Sherman Antitrust Act

1083:

enactment and during fifty years of litigation of the Sherman Act give no hint that such was its purpose. They do not suggest that, in general, state laws or law enforcement machinery were inadequate to prevent local obstructions or interferences with interstate transportation, or presented any problem requiring the interposition of federal authority. In 1890, when the Sherman Act was adopted, there were only a few federal statutes imposing penalties for obstructing or misusing interstate transportation. With an expanding commerce, many others have since been enacted safeguarding transportation in interstate commerce as the need was seen, including statutes declaring conspiracies to interfere or actual interference with interstate commerce by violence or threats of violence to be felonies. The law was enacted in the era of "trusts" and of "combinations" of businesses and of capital organized and directed to control of the market by suppression of competition in the marketing of goods and services, the monopolistic tendency of which had become a matter of public concern. The goal was to prevent restraints of free competition in business and commercial transactions which tended to restrict production, raise prices, or otherwise control the market to the detriment of purchasers or consumers of goods and services, all of which had come to be regarded as a special form of public injury. For that reason the phrase "restraint of trade," which, as will presently appear, had a well understood meaning in common law, was made the means of defining the activities prohibited. The addition of the words "or commerce among the several States" was not an additional kind of restraint to be prohibited by the Sherman Act, but was the means used to relate the prohibited restraint of trade to interstate commerce for constitutional purposes, Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers v. United States, 286 U. S. 427, 286 U. S. 434, so that Congress, through its commerce power, might suppress and penalize restraints on the competitive system which involved or affected interstate commerce. Because many forms of restraint upon commercial competition extended across state lines so as to make regulation by state action difficult or impossible, Congress enacted the Sherman Act, 21 Cong.Rec. 2456. It was in this sense of preventing restraints on commercial competition that Congress exercised "all the power it possessed." Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers v. United States, supra, 286 U. S. 435.

2489:

strife or unrest, which have the intent or the necessary effect of burdening or obstructing commerce. . . ." The Anti-Racketeering Act, 48 Stat. 979, 18 U.S.C. §§ 420a-420e (1934), is designed to protect trade and commerce against interference by violence and threats. § 420a provides that "any person who, in connection with or in relation to any act in any way or in any degree affecting trade or commerce or any article or commodity moving or about to move in trade or commerce --" "(a) Obtains or attempts to obtain, by the use of or attempt to use or threat to use force, violence, or coercion, the payment of money or other valuable considerations . . . not including, however, the payment of wages by a bonafide employer to a bona fide employee; or" "(b) Obtains the property of another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of force or fear, or under color of official right; or" "(c) Commits or threatens to commit an act of physical violence or physical injury to a person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to violate subsections (a) or (b); or" "(d) Conspires or acts concertedly with any other person or persons to commit any of the foregoing acts; shall, upon conviction thereof, be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by imprisonment from one to ten years or by a fine of $ 10,000 or both." But the application of the provisions of § 420a to labor unions is restricted by § 420d, which provides: "Jurisdiction of offenses. Any person charged with violating section 420a of this title may be prosecuted in any district in which any part of the offense has been committed by him or by his actual associates participating with him in the offense or by his fellow conspirators:

2484:

1136 (1909), 18 U.S.C. §§ 388–390; white slave traffic, 36 Stat. 825 (1910), 18 U.S.C. §§ 397–404; transportation of prize-fight films, 37 Stat. 240 (1912), 18 U.S.C. §§ 405–407; larceny of goods moving in interstate commerce, 37 Stat. 670 (1913), 18 U.S.C. § 409; violent interference with foreign commerce, 40 Stat. 221 (1917), 18 U.S.C. § 381; transportation of stolen motor vehicles, 41 Stat. 324 (1919), 18 U.S.C. § 408; transportation of kidnapped persons, 47 Stat. 326 (1932), 18 U.S.C. § 408a–408c; threatening communication in interstate commerce, 48 Stat. 781 (1934), 18 U.S.C. § 408d; transportation of stolen or feloniously taken goods, securities or money, 48 Stat. 794 (1934), 18 U.S.C. § 415; transporting strikebreakers, 49 Stat. 1899 (1936), 18 U.S.C. § 407a; destruction or dumping of farm products received in interstate commerce, 44 Stat. 1355 (1927), 7 U.S.C. § 491.

1977:, in which the Court rejected a facial Sherman Act preemption challenge to a statute requiring that persons selling liquor to wholesalers affirm that the price charged was no higher than the lowest price at which sales were made anywhere in the United States during the previous month. Since the attack was a facial one, and the state law required no per se violations, no preemption could occur. The Court also rejected the possibility of preemption due to Sherman Act violations stemming from misuse of the statute. The Court stated that rather than imposing "irresistible economic pressure" on sellers to violate the Sherman Act, the statute "appears firmly anchored to the assumption that the Sherman Act will deter any attempts by the appellants to preserve their ... price level by conspiring to raise the prices at which liquor is sold elsewhere in the country". Thus, 2508:. . . with such penalties and provisions . . . as will tend to preserve freedom of trade and production, the natural competition of increasing production, the lowering of prices by such competition . . ." (19 Cong.Rec. 6041). This resolution explicitly presented the economic theory of the proponents of such legislation. The various bills introduced between 1888 and 1890 follow the theory of this resolution. Many bills sought to make void all arrangements "made with a view, or which tend, to prevent full and free competition in the production, manufacture, or sale of articles of domestic growth or production, . . ." S. 3445; S. 3510; H.R. 11339; all of the 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (1888) were bills of this type. In the 51st Cong. (1889), the bills were in a similar vein. 7712: 40: 7719: 2058:, described the Sherman Act as stifling innovation and harming society. "No one will ever know what new products, processes, machines, and cost-saving mergers failed to come into existence, killed by the Sherman Act before they were born. No one can ever compute the price that all of us have paid for that Act which, by inducing less effective use of capital, has kept our standard of living lower than would otherwise have been possible." Greenspan summarized the nature of antitrust law as "a jumble of economic irrationality and ignorance". Greenspan at that time was a disciple and friend of 1709:, composed the market only of alarm companies with services in every state, tailoring out any local competitors; the defendant stood alone in this market, but had the court added up the entire national market, it would have had a much smaller share of the national market for alarm services that the court purportedly used. The appellate courts affirmed this finding; however, today, an appellate court would likely find this definition to be flawed. Modern courts use a more sophisticated market definition that does not permit as manipulative a definition. 2711: 2704: 2690: 2700: 2139:, "Senator John Sherman of Ohio was motivated to introduce an antitrust bill in late 1889 partly as a way of enacting revenge on his political rival, General and former Governor Russell Alger of Michigan, because Sherman believed that Alger personally had cost him the presidential nomination at the 1888 Republican national convention ... Sherman was able to pursue his revenge motive by combining it with the broader Republican goals of preserving high tariffs and attacking the trusts." 1902:

that the statutory requirements create "an unacceptable and unnecessary risk of anticompetitive effect", and does not occur simply because it is possible to use the statute in an anticompetitive manner. It should not mean that preemption is impossible whenever both procompetitive and anticompetitive results are conceivable. The per se rule "reflects the judgment that such cases are not sufficiently common or important to justify the time and expense necessary to identify them".

1997:

statutory restraint unreasonably restrain trade. If they do, preemption is warranted unless the statute passes the appropriate state action tests. But, when the statutory conduct combines with other practices in a larger conspiracy to restrain trade, or when the statute is used to violate the antitrust laws in a market in which such a use is not compelled by the state statute, the private party might be subjected to antitrust liability without preemption of the statute.

10310: 10274: 7973: 712: 10320: 2494:

are expressed in existing statutes of the United States." It is significant that Chapter 9 of the Criminal Code, dealing with "Offenses Against Foreign And Interstate Commerce" and relating specifically to acts of interstate transportation or its obstruction, makes no mention of the Sherman Act, which is made a part of the Code which deals with social, economic and commercial results of interstate activity, notwithstanding its criminal penalty."

2123:, does not condemn the entire regime, but expresses concern with the potential that it could be applied to create inefficiency, rather than to avoid inefficiency. Posner further believes, along with a number of others, including Bork, that genuinely inefficient cartels and coercive monopolies, the target of the act, would be self-corrected by market forces, making the strict penalties of antitrust legislation unnecessary. Conversely, liberal 2504:

such competition. On July 10, 1888, the Senate adopted without discussion a resolution offered by Senator Sherman which directed the Committee on Finance to inquire into, and report in connection with, revenue bills "such measures as it may deem expedient to set aside, control, restrain or prohibit all arrangements, contracts, agreements, trusts, or combinations between persons or corporations, made with a view, or which tend to prevent

1548: 1169: 1517:" Such conduct "would always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output". When a per se rule is applied (in contrast to a rule of reason analysis), a civil violation of the antitrust laws is found merely by proving that the conduct occurred and that it fell within a per se category. Conduct considered unlawful per se includes horizontal price-fixing, horizontal market division, and concerted refusals to deal. 1606: 679: 2109:" Dilorenzo writes: "Protectionists did not want prices paid by consumers to fall. But they also understood that to gain political support for high tariffs they would have to assure the public that industries would not combine to increase prices to politically prohibitive levels. Support for both an antitrust law and tariff hikes would maintain high prices while avoiding the more obvious bilking of consumers." 1922:, automobile manufacturers and retail franchisees contended that the Sherman Act preempted a statute requiring manufacturers to secure the permission of a state board before opening a new dealership if and only if a competing dealer protested. They argued that a conflict existed because the statute permitted "auto dealers to invoke state power for the purpose of restraining intrabrand competition". 1766: 2329:"This focus of U.S. competition law, on protection of competition rather than competitors, is not necessarily the only possible focus or purpose of competition law. For example, it has also been said that competition law in the European Union (EU) tends to protect the competitors in the marketplace, even at the expense of market efficiencies and consumers."< 1531:

se. Taking a "quick look", economic harm is presumed from the questionable nature of the conduct, and the burden is shifted to the defendant to prove harmlessness or justification. The quick-look became a popular way of disposing of cases where the conduct was in a grey area between illegality "per se" and demonstrable harmfulness under the "rule of reason".

