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Shift operator

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The initial condition of the flow and the group property completely determine the entire Lie flow, providing a solution to the translation functional equation
1658: 116: 714: 1920: 2393: 690:{\displaystyle \exp \left(t\beta (x){\frac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=\exp \left(t{\frac {d}{dh}}\right)F(h)=F(h+t)=f\left(h^{-1}(h(x)+t)\right),} 956: 859: 2278:
The shift operator acting on real- or complex-valued functions or sequences is a linear operator which preserves most of the standard
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In both cases, the (left) shift operator satisfies the following commutation relation with the Fourier transform:
391: 1531:{\displaystyle \exp \left(te^{x}{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=f\left(\ln \left({\frac {1}{e^{-x}-t}}\right)\right),} 247: 2717: 1203: 3272: 2856: 2303: 3282: 3258: 2632: 2479: 2935: 19:
This article is about shift operators in mathematics. For operators in computer programming languages, see
2348: 3277: 3253: 108: 2767: 3342: 177: 120: 3195: 2213: 2154:{\displaystyle T^{-1}:(a_{k})_{k\,=\,-\infty }^{\infty }\mapsto (a_{k-1})_{k\,=\,-\infty }^{\infty }.} 348: 1362: 1350:{\displaystyle \exp \left({\frac {t}{x}}{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=f\left({\sqrt {x^{2}+2t}}\right),} 1045: 3185:
Sophus Lie, Vorlesungen Ueber Differentialgleichungen Mit Bekannten Infinitesimalen Transformationen
3044: 2825: 213: 2452: 1896:{\displaystyle T:(a_{k})_{k\,=\,-\infty }^{\infty }\mapsto (a_{k+1})_{k\,=\,-\infty }^{\infty }.} 821: 51: 47: 148: 24: 1191:{\displaystyle \exp \left(tx^{2}{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=f\left({\frac {x}{1-tx}}\right),} 486:
as above. This, then, is a formal encoding of the Taylor expansion in Heaviside's calculus.
3132: 2850: 336: 91: 3230:"A one-parameter continuous group is equivalent to a group of translations". M Hamermesh, 8: 2521: 2283: 131:. Shifts of sequences (functions of an integer variable) appear in diverse areas such as 35: 3102: 2525: 2279: 107:, important for their simplicity and natural occurrence. The shift operator action on 3312: 3214: 3188: 3150: 3118: 3075: 3010: 2733: 2164:
The right and left shift operators acting on two-sided infinite sequences are called
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is called a family of generalized shift operators if the following properties hold:
1777:{\displaystyle S^{*}:(a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots )\mapsto (a_{2},a_{3},a_{4},\ldots )} 3304: 3110: 3078: 3034: 2710: 2343:
The shift operator acting on functions of a real variable is a unitary operator on
2295: 465: 453: 152: 3128: 3105:(2006). "The generalized shift, transformation operators, and inverse problems". 136: 104: 144: 808:{\displaystyle h'(x)\equiv {\frac {1}{\beta (x)}}~,\qquad f(x)\equiv F(h(x)).} 3336: 3308: 3244: 3039: 2756: 2744: 2183: 705: 3170:(Dover Books on Physics), Hamermesh ISBM 978-0486661810, Ch 8-6, pp 294-5, 3114: 2025:{\displaystyle S:(a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots )\mapsto (0,a_{1},a_{2},\ldots )} 96: 2616:{\displaystyle T^{-1}y=Sx{\text{ for each }}x\in \ell ^{2}(\mathbb {N} ),} 1639: 132: 128: 31: 3022: 2529: 124: 3083: 2725: 20: 2517: 382: 1035:{\displaystyle \exp \left(i\pi x{\tfrac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=f(-x)} 943:{\displaystyle \exp \left(tx{\frac {d}{dx}}\right)f(x)=f(e^{t}x),} 2282:
which appear in functional analysis. Therefore, it is usually a
2709:. This observation is at the heart of the construction of many 489:
The operator thus provides the prototype for Lie's celebrated
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which may be interpreted operationally through its formal
2440:{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}T^{t}=M^{t}{\mathcal {F}},} 16:
Linear mathematical operator which translates a function
