861:. The shopkeepers' privilege is for the purpose of investigation only; if, after reasonable detention and investigation, the shopkeepers mistakenly conclude that the suspects are guilty and have them arrested, the shopkeepers may become liable for these acts just as they would have been had they committed the acts without undertaking a prior detention and investigation. Statutes in many states have modified and in some cases broadened the common law privilege, for example, by expressly permitting detention of the suspect until the police arrive. In other cases, case precedent has provided shopkeepers with similar tools. The practical effect of these extensions is to give the shopkeeper the same privilege as a police officer to make an arrest on reasonable grounds.
890:; the detention itself should be effected either on the store premises or in the immediate vicinity thereof. The privilege likely would not apply to after-the-fact questioning of a suspected thief who had left the store's property. While the common law does permit the owner of goods acting on fresh pursuit to use reasonable force to recapture their goods from one who actually took them wrongfully, in doing so the property owner acts at their own peril. Moreover, the investigation must be to determine ownership of the property, not to force a confession.
791:
869:
This privilege has been justified by the practical need for some degree of protection for shopkeepers in their dealings with suspected shoplifters. Absent such privilege, a shopkeeper would be faced with the dilemma of either allowing suspects to leave without challenge or acting upon their suspicion
873:
The privilege for the most part is to be able to return the stolen goods by determining ownership. The shopkeeper may not force a confession. The shopkeeper's privilege does not include the power of search. Some courts, however, have expanded this original common law privilege to also include the
935:, that allow merchants, their employees, and their agents to detain suspected shoplifters for: the investigation of merchandise or property ownership, the recovery of unpurchased merchandise or property, and the summoning of a police officer.
919:. However, so long as these conditions are established, the shopkeeper is immune from liability for false arrest, battery, etc., even when it is discovered after the investigation that the person detained was innocent of any wrongdoing.
845:
on store property for a reasonable period of time, so long as the shopkeeper has cause to believe that the person detained in fact committed, or attempted to commit, theft of store property.
915:
In cases where a shopkeeper fails to satisfy the aforementioned requisite conditions, they lose the privilege and may face liability under local criminal statutes and civil
857:. If the shopkeepers exceed the bounds of this privilege and make an arrest, the lawfulness of their action will be determined by the jurisdiction's rules governing
932:
874:
detention of criminal trespassers: "he detention and removal of a criminal trespasser is an essential power of any shopkeeper or other property owner"
74:
214:
1359:
904:
is used to effect the detention. Such force being justified when the suspect is in immediate flight or violently resists detention.
1029:
149:
1342:
Annotation, Construction and Effect, in False
Imprisonment Action, of Statute Providing for Detention of Suspected Shoplifters
853:
The privilege to detain, although recognized in many jurisdictions, is not as broad as a police officer's privilege to
821:
1379:
911:. Fifteen minutes may be too long where all that is necessary is to ask the cashier whether the detainee has paid.
540:
1263:
1184:
977:
472:
330:
363:
882:
In seeking to avail themself of the shopkeeper's privilege, the proprietor or agent thereof must ensure:
546:
320:
635:
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219:
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239:
40:
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656:
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411:
387:
343:
126:
68:
927:
The common law shopkeeper's privilege has been superseded in most states by so-called
1374:
1369:
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1225:, No. 05-1113, 201 F. App'x 338, 342 (6th Cir. Oct. 18, 2006) (unpublished)"
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23:
1210:, 1957 A.L.I. PROC. 283 (remarks of Mr. William L. Prosser, Reporter)
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1208:
Proceedings of the 34th Annual
Meeting of The American Law Institute
790:
438:
749:
609:
372:
269:
91:
604:
572:
452:
274:
854:
647:
614:
1030:"The Protection and Recapture of Merchandise from Shoplifters"
909:
time necessary to make a reasonable investigation of the facts
916:
424:
31:
897:
to suspect the particular person detained is shoplifting.
837:
is a law recognized in the United States under which a
1315:
Christman, Steven M.; Mark, Jillian M. (19 May 2014).
1317:"Guidelines on Dealing With Suspected Shoplifters"
1232:United States Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit
965:
1351:
1314:
815:
75:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
1168:
1166:
1164:
1005:, 595 P.2d 975, 982 & n.5 (Cal. 1979)"
822:
808:
215:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
1291:, 69 P.2d 424 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1937)"
1093:, 962 S.W.2d 539 (Sup. Ct., Tex., 1998)"
1161:
1144:, 598 N.E.2d 916, 918 (Ohio C.P. 1992)"
963:
877:
1352:
968:Prosser and Keeton on the law of torts
922:
907:The detention itself lasts only the
1062:Jacques v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.
16:Law recognized in the United States
13:
1122:, 393 N.E.2d 443, 445 (N.Y. 1979)"
1064:, 285 N.E.2d 871, 876 (N.Y. 1972)"
1034:Northwestern University Law Review
972:(5 ed.). West Publishing Co.
14:
1391:
1091:Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Resendez
841:is allowed to detain a suspected
1258:. American Law Institute. 1965.
1179:. American Law Institute. 1965.