2400: 3266:, 100 N.M. 216, 668 P.2d 1093, 1099 (1983) (rejecting a facial attack on a statute but reserving a decision on whether the actual application of the statute might violate the antitrust laws), appeal dismissed, 104 S. Ct. 1581 (1984). But see infra note 149 for a discussion on the possibility of a much more limited rule of reason preemption analysis. 1024:(i.e. three times as much money in damages as the violation cost them). Over time, the federal courts have developed a body of law under the Sherman Act making certain types of anticompetitive conduct per se illegal, and subjecting other types of conduct to case-by-case analysis regarding whether the conduct unreasonably restrains trade. 2517:

of transit of articles in interstate commerce, . . ." When the antitrust bill (S. 1, 51st Cong., 1st Sess.) came before Congress for debate, the debates point to a similar purpose. Senator Sherman asserted the bill prevented only "business combinations" "made with a view to prevent competition", 21 Cong.Rec. 2457, 2562;

1879:, 445 U.S. 97, 105 (1980), the Supreme Court established a two-part test for applying the doctrine: "First, the challenged restraint must be one clearly articulated and affirmatively expressed as state policy; second, the policy must be actively supervised by the State itself." Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). 2516:

Bills and Debates in Congress relating to Trusts (1909), Vol. 1, pp. 1025–1031. Only one, which was never enacted, S. 1268 in the 52d Cong., 1st Sess. (1892), introduced by Senator Peffer, sought to prohibit "every willful act . . . which shall have the effect to in any way interfere with the freedom

2483:

regulation of; interstate carriage of lottery tickets, 28 Stat. 963 (1895), 18 U.S.C. § 387; Transportation of obscene books, 29 Stat. 512 (1897), 18 U.S.C. § 396; transportation of illegally killed game, 31 Stat. 188 (1900), 18 U.S.C. §§ 392–395; interstate shipment of intoxicating liquors, 35 Stat.

1935:

would permit charging different prices. They reasoned that the Robinson-Patman Act is a qualification of our "more basic national policy favoring free competition" and that any state statute altering "the competitive balance that Congress struck between the Robinson-Patman and Sherman Acts" should be

1909:, ambiguous guideline regarding preemption by Section 1 is the Court's statement that a "state statute is not preempted by the federal antitrust laws simply because the state scheme might have an anticompetitive effect". The meaning of this statement is clarified by examining the three cases cited in 1894:

If the statute does not mandate conduct violating a per se rule, the conduct is analyzed under the rule of reason, which requires an examination of the conduct's actual effects on competition. If unreasonable anticompetitive effects are created, the required conduct violates Section 1 and the statute

1695:

Second, courts have employed more sophisticated and principled definitions of markets. Market definition is necessary, in rule of reason cases, for the plaintiff to prove a conspiracy is harmful. It is also necessary for the plaintiff to establish the market relationship between conspirators to prove

2503:

Footnote 15 appears here: "The history of the Sherman Act, as contained in the legislative proceedings, is emphatic in its support for the conclusion that "business competition" was the problem considered, and that the act was designed to prevent restraints of trade which had a significant effect on

2469:

Footnote 13 appears here: "Three statutes covered in 1890 the Congressional action in relation to obstructions to interstate commerce. A penalty was imposed for the refusal to transmit a telegraph message (R.S. § 5269, 17 Stat. 366 (1872)) for transporting nitroglycerine and other explosives without

2421:

Homan, Industrial Combination as Surveyed in Recent Literature, 44 Quart.J.Econ., 345 (1930). With few exceptions, the articles, scientific and popular, reflected the popular idea that the Act was aimed at the prevention of monopolistic practices and restraints upon trade injurious to purchasers and

2078:

said "trusts have made products cheaper, have reduced prices; but if the price of oil, for instance, were reduced to one cent a barrel, it would not right the wrong done to people of this country by the trusts which have destroyed legitimate competition and driven honest men from legitimate business

2023:

And see the statement of Senator Edmunds, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee which reported out the bill in the form in which it passed, that in drafting that bill the committee thought that "we would frame a bill that should be clearly within our constitutional power, that we would make its

1530:

A "quick look" analysis under the rule of reason may be used when "an observer with even a rudimentary understanding of economics could conclude that the arrangements in question would have an anticompetitive effect on customers and markets", yet the violation is also not one considered unlawful per

2070:

Rand, who described herself as "a radical for capitalism", opposed antitrust law not only on economic grounds but also morally, as a violation of property rights, asserting that the "meaning and purpose" of antitrust law is "the penalizing of ability for being ability, the penalizing of success for

2009:

No attempt is made to invade the legislative authority of the several States or even to occupy doubtful grounds. No system of laws can be devised by Congress alone which would effectually protect the people of the United States against the evils and oppression of trusts and monopolies. Congress has

1951:

Merely another way of stating that the ... statute will have an anticompetitive effect. In this sense, there is a conflict between the statute and the central policy of the Sherman Act – 'our charter of economic liberty'. ... Nevertheless, this sort of conflict cannot itself constitute a sufficient

1901:

sets out guidelines to aid in preemption analysis. Preemption should not occur "simply because in a hypothetical situation a private party's compliance with the statute might cause him to violate the antitrust laws". This language suggests that preemption occurs only if economic analysis determines

1524:

determine whether Section 1 is violated. The court analyzes "facts peculiar to the business, the history of the restraining, and the reasons why it was imposed", to determine the effect on competition in the relevant product market. A restraint violates Section 1 if it unreasonably restrains trade.

1027:

The law attempts to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply. "Innocent monopoly", or monopoly achieved solely by merit, is legal, but acts by a monopolist to artificially preserve that status, or nefarious dealings to create a monopoly, are not. The purpose of the

2493:

That no court of the United States shall construe or apply any of the provisions of sections 420a to 420e of this title in such manner as to impair, diminish, or in any manner affect the rights of bona fide labor organizations in lawfully carrying out the legitimate objects thereof, as such rights

2488:

National Labor Relations Act, 49 Stat. 449 (1935), 29 U.S.C., Ch. 7, § 151, "Findings and declaration of policy. The denial by employers of the right of employees to organize and the refusal by employers to accept the procedure of collective bargaining lead to strikes and other forms of industrial

1131:

The Sherman Act is divided into three sections. Section 1 delineates and prohibits specific means of anticompetitive conduct, while Section 2 deals with end results that are anti-competitive in nature. Thus, these sections supplement each other in an effort to prevent businesses from violating the

2758:

The truth is that our categories of analysis of anticompetitive effect are less fixed than terms like 'per se', 'quick look', and 'rule of reason' tend to make them appear. We have recognized, for example, that 'there is often no bright line separating per se from rule of reason analysis,' since

2545:

4089; Representative Wilson spoke in favor of the bill against combinations among "competing producers to control the supply of their product, in order that they may dictate the terms on which they shall sell in the market, and may secure release from the stress of competition among themselves,"

2031:

Now we are dealing with an offense against interstate or international commerce, which the State cannot regulate by penal enactment, and we find the United States without any common law. The great thing that this bill does, except affording a remedy, is to extend the common-law principles, which

1667:

A modern trend has increased difficulty for antitrust plaintiffs as courts have come to hold plaintiffs to increasing burdens of pleading. Under older Section 1 precedent, it was not settled how much evidence was required to show a conspiracy. For example, a conspiracy could be inferred based on

1508:

These are violations that meet the strict characterization of Section 1 ("agreements, conspiracies or trusts in restraint of trade"). A per se violation requires no further inquiry into the practice's actual effect on the market or the intentions of those individuals who engaged in the practice.

2131:

criticized the judiciary for interpreting and enforcing the antitrust law unequally: "From the beginning it has been applied by judges hostile to its purposes, friendly to the empire builders who wanted it emasculated ... trusts that were dissolved reintegrated in new forms ... It is

1721:

and innocent monopoly. The act is not meant to punish businesses that come to dominate their market passively or on their own merit, only those that intentionally dominate the market through misconduct, which generally consists of conspiratorial conduct of the kind forbidden by Section 1 of the

1996:

Thus, when a state requires conduct analyzed under the rule of reason, a court must carefully distinguish rule of reason analysis for preemption purposes from the analysis for liability purposes. To analyze whether preemption occurs, the court must determine whether the inevitable effects of a

1523:

A totality of the circumstances test, asking whether the challenged practice promotes or suppresses market competition. Unlike with per se violations, intent and motive are relevant when predicting future consequences. The rule of reason is said to be the "traditional framework of analysis" to

1082:

The legislative history of the Sherman Act, as well as the decisions of this Court interpreting it, show that it was not aimed at policing interstate transportation or movement of goods and property. The legislative history and the voluminous literature which was generated in the course of the

1046:

The purpose of the Act is not to protect businesses from the working of the market; it is to protect the public from the failure of the market. The law directs itself not against conduct which is competitive, even severely so, but against conduct which unfairly tends to destroy competition

2430:

42 Ann.Am.Acad., Industrial Competition and Combination (July 1912); P. L. Anderson, Combination v. Competition, 4 Edit.Rev. 500 (1911); Gilbert Holland Montague, Trust Regulation Today, 105 Atl.Monthly, 1 (1910); Federal Regulation of Industry, 32 Ann.Am.Acad. of Pol.Sci., No. 108 (1908),

1668:

parallel conduct, etc. That is, plaintiffs were only required to show that a conspiracy was conceivable. Since the 1970s, however, courts have held plaintiffs to higher standards, giving antitrust defendants an opportunity to resolve cases in their favor before significant discovery under

1853:

First, they will inquire whether the state legislation "mandates or authorizes conduct that necessarily constitutes a violation of the antitrust laws in all cases, or ... places irresistible pressure on a private party to violate the antitrust laws in order to comply with the statute."