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Lectures on Functional Equations and Their Applications
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The shift operator acting on two-sided sequences is a
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Group Theory and Its Application to Physical Problems
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(March 15, 2004). 3298: 3270: 3101: 2830: 2650: 2603: 2497: 2366: 2321: 2134: 2130: 2086: 2082: 1876: 1872: 1828: 1824: 1237:{\displaystyle \beta (x)={\tfrac {1}{x}}} 218: 188: 3055:Translation operator (quantum mechanics) 2925:{\displaystyle (R^{y}f)(x)=(L^{x}f)(y).} 2334:{\displaystyle \ell _{2}(\mathbb {Z} ).} 2660:{\displaystyle \ell _{2}(\mathbb {Z} )} 2507:{\displaystyle \ell _{2}(\mathbb {N} )} 2035:and on two-sided infinite sequences by 1787:and on two-sided infinite sequences by 3335: 3109:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 145–162. 2988:{\displaystyle L^{x}R^{y}=R^{y}L^{x}.} 339:representation of the linear operator 3205: 3203: 3097: 3095: 3074: 2178:In general, as illustrated above, if 818:For example, it easily follows that 3325:Marvin Rosenblum and James Rovnyak, 3249:"Generalized displacement operators" 2379:{\displaystyle L_{2}(\mathbb {R} ).} 3301:Linear Operators and Linear Systems 460:; and whose action on the monomial 94:, the shift operator is called the 13: 3200: 3092: 2803:{\displaystyle \{L^{x}\}_{x\in X}} 2429: 2399: 2143: 2138: 2095: 2090: 1885: 1880: 1837: 1832: 14: 3354: 3329:, (1985) Oxford University Press. 3327:Hardy Classes and Operator Theory 3183:p 75 of Georg Scheffers (1891): 2753:generalized displacement operator 2739: 2736:; it has Fredholm index −1. 2173: 491:advective flow for Abelian groups 343:in terms of the plain derivative 195:{\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} } 2274:Properties of the shift operator 2263:{\displaystyle F_{g}(h)=F(h+g).} 700:where the canonical coordinates 372:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {d}{dx}}} 155:analogue of the shift operator. 103:Shift operators are examples of 3292: 2755:); it was further developed by 1394:{\displaystyle \beta (x)=e^{x}} 1077:{\displaystyle \beta (x)=x^{2}} 765: 3303:. Cambridge University Press. 3264: 3237: 3224: 3177: 3160: 3147:Calculus of Finite Differences 3145:Jordan, Charles, (1939/1965). 3139: 3067: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2860: 2654: 2646: 2607: 2599: 2501: 2493: 2370: 2362: 2325: 2317: 2254: 2242: 2233: 2227: 2123: 2103: 2100: 2075: 2061: 2019: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1930: 1865: 1845: 1842: 1817: 1803: 1771: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1675: 1614: 1608: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1564: 1464: 1458: 1375: 1369: 1304: 1298: 1216: 1210: 1147: 1141: 1058: 1052: 1029: 1020: 1011: 1005: 934: 918: 909: 903: 834: 828: 799: 796: 790: 784: 775: 769: 753: 747: 732: 726: 676: 667: 661: 655: 628: 616: 607: 601: 558: 552: 526: 520: 313: 301: 292: 286: 270: 264: 1: 2463:. Therefore, the spectrum of 158: 3149:, (AMS Chelsea Publishing), 2837:{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } 1633: 225:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } 164:Functions of a real variable 109:functions of a real variable 7: 3278:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 3254:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 3028: 1910:operator acts on one-sided 1648:operator acts on one-sided 846:{\displaystyle \beta (x)=x} 121:positive-definite functions 111:plays an important role in 10: 3359: 3273:"Almost-periodic function" 3271:Bredikhina, E.A. (2001) , 3247:; Litvinov, G.L. (2001) , 3187:, Teubner, Leipzig, 1891. 