But cannon fire from
1789:
under António Espínola, Fernão de Castro, and Diogo Juzarte raided several villages along the Diyawanna canal which were occupied by Sitawaka forces. But counterattacks from Panapitiya Mudali forced them to retreat back.
1837:
Portuguese vanguard and center found themselves surrounded by Tikiri Bandara's men. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Afonso Pereira de Lacerda urgently sent two messages requesting help from the rearguard.
1926:(nicknamed Baroche) to take over from Afonso Pereira. He took over the office in May 1559 and immediately marched out to capture the grand stockade of Mapitigama which eventually resulted in
1894:
The Sitawaka army spotted the Portuguese movements in advance and they were ready by the time the attack began. After a short skirmish both sides charged and the battle reduced to an intense
364:
239:
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1579:
In 1521, Kotte king Vijayabahu VII's three sons mutinied against their father. They killed him and divided the kingdom among themselves, leading to the events which known as “
311:
2370:
1698:. The area between the solid ground and the water was a marsh land which submerged after a moderate rain fall. Within lay the city and the palace defended by a rampart of
1638:
in 1557. This led to an open discontent among Kotte inhabitants and the Portuguese sternly repressed the mutiny by arresting and hanging many participants including 30
316:
296:
2011:
Paul E.Peiris. Ceylon the Portuguese Era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658 – Volume 1. Tisara Publishers Ltd:Sri Lanka; 1992. p 154-156.
1794:
failed, and according to Portuguese sources, they were forced to eat even the foulest things. After discussing with his men, Afonso Pereira decided to sally out.
357:
2253:
Paul E.Peiris. Ceylon the Portuguese Era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658 – Volume 1. Tisara Publishers Ltd:Sri Lanka; 1992. p 154.
1802:
This battle was fought at a location just west of the lake, but the exact site has yet to be identified. The Portuguese attack force consisted of 3 formations;
232:
2052:
Father S.G. Perera. A history of Ceylon for schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The associated newspapers of ceylon Ltd:Sri Lanka; 1942. p 8-44.
2112:
Father S.G. Perera. A history of Ceylon for schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The associated newspapers of ceylon Ltd:Sri Lanka; 1942. p 44.
265:
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Meanwhile, Panapitya Mudali arrived with reinforcements. He forced himself in to the gap of the Portuguese army and attacked the rearguard led by
1583:” (Vijayaba Kollaya). Eldest son Buvanekabahu VII received Kotte with the sea board and ruled with the title of emperor. Second son received the
1810:. Each formation had 100 Portuguese soldiers and 3,000 Lascarins, except the rearguard which had slightly lesser number of Portuguese soldiers.
865:
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54:
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1717:(inner moat). This narrow isthmus and the dry land outside the rampart was known as Pita Kotte. Pita Kotte's approaches were defended by a
1381:
1334:
1329:
2331:
Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 344-345
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 334-335
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 343
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 345
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 342
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 341
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 340
1995:
Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 338
1974:
Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 339
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Fernao de Queyroz. The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 29
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did not support their cause; he only wanted Portuguese help for defensive purposes. After Bhuvanekabahu's death in 1551,
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came to the Kotte throne; he was more or less a puppet king under Portuguese influence. He became a vassal of the
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1898:. Gradually the Portuguese managed to obtain the upper hand and Tikiri Bandara's units withdrew from the field.
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Advancing Portuguese forces attacked the Sitawaka musket men and light artillery with the assistance of
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1725:. Pass leading to the south was known as “pass of Ambalao” and was the main route to Colombo Fort.
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Ceylon the Portuguese Era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658 – Volume 1
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in the lake. They were fast ships with a shallow draft and were capable of patrolling the canals.
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1728:
Receiving the news of the invasion force, Dom Afonso Pereira de Lacerda, the Captain major of
1713:
This triangular area connected to dry land at the base by a narrow isthmus and protected by a
1022:
2655:
2650:
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1949:
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1674:(King mayadunne's son). The center led by Panapitiya Mudali marched out on 15 November. The
1423:
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1939:
1919:
1870:
was determined to punish the ringleader, but the inquiries revealed he was none other than
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Commemorating this victory, a procession was held in Kotte displaying the standards of
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128:
1777:
Portuguese fusta – a light and fast ship with shallow draft, powered by both
2548:
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1480:
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1217:
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1057:
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2018:
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left Sitawaka on 30 November 1557. These forces advanced slowly towards
1807:
1722:
1675:
710:
2218:. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. p 338–342
1885:
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1853:
1829:
1695:
1619:
1549:
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116:
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1591:. The youngest son, who was the leader of “spoiling”, received the
1545:
1572:
arrived in Sri Lanka in 1505 and established trade relations with
1639:
1614:
The Portuguese wanted to conduct a full-scale offensive against
2602:
United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad
2108:
2106:
1702:
rock. All this area was known as Ethul Kotte (inner fortress).
1895:
1849:
1786:
1766:
1737:
1663:
1650:
Opposing forces and the defenses of Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
192:
2103:
1714:
1610:
Sri Lanka geopolitics – after "Spoiling of Vijayabahu"
1778:
1576:. They erected a fortress in Colombo and garrisoned it.