2763:

at 779 (quoting NCAA, 468 U.S. at 104 n.26). "Whether the ultimate finding is the product of a presumption or actual market analysis, the essential inquiry remains the same whether or not the challenged restraint enhances competition." 526 U.S. at 779–80 (quoting NCAA, 468 U.S. at

1063:... who merely by superior skill and intelligence...got the whole business because nobody could do it as well as he could was not a monopolist...(but was if) it involved something like the use of means which made it impossible for other persons to engage in fair competition." 3350:, 496 F. Supp. 408, 449 (S.D. Ohio 1980) (indicating that a statute neither requiring nor permitting an anticompetitive collaboration gives the private party enough freedom of choice to preclude preemption), aff'd in part and remanded in part, 679 F.2d 656 (6th Cir. 1982) 1686:

8(a) sufficient to show that a conspiracy is plausible (and not merely conceivable or possible). This protects defendants from bearing the costs of antitrust "fishing expeditions"; however it deprives plaintiffs of perhaps their only tool to acquire evidence (discovery).

1441:. Therefore, federal courts only have jurisdiction to apply the Act to conduct that restrains or substantially affects either interstate commerce. (Congress also has ultimate authority over economic rules within the District of Columbia and US territories under the 17th 1353:(2010), where nurses alleged Albany Medical Center suppressed their wages in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, by sharing wage information with other area hospitals. References: (1) Casetext Fleischman vs Albany Medical Center (2) Justia Docket No. 10-0846-mv 2435:

Clark, Federal Trust Policy (1931), Ch. II, V; Homan, Trusts, 15 Ency.Soc.Sciences 111, 113: "clearly the law was inspired by the predatory competitive tactics of the great trusts, and its primary purpose was the maintenance of the competitive system in industry."

1730:

While the Act was aimed at regulating businesses, its prohibition of contracts restricting commerce was applied to the activities of labor unions until the 1930s. This is because unions were characterized as cartels as well (cartels of laborers). In 1914 the

2459:

Report of the Commissioner of Labor, Labor Laws of the Various States (1892); Bull. 370, Labor Laws of the United States with Decisions Relating Thereto, United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (1925); Witte, The Government in Labor Disputes (1932), 12–45,

1152:

Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor

3250:, 745 F.2d 166, 175 (2d Cir. 1984) (while declining to decide whether a statute required an antitrust violation in a facial attack, the court left open the possibility of preemption based on the statute's operation), cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 1393 (1985); 4841: 2454:

the kinds of strikes which were declared illegal in Pennsylvania, including a strike accompanied by force or threat of harm to persons or property, Brightly's Purdon's Digest of 1885, pp. 426, 1172. For collection of state statutes on labor activities,

2024:

definition out of terms that were well known to the law already, and would leave it to the courts in the first instance to say how far they could carry it or its particular definitions as applicable to each particular case as the occasion might arise."

3488:

Criticisms such as this one, attributed to Greenspan, are not directed at the Sherman act in particular, but rather at the underlying policy of all antitrust law, which includes several pieces of legislation other than just the Sherman Act, e.g. the

1028:

Sherman Act is not to protect competitors from harm from legitimately successful businesses, nor to prevent businesses from gaining honest profits from consumers, but rather to preserve a competitive marketplace to protect consumers from abuses.

3325:, 662 F.2d 88, 100 n.15 (1st Cir.) (power to control others not sufficient for facial preemption where party had no institutional reason to make anticompetitive decisions especially likely), aff'd on other grounds, 662 F.2d 102 (1st Cir. 1981) ( 1981:

indicates that when conduct required by a state statute combines with other conduct that, taken together, constitutes an illegal restraint of trade, liability may be imposed for the restraint without requiring preemption of the state statute.

6003: 1992:

states that while particular conduct or arrangements by private parties would be subject to per se or rule of reason analysis to determine liability, "here is no basis ... for condemning the statute itself by force of the Sherman Act."

2587:

Report of Committee on Interstate Commerce on Control of Corporations Engaged in Interstate Commerce, S.Rept. 1326, 62d Cong., 3d Sess. (1913), pp. 2, 4; Report of Federal Trade Commission, S.Doc. 226, 70th Cong., 2d Sess. (1929), pp.

2449:

Footnote 12 appears here: "There was no lack of existing law to protect against evils ascribed to organized labor. Legislative and judicial action of both a criminal and civil nature already restrained concerted action by labor.

1952:

reason for invalidating the ... statute. For if an adverse effect on competition were, in and of itself, enough to render a state statute invalid, the States' power to engage in economic regulation would be effectively destroyed.

3717: 3283:, 750 F.2d 1154, 1157, 1165 (2d Cir. 1984) (holding that the state action doctrine protected the conduct of a private party after assuming that it violated the federal antitrust laws), cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 2325 (1985); 3981: 4438: 7409: 1883:

The antitrust laws allow coincident state regulation of competition. The Supreme Court enunciated the test for determining when a state statute is in irreconcilable conflict with Section 1 of the Sherman Act in

1449:, respectively.) This requires that the plaintiff must show that the conduct occurred during the flow of interstate commerce or had an appreciable effect on some activity that occurs during interstate commerce. 2132:

ironic that the Sherman Act was truly effective in only one respect, and that was when it was applied to labor unions. Then the courts read it with a literalness that never appeared in their other decisions."

6700: 5963: 2018:

There is no attempt to exercise any doubtful authority on this subject, but the bill is confined strictly and alone to subjects over which, confessedly, there is no question about the legislative power of

1918: 2104:

went on to assert that Sherman merely supported this "humbug" of a law "in order that party organs might say ... 'Behold! We have attacked the trusts. The Republican Party is the enemy of all such

4518: 4486: 3373: 5939: 3385: 1973: 7401: 3948: 6136: 3802: 2083:, a price-lowering mechanism, by breaking up big businesses. Mason put small business survival, a justice interest, on a level concomitant with the pure economic rationale of consumer interest. 1866:, 479 U.S. 335 (1987) ("Our decisions reflect the principle that the federal antitrust laws pre-empt state laws authorizing or compelling private parties to engage in anticompetitive behavior.") 3279:, 458 U.S. at 662–63 n.9 ("because of our resolution of the pre-emption issue, it is not necessary for us to consider whether the statute may be saved from invalidation under the doctrine"); 7393: 2005:

The Act was not intended to regulate existing state statutes regulating commerce within state borders. The House committee, in reporting the bill which was adopted without change, declared:

1891:

A statute can be condemned on its face only when it mandates, authorizes or places irresistible pressure on private parties to engage in conduct constituting a per se violation of Section 1.

405: 1304:(1906) also reached the Supreme Court. Precedent was set for the production of documents by an officer of a company, and the self-incrimination of the officer in his or her testimony to the 2010:

no authority to deal, generally, with the subject within the States, and the States have no authority to legislate in respect of commerce between the several States or with foreign nations.

6540: 2194: 1258:

of 1936 amended the Clayton Act. The amendment proscribed certain anti-competitive practices in which manufacturers engaged in price discrimination against equally-situated distributors.

7133: 7053: 3908: 2550:

4090. The unanimity with which foes and supporters of the bill spoke of its aims as the protection of free competition permits use of the debates in interpreting the purpose of the act.

2100:

which wrote on October 1, 1890: "That so-called Anti-Trust law was passed to deceive the people and to clear the way for the enactment of this Pro-Trust law relating to the tariff." The

1272:

The federal government began filing cases under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. Some cases were successful and others were not; many took several years to decide, including appeals.

6492: 5242: 2299: 1875: 2316: 1895:

is in irreconcilable conflict with the Sherman Act. Then statutory arrangement is analyzed to determine whether it qualifies as "state action" and is thereby saved from preemption.

3712: 1132:

spirit of the Act, while technically remaining within the letter of the law. Section 3 simply extends the provisions of Section 1 to U.S. territories and the District of Columbia.

2760: 2512:

S. 1, sec. 1 (this bill as redrafted by the Judiciary Committee ultimately became the Sherman Law); H.R. 202, sec. 3; H.R. 270; H.R. 286; H.R. 402; H.R. 509; H.R. 826; H.R. 3819.

1699:

In early cases, it was easier for plaintiffs to show market relationship, or dominance, by tailoring market definition, even if it ignored fundamental principles of economics. In

3859: 10354: 7377: 6708: 4913: 4462: 3855: 3806: 1008:

The Sherman Act broadly prohibits 1) anticompetitive agreements and 2) unilateral conduct that monopolizes or attempts to monopolize the relevant market. The Act authorizes the

7060: 3912: 2642: 5873: 1478:

the willful acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.

7255: 7385: 6852: 6820: 6500: 4127: 367: 1862: 1446: 576: 2541:

3147. In the House, Representative Culberson, who was in charge of the bill, interpreted the bill to prohibit various arrangements which tend to drive out competition,

774: 7500: 1403:(1990) Judge Getzendanner issued her opinion that the AMA had violated Section 1, but not 2, of the Sherman Act, and that it had engaged in an unlawful conspiracy in 9537: 8716: 7417: 4657: 2854: 2079:

enterprise." Consequently, if the primary goal of the act is to protect consumers, and consumers are protected by lower prices, the act may be harmful if it reduces

7008: 6508: 6104: 4211: 4937: 4219: 9399: 9218: 7345: 6929: 6876: 6580: 6261: 5971: 5172: 4970: 4286: 2120: 4034: 1051:

According to its authors, it was not intended to impact market gains obtained by honest means, by benefiting the consumers more than the competitors. Senator

9840: 7800: 6224: 6064: 4390: 3142: 3078: 3049: 3034: 2994: 2967: 2952: 2929: 2902: 2875: 2863: 2842: 2817: 2794: 2779: 2729: 2375: 2348: 662: 642: 619: 600: 581: 562: 543: 524: 505: 486: 467: 448: 429: 410: 391: 372: 353: 334: 315: 296: 277: 258: 239: 220: 1233:, passed in 1914, proscribes certain additional activities that had been discovered to fall outside the scope of the Sherman Antitrust Act. For example, as 10344: 6804: 6390: 5931: 5226: 5140: 4865: 4761: 4550: 557: 3167:, 437 U.S. 117, 130–34 (1978) (state law with anticompetitive effect upheld to avoid destroying the ability of the states to regulate economic activity); 10349: 9563: 9553: 7337: 6716: 6427: 4825: 291: 234: 9359: 9206: 6436: 6286: 4446: 1701: 462: 10277: 7790: 7425: 7096: 6740: 6676: 5979: 595: 3550: 2537:

2729; Senator George denounced trusts which crush out competition, "and that is the great evil at which all this legislation ought to be directed,"

9759: 9384: 9333: 7112: 6954: 6908: 6476: 5987: 4534: 4094: 2837: 1144:

or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal.