2749:generalized shift operator 2528:which vanish in the first 1637: 18: 2747:introduced the notion of 708:) are defined such that 117:almost periodic functions 3309:10.1017/cbo9780511616693 3060: 3045:Clock and shift matrices 2816:of functions from a set 2290:Action on Hilbert spaces 3115:10.1007/3-540-29462-7_8 2453:multiplication operator 475:, and so all functions 3017:In this case, the set 2989: 2926: 2838: 2804: 2762:A family of operators 2661: 2617: 2508: 2441: 2380: 2335: 2264: 2155: 2026: 1897: 1778: 1624: 1532: 1395: 1351: 1238: 1192: 1078: 1036: 944: 847: 809: 691: 443: 373: 326: 226: 196: 2990: 2927: 2839: 2805: 2662: 2618: 2509: 2442: 2381: 2336: 2265: 2197:, the shift operator 2156: 2027: 1898: 1779: 1625: 1533: 1396: 1352: 1239: 1193: 1079: 1042:(parity); likewise, 1037: 945: 848: 810: 692: 444: 374: 327: 227: 197: 149:triangulated category 25:Verschiebung operator 3166:M Hamermesh (1989), 2936: 2857: 2826: 2768: 2732:is one example of a 2633: 2580: for each  2550: 2546:, in the sense that 2480: 2470:The one-sided shift 2467:is the unit circle. 2394: 2349: 2304: 2214: 2182:is a function on an 2042: 1921: 1794: 1659: 1551: 1408: 1363: 1251: 1204: 1091: 1046: 957: 860: 822: 715: 500: 392: 349: 337:operational calculus 248: 214: 178: 139:, and the theory of 92:time series analysis 44:translation operator 42:, also known as the 34:, and in particular 2284:continuous operator 2147: 2099: 1889: 1841: 234:to its translation 204:) takes a function 168:The shift operator 36:functional analysis 3076:Weisstein, Eric W. 2985: 2922: 2834: 2812:acting on a space 2800: 2657: 2613: 2504: 2437: 2376: 2331: 2260: 2151: 2122: 2074: 2022: 1893: 1864: 1816: 1774: 1620: 1528: 1391: 1347: 1234: 1232: 1188: 1074: 1032: 995: 940: 843: 805: 687: 464:is evident by the 439: 381:was introduced by 369: 367: 322: 222: 192: 3343:Unitary operators 3318:978-0-521-83734-7 3209:Aczel, J (2006), 3124:978-3-540-23235-3 3050:Finite difference 3011:identity operator 2734:Fredholm operator 2711:unitary dilations 2627:is the vector in 2581: 2193:is an element of 1912:infinite sequence 1650:infinite sequence 1514: 1448: 1338: 1288: 1273: 1231: 1179: 1131: 994: 893: 761: 757: 591: 542: 435: 429: 366: 318: 141:symbolic dynamics 137:abelian varieties 113:harmonic analysis 3350: 3322: 3286: 3285: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3207: 3198: 3181: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3103:Marchenko, V. A. 3099: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3079:"Shift Operator" 3071: 3035:Arithmetic shift 3020: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2903: 2902: 2872: 2871: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2783: 2782: 2731: 2723: 2708: 2701: 2691: 2684: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2645: 2644: 2626: 2622: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2606: 2598: 2597: 2582: 2579: 2565: 2564: 2545: 2535: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2413: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2315: 2296:unitary operator 2269: 2267: 2266: 2261: 2226: 2225: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2141: 2121: 2120: 2098: 2093: 2073: 2072: 2057: 2056: 2031: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2012: 2011: 1999: 1998: 1968: 1967: 1955: 1954: 1942: 1941: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1863: 1862: 1840: 1835: 1815: 1814: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1764: 1763: 1751: 1750: 1738: 1737: 1713: 1712: 1700: 1699: 1687: 1686: 1671: 1670: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1607: 1606: 1576: 1575: 1563: 1562: 1537: 1535: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1506: 1505: 1489: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1436: 1434: 1433: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1328: 1327: 1318: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1224: 1197: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1161: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1072: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1001: 997: 996: 993: 982: 949: 947: 946: 941: 930: 929: 899: 895: 894: 892: 881: 853:yields scaling, 852: 850: 849: 844: 814: 812: 811: 806: 759: 758: 756: 739: 725: 703: 696: 694: 693: 688: 683: 679: 654: 653: 597: 593: 592: 590: 579: 548: 544: 543: 541: 530: 485: 474: 468:, and hence on 466:binomial