1670:
left Sitawaka on 10 November 1557 under the command of
1814:
led the vanguard, D Manuel de Castro the center, and
1886:
Battle for the Pass of Ambolao and end of the Siege
1821:The attack force sallied out on 20 August (Day of
1709:Map of Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte and its defenses
372:
2642:
2157:. Tisara Publishers Ltd:Sri Lanka; 1992. p 153.
1365:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2597:United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
2364:
2216:The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon
1528:was an offensive which took place during the
358:
233:
1544:, for 12 months against a combined force of
247:
51:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, Kingdom of Kotte
2371:
2357:
1618:and neutralize the threat exerted by King
365:
351:
240:
226:
2505:Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
1860:
1772:
1752:providing reinforcement when necessary.
1704:
1605:
2607:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
2592:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
2279:
2277:
2275:
2233:
2231:
1882:to the great relief of Afonso Pereira.
1532:between 1557 and 1558. A 50,000-strong
119:(local soldiers on the Portuguese side)
2643:
2247:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1877:Meanwhile, news of the defeat reached
1785:As the siege progressed, a party of 3
196:Unknown number of reinforcements from
2352:
1797:
346:
221:
2407:Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
2272:
2228:
1658:army consisted of 50,000 men in 300
1536:army led by King Mayadunne besieged
1984:
1961:
1755:
13:
2458:1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola
2005:
42:November 1557 – November 1558
14:
2702:
2344:
1686:, securing the supply routes and
1587:and ruled under the name of King
2385:
1736:Kotte. Afonso Pereira placed 12
2443:Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya
2325:
2309:
2293:
2256:
1721:and a moat (outer moat) with a
2478:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts
2448:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
2208:
2192:
2147:
2087:
2046:
1:
2576:Operation Prosperity Guardian
1955:
1563:
1554:Dom Afonso Pereira de Lacerda
376:Portuguese colonial campaigns
2537:Great Rebellion of 1817–1818
2468:Malay invasions of Sri Lanka
1905:
7:
2666:Battles involving Sri Lanka
1933:
1861:August – November 1558
10:
2707:
2417:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
2686:Sieges involving Portugal
2661:16th century in Sri Lanka
2615:
2584:
2430:
2399:
1852:covered the retreat with
1812:Afonso Pereira de Lacerda
1684:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
1558:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
1538:Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte
384:
261:
203:
171:
156:Afonso Pereira de Lacerda
134:
98:
34:
26:
21:
2691:Wars involving Sri Lanka
2527:Second Kandyan–Dutch War
1530:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
1404:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1382:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1335:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
1108:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
302:Dano-Kandyan raids (1619
252:Sinhalese–Portuguese war
29:Sinhalese–Portuguese War
2522:First Kandyan–Dutch War
1585:principality of Raigama
1506:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
1038:Coromandel Coast (1619)
297:Kandyan raids (1612–13)
2628:Ceylon in World War II
1872:Diogo de Melo Coutinho
1842:Diogo de Melo Coutinho
1816:Diogo de Melo Coutinho
1782:
1710:
1611:
1581:Spoiling of Vijayabahu
1419:Mozambique (1847–1910)
1043:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
946:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
716:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
516:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
481:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
160:Diogo de Melo Coutinho
135:Commanders and leaders
70:6.91083°N 79.8878361°E
2488:Battle of Mulleriyawa
2453:Polonnaruwa–Pagan War
2438:Battle of Vijithapura
2412:1971 JVP insurrection
1950:Saddharmarathnakaraya
1928:Battle of Mulleriyawa
1776:
1708:
1666:. First corps or the
1662:organised into three
1609:
1552:led by Captain-major
1298:East Africa (1696–98)
586:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
204:Casualties and losses
2569:Cocos Islands mutiny
2500:Dutch–Portuguese War
2422:Sri Lankan Civil War
1940:History of Sri Lanka
1511:Mozambique (1964–74)
1476:Mozambique (1917-18)
1471:Mozambique (1917–18)
1456:East Timor (1911–12)
1394:French Guiana (1809)
1248:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1243:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
666:Moluccas (1530–1607)
2493:Campaign of Danture
2214:Fernao de Queyroz.