1089: 500: 3287:, 679 F.2d 656, 662 (6th Cir. 1982) (even if conduct violated Sherman Act, the statute is saved by the state action doctrine); '"Miller v. Hedlund 2470:

proper safeguards (R.S. § 5353, 14 Stat. 81 (1866)) and for combining to prevent the continuous carriage of freight, 24 Stat. 382, 49 U.S.C. § 7."

9394: 9212: 9107: 8645: 6652: 6208: 5902: 5617: 5532: 4681: 2257: 1315: 1106: 310: 9529: 8108: 6884: 6588: 6374: 6294: 5819: 5678: 5540: 1020:(i.e. prohibit) conduct violating the Act, and additionally authorizes private parties injured by conduct violating the Act to bring suits for 10374: 9516: 7740: 7369: 6780: 6302: 6144: 5811: 4809: 3788: 3262:) (declining to decide whether the rule of reason might invalidate a law on the record before them), Appeal dismissed, 105 S. Ct. 56 (1984); 2440:

Shulman, Labor and the Anti-Trust Laws, 34 Ill.L.Rev. 769; Boudin, the Sherman Law and Labor Disputes, 39 Col.L.Rev. 1283; 40 Col.L.Rev. 14."

614: 424: 17: 5077: 9424: 9364: 9263: 9010: 8938: 8839: 8750: 8726: 8632: 8513: 8429: 8352: 8300: 8220: 6938: 2295: 1804: 653: 2759:'considerable inquiry into market conditions' may be required before the application of any so-called 'per se' condemnation is justified. 1968:

guideline therefore indicates that only when the effect unreasonably restrains trade, and is therefore a violation, can preemption occur.

10195: 9543: 9305: 9120: 7648: 7616: 6406: 6216: 6088: 6056: 5747: 5122: 4729: 2774: 1357: 519: 9886: 9832: 9796: 9369: 8758: 6724: 6128: 5851: 4673: 4526: 4494: 4163: 3674: 481: 2533:

2609; Senator Platt, a critic of the bill, said this bill proceeds on the assumption that "competition is beneficent to the country,"

9442: 9379: 9374: 9327: 8736: 8288: 8248: 6484: 6382: 5625: 5609: 5601: 3254:, 544 F. Supp. 747, 751 (N.D. Ga. 1982) (plaintiff failed to show anticompetitive effects sufficient to violate the rule of reason); 2638: 2312: 952: 386: 9801: 9713: 9699: 9558: 9509: 9462: 9457: 9404: 9354: 9299: 8802: 8667: 8479: 7805: 7686: 6796: 6516: 6270: 5662: 5508: 5500: 4422: 2220: 2203: 1717:

Section 2 of the Act forbids monopoly. In Section 2 cases, the court has, again on its own initiative, drawn a distinction between

1365: 1292: 693: 348: 253: 10185: 9845: 9791: 9389: 9348: 9319: 8891: 7637: 6812: 6192: 5803: 5428: 4713: 4558: 4478: 4171: 1411: 9452: 9291: 9276: 9201: 9184: 6764: 6414: 5843: 4721: 4302: 2075: 1745:

in 1932 to more explicitly exempt organized labor from antitrust enforcement, and the Supreme Court upheld these exemptions in

1565: 1267: 1190: 10313: 9881: 9778: 9686: 9431: 9313: 9270: 9135: 8103: 8098: 8085: 7569: 7329: 6900: 6868: 6668: 6660: 6452: 6232: 6200: 6080: 6035: 5955: 5548: 4745: 4641: 4270: 2561: 1327: 329: 9223: 3467: 3088: (1911) (Congress only intended to prohibit agreements that were "unreasonably restrictive of competitive (conditions"). 1349: 9097: 8010: 7745: 6334: 6248: 5947: 5881: 5670: 5524: 5516: 4889: 4601: 4430: 4382: 3776: 2576: 2032:

protected fair competition in trade in old times in England, to international and interstate commerce in the United States.

1737: 10303: 9720: 9470: 9023: 8963: 8553: 8067: 7810: 7691: 7681: 7676: 7545: 6946: 6892: 6168: 5995: 5702: 5645: 4406: 3337:, 593 F. Supp. 13, 15 (E.D.N.C. 1983) (in an oligopolistic market, price posting would result in an antitrust violation). 2397:"Bills and Debates in Congress Relating to Trusts: Fiftieth Congress to Fifty-seventh Congress, First Session, Inclusive" 1927: 1384: 1009: 443: 10369: 10298: 9785: 9548: 9409: 9341: 9281: 9075: 8578: 8568: 8484: 6756: 6240: 6120: 6011: 4849: 4833: 4398: 4350: 3940: 3879: 3826: 3785: 2370: 1419: 1038: 978: 538: 198: 130: 117: 9447: 9437: 8973: 8610: 8447: 8030: 7735: 6732: 6604: 6444: 5795: 5779: 5633: 4785: 4737: 4625: 4502: 3073: 2607: 2342: 1827: 1649: 1587: 1442: 1399: 1216: 921: 1631: 1337:(1911), where GE was judged to have violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, along with International General Electric, 1198: 9746: 9000: 8829: 8662: 8622: 8501: 8035: 7577: 6772: 6684: 6460: 6310: 4374: 4358: 4334: 1683: 1669: 689: 215: 161: 2115:

was well known for his outspoken criticism of the antitrust regime. Another conservative legal scholar and judge,

1361:(1915), which ruled that the company was abusing its monopolistic rights, and therefore, violated the Sherman act. 9947: 9681: 9637: 9033: 8531: 8387: 7727: 7609: 7190: 6318: 6176: 5910: 5164: 4326: 4294: 4001: 1391: 970: 98: 90: 993:

which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce and consequently prohibits unfair

9417: 9286: 9053: 7671: 7640: 5367: 4945: 4777: 4310: 4179: 3617:

Newman, Patrick (January 12, 2018). "Revenge: John Sherman, Russell Alger and the origins of the Sherman Act".

3379: 2214: 1931:, oil companies challenged a state statute requiring uniform statewide gasoline prices in situations where the 1870: 1678: 1616: 1569: 1194: 759: 2027:

Similarly Senator Hoar, a member of that committee who with Senator Edmunds was in charge of the bill, stated

10364: 10359: 10132: 9741: 9726: 9661: 9651: 9622: 9612: 9150: 7305: 5893: 5686: 5592: 5065: 4542: 4054: 2664: 2179: 945: 864: 3203:

458 U.S. at 661. If a statute does not require a per se violation, then it cannot be preempted on its face.

9731: 9705: 9691: 9666: 9656: 9607: 9523: 9130: 8640: 8414: 8308: 8093: 8019: 7479: 6152: 5156: 4793: 4342: 2859: 2746: 633: 1296:(1904), which reached the Supreme Court, dissolved the company and set many precedents for interpretation. 10161: 10057: 9627: 8896: 8273: 8238: 7854: 7826: 7760: 7750: 6979: 6748: 6072: 5556: 4697: 4470: 4102: 3537: 3293:, 593 F. Supp. 13, 17–18 (E.D.N.C. 1983) (though conduct violates Section 1, state action saves statute). 2231: 2046: 1885: 1856: 1846: 1673: 1423:(2020), wherein Judge Amit P. Mehta ruled Google acted illegally to maintain a monopoly in online search. 990: 59: 9751: 9736: 9601: 9115: 8457: 8233: 8203: 8168: 7892: 7711: 7602: 7032: 6524: 4366: 4278: 4123: 2274: 2226: 1342: 793: 728: 74: 2525:

2471; Senator Pugh of combinations "to limit production" for "the purpose of destroying competition",

1241:"price discrimination" between different purchasers, if such discrimination tends to create a monopoly 10241: 10226: 10216: 10175: 10097: 10062: 9632: 8699: 8526: 8496: 8265: 7976: 7886: 7874: 7521: 7513: 7024: 6366: 5771: 5718: 4921: 4873: 4769: 4705: 4155: 3662: 1888:

Different standards apply depending on whether a statute is attacked on its face or for its effects.

1742: 3695:

U.S. Department of Justice: Antitrust Division – text of the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1–7

3666: 10246: 10221: 10137: 10042: 10002: 9594: 9140: 8983: 8968: 8869: 8817: 8775: 8763: 8600: 8402: 8003: 7839: 7313: 7206: 7158: 6916: 6548: 6342: 6112: 5694: 5654: 5572: 4046: 3769: 2241: 2189: 2159: 2154: 1179: 938: 8677: 10236: 10231: 10211: 10102: 10092: 10087: 10067: 9617: 9145: 8462: 8407: 8208: 7780: 6620: 6398: 6326: 5739: 5710: 4253: 4187: 4139: 4009: 3977: 2169: 1627: 1558: 1496: 1345:, Tungsol, and Consolidated and Chicago Miniature. Corning and Westinghouse made consent decrees. 1255: 1183: 8153: 2885: (1963) (a per se rule forecloses analysis of the purpose or market effect of a restraint); 10267: 10251: 10190: 10017: 9932: 9876: 9160: 9092: 9028: 8956: 8721: 8474: 8419: 8330: 8253: 8158: 8143: 7904: 7834: 7553: 6836: 6636: 6556: 5835: 5755: 5580: 5420: 5202: 4905: 4881: 2246: 1800: 1623: 1320: 998: 838: 2909: 2882: 2736: 2396: 10052: 10047: 9922: 9645: 9196: 9179: 9155: 9048: 9043: 8990: 8812: 8780: 8573: 8163: 8138: 8123: 7934: 7868: 7718: 7529: 6992: 6047: 5787: 5730: 5436: 5387: 5262: 5102: 5094: 5040: 5002: 4817: 4649: 4414: 4318: 3490: 3146: 3082: 3053: 3038: 2998: 2971: 2956: 2933: 2906: 2879: 2867: 2846: 2821: 2798: 2783: 2733: 2379: 2071:

being success, and the sacrifice of productive genius to the demands of envious mediocrity".

