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tests on everyone in the company. This was combined with
Shockley's vacillating management of the projects; sometimes he felt that getting the basic transistors into immediate production was paramount, and would de-emphasize the Shockley diode project in order to make the "perfect" production system.
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While work on the transistors continued, Shockley hit upon the idea of using a four-layer device (transistors are three) that would have the novel quality of locking into the "on" or "off" state with no further control inputs. Similar circuits required several transistors, typically three, so for
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Shockley became convinced that the new device would be just as important as the transistor, and kept the entire project secret, even within the company. This led to increasingly paranoid behavior; in one famed incident he was convinced that a secretary's cut finger was a plot to injure him and
304:
and others. Through the early 1950s a series of events led to
Shockley becoming increasingly upset with Bell's management, and especially what he saw as a slighting when Bell promoted Bardeen and Brattain's names ahead of his own on the transistor's patent. However, others that worked with him
368:
in 1956. Initially he tried to hire more of his former workers from Bell Labs, but they were reticent to leave the east coast, then the center of most high-tech research. Instead, he assembled a team of young scientists and engineers, some from other parts of Bell
Laboratories, and set about
305:
suggested the reason for these issues was
Shockley's abrasive management style, and it was this reason that he was constantly passed over for promotion within the company. These issues came to a head in 1953 and he took a sabbatical and returned to Caltech as a visiting professor.
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allowed the multiple transistors needed to produce a switch to be placed on a single "chip", thereby nullifying the parts-count advantage of
Shockley's design. However, the company did have a number of other successful projects, including the first strong theoretical study of
464:– went over Shockley's head to Arnold Beckman, demanding that Shockley be replaced. Beckman initially appeared to agree with their demands, but over time made a series of decisions that supported Shockley. Fed up, the group broke ranks and sought support from
264:
The building remained, but was repurposed as a retail store. By 2015 plans were made to demolish the site to develop a new building complex. By 2017, the site was redeveloped with new signage marking it as the "Real
Birthplace of Silicon Valley."
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had recently started production of silicon transistors (in 1954), and
Shockley thought he could create a superior product. Beckman agreed to back Shockley's efforts in this area, under the umbrella of his company,
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The 391 San
Antonio Road, Mountain View, site of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, in Dec. 2017. The new project being completed here includes a display of sculptures of packaged semiconductors, including a
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The eight later left
Fairchild and started companies of their own. Over a period of 20 years, 65 different companies were started by 1st or 2nd generation teams that traced their origins in
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Shockley never managed to make the four-layer diode a commercial success, in spite of eventually working out the technical details and entering production in the 1960s. The introduction of
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The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley's first chip company, William
Shockley, moved to Palo Alto, Calif., because his mother lived there. ...
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A sidewalk schematic diagram with component sculptures, in front of the original location of the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory at 391 San Antonio Road,
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The original Shockley building at 391 San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California, was a produce market in 2006 and has since been demolished.
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In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. ...
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large switching networks the new diodes would greatly reduce complexity. The four-layer diode is now called the
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A Legal Bridge Spanning 100 Years: From the Gold Mines of El Dorado to the "Golden" Startups of Silicon Valley
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was started with plans for making silicon transistors. Shockley called the young scientists the "
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The Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory opened for business in a small commercial lot in nearby
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designing a new type of crystal-growth system that could produce single-crystal silicon
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Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
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with a focus on physics. He graduated in 1936 and immediately went to work at
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a Shockley alumnus hired after mass resignations from Shockley Semiconductor.
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that places an upper limit of 30% efficiency on basic silicon solar cells.
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This upset many of the employees, and mini-rebellions became commonplace.
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743:"Historic Transistor Photo Gallery Photo Essay – Shockley 4 Layer Diodes"
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in 1934. Shockley had become convinced that the natural capabilities of
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The Genius Factory: The Curious History of the Nobel Prize Sperm Bank
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Defunct manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
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Pioneering semiconductor developer founded by William Shockley
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Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
720:"The Four-Layer Diode in the Cradle of Silicon Valley"
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who had previously worked on semiconductor devices at
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as the primary material for transistor construction.
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Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
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about 391 San Antonio Road and the traitorous eight
689:. CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION. pp. 11, 13, 23
945:Mountain View–Los Altos Union High School District
621:"Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington"
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687:Chemical Heritage Foundation Oral History Program
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967:Yew Chung International School of Silicon Valley
242:to work on silicon-based semiconductor devices.
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432:Eventually a group of the youngest employees –
261:in 1968, and shortly after, officially closed.
