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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or
Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE. according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie
769:
2201:. Gjedde left Erich Grubbe in charge of the construction of the fort. When Gjedde visited again in March 1621 he was surprised that little to nothing had been done with the fort and left disappointed.
527:
780:
880:
549:
517:
727:
336:
2165:. The Sinhalese king's reaction to the Danish arrival was anticlimactic. He had made peace with the Portuguese three years prior, and did therefore not necessarily need Danish
733:
2306:. Includingly 697 Sinhalese men were promised to help build fortifications at the temple, yet its undocumented how many Danes or Sinhales participated in the confrontation.
522:
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resorted to burying some of the temple's statues in the surrounding area. The Danes were forced to hastly escape, which resulted in the loss of two Danish vessels.
2678:
873:
813:
556:
774:
505:
78:
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866:
1553:
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2238:. During a religious procession, the shrine was destroyed, and the main statue was taken to the town. Concurrently, Portuguese soldiers disguised as
539:
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trade on Ceylon described in the treaty made by
Boschouver, and the Sinhalese who wished to have a treaty with less Danish influence. In the end,
673:
561:
2302:
The Danish expeditionary force was set to be 300 men, but much of the crew died during the voyage and another additional number of men left for
1381:
1593:
322:
2059:
2526:
2286:, and it was quickly established by the Portuguese. The guns and artillery taken from the Danish, now served as protection of the new fort.
2156:
533:
2096:, to further their own interests. By placing puppets on the various Sinhalese kingdoms, the Portuguese slowly extended their control over
1897:
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1919:
1548:
836:
1971:
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2139:. This diplomatic mission proved a failure, and instead Boschouver went to Denmark and concluded an un-ratified treaty with
2673:
2001:
1909:
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1986:
1753:
826:
679:
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quickly observed this new Danish interference in the affairs of the island, and promptly responded. On April 14, 1622 (
2092:
had started to intervene in internal
Sinhalese politics by taking advantage of the rivalries and animosities among the
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30:
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2373:(in Portuguese). Faculdade de Arquitetura e Escola Politécnica da UFBA: International go. pp. 620–635.
1892:
1406:
1361:
909:
791:
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Political map of Ceylon and Ove Gjedde's expeditionary routes. Trincomalee is market with a Danish banner.
2016:
1743:
1688:
801:
786:
1446:
2668:
2638:
Bocarro, A. "Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoacois do Estado da India
Oriental", p. 238.
2422:
Bocarro, A. "Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoacois do Estado da India
Oriental", p. 238.
1808:
1738:
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1141:
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After the final treaty, Ove Gjedde left parts of his expeditionary army in Ceylon to build a fort at
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of Kandy desperately sent courier
Marchells Michielsz Boschouver to Europe for negotiating an
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Being a research into the history of Jaffna, from very early times to the
Portuguese period
1944:
1763:
1728:
1673:
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711:
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Following the Danish incursion, the
Portuguese recognized the necessity of establishing a
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8:
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in the region. Therefore they began the construction of a new triangular fort called
2231:
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2089:
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2006:
1949:
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1653:
1306:
1296:
1266:
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1021:
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665:
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405:
277:
244:
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161:
148:
68:
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1966:
1860:
1803:
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1648:
1588:
1578:
1528:
1508:
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1221:
1146:
1121:
1011:
949:
747:
417:
386:
375:
210:
2097:
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1996:
1961:
1855:
1733:
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1573:
1286:
1276:
1151:
1086:
1036:
619:
412:
364:
359:
44:
858:
2247:
1991:
1981:
1346:
1096:
512:
494:
2111:
1870:
2647:
2587:
2282:
2269:
2263:
2147:, to Ceylon on the purpose of establishing the promised terms in the treaty.
1875:
1371:
1041:
576:
93:
80:
2551:
314:
2166:
571:
263:
254:
189:
2582:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services (republished: 1993). p. 378.
2194:
2174:
2162:
2066:
in April 1622. Koneswaram was at the time of conquest a Danish fortress.
2055:
72:
2303:
2144:
1226:
741:
2173:(if necessary) were strong enough to defeat the Portuguese. Prolonged
2625:
2273:
2340:
2243:
2220:
2128:
2161:
On 18 May 1620 the Danish expedition reached the coastal city of
2250:, the temple was pushed over the edge and into the sea. Fleeing
2143:. Denmark sent five vessles and 300 soldiers, at the command of
2251:
2178:
2132:
2544:
An outline of the cultural history and principles of
Hinduism
2487:. The University of California Los Angeles. pp. 197–206.