1732: 1370: 1230: 926: 666: 646: 623: 604: 585: 566: 547: 528: 509: 490: 471: 452: 433: 414: 395: 376: 357: 338: 319: 300: 281: 262: 243: 224: 1741:

that the actions allowed by the Act were already legal. Congress included provisions in the

39: 10323: 10142: 10107: 10012: 9987: 9676: 9173: 9125: 9065: 8901: 8822: 8682: 8605: 8563: 8442: 8392: 8377: 8360: 8260: 8148: 8118: 7928: 7770: 7696: 7561: 7458: 7000: 6860: 6596: 6572: 6532: 5492: 5359: 5210: 4203: 3993: 3289:, 579 F. Supp. 116, 124 (D. Or. 1984) (statute violating Section 1 saved by state action); 3056: 3041: 3001: 2936: 2824: 2382: 1809: 1309: 1141: 881: 876: 764: 682: 638: 3707: 2014:

See also the statement on the floor of the House by Mr. Culberson, in charge of the bill,

658: 8: 10127: 10077: 10032: 10022: 10007: 9997: 9982: 9962: 9937: 9927: 9917: 9671: 9491: 9481: 8923: 8672: 8365: 8283: 8278: 8228: 8128: 7996: 7916: 7898: 7880: 7701: 7666: 7278: 7222: 7198: 6468: 5476: 5460: 5444: 5295: 5194: 4801: 4665: 3871: 3762: 3594:, p. 295 et seq. (explaining the optimal antitrust regime from an economic point of view) 2786: 1932: 1374: 1237:

states, the Clayton Act added certain practices to the list of impermissible activities:

3754: 3085: 10147: 10122: 10027: 9967: 9942: 9912: 9902: 9501: 9496: 9486: 9476: 9189: 9167: 8687: 8546: 8521: 8491: 8452: 8335: 8178: 7922: 7268: 7182: 7174: 7104: 6692: 6160: 5763: 5564: 5468: 5452: 5335: 5327: 5234: 5218: 4984: 4753: 4195: 4075: 4030: 3737: 3642: 3545: 3149: 2974: 2959: 2801: 2128: 2124: 2096: 1749: 1404: 900: 822: 626: 607: 588: 569: 550: 531: 493: 455: 436: 417: 398: 379: 360: 341: 303: 265: 246: 124: 1755: 474: 284: 10319: 10082: 10037: 9977: 9952: 9907: 9850: 9087: 8918: 8731: 8318: 8113: 8074: 7862: 7625: 7471: 7321: 7080: 7016: 6564: 6358: 6278: 6027: 5396: 5375: 5271: 5148: 5049: 4929: 4689: 4510: 4262: 3834: 3646: 3634: 2849: 2603: 2338: 2184: 1956:

This indicates that not every anticompetitive effect warrants preemption. In neither

1869:

Second, they will consider whether the state statute is saved from preemption by the

1718: 1075: 886: 871: 754: 742: 512: 322: 227: 187: 7132: 10112: 9992: 9957: 9855: 9770: 9765: 9256: 8694: 8657: 8583: 8541: 8437: 8397: 8198: 8193: 7962: 7955: 7795: 7297: 7166: 7072: 6788: 6644: 6612: 6096: 5404: 5287: 5110: 5027: 4633: 4593: 4577: 4147: 4087: 3924: 3732: 3694: 3626: 3264:

United States Brewers Ass'n v. Director of N.M. Dept' of Alcoholic Beverage Control

2268: 2091: 2087: 2080: 1706: 895: 849: 845: 747: 83: 3670: 2558: 1844:, courts will engage in a two-step analysis, as set forth by the Supreme Court in 1115: 10180: 10117: 10072: 9972: 8978: 8911: 8807: 8768: 8652: 8595: 8467: 8370: 8268: 8188: 8183: 8133: 7940: 7775: 7537: 7251: 6828: 6628: 6184: 5412: 5343: 5319: 5279: 5132: 4857: 4609: 4585: 4454: 4240: 3956: 3887: 3721: 3463: 3137: 2624: 2580: 2565: 2332: 2042: 1438: 1098: 1071: 854: 833: 779: 703: 3527:

Congressional Record, 51st Congress, 1st session, House, June 20, 1890, p. 4100.

2989:, 433 U.S. at 49. The inquiry focuses on the restraint's effect on competition. 2573: 1735:

created exceptions for certain union activities, but the Supreme Court ruled in

1509:

Conduct characterized as unlawful per se is that which has been found to have a

1486:

qualifying exclusionary or anticompetitive acts designed to establish a monopoly

1482:

Section 2 also bans attempted monopolization, which has the following elements:

9860: 8928: 8906: 8884: 8862: 8857: 8382: 8313: 8243: 7988: 7433: 7361: 7214: 7150: 6844: 5827: 5311: 5303: 5250: 5057: 4897: 3932: 3725: 2116: 2051: 1794: 1300: 1111: 1021: 986: 982: 802: 784: 272: 138: 134: 50:

An Act to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies

3748: 3630: 3187:

P208 (1978) (discussing the interaction of state and federal antitrust laws);

1319:(1911), which broke up the company based on geography, and contributed to the 10338: 9070: 8847: 7910: 7844: 7353: 7088: 6701:

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank

6350: 5964:

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board

5863: 5484: 5351: 5184: 5086: 3818: 3638: 2529:

2558; Senator Morgan of combinations "that affect the price of commodities,"

2521:

at 2459, 2461. Senator Allison spoke of combinations which "control prices,"

2209: 1056: 891: 859: 3114: 2598:

Mochoruk, James (2013). "Clayton Antitrust Act". In Dubofsky, Melvyn (ed.).

9059: 8995: 8536: 7230: 6019: 5940:

San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee

4487:

Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon

2263: 2251: 2236: 1002: 905: 818: 769: 685: 157: 1971:

The third case cited to support the "anticompetitive effect" guideline is

8951: 8879: 8795: 8615: 8340: 4994: 3949:

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

3115:"Application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to Unions since the Apex Case" 2600:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History

2422:

consumers of goods and services by preservation of business competition.

2112: 1282:(1893), which was the first to hold that the law applied to labor unions. 1235:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History

1052: 828: 4519:

United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority

3191:

P210 (discussing areas where federal law expressly defers to state law).

2939: (1972) by making vertical market division rule-of-reason analysis). 1947:, the Court upheld the statutes and rejected the arguments presented as 9038: 8946: 8852: 8785: 8558: 7765: 5922: 4617: 2417:

the Bibliography on Trusts (1913) prepared by the Library of Congress.

1572: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1395:, which was settled in 1982 and resulted in the breakup of the company. 1305: 974: 102: 8874: 3741: 2964:

NW Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co.

2665:"United States v. General Electric Co., 82 F. Supp. 753 (D.N.J. 1949)" 2639:"An Early Assessment of the Sherman Antitrust Act: Three Case Studies" 1250:

mergers and acquisitions that substantially reduce market competition.

8704: 8323: 8173: 7785: 6541:

Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.

6137:

Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.

3677: 2164: 1781: 807: 737: 711: 7594: 4842:

Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.

1634:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1547: 1513:'pernicious effect on competition' or 'lack ... any redeeming virtue 1168: 9080: 9018: 8790: 8709: 6493:

Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.

5243:

Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.

2059: 1756:

Preemption by Section 1 of state statutes that restrain competition

994: 733: 1501:

Violations of the Sherman Act fall (loosely) into two categories:

7052: 3854: 3326: 3259: 2294:

Officially re-designated as the "Sherman Act" by Congress in the

2195:

Plan of Bill Proposed by Hon. George H. Earle, Jr., Philadelphia.

1338: 1013: 678: 2094:

tariff just three months after the Sherman Act, and agrees with

1280:

United States v. Workingmen's Amalgamated Council of New Orleans

6978: 6709:

J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.

2625:"Sherman Anti-trust Law and List of Decisions Relating Thereto" 2395:

Congress, United States; Finch, James Arthur (March 26, 2018).

2174: 1876:

California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass'n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc.

1725: 1017: 813: 6004:

Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

5874:

Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.

4122: 2426:

Seager and Gulick, Trust and Corporation Problems (1929), 367

1964:

did the created effect constitute an antitrust violation. The

6501:

Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.

3689: 2706:

Consolidated Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. Anchor Sav. Association

2298:, (Public Law 94-435, Title 3, Sec. 305(a), 90 Stat. 1383 at 2149: 1775: 1158: 6853:

Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.

6821:

Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.

2403:

from the original on April 9, 2017 – via Google Books.

1475:

the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market; and

2627:. U.S. Government Printing Office – via Google Books. 1787: 1437:

Congress claimed power to pass the Sherman Act through its

577:

Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc.

165: 4658:

Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States

1497:

Violations "per se" and violations of the "rule of reason"

3976: 3784: 1492:

dangerous probability of success (actual monopolization).

1059:, another author of the Sherman Act, said the following: 6509:

Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.

6105:

Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.

1439:

constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce

7546:

Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors

4938:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

4287:

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois

4220:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

2692:

Richter Concrete Corp. v. Hilltop Basic Resources, Inc.

1471:

A Section 2 monopolization violation has two elements:

1432: 1415:

was settled in 2001 without the breakup of the company.

1407:"to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession." 10355:

History of the petroleum industry in the United States

5972:

Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.

5173:

General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.

3303:

Rice v. Norman Williams Co., 458 U.S. 654, 659 (1982).

3231:

National Soc'y of Professional Eng'rs v. United States

2991:

National Soc'y of Professional Eng'rs v. United States

7801:

List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison

7457: 6225:

Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com

6065:

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

5141:

Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.

4391:

Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission

4074: 4029: 3312:

Id. at 668 (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment).