1274:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1968
523:– a concept first proposed by William Shockley
957:German International School of Silicon Valley
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400:behind it are parts of an oscillator circuit.
1249:Companies based in Mountain View, California
1109:Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts
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680:"R. Victor Jones Transcript of an Interview"
249:resigned and became the core of what became
211:; pre-dawn view from the Hyatt Centric Hotel
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771:. Harvard University Press. p. 88.
654:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 168–169.
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308:Shockley struck up a friendship with
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798:. Random House Digital. p. 90.
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483:to Shockley Semiconductor. In 2014,
238:company in what came to be known as
833:"The First Trillion-Dollar Startup"
731:Electrochemical Society Proceedings
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234:, Inc., in 1955. It was the first
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933:Gabriela Mistral Elementary School
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320:meant it would eventually replace
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768:The second information revolution
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862:Interview with Adolf Goetzberger
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1234:Fabless semiconductor companies
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269:Shockley's return to California
220:Shockley Transistor Corporation
20:Shockley Transistor Corporation
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831:Rhett Morris (July 26, 2014).
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555:"ON Shockley Semiconductor"
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1052:Rex Manor/Mountain Shadows
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1224:History of Silicon Valley
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950:Mountain View High School
940:Los Altos School District
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650:Shurkin, Joel N. (2006).
507:, developing the seminal
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1155:Moffett Federal Airfield
765:Gerald W. Brock (2003).
247:eight leading scientists
1104:Historic Adobe Building
1094:Computer History Museum
509:Shockley–Queisser limit
470:Fairchild Semiconductor
312:, who had invented the
251:Fairchild Semiconductor
1124:Shoreline Amphitheatre
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310:Arnold Orville Beckman
296:, in partnership with
257:in 1960, then sold to
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194:Shockley 4-layer diode
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108:391 San Antonio Road,
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226:developer founded by
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1023:Eastern Varsity Park
983:St. Joseph's College
792:David Plotz (2006).
355:Richard Victor Jones
353:from Bell Labs, and
347:George Smoot Horsley
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1134:Saint Joseph Parish
1029:Greater San Antonio
500:integrated circuits
331:Beckman Instruments
232:Beckman Instruments
222:, was a pioneering
157:Beckman Instruments
142:Number of employees
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351:Leopoldo B. Valdes
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1061:St. Francis Acres
1049:Old Mountain View
1038:Moffett Boulevard
1035:Martens-Carmelita
821:by Gregory Gromov
805:978-0-8129-7052-4
778:978-0-674-01178-6
396:and the Shockley
326:Texas Instruments
218:, later known as
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274:William Shockley
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842:. Retrieved
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591:"Holding On"
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563:. Retrieved
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458:Robert Noyce
454:Gordon Moore
434:Julius Blank
431:
415:lie detector
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298:John Bardeen
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164:(1960-1968)
159:(1955–1960)
104:Headquarters
96:Acquired by
42:Company type
1203: /
1191:122°06′39″W
1070:Wagon Wheel
1067:Sylvan Park
1020:Dutch Haven
1017:Cuesta Park
1011:Castro City
838:Tech Crunch
559:www.pbs.org
505:solar cells
489:Don Hoefler
485:Tech Crunch
442:Jean Hoerni
357:, a recent
122:Area served
1218:Categories
1188:37°24′18″N
1099:Googleplex
1079:Willowgate
1042:Monta Loma
1014:Cuernavaca
661:0230552293
633:2014-12-07
603:2014-12-07
565:2022-01-28
528:References
487:revisited
394:transistor
361:graduate.
294:transistor
1087:Landmarks
914:Education
521:Thyristor
335:Palo Alto
322:germanium
286:Bell Labs
126:Worldwide
1171:Timeline
985:(closed)
723:Archived
515:See also
491:'s 1971
450:Jay Last
413:ordered
359:Berkeley
343:Raytheon
314:pH meter
205:Facebook
131:Products
75:Founders
50:Industry
34:Formerly
1164:History
1026:Gemello
693:28 July
493:article
318:silicon
278:Caltech
255:Clevite
162:Clevite
98:Clevite
85:Defunct
65: (
60:Founded
1058:Slater
802:
775:
658:
561:. 1999
460:, and
389:. The
371:boules
169:(1968)
152:Parent
45:Public
995:Other
868:Video
683:(PDF)
391:2N696
190:2N696
146:9,000
846:2019
800:ISBN
773:ISBN
695:2021
656:ISBN
579:IEEE
349:and
93:Fate
88:1968
67:1955
63:1955
282:MIT
259:ITT
167:ITT
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670:^
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113:,
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