2400:
Marchells
Michielsz Boschouver — imperiebygger eller svindler
2341:"The History of Trincomalee during Portuguese and Dutch rule"
2277:
2198:
2170:
2120:
16:
Colonial controntation between the Portuguese and the Danish
2405:
Marchells Michielsz Boschouver — Empire builder or imposter
2239:
2211:
Fort Fredrick § 1622 destruction of Koneswaram temple
2223:), the Koneswaram temple, known by the Portuguese as the
2157:
Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts § Danish negotiations
2150:
2230:
was attacked by the Portuguese general and governor of
2528:
Denmark in the Indian Ocean, 1616-1845 An Introduction
2177:
between the Danes, who wanted the promised monopol on
2169:. The Sinhalese were still interested to know if the
2604:Queyroz (1987). "The temporal and spiritual...".
2362:As Primeiras Fortificações Europeias no Sri Lanka
888:
47:, Sri Lanka by Baldaeus and visited by Ove Gjedde
2645:
2679:Battles involving the Danish East India Company
2367:The First European Fortifications in Sri Lanka
1881:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2050:, was the destruction of the Hindu temple of
874:
344:
330:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2577:
2108:as the last independent Sinhalese kingdom.
2546:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers.
2541:
2507:. University of Chicago Press. p. 90.
2242:priests entered the temple and looted its
881:
867:
337:
323:
2443:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2358:
2347:
2185:agreed to cede Trincomalee to the Danes.
2505:Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III
2338:
2123:and torched the city. In response, king
2110:
2603:
2535:
123:Trincomalee conquered by the Portuguese
2646:
2449:
2411:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2151:Dano-Sinhalese negotiations and treaty
2599:
2597:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2477:
862:
318:
2524:
2502:
2473:
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2469:
2467:
2465:
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2461:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2204:
2571:
2396:
2377:
13:
2594:
2568:Olsen, op. cit. (n. 274) pp. 42-79
2511:
2491:
2276:to enhance their control over the
14:
2690:
2458:
2319:
2119:In 1611, the Portuguese captured
2048:Destruction of Koneswaram Temple
271:
262:
253:
243:
234:
223:
204:
188:
175:
154:
141:
37:
2632:
2562:
2086:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
2080:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
2434:
2425:
2296:
2084:Since the early phases of the
2076:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts
31:Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts
1:
2313:
2069:
2060:Portuguese governor of Ceylon
2044:Conquest of Koneswaram Temple
892:Portuguese colonial campaigns
24:Conquest of Koneswaram Temple
2452:A Short History of Sri Lanka
2257:
2236:Constantino de Sá de Noronha
2064:Constantino de Sá de Noronha
7:
2674:Danish colonisation of Asia
2359:Rodrigues, Joaquim (2019).
837:St. Thomas & Santa Cruz
10:
2695:
2654:Battles involving Portugal
2578:Rasanayagam, M.C. (1926).
2261:
2208:
2197:, and he himself left for
2154:
2073:
2659:Battles involving Denmark
2481:Ceylon and the Portuguese
2188:
900:
352:
346:Danish colonial conflicts
296:
283:
216:
131:
51:
36:
28:
23:
2664:Battles involving Norway
2339:Ramerini, Marco (2005).
2289:
2272:on the eastern coast of
2137:Dutch East India Company
1920:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1898:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1851:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
1624:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
2525:Stow, Randolph (1979).
2141:Christian IV of Denmark
2022:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
1554:Coromandel Coast (1619)
2542:Sivaratnam, C (1964).
2478:P. E., Pieris (1920).
2450:Codrington, H.W, "7",
2116:
1935:Mozambique (1847–1910)
1559:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
1462:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
1232:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
1032:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
997:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
217:Commanders and leaders
2503:Lach, Donald (2022).
2343:. colonialvoyage.com.
2283:Fort of Triquillimale
2155:Further information:
2114:
2074:Further information:
1814:East Africa (1696–98)
1102:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
297:Casualties and losses
43:Antique print of the
2440:Gaston Perera p. 144
2225:Temple of a Thousand
2221:Tamil New Year's Day
2102:annexation of Jaffna
2046:, also known as the
2027:Mozambique (1964–74)
1992:Mozambique (1917-18)
1987:Mozambique (1917–18)
1972:East Timor (1911–12)
1910:French Guiana (1809)
1764:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1759:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
1182:Moluccas (1530–1607)
94:8.58250°N 81.24556°E
2618:1987Natur.330..705C
2167:military assistance
1599:Persian Gulf (1625)
1569:Persian Gulf (1622)
1539:Persian Gulf (1614)
1482:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
1467:Persian Gulf (1586)
1352:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
1342:Gulf of Oman (1554)
1327:Persian Gulf (1551)
1197:Persian Gulf (1534)
1177:Persian Gulf (1529)
305:14 artillery pieces
90: /
2612:(6150): 727, 737.