theorem 463: 459: 454:Taylor expansion 448: 446: 445: 440: 433: 432: 431: 430: 428: 417: 404: 403: 380: 378: 376: 375: 370: 368: 365: 354: 342: 331: 329: 328: 323: 316: 285: 284: 260: 259: 240: 233: 231: 229: 228: 223: 221: 207: 203: 201: 199: 198: 193: 191: 171: 143:, for which the 135:, the theory of 105:linear operators 89: 67: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3333: 3332: 3319: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3269: 3265: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3208: 3201: 3182: 3178: 3165: 3161: 3144: 3140: 3125: 3100: 3093: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3031: 3018: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2898: 2894: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2742: 2729: 2721: 2713:of isometries. 2703: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2670: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2578: 2557: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2541: 2533: 2532:. The operator 2496: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2428: 2427: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2292: 2286:with norm one. 2276: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2142: 2126: 2110: 2106: 2094: 2078: 2068: 2064: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2007: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1946: 1937: 1933: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1884: 1868: 1852: 1848: 1836: 1820: 1810: 1806: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1708: 1704: 1695: 1691: 1682: 1678: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1642: 1636: 1596: 1592: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1473: 1440: 1435: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1385: 1381: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1323: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1222: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 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2740:Generalization 2738: 2696: 2680: 2673: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2436: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2288: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2175: 2174:Abelian groups 2172: 2162: 2161: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2033: 2032: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1914:of numbers by 1904: 1903: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1785: 1784: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1652:of numbers by 1638:Main article: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1539: 1538: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1358: 1357: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1199: 1198: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 992: 989: 985: 979: 976: 973: 969: 965: 962: 951: 950: 939: 936: 933: 928: 924: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 898: 891: 888: 884: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 816: 815: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 764: 755: 752: 749: 746: 742: 737: 734: 731: 728: 724: 721: 706:Abel functions 698: 697: 686: 682: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 652: 649: 645: 640: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 596: 589: 586: 582: 577: 573: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 547: 540: 537: 533: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 512: 508: 505: 438: 427: 424: 420: 415: 411: 407: 402: 398: 387: 364: 361: 357: 333: 332: 321: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 266: 263: 258: 254: 237: 220: 190: 186: 183: 165: 162: 160: 157: 40:shift operator 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3355: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3245:Levitan, B.M. 3240: 3233: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3040:Logical shift 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3012: 2997:There exists 2996: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2852: 