789:
1360:Retail processes and techniques
1334:
1308:
1279:
1245:
964:Prosser, William Lloyd (1984).
886:The investigation is conducted
541:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
1213:
1200:
1110:
1081:
1052:
1022:
993:
956:
1:
1255:Restatement (second) of Torts
1223:Durante v. Fairlane Town Ctr.
1176:Restatement (second) of Torts
950:
651:(term used for torts in some
1003:Cervantez v. J.C. Penney Co.
870:and risking a false arrest.
864:
7:
938:
902:reasonable, nondeadly force
859:arrest by a private citizen
547:Joint and several liability
10:
1396:
321:Comparative responsibility
1344:, 47 A.L.R. 3d 998 (1973)
1289:Moffatt v. Buffums', Inc.
848:
636:Non-economic damages caps
669:Private attorney general
623:Other topics in tort law
251:Principles of negligence
180:Alienation of affections
1380:Retailing-related crime
888:near or on the premises
534:Volenti non fit injuria
359:Ultrahazardous activity
326:Contributory negligence
945:Retail loss prevention
835:Shopkeeper's privilege
552:Market share liability
485:Shopkeeper's privilege
463:Statute of limitations
306:Restitutio ad integrum
155:Intrusion on seclusion
50:Trespass to the person
664:Conflict of tort laws
430:Tortious interference
185:Criminal conversation
172:Malicious prosecution
1340:Robert A. Brazener,
1321:New York Law Journal
1206:William L. Prosser,
878:Requisite conditions
162:Breach of confidence
933:merchant's statutes
893:The shopkeeper has
657:mixed legal systems
527:Respondeat superior
521:Vicarious liability
480:Defence of property
417:Insurance bad faith
331:Attractive nuisance
150:Invasion of privacy
962:See § 22, at 142,
895:reasonable grounds
557:Transferred intent
448:Assumption of risk
412:Restraint of trade
388:Rylands v Fletcher
220:Employment-related
69:False imprisonment
923:Statutory analogs
832:
831:
705:England and Wales
660:
511:Last clear chance
506:Intentional torts
490:Neutral reportage
473:Defense of others
421:
354:Product liability
300:Res ipsa loquitur
287:Reasonable person
195:Breach of promise
44:
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1251:See § 101, 103,
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282:Standard of care
167:Abuse of process
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1142:State v. Hughes
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1128:
1120:People v. Jones
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682:By jurisdiction
382:Public nuisance
311:Rescue doctrine
294:Proximate cause
206:Negligent torts
118:Dignitary torts
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1393:
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1295:Google Scholar
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420:(American law)
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316:Duty to rescue
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176:Sexual torts
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127:Appropriation
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1324:. Retrieved
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1269:. Retrieved
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1235:. Retrieved
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1190:. Retrieved
1175:
1151:. Retrieved
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1129:. Retrieved
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1100:. Retrieved
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1071:. Retrieved
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1042:. Retrieved
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983:. Retrieved
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872:
868:
852:
834:
833:
755:Criminal law
674:Class action
539:
532:
525:
484:
468:Self-defense
386:
364:Deep pockets
298:
260:Duty of care
22:Part of the
1172:See § 120A
929:shoplifting
631:Tort reform
265:Trespassers
230:Malpractice
225:Entrustment
145:False light
1354:Categories
1326:6 November
1300:6 November
1271:6 November
1265:0314012710
1237:6 November
1192:6 November
1186:0314012710
1153:6 November
1131:6 November
1102:6 November
1073:6 November
1044:6 November
1040:: 90. 1952
1014:6 November
985:6 November
979:0314748806
951:References
843:shoplifter
839:shopkeeper
740:common law
643:Quasi-tort
595:Injunction
588:Incidental
407:Conspiracy
132:Defamation
109:Conversion
24:common law
865:Rationale
750:Contracts
690:Australia
498:Liability
458:Necessity
346:liability
270:Licensees
190:Seduction
1375:Tort law
1370:Security
939:See also
765:Property
760:Evidence
610:Replevin
578:Punitive
565:Remedies
439:Defences
373:Nuisance
344:absolute
275:Invitees
102:chattels
92:Trespass
32:Tort law
778:estates
605:Detinue
600:Tracing
583:Special
573:Damages
453:Consent
240:medical
136:Slander
64:Battery
59:Assault
41:Outline
1262:
1183:
976:
855:arrest
849:Limits
776:, and
774:trusts
738:Other
725:Taiwan
695:Canada
648:Delict
615:Trover
340:Strict
26:series
1365:Theft
1228:(PDF)
917:torts
900:Only
770:Wills
742:areas
720:Japan
715:India
700:China
653:civil
425:Fraud
235:legal
139:Libel
1328:2017
1302:2017
1273:2017
1260:ISBN
1239:2017
1194:2017
1181:ISBN
1155:2017
1133:2017
1104:2017
1075:2017
1046:2017
1016:2017
987:2017
974:ISBN
655:and
342:and
97:land
1356::
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1230:.
1163:^
1146:.
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1038:47
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1001:"
989:.
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809:v
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43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.