2431:S.G Perera pp 8-11
2407:] (in Danish).
2117:
2094:Sinhalese kingdoms
1982:Angola (1914–1917)
1893:Angola (1774–1778)
1704:Malaysia (1640–41)
1644:East Africa (1632)
1564:Trincomalee (1622)
1534:Brazil (1612–1615)
1267:East Africa (1542)
1227:Brazil (1534–1536)
1172:East Africa (1528)
1087:East Africa (1517)
1012:East Africa (1507)
992:East Africa (1505)
567:5th Christiansborg
545:4ht Christiansborg
528:3rd Christiansborg
523:2nd Christiansborg
518:1st Christiansborg
195:East India Company
113:Portuguese victory
2669:Portuguese Ceylon
2232:Portuguese Ceylon
2205:Portuguese attack
2090:Portuguese Empire
2037:
2036:
1950:Mozambique (1895)
1945:Mozambique (1895)
1769:Malabar (1658–63)
1669:Gold Coast (1637)
1609:Gold Coast (1625)
1497:India (1599–1600)
1412:Chaul (1570–1571)
1297:Insulindia (1545)
1152:Insulindia (1526)
1147:Insulindia (1525)
1142:Sumatra (1523–24)
1117:Insulindia (1521)
977:India (1500–1513)
930:Morocco (1463–64)
855:
854:
685:Strait of Malacca
651:4th Bay of Bengal
646:3rd Bay of Bengal
641:2nd Bay of Bengal
631:1st Bay of Bengal
479:Cape of Good Hope
313:
312:
278:Senarath Adahasin
230:Constantino de Sá
162:Portuguese Ceylon
149:Portuguese Empire
127:
126:
99:8.58250; 81.24556
69:Koneswaram Temple
2686:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:10.1038/330705a0
2601:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2500:
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2488:
2486:
2475:
2456:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2394:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2307:
2300:
2106:kingdom of Kandy
2017:Angola (1961–74)
2012:Africa (1961–74)
1977:Angola (1914–15)
1962:Angola (1902–04)
1925:Brazil (1821–25)
1876:Brazil (1762–63)
1754:Brazil (1652–54)
1709:Angola (1641–48)
1659:Arabia (1633–43)
1422:Mangalore (1571)
1337:Arabia (1552–54)
895:
893:
883:
876:
869:
860:
859:
734:Dannemarksnagore
602:Coromandel Coast
347:
339:
332:
325:
316:
315:
276:
275:
274:
267:
266:
258:
257:
248:
247:
239:
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144:
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100:
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83:
53:
52:
41:
21:
20:
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2687:
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2684:
2683:
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2637:
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2540:
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2523:
2512:
2501:
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2484:
2476:
2459:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2397:Lauring, KĂĄre.
2395:
2378:
2370:
2357:
2348:
2337:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2266:
2260:
2246:. In an act of
2213:
2207:
2191:
2159:
2153:
2082:
2072:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
1997:Timor (1942–43)
1915:China (1809–10)
1846:India (1729–32)
1719:India (1644–45)
1684:India (1638–39)
1614:Malaysia (1628)
1544:Malaysia (1615)
1524:Malaysia (1606)
1519:Malaysia (1606)
1477:Malaysia (1587)
1472:Malaysia (1586)
1442:Malaysia (1575)
1437:Malaysia (1574)
1432:Malaysia (1573)
1427:India (1570–75)
1407:Goa (1570–1571)
1347:Pakistan (1557)
1332:Malaysia (1551)
1312:Malaysia (1547)
1292:Ethiopia (1543)
1287:Ethiopia (1542)
1282:Ethiopia (1542)
1277:Ethiopia (1542)
1272:Ethiopia (1542)
1262:Ethiopia (1542)
1257:Ethiopia (1541)
1222:Moluccas (1536)
1217:Malaysia (1536)
1212:Malaysia (1535)
1202:Malaysia (1534)
1137:Malaysia (1523)
1097:Malaysia (1520)
1052:Malaysia (1511)
896:
891:
889:
887:
857:
856:
851:
816:
770:Nicobar Islands
584:
463:
430:
401:Veliky Novgorod
348:
345:
343:
308:
306:
272:
270:
269:
261:
260:
252:
242:
241:
233:
232:
222:
205:
203:
202:
201:
187:
176:
174:
168:
155:
153:
142:
140:
119:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
75:
45:Batticaloa Fort
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2692:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2593:
2570:
2561:
2534:
2510:
2490:
2457:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2410:
2376:
2346:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2270:fortified base
2262:Main article:
2259:
2256:
2248:religious zeal
2206:
2203:
2190:
2187:
2152:
2149:
2071:
2068:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:Morocco (1769)
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Morocco (1640)
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Malacca (1629)
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1514:Sumatra (1606)
1511:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Mombasa (1589)