2851:Associativity 2849: 2848: 2847: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2779: 2775: 2760: 2758: 2757:Boris Levitan 2754: 2751:(also called 2750: 2746: 2745:Jean Delsarte 2737: 2735: 2727: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2689: 2683: 2676: 2641: 2637: 2610: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2539: 2531: 2527: 2524:equal to all 2523: 2519: 2488: 2484: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2388: 2373: 2357: 2353: 2328: 2312: 2308: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2210: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2185: 2184:abelian group 2171: 2169: 2168: 2148: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1972: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1890: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1768: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1617: 1611: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1002: 998: 990: 987: 983: 977: 974: 971: 967: 963: 960: 937: 931: 926: 922: 915: 912: 906: 900: 896: 889: 886: 882: 877: 874: 870: 866: 863: 856: 855: 854: 840: 837: 831: 825: 802: 793: 787: 781: 778: 772: 766: 762: 750: 744: 740: 735: 729: 722: 719: 711: 710: 709: 707: 684: 680: 673: 670: 664: 658: 650: 647: 643: 638: 634: 631: 625: 622: 619: 613: 610: 604: 598: 594: 587: 584: 580: 575: 571: 567: 564: 561: 555: 549: 545: 538: 535: 531: 523: 517: 514: 510: 506: 503: 496: 495: 494: 492: 487: 483: 479: 471: 470:all series in 467: 455: 449: 436: 425: 422: 418: 413: 409: 405: 400: 396: 386: 384: 362: 359: 355: 338: 319: 310: 307: 304: 298: 295: 289: 281: 277: 273: 267: 261: 256: 252: 244: 243: 242: 184: 181: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 98: 93: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 65: 61: 57: 53: 50:that takes a 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 3326: 3300: 3293:Bibliography 3276: 3266: 3252: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3210: 3184: 3179: 3167: 3162: 3146: 3141: 3106: 3082: 3069: 3021:is called a 3016: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2728:. The shift 2715: 2704: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2542: 2516:is a proper 2469: 2458: 2389: 2293: 2277: 2203: 2177: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2034: 1907: 1905: 1786: 1645: 1643: 1543: 1540: 1359: 1200: 952: 817: 699: 488: 481: 477: 469: 451: 388: 335:A practical 334: 167: 153:categorified 133:Hardy spaces 102: 97:lag operator 95: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 63: 59: 55: 43: 39: 29: 2538:compression 1908:right shift 1640:Shift space 145:baker's map 129:convolution 125:derivatives 70:translation 32:mathematics 3023:hypergroup 3005:such that 2530:coordinate 2474:acting on 1646:left shift 159:Definition 3283:EMS Press 3259:EMS Press 3084:MathWorld 2793:∈ 2726:unit disk 2690:≥ 0 2638:ℓ 2591:ℓ 2587:∈ 2559:− 2485:ℓ 2309:ℓ 2167:bilateral 2144:∞ 2139:∞ 2136:− 2115:− 2101:↦ 2096:∞ 2091:∞ 2088:− 2051:− 2017:… 1979:↦ 1973:… 1886:∞ 1881:∞ 1878:− 1843:↦ 1838:∞ 1833:∞ 1830:− 1769:… 1724:↦ 1718:… 1668:∗ 1634:Sequences 1604:τ 1573:τ 1508:− 1500:− 1482:⁡ 1415:⁡ 1367:β 1258:⁡ 1208:β 1170:− 1098:⁡ 1050:β 1024:− 975:π 964:⁡ 867:⁡ 826:β 779:≡ 745:β 736:≡ 648:− 568:⁡ 518:β 507:⁡ 185:∈ 21:Bit shift 3337:Category 3029:See also 2718:spectrum 2518:isometry 2170:shifts. 1401:yields 1244:yields 1084:yields 723:′ 383:Lagrange 52:function 48:operator 46:, is an 3133:2182783 3009:is the 2844:⁠ 2822:⁠ 2810:⁠ 2764:⁠ 2724:is the 2667:⁠ 2629:⁠ 2526:vectors 2514:⁠ 2476:⁠ 2451:is the 2386:⁠ 2345:⁠ 2341:⁠ 2300:⁠ 379:⁠ 345:⁠ 232:⁠ 210:⁠ 202:⁠ 174:⁠ 172:(where 68:to its 3315:  3217:  3196:online 3191:  3172:online 3153:  3131:  3121:  2853:: let 2707:< 0 2623:where 2447:where 2189:, and 953:hence 760:  434:  317:  127:, and 38:, the 3061:Notes 2932:Then 2669:with 2536:is a 2522:range 2520:with 2280:norms 2201:maps 1541:etc. 151:is a 90:. In 3313:ISBN 3232:ibid 3215:ISBN 3189:ISBN 3151:ISBN 3119:ISBN 2716:The 2702:for 2692:and 2685:for 2457:exp( 2298:on 1906:The 1644:The 3305:doi 3111:doi 3001:in 2820:to 2720:of 2700:= 0 2540:of 2459:itx 2455:by 2207:to 1412:exp 1255:exp 1095:exp 961:exp 864:exp 565:exp 504:exp 456:in 241:, 208:on 30:In 3339:: 3311:. 