1593:kingdom of Sitawaka
1083:Persian Gulf (1625)
1053:Persian Gulf (1622)
1023:Persian Gulf (1614)
966:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
951:Persian Gulf (1586)
836:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
826:Gulf of Oman (1554)
811:Persian Gulf (1551)
681:Persian Gulf (1534)
661:Persian Gulf (1529)
105:Kingdom of Sitawaka
75:6.91083; 79.8878361
66: /
2564:Easter Sunday Raid
1798:Battle by the Lake
1783:
1711:
1612:
1466:Angola (1914–1917)
1377:Angola (1774–1778)
1188:Malaysia (1640–41)
1128:East Africa (1632)
1048:Trincomalee (1622)
1018:Brazil (1612–1615)
751:East Africa (1542)
711:Brazil (1534–1536)
656:East Africa (1528)
571:East Africa (1517)
496:East Africa (1507)
476:East Africa (1505)
322:Randeniwela (1630)
312:Mulleriyawa (1624)
307:Trincomalee (1622)
277:Mulleriyawa (1559)
90:Portuguese victory
2676:Conflicts in 1558
2671:Conflicts in 1557
2636:
2635:
2463:Pandyan Civil War
2180:Missing or empty
2135:Missing or empty
2075:Missing or empty
2034:Missing or empty
1730:Portuguese Ceylon
1634:and converted to
1624:Bhuvanekabahu VII
1540:, the capital of
1521:
1520:
1434:Mozambique (1895)
1429:Mozambique (1895)
1253:Malabar (1658–63)
1153:Gold Coast (1637)
1093:Gold Coast (1625)
981:India (1599–1600)
896:Chaul (1570–1571)
781:Insulindia (1545)
636:Insulindia (1526)
631:Insulindia (1525)
626:Sumatra (1523–24)
601:Insulindia (1521)
461:India (1500–1513)
414:Morocco (1463–64)
340:
339:
282:Colombo (1587–88)
216:
215:
167:Francisco Barreto
152:Panapitiya Mudali
111:Portuguese Empire
94:
93:
2698:
2681:Kingdom of Kotte
2623:Military history
2616:Related articles
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1945:Kingdom of Kotte
1924:Jorge de Menezes
1756:Early encounters
1574:kingdom of Kotte
1501:Angola (1961–74)
1496:Africa (1961–74)
1461:Angola (1914–15)
1446:Angola (1902–04)
1409:Brazil (1821–25)
1360:Brazil (1762–63)
1238:Brazil (1652–54)
1193:Angola (1641–48)
1143:Arabia (1633–43)
906:Mangalore (1571)
821:Arabia (1552–54)
379:
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327:Gannoruwa (1638)
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1936:
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1888:
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1818:the rearguard.
1800:
1758:
1652:
1632:Portuguese king
1566:
1522:
1517:
1481:Timor (1942–43)
1399:China (1809–10)
1330:India (1729–32)
1203:India (1644–45)
1168:India (1638–39)
1098:Malaysia (1628)
1028:Malaysia (1615)
1008:Malaysia (1606)
1003:Malaysia (1606)
961:Malaysia (1587)
956:Malaysia (1586)
926:Malaysia (1575)
921:Malaysia (1574)
916:Malaysia (1573)
911:India (1570–75)
891:Goa (1570–1571)
831:Pakistan (1557)
816:Malaysia (1551)
796:Malaysia (1547)
776:Ethiopia (1543)
771:Ethiopia (1542)
766:Ethiopia (1542)
761:Ethiopia (1542)
756:Ethiopia (1542)
746:Ethiopia (1542)
741:Ethiopia (1541)
706:Moluccas (1536)
701:Malaysia (1536)
696:Malaysia (1535)
686:Malaysia (1534)
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1680:King Mayadunne
1672:Tikiri Bandara
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1388:19th century
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1345:India (1746)
1340:India (1746)
1310:India (1704)
1304:18th century
1293:India (1693)
1173:India (1639)
1158:India (1638)
1118:Jambi (1630)
1058:China (1622)
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987:17th century
936:India (1581)
871:Japan (1565)
856:Japan (1561)
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786:India (1546)
691:Tunis (1535)
671:India (1531)
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606:China (1521)
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455:16th century
388:15th century
332:Galle (1640)
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2554:World War I
1916:Saint James
1740:armed with
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993:Java (1601)
646:Java (1527)
73: /
2645:Categories
2383:involving
1956:References
1854:grapeshots
1723:drawbridge
1696:alligators
1628:Dharmapala
1570:Portuguese
1564:Background
1546:Portuguese
576:Goa (1517)
58:06°54′39″N
16:1557 siege
2393:Sri Lanka
2173:cite book
2128:cite book
2068:cite book
2027:cite book
1906:Aftermath
1832:from two
1830:grapeshot
1808:rearguard
1676:rearguard
1660:companies
1620:Mayadunne
1560:in 1565.
1550:Lascarins
188:Lascarins
141:Mayadunne
117:Lascarins
2400:Domestic
2165:12552979
2120:10531673
2060:10531673
2019:12552979
1934:See also
1804:vanguard
1781:and sail
1700:laterite
1688:outposts
1668:vanguard
1656:Sitawaka
1616:Sitawaka
1534:Sitawaka
212:moderate
179:Sitawaka
172:Strength
145:Sitawaka
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2431:Foreign
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1763:falcons
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1719:curtain
1646:Kotte.
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1850:Fustas
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1738:fustas
1678:under
198:Mannar
193:fustas
87:Result
1896:melee
1664:corps
2515:1591
2510:1560
2333:ISBN
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2220:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2186:help
2161:OCLC
2141:help
2116:OCLC
2095:ISBN
2081:help
2056:OCLC
2040:help
2015:OCLC
1997:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1779:oars
1715:moat
1654:The
1568:The
1548:and
1524:The
39:Date
1765:of
209:low
191:12
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