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Morocco (1578)
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Honavar (1571)
1414:
1409:
1404:
1402:Sumatra (1569)
1399:
1397:Malacca (1568)
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Morocco (1564)
1379:
1377:Morocco (1562)
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:Red Sea (1541)
1249:
1247:Red Sea (1541)
1244:
1242:Red Sea (1541)
1239:
1237:Red Sea (1541)
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Morocco (1533)
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Sumatra (1528)
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Sumatra (1522)
1124:
1119:
1114:
1112:Bahrain (1521)
1109:
1107:Sumatra (1521)
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:Morocco (1516)
1079:
1077:Morocco (1515)
1074:
1072:Morocco (1515)
1069:
1067:Morocco (1514)
1064:
1062:Morocco (1514)
1059:
1057:Morocco (1513)
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:Socotra (1507)
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:Algeria (1501)
979:
973:
972:
968:
967:
965:Morocco (1490)
962:
960:Morocco (1489)
957:
955:Morocco (1487)
952:
947:
945:Morocco (1471)
942:
940:Morocco (1471)
937:
935:Morocco (1468)
932:
927:
925:Morocco (1458)
922:
920:Morocco (1437)
917:
915:Morocco (1419)
912:
910:Morocco (1415)
906:
905:
901:
898:
897:
886:
885:
878:
871:
863:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
818:
817:
811:
810:
809:
807:7th Tranquebar
804:
799:
794:
792:6th Tranquebar
789:
777:
775:5th Tranquebar
772:
767:
762:
761:
760:
755:
753:Anandamangalam
750:
742:4th Tranquebar
738:
737:
736:
724:
722:3rd Tranquebar
719:
717:2nd Tranquebar
714:
712:1st Tranquebar
709:
704:
699:
694:
693:
692:
687:
682:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
616:
611:
610:
609:
604:
586:
585:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
553:
552:
547:
542:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
509:
508:
503:
501:Fredericksborg
491:
486:
484:Canary Islands
481:
476:
465:
464:
458:
456:East Greenland
453:
448:
443:
435:North Atlantic
432:
431:
425:
420:
415:
410:
409:
408:
403:
391:
390:
389:
384:
372:
367:
362:
353:
350:
349:
342:
341:
334:
327:
319:
311:
310:
303:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
281:
280:
250:
219:
218:
214:
213:
200:
199:
198:
197:
183:Denmark-Norway
171:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
67:
65:
61:
60:
59:April 14, 1622
57:
49:
48:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2691:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:. p. 13.
2530:
2529:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2264:Fort Fredrick
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Angola (1907)
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1871:Brazil (1756)
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Angola (1723)
1839:
1837:
1836:Brazil (1711)
1834:
1832:
1831:Brazil (1710)
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Angola (1681)
1802:
1800:
1799:Angola (1671)
1797:
1795:
1794:Angola (1670)
1792:
1790:
1789:Angola (1670)
1787:
1785:
1784:Brazil (1666)
1782:
1780:
1779:Angola (1665)
1777:
1775:
1774:MargĂŁo (1659)
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Arabia (1650)
1747:
1745:
1744:Brazil (1649)
1742:
1740:
1739:Brazil (1648)
1737:
1735:
1734:Angola (1647)
1732:
1730:
1729:Brazil (1645)
1727:
1725:
1724:Brazil (1645)
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1714:Brazil (1641)
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:Brazil (1640)
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Brazil (1638)
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Brazil (1636)
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Arabia (1633)
1652:
1650:
1649:Bengal (1632)
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Brazil (1631)
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Brazil (1630)
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Brazil (1625)
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Angola (1624)
1592:
1590:
1589:Brazil (1624)
1587:
1585:
1584:Angola (1623)
1582:
1580:
1579:Angola (1622)
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Jaffna (1619)
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:Jaffna (1591)
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Arabia (1581)
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:Brazil (1567)
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Jaffna (1560)
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Brazil (1558)