3281:, 3275:, 3257:, 3251:, 3202:^ 3129:MR 3127:. 3117:. 3094:^ 3081:. 3025:. 2759:. 2677:= 1479:ln 493:, 385:, 123:, 119:, 100:. 84:+ 76:↦ 58:↦ 3321:. 3307:: 3234:. 3221:. 3174:. 3157:. 3135:. 3113:: 3087:. 3019:X 3013:. 3007:L 3003:X 2999:e 2983:. 2978:x 2974:L 2968:y 2964:R 2960:= 2955:y 2951:R 2945:x 2941:L 2920:. 2917:) 2914:y 2911:( 2908:) 2905:f 2900:x 2896:L 2892:( 2889:= 2886:) 2883:x 2880:( 2877:) 2874:f 2869:y 2865:R 2861:( 2831:C 2818:X 2814:Φ 2796:X 2790:x 2786:} 2780:x 2776:L 2772:{ 2730:S 2722:S 2705:i 2697:i 2695:y 2688:i 2681:i 2679:x 2674:i 2672:y 2655:) 2651:Z 2647:( 2642:2 2625:y 2611:, 2608:) 2604:N 2600:( 2595:2 2584:x 2576:x 2573:S 2570:= 2567:y 2562:1 2555:T 2543:T 2534:S 2502:) 2498:N 2494:( 2489:2 2472:S 2465:T 2461:) 2449:M 2435:, 2430:F 2423:t 2419:M 2415:= 2410:t 2406:T 2400:F 2374:. 2371:) 2367:R 2363:( 2358:2 2354:L 2329:. 2326:) 2322:Z 2318:( 2313:2 2258:. 2255:) 2252:g 2249:+ 2246:h 2243:( 2240:F 2237:= 2234:) 2231:h 2228:( 2223:g 2219:F 2204:F 2199:T 2195:G 2191:h 2187:G 2180:F 2149:. 2132:= 2128:k 2124:) 2118:1 2112:k 2108:a 2104:( 2084:= 2080:k 2076:) 2070:k 2066:a 2062:( 2059:: 2054:1 2047:T 2020:) 2014:, 2009:2 2005:a 2001:, 1996:1 1992:a 1988:, 1985:0 1982:( 1976:) 1970:, 1965:3 1961:a 1957:, 1952:2 1948:a 1944:, 1939:1 1935:a 1931:( 1928:: 1925:S 1891:. 1874:= 1870:k 1866:) 1860:1 1857:+ 1854:k 1850:a 1846:( 1826:= 1822:k 1818:) 1812:k 1808:a 1804:( 1801:: 1798:T 1772:) 1766:, 1761:4 1757:a 1753:, 1748:3 1744:a 1740:, 1735:2 1731:a 1727:( 1721:) 1715:, 1710:3 1706:a 1702:, 1697:2 1693:a 1689:, 1684:1 1680:a 1676:( 1673:: 1664:S 1618:. 1615:) 1612:x 1609:( 1601:+ 1598:t 1594:f 1590:= 1587:) 1584:) 1581:x 1578:( 1569:f 1565:( 1560:t 1556:f 1526:, 1522:) 1517:) 1511:t 1503:x 1496:e 1491:1 1486:( 1475:( 1471:f 1468:= 1465:) 1462:x 1459:( 1456:f 1452:) 1445:x 1442:d 1438:d 1431:x 1427:e 1423:t 1419:( 1387:x 1383:e 1379:= 1376:) 1373:x 1370:( 1345:, 1341:) 1336:t 1333:2 1330:+ 1325:2 1321:x 1315:( 1311:f 1308:= 1305:) 1302:x 1299:( 1296:f 1292:) 1285:x 1282:d 1278:d 1271:x 1268:t 1262:( 1229:x 1226:1 1220:= 1217:) 1214:x 1211:( 1186:, 1182:) 1176:x 1173:t 1167:1 1163:x 1158:( 1154:f 1151:= 1148:) 1145:x 1142:( 1139:f 1135:) 1128:x 1125:d 1121:d 1114:2 1110:x 1106:t 1102:( 1070:2 1066:x 1062:= 1059:) 1056:x 1053:( 1030:) 1027:x 1021:( 1018:f 1015:= 1012:) 1009:x 1006:( 1003:f 999:) 991:x 988:d 984:d 978:x 972:i 968:( 938:, 935:) 932:x 927:t 923:e 919:( 916:f 913:= 910:) 907:x 904:( 901:f 897:) 890:x 887:d 883:d 878:x 875:t 871:( 841:x 838:= 835:) 832:x 829:( 803:. 800:) 797:) 794:x 791:( 788:h 785:( 782:F 776:) 773:x 770:( 767:f 763:, 754:) 751:x 748:( 741:1 733:) 730:x 727:( 720:h 704:( 702:h 685:, 681:) 677:) 674:t 671:+ 668:) 665:x 662:( 659:h 656:( 651:1 644:h 639:( 635:f 632:= 629:) 626:t 623:+ 620:h 617:( 614:F 611:= 608:) 605:h 602:( 599:F 595:) 588:h 585:d 581:d 576:t 572:( 562:= 559:) 556:x 553:( 550:f 546:) 539:x 536:d 532:d 527:) 524:x 521:( 515:t 511:( 484:) 482:x 480:( 478:f 473:x 462:x 458:t 437:, 426:x 423:d 419:d 414:t 410:e 406:= 401:t 397:T 363:x 360:d 356:d 341:T 320:. 314:) 311:t 308:+ 305:x 302:( 299:f 296:= 293:) 290:x 287:( 282:t 278:f 274:= 271:) 268:x 265:( 262:f 257:t 253:T 238:t 236:f 219:R 206:f 189:R 182:t 170:T 88:) 86:a 82:x 80:( 78:f 74:x 66:) 64:x 62:( 60:f 56:x 27:.

Index

Bit shift
Verschiebung operator
mathematics
functional analysis
operator
function
time series analysis
lag operator
linear operators
functions of a real variable
harmonic analysis
almost periodic functions
positive-definite functions
derivatives
convolution
Hardy spaces
abelian varieties
symbolic dynamics
baker's map
triangulated category
categorified
operational calculus
Lagrange
Taylor expansion
binomial theorem
advective flow for Abelian groups
Abel functions
Shift space
infinite sequence
infinite sequence

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