6805:

Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.

6391:

Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.

5932:

Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.

5227:

City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.

5026: 4866:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

4551:

Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas

3801: 2296:

Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976

2000: 696:), the principal author of the Sherman Antitrust Act 558:

Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.

292:

Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co.

6717:

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.

6581:

Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.

4239: 235:

United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association

6437:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. 6287:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser 4969: 4447:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke 3907: 463:Continental Television, Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. 75: 7791:First International Conference of American States 7097:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr 6741:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. 6677:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. 6477:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. 5980:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. 4982: 4762:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n 596:American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League 10336: 8018: 7250: 7113:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam 6955:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. 6909:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC 5988:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. 5533:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co. 4535:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne 4439:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers 4095:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha 1090:Addyston Pipe and Steel Company v. United States 501:Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde 7499: 7410:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. 6877:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. 6653:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. 6209:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. 4682:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 3426:H.R.Rep. No. 1707, 51st Cong., 1st Sess., p. 1. 3335:Flav-O-Rich, Inc. v. North Carolina Milk Comm'n 3291:Flav-O-Rich, Inc. v. North Carolina Milk Comm'n 2258:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 1988:supports this misuse limitation on preemption. 1316:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 1286:Chesapeake & Ohio Fuel Co. v. United States 1107:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 311:Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States 7426:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis 6885:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. 6589:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. 6375:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. 6295:International News Service v. Associated Press 5820:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. 5812:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons 5679:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 5541:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 3690:U.S. Department of Justice: Antitrust Division 2337:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 291–293. 2090:notes that Senator Sherman sponsored the 1890 1722:Sherman Act, or Section 3 of the Clayton Act. 425:Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Seagram & Sons, Inc. 8289:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 8004: 7610: 6939:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. 6781:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. 6303:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. 6145:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. 4810:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 3770: 3108: 3106: 2394: 2363: 1464:which unreasonably restrains competition; and 1369:(1922) in which the Supreme Court ruled that 946: 615:North Carolina Bd. of Dental Examiners v. FTC 9213:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 5903:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC 5748:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co. 5618:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC 3747:Dr. Edward W. Younkins (February 19, 2000). 3256:Wine & Spirits Specialty, Inc. v. Daniel 2657: 1726:Application of the act outside pure commerce 1042:506 U.S. 447 (1993) the Supreme Court said: 654:National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Alston 10345:United States federal antitrust legislation 7370:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell 6407:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting 6217:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. 6089:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid 6057:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. 5852:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States 4730:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. 4495:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown 3518:, Ch. 3, New American Library, Signet, 1967 3235:Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. 2775:Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. 2713:Mardirosian v. American Inst. of Architects 1919:New Motor Vehicle Board v. Orrin W. Fox Co. 1358:United States v. Motion Picture Patents Co. 1275:Notable cases filed under the act include: 1197:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1140:Every contract, combination in the form of 520:Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp. 10350:United States federal criminal legislation 8011: 7997: 7617: 7603: 6725:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. 4674:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 4527:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis 3777: 3763: 3248:Battipaglia v. New York State Liquor Auth. 3103: 3031:United States v. Arnold, Schwinn & Co. 2838:Jefferson Parish Hosp. Dist. No. 2 v. Hyde 1905:Another important, yet, in the context of 1662: 1457:A Section 1 violation has three elements: 1331:(1911), which split the company into four. 1159:Subsequent legislation expanding its scope 953: 939: 482:Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society 8737:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 6485:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. 6383:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover 5663:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. 5626:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 5610:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States 5602:Straus v. American Publishers Association 5509:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. 3586: 3584: 3399:New Motor Vehicle Bd. v. Orrin W. Fox Co. 3386:Joseph E. Seagram & Sons v. Hostetter 3374:New Motor Vehicle Bd. v. Orrin W. Fox Co. 3044: (1967)), and geographic market, see 2949:FTC v. Superior Court Trial Lawyers Ass'n 2323: 2135:According to a 2018 study in the journal 1974:Joseph E. Seagram & Sons v. Hostetter 1828:Learn how and when to remove this message 1696:their conduct is within the per se rule. 1690: 1650:Learn how and when to remove this message 1588:Learn how and when to remove this message 1377:and was not subject to the antitrust law. 1217:Learn how and when to remove this message 914:Enforcement authorities and organizations 387:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 7806:1892 United States presidential election 7687:1888 United States presidential election 6797:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. 6517:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. 6271:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister 6193:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5501:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. 4714:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 4423:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. 4164:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 2862:, 386–89 (9th Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 2694:, 547 F. Supp. 893, 917 (S.D. Ohio 1981) 2597: 2221:Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Service Corp. 2204:Federal Baseball Club v. National League 1705:, 384 U.S. 563 (1966), the trial judge, 1366:Federal Baseball Club v. National League 1293:Northern Securities Co. v. United States 1288:(1902), in which the trust was dissolved 677: 349:Federal Baseball Club v. National League 254:Northern Securities Co. v. United States 8892:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 7402:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus 6813:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership 6129:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. 5844:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. 5804:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. 5429:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony 4559:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross 4479:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt 4303:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy 4172:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. 3607:, Doubleday & Company, 1954, p. 189 3348:Allied Artists Pictures Corp. v. Rhodes 2645:from the original on September 26, 2015 2334:Competition law and consumer protection 2319:from the original on November 18, 2011. 2282: 14: 10337: 6765:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. 6661:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. 6415:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken 6081:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises 4722:United States v. Carolene Products Co. 3616: 3581: 3470:from the original on February 17, 2022 3401:, 439 U.S. 96, 110–11 (1978) (quoting 3285:Allied Artists Picture Corp. v. Rhodes 3175:note 1, at 264., Werden & Balmer, 2899:United States v. Trenton Potteries Co. 2715:, 474 F. Supp. 628, 636 (D.D.C. 1979). 2708:, 480 F. Supp. 640, 648 (D. Kan. 1979) 2622: 2330: 1268:History of United States antitrust law 180:on June 20, 1890 (unanimous vote) 9820: 9582: 9244: 8048: 7992: 7624: 7598: 7570:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez 7498: 7456: 7330:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge 7249: 7131: 7051: 6977: 6901:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. 6869:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International 6669:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. 6453:United States v. General Electric Co. 6233:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. 6201:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. 6036:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. 5956:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. 5025: 4968: 4746:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. 4642:Southern Railway Co. v. United States 4271:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. 4238: 4121: 4073: 4028: 3975: 3906: 3856:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II 3853: 3800: 3758: 3112: 3014:National Soc'y of Professional Eng'rs 2977: (1985) for exclusionary effects. 2602:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2570:United States v. San Francisco, ante, 2313:"Sherman AntiTrust Act, and Analysis" 1328:United States v. American Tobacco Co. 330:United States v. American Tobacco Co. 10375:Progressive Era in the United States 7746:Dependent and Disability Pension Act 7394:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey 6335:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. 6249:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. 5948:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. 5882:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. 