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Arabia (1548)
1320:
1318:
1317:Arabia (1548)
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Arabia (1523)
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Arabia (1507)
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Guinea (1478)
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
902:
899:
894:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
865:
864:
861:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
812:
808:
805:
803:
802:3rd Serampore
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
787:2nd Serampore
785:
784:
783:
782:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
765:1st Serampore
763:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
743:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
617:
615:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
597:
593:
592:
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
462:
461:Faroe Islands
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
392:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
377:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
351:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
320:
317:
307:Multiple guns
304:
301:
300:
295:
291:
288:
287:
282:
279:
265:
256:
251:
246:
237:
231:
226:
221:
220:
215:
212:
196:
191:
186:
185:
184:
173:
172:
170:
163:
152:
151:
150:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
122:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
2634:
2609:
2605:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2543:
2537:
2527:
2504:
2480:
2451:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2404:
2399:
2366:
2361:
2298:
2281:
2267:
2227:
2224:
2214:
2192:
2175:negotiations
2160:
2118:
2100:. After the
2083:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2007:India (1961)
2002:India (1954)
1956:20th century
1940:China (1849)
1930:China (1846)
1904:19th century
1866:India (1752)
1861:India (1746)
1856:India (1746)
1826:India (1704)
1820:18th century
1809:India (1693)
1689:India (1639)
1674:India (1638)
1634:Jambi (1630)
1574:China (1622)
1563:
1529:India (1612)
1503:17th century
1452:India (1581)
1387:Japan (1565)
1372:Japan (1561)
1362:India (1559)
1307:India (1547)
1302:India (1546)
1207:Tunis (1535)
1187:India (1531)
1157:India (1526)
1122:China (1521)
1047:India (1510)
1042:India (1509)
1037:India (1508)
1017:India (1507)
1007:India (1506)
1002:India (1506)
987:India (1504)
971:16th century
904:15th century
820:
819:
779:
758:4th Dansborg
740:
726:
697:3rd Dansborg
680:2nd Dansborg
672:
661:2nd Balasore
636:1st Balasore
618:
614:1st Dansborg
606:
594:
588:
587:
532:
493:
467:
466:
434:
433:
393:
374:
354:
259:Erich Grubbe
132:Belligerents
2195:Trincomalee
2163:Trincomalee
2056:Trincomalee
1509:Java (1601)
1162:Java (1527)
690:Philippines
607:Trincomalee
582:Prinsensten
489:Carolusborg
118:Territorial
97: /
73:Trincomalee
2648:Categories
2314:References
2304:Tranquebar
2217:Portuguese
2209:See also:
2145:Ove Gjedde
2098:the island
2070:Background
2052:Koneswaram
1092:Goa (1517)
728:2nd Bengal
620:1st Bengal
534:Gold Coast
506:Cape Corso
495:Cape Coast
474:Cape Verde
446:Jakobshavn
423:Aizkraukle
382:Lyndanisse
355:Baltic Sea
85:81°14′44″E
2588:249907591
2557:Chitty...
2258:Aftermath
2244:treasures
2135:with the
847:St. Croix
842:Caribbean
821:Caribbean
781:2nd India
674:1st India
656:2nd Pipli
626:1st Pipli
550:Crèvecœur
451:ReykjavĂk
370:Pomerania
268:Svend Due
82:8°34′57″N
2552:12240260
2228:Pillars,
2179:European
2129:alliance
832:West Kay
827:St. John
814:Porreiar
797:Nancowry
702:Golconda
395:Novgorod
284:Strength
64:Location
29:Part of
2614:Bibcode
2252:priests
2183:Senarat
2125:Senerat
2058:by the
748:Tillali
707:Carical
666:Hooghly
562:3rd Osu
513:1st Osu
441:Iceland
428:Estonia
387:Tallinn
376:Livonia
360:Wendish
309:2 Ships
302:Unknown
292:Unknown
289:Unknown
240:Baretto
120:changes
2606:Nature
2586:
2550:
2369:]
2274:Ceylon
2189:Action
2133:treaty
2104:, the
2088:, the
596:Ceylon
577:Dodowa
468:Africa
418:Karuse
249:Cabral
180:
159:
146:
110:Result
2485:(PDF)
2403:[
2371:(PDF)
2365:[
2290:Notes
2278:goods
2199:India
2171:Danes
2121:Kandy
2054:, at
572:Volta
557:Ningo
413:Durbe
406:Pskov
365:RĂĽgen
211:Kandy
2584:OCLC
2548:OCLC
2240:Iyer
2215:The
2078:and
2042:The
589:Asia
56:Date
2622:doi
540:2nd
2650::
2620:.
2610:II
2608:.
2596:^
2554:.
2513:^
2493:^
2460:^
2413:^
2379:^
2349:^
2321:^
2234:,
2062:,
71:,
2628:.
2624::
2616::
2590:.
2455:.
2131:-
882:e
875:t
868:v
338:e
331:t
324:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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