5671:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister 5525:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co. 5517:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister 4890:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida 4602:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson 4431:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas 4383:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady 3749:"Antitrust Laws Should Be Abolished" 3730:"Labor and the Sherman Act" (1940). 3281:Capitol Tel. Co. v New York Tel. Co. 1799:, as they are easily broken. Please 1759: 1738:Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering 1599: 1570:adding citations to reliable sources 1541: 1433:Constitutional basis for legislation 1427: 1400:Wilk v. American Medical Association 1381:United States v. National City Lines 1335:United States v. General Electric Co 1195:adding citations to reliable sources 1162: 406:United States v. National City Lines 7811:1892 Republican National Convention 7692:1888 Republican National Convention 7682:1880 Republican National Convention 7677:Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site 6947:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. 6893:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC 6169:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 5996:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. 5703:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co. 5646:International Copyright Act of 1891 4407:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland 3530: 3506:, January 1962, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 1 3046:United States v. Columbia Steel Co. 2399:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1928:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland 1682:, must plead facts consistent with 1521:Violations of the "rule of reason": 1385:General Motors streetcar conspiracy 1350:Fleischman vs Albany Medical Center 444:Lorain Journal Co. v. United States 24: 8579:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 8569:Assassination of James A. Garfield 6757:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. 6121:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. 6012:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. 4850:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana 4834:National League of Cities v. Usery 4399:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 4351:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. 3941:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 3880:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 3827:Department of Commerce v. New York 3252:Lanierland Distribs. v. Strickland 2791:Northern Pac. Ry. v. United States 2556:Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 2371:Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan 1489:specific intent to monopolize; and 1467:which affects interstate commerce. 1039:Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan 710: 539:Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan 80:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 10386: 8611:Assassination of William McKinley 7736:Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison 6773:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. 6733:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. 6605:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. 6445:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde 5796:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson 5780:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. 5634:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. 4738:United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 4626:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 4503:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy 3656: 3556:from the original on May 24, 2019 3074:Standard Oil Co. v. United States 2924:, 433 U.S. at 50 n. 16 (limiting 2623:States, United (March 26, 2018). 2351:from the original on May 12, 2013 2001:Evidence from legislative history 1672:12(b)(6). That is, to overcome a 922:International Competition Network 10318: 10309: 10308: 10273: 10272: 8830:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 8623:Nadir of American race relations 8502:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 7972: 7971: 7717: 7710: 7578:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado 6685:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. 6461:United States v. Univis Lens Co. 6311:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. 4375:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. 4359:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois 4335:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison 4295:Swift & Co. v. United States 1764: 1604: 1546: 1537: 1412:United States v. Microsoft Corp. 1167: 1126: 216:United States v. E.C. Knight Co. 38: 8532:First transcontinental railroad 7943:(great-great-great grandfather) 7937:(great-great-great grandfather) 7191:Garner v. Board of Public Works 6319:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward 6177:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick 5549:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n 4778:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond 4327:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona 3678:Statute Compilations collection 3610: 3597: 3568: 3538:"Mr. Sherman's Hopes and Fears" 3521: 3509: 3496: 3482: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3392: 3383:, 437 U.S. 117, 129–34 (1978); 3365: 3353: 3340: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3269: 3240: 3233:, 435 U.S. 679, 687–90 (1978); 3224: 3209: 3194: 3155: 3129: 3091: 3062: 3019: 3007: 2980: 2942: 2915: 2892: 2830: 2807: 2767: 2752: 2726:United States v. Grinnell Corp. 2719: 2683: 2631: 2616: 2591: 2497: 1557:needs additional citations for 7672:70th Indiana Infantry Regiment 7641:President of the United States 5368:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company 4311:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. 4180:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 3464:"Antitrust, by Alan Greenspan" 3403:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of MD. 3380:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of MD. 3377:, 439 U.S. 96, 110–11 (1978); 3323:Grendel's Den, Inc. v. Goodwin 3165:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of MD. 2926:United States v. Topco Assocs. 2761:Cal. Dental Association v. FTC 2473: 2463: 2443: 2407: 2388: 2331:Cseres, Katalin Judit (2005). 2305: 2288: 2215:Lysine price-fixing conspiracy 2066:in Rand's monthly publication 1871:state action immunity doctrine 1860:, 458 U.S. 654, 661; see also 1679:Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly 1244:"exclusive dealing" agreements 927:List of competition regulators 13: 1: 7378:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh 7306:Dartmouth College v. Woodward 5894:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 5687:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker 5593:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 5165:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell 5066:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker 4543:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. 4463:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. 4055:United States v. Munoz-Flores 3516:Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal 3389:, 384 U.S. 35, 45–46 (1966)). 3331:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc. 3258:, 666 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Mo.) ( 3183:1 P. Areeda & D. Turner, 3113:Clark, O. L. (January 1948). 2749:, 825 (3d Cir. 1984). 2180:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 1840:To determine whether the Act 1813:), or an abbreviated title. 1392:United States v. AT&T Co. 1308:. Hale was an officer of the 1121: 1031: 967:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 18:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 9700:Hispanic and Latino American 8554:Second Industrial Revolution 8388:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 8094:Exploration of North America 8020:History of the United States 7480:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan 6153:New York Times Co. v. Tasini 5157:Schillinger v. United States 4794:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan 4343:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland 3405:, 437 U.S. 117, 133 (1978)). 2872:White Motor v. United States 2814:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS 2701:691 F.2d 818 (6th Cir. 1982) 2036: 634:Ohio v. American Express Co. 174:on April 8, 1890 (52–1) 7: 9224:Indictments of Donald Trump 8415:First Industrial Revolution 8249:Declaration of Independence 8239:Second Continental Congress 7761:Sherman Silver Purchase Act 7751:51st United States Congress 6980:Necessary and Proper Clause 6749:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. 6073:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder 5557:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus 4698:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan 4471:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota 4103:Clinton v. City of New York 3708:"Corporate Leniency Policy" 3417:, 458 U.S. 654, 662 (1982). 3415:Rice v. Norman Williams Co. 2479:Footnote 14 appears here: " 2413:Footnote 11 appears here: " 2232:Northern Securities Company 2142: 2068:The Objectivist Newsletter. 2047:United States antitrust law 1986:Rice v. Norman Williams Co. 1886:Rice v. Norman Williams Co. 1857:Rice v. Norman Williams Co. 1847:Rice v. Norman Williams Co. 1712: 1630:the claims made and adding 1452: 1420:United States v. Google LLC 991:United States antitrust law 199:United States Supreme Court 118:Title 15—Commerce and Trade 60:51st United States Congress 27:1890 U.S. anti-monopoly law 10: 10391: 9821: 9583: 9245: 9116:Killing of Osama bin Laden 8204:First Continental Congress 8049: 7893:William Henry Harrison III 7386:City of El Paso v. Simmons 7033:United States v. Kebodeaux 6525:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther 4786:Henderson v. United States 4367:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. 4279:Cooley v. Board of Wardens 4124:Taxing and Spending Clause 3576:Cato Handbook for Congress 3504:The Objectivist Newsletter 2962:for collusive effects and 2275:United States v. Microsoft 2227:National Linseed Oil Trust 2040: 1913:to support the statement. 1873:(aka Parker immunity). In 1747:United States v. Hutcheson 1265: 1069:Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader 794:Anti-competitive practices 760:Herfindahl–Hirschman index 729:History of competition law 368:Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader 10370:1890 in American politics 10294: 10260: 10204: 10168: 10156: 9895: 9869: 9831: 9827: 9816: 9589: 9578: 9251: 9240: 9106: 9009: 8937: 8838: 8749: 8700:Wall Street Crash of 1929 8631: 8512: 8497:Emancipation Proclamation 8428: 8351: 8299: 8266:Articles of Confederation 8219: 8104:Native American epidemics 8084: 8059: 8055: 8044: 8026: 7950: 7931:(great-great-grandfather) 7887:Elizabeth Harrison Walker 7875:Russell Benjamin Harrison 7853: 7819: 7726: 7708: 7659: 7632: 7522:Virginia v. West Virginia 7508: 7494: 7466: 7452: 7289: 7266: 7262: 7245: 7145: 7134:No Bills of Attainder or 7127: 7067: 7047: 7025:United States v. Comstock 6987: 6973: 6927: 6425: 6367:Commissioner v. Wodehouse 6259: 6046: 5921: 5892: 5862: 5772:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles 5729: 5719:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. 5644: 5591: 5386: 5261: 5183: 5121: 5076: 5039: 5035: 5021: 4978: 4964: 4922:United States v. Morrison 4874:New York v. United States 4770:North American Co. v. SEC 4706:Carter v. Carter Coal Co. 4569: 4252: 4248: 4234: 4156:Springer v. United States 4134: 4117: 4083: 4069: 4041: 4024: 3988: 3971: 3919: 3902: 3866: 3849: 3813: 3796: 3631:10.1007/s11127-017-0497-x 3029:, 433 U.S. at 45 (citing 2506:free and full competition 2062:, and he first published 1863:324 Liquor Corp. v. Duffy 1261: 1001:and is named for Senator 205: 197: 149: 144: 123: 113: 108: 89: 70: 65: 54: 46: 37: 10186:Northern Mariana Islands 8759:Strike wave of 1945–1946 7840:Fort Harrison State Park 7314:Sturges v. Crowninshield 7207:Barr v. City of Columbia 7159:Sturges v. Crowninshield 6917:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. 6549:Graham v. John Deere Co. 6343:KVOS v. Associated Press 6113:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. 5911:Dowling v. United States 5695:Bong v. Campbell Art Co. 5655:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe 5573:Bong v. Campbell Art Co. 4047:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 4002:United States v. Johnson 3592:Economic Analysis of Law 3237:, 433 U.S. 36, 49 (1977) 2242:Resale price maintenance 2160:American Tobacco Company 2155:American Bar Association 2074:In 1890, Representative 2054:, in his essay entitled 1247:" 'tying' " arrangements 1005:, its principal author. 9721:Middle Eastern American 9538:Technology and industry 8408:Seneca Falls Convention 8209:Continental Association 8109:Settlement of Jamestown 7781:Immigration Act of 1891 7418:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton 6621:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. 6399:Goldstein v. California 6327:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal 5740:Hills and Co. v. Hoover 5711:Hills and Co. v. Hoover 4946:Taylor v. United States 4254:Dormant Commerce Clause 4188:United States v. Butler 4140:Hylton v. United States 4010:Gravel v. United States 3978:Speech or Debate Clause 3502:"Check Your Premises", 3333:, 459 U.S. 116 (1982); 2889:, 356 U.S. at 5 (same). 2855:Gough v. Rossmoor Corp. 2170:Bell System divestiture 1803:by replacing them with 1795:Knowledge's style guide 1663:Inference of conspiracy 1383:(1953), related to the 9841:Admission to the Union 9207:Afghanistan withdrawal 9202:January 6 insurrection 9121:Rise in mass shootings 9093:Virginia Tech shooting 8646:Paris Peace Conference 8420:Second Great Awakening 8159:American Enlightenment 7905:William Henry Harrison 7835:Fort Benjamin Harrison 7554:New Jersey v. New York 7009:Sabri v. United States 6837:Bowman v. Monsanto Co. 6637:Diamond v. Chakrabarty 6557:United States v. Adams 5836:De Sylva v. Ballentine 5756:Herbert v. Shanley Co. 5581:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. 5421:Schreiber v. Sharpless 5203:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood 4914:Jones v. United States 4906:United States v. Locke 4882:United States v. Lopez 4212:Sabri v. United States 3701:Additional information 3071:, 433 U.S. at 49; see 2739: (1966); see also 2034: 2021: 2012: 1954: 1691:Manipulation of market 1156: 1085: 1065: 1049: 839:Occupational licensing 715: 697: 9833:Territorial evolution 9197:George Floyd Protests 9180:Unite the Right rally 9049:Oklahoma City bombing 9044:Republican Revolution 8991:Space Shuttle program 8813:Civil Rights Movement 8781:North Atlantic Treaty 8589:Sherman Antitrust Act 8574:Chinese Exclusion Act 8164:French and Indian War 8154:Prelude to Revolution 8139:First Great Awakening 8099:European colonization 7935:Benjamin Harrison III 7869:Mary Dimmick Harrison 7756:Sherman Antitrust Act 7530:Virginia v. Tennessee 6993:McCulloch v. Maryland 6048:Copyright Act of 1976 5788:Douglas v. Cunningham 5731:Copyright Act of 1909 5437:Thornton v. Schreiber 5388:Copyright Act of 1870 5263:Copyright Act of 1831 5041:Copyright Act of 1790 5003:Juilliard v. Greenman 4818:Katzenbach v. McClung 4650:Hoke v. United States 4415:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake 4319:Edwards v. California 3720:May 11, 2014, at the 3706:Antitrust Division's 3605:An Almanac of Liberty 3603:Douglas, William O., 3491:Clayton Antitrust Act 2789: (1977) (quoting 2029: 2016: 2007: 1949: 1743:Norris–La Guardia Act 1371:Major League Baseball 1231:Clayton Antitrust Act 1134: 1080: 1061: 1044: 1010:Department of Justice 714: 681: 33:Sherman Antitrust Act 10365:Monopoly (economics) 10360:1890 in American law 9747:Palestinian American 9174:Obergefell v. Hodges 9066:September 11 attacks 8902:Second-wave feminism 8823:Cuban Missile Crisis 8683:Bath School disaster 8601:Spanish–American War 8564:The Gospel of Wealth 8443:California Gold Rush 8403:Mexican–American War 8393:Nullification crisis 8361:Era of Good Feelings 8261:Confederation period 8169:Proclamation of 1763 8119:Atlantic slave trade 7929:Benjamin Harrison IV 7771:General Revision Act 7697:Front porch campaign 7649:Senator from Indiana 7562:Virginia v. Maryland 7459:Import-Export Clause 7346:Stone v. Mississippi 7001:Lambert v. Yellowley 6861:FTC v. Actavis, Inc. 6597:Gottschalk v. Benson 6573:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins 6533:Brulotte v. Thys Co. 5493:Bolles v. Outing Co. 5360:Bolles v. Outing Co. 4204:South Dakota v. Dole 3994:Kilbourn v. Thompson 2870:936 (1979); see 2747:745 F.2d 786 2283:Notes and references 2197:(1911) at Wikisource 2190:George H. Earle, Jr. 1842:preempts a state law 1801:improve this article 1676:, plaintiffs, under 1566:improve this article 1506:Violations "per se": 1310:American Tobacco Co. 1191:improve this section 882:Occupational closure 877:Dividing territories 865:Essential facilities 765:Market concentration 10196:U.S. Virgin Islands 9682:Lithuanian American 9638:Vietnamese American 8984:End of the Cold War 8974:Invasion of Grenada 8924:Iran hostage crisis 8673:Tulsa race massacre 8480:Election of Lincoln 8475:Dred Scott decision 8463:Kansas–Nebraska Act 8366:Missouri Compromise 8284:Northwest Ordinance 8274:Pennsylvania Mutiny 8269:and Perpetual Union 8229:American Revolution 8144:War of Jenkins' Ear 7925:(great-grandfather) 7919:(great-grandfather) 7917:Benjamin Harrison V 7899:John Scott Harrison 7881:Mary Harrison McKee 7702:Crown Hill Cemetery 7667:Berkeley Plantation 7279:Hepburn v. Griswold 7223:Kansas v. Hendricks 7199:De Veau v. Braisted 6469:Altvater v. Freeman 5477:Belford v. Scribner 5461:Thompson v. Hubbard 5445:Banks v. Manchester 5296:Stevens v. Gladding 5195:Pennock v. Dialogue 5123:Patent infringement 4802:Boynton v. Virginia 4666:Hammer v. Dagenhart 3872:Powell v. McCormack 3736:49(3) p. 518. 3574:DiLorenzo, Thomas, 3549:. October 1, 1890. 2742:Weiss v. York Hosp. 1933:Robinson-Patman Act 1773:Constructs such as 1375:interstate commerce 1256:Robinson–Patman Act 997:. It was passed by 145:Legislative history 34: 9846:Historical regions 9802:Transgender people 9360:Capital punishment 9219:Support of Ukraine 9168:Black Lives Matter 9076:War in Afghanistan 9001:Invasion of Panama 8957:Iran–Contra affair 8818:Early–mid Cold War 8688:Harlem Renaissance 8547:Compromise of 1877 8522:Reconstruction era 8458:Fugitive Slave Act 8453:Compromise of 1850 8398:Westward expansion 8336:Louisiana Purchase 8179:Stamp Act Congress 8124:King William's War 7963:Grover Cleveland → 7956:← Grover Cleveland 7923:John Cleves Symmes 7514:Florida v. Georgia 7269:Legal Tender Cases 7183:Samuels v. McCurdy 7175:Hawker v. New York 7105:Boumediene v. Bush 6693:Dickinson v. Zurko 6161:Eldred v. Ashcroft 5764:Manners v. Morosco 5565:Scribner v. Straus 5469:Higgins v. Keuffel 5453:Callaghan v. Myers 5336:Higgins v. Keuffel 5328:Callaghan v. Myers 5235:Egbert v. Lippmann 5219:Cochrane v. Deener 5078:Patent Act of 1793 4985:Legal Tender Cases 4754:Wickard v. Filburn 4196:Helvering v. Davis 4076:Presentment Clause 4031:Origination Clause 3803:Enumeration Clause 3786:U.S. Supreme Court 3546:The New York Times 3453:21 Cong.Rec. 3152. 3435:21 Cong.Rec. 4089. 3362:, 458 U.S. at 659. 3329:), aff'd sub nom. 3100:, 526 U.S. at 770. 3016:, 435 U.S. at 692. 2579:2009-05-25 at the 2564:2009-05-01 at the 2315:. March 12, 2011. 2247:Sarbanes–Oxley Act 2129:William O. Douglas 2125:U.S. Supreme Court 2097:The New York Times 1615:possibly contains 1447:Territorial Clause 1405:restraint of trade 1321:Panic of 1910–1911 901:Regulatory capture 716: 698: 156:in the Senate by 32: 10332: 10331: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 9851:American frontier 9812: 9811: 9742:Lebanese American 9727:Egyptian American 9662:Estonian American 9652:Albanian American 9646:European American 9623:Japanese American 9613:Filipino American 9574: 9573: 9236: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9185:COVID-19 pandemic 9088:Hurricane Katrina 9029:Los Angeles riots 8919:Watergate scandal 8764:Start of Cold War 8732:Manhattan Project 8319:Whiskey Rebellion 8149:King George's War 8114:Thirteen Colonies 8075:Pre-Columbian Era 7986: 7985: 7863:Caroline Harrison 7828:Benjamin Harrison 7626:Benjamin Harrison 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7490: 7489: 7472:Brown v. Maryland 7448: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7338:Bronson v. Kinzie 7322:Ogden v. Saunders 7241: 7240: 7123: 7122: 7081:Ex parte Merryman 7057:Suspension Clause 7043: 7042: 7017:Gonzales v. Raich 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6565:Brenner v. Manson 6359:Buck v. Gallagher 6279:Ferris v. Frohman 6028:Iancu v. Brunetti 5397:Perris v. Hexamer 5376:Mifflin v. Dutton 5272:Wheaton v. Peters 5211:O'Reilly v. Morse 5149:Rowell v. Lindsay 5050:Wheaton v. Peters 5017: 5016: 5013: 5012: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4930:Gonzales v. Raich 4826:Maryland v. Wirtz 4690:Gold Clause Cases 4511:Granholm v. Heald 4263:Brown v. Maryland 4230: 4229: 4113: 4112: 4065: 4064: 4020: 4019: 3967: 3966: 3898: 3897: 3845: 3844: 3835:Trump v. New York 3684:Official websites 3444:21 Cong.Rec. 3148 3098:Cal. Dental Ass'n 2887:Northern Pac. Ry. 2185:DRAM price fixing 1962:New Motor Vehicle 1941:New Motor Vehicle 1838: 1837: 1830: 1674:motion to dismiss 1660: 1659: 1652: 1617:original research 1598: 1597: 1590: 1428:Legal application 1227: 1226: 1219: 963: 962: 892:Misuse of patents 887:Predatory pricing 872:Exclusive dealing 755:Barriers to entry 743:Coercive monopoly 676: 675: 188:Benjamin Harrison 172:Passed the Senate 92:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 10382: 10322: 10312: 10311: 10276: 10275: 10205:Outlying islands 10162:Washington, D.C. 10157:Federal District 9856:Manifest destiny 9829: 9828: 9818: 9817: 9760:Native Americans 9732:Iranian American 9706:Mexican American 9692:Serbian American 9677:Italian American 9667:Finnish American 9657:English American 9608:Chinese American 9595:African American 9580: 9579: 9385:Direct democracy 9375:The Constitution 9334:Higher education 9257:American Century 9242: 9241: 8695:Great Depression 8668:Women's suffrage 8658:Roaring Twenties 8584:Haymarket affair 8542:Enforcement Acts 8331:Jeffersonian era 8279:Shays' Rebellion 8199:Intolerable Acts 8194:Boston Tea Party 8129:Queen Anne's War 8057: 8056: 8046: 8045: 8013: 8006: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7975: 7974: 7796:Baltimore crisis 7721: 7714: 7652: 7644: 7619: 7612: 7605: 7596: 7595: 7496: 7495: 7454: 7453: 7298:Fletcher v. Peck 7264: 7263: 7247: 7246: 7167:Ex parte Garland 7129: 7128: 7073:Ex parte Bollman 7049: 7048: 6975: 6974: 6789:Bilski v. Kappos 6645:Diamond v. Diehr 6613:Dann v. Johnston 6097:Stewart v. Abend 5405:Trade-Mark Cases 5288:Stephens v. Cady 5111:Evans v. Hettich 5037: 5036: 5028:Copyright Clause 5023: 5022: 4980: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4634:Champion v. Ames 4594:Paul v. Virginia 4578:Gibbons v. Ogden 4250: 4249: 4236: 4235: 4148:Collector v. Day 4119: 4118: 4088:Pocket Veto Case 4071: 4070: 4026: 4025: 3973: 3972: 3925:Ex parte Siebold 3909:Elections Clause 3904: 3903: 3851: 3850: 3798: 3797: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3733:Yale Law Journal 3651: 3650: 3625:(3–4): 257–275. 3614: 3608: 3601: 3595: 3590:Richard Posner, 3588: 3579: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3555: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3396: 3390: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3344: 3338: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3273: 3267: 3244: 3238: 3228: 3222: 3221:458 U.S. at 661. 3213: 3207: 3198: 3192: 3159: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3069:Continental T.V. 3066: 3060: 3027:Continental T.V. 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2987:Continental T.V. 2984: 2978: 2946: 2940: 2922:Continental T.V. 2919: 2913: 2896: 2890: 2834: 2828: 2811: 2805: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2723: 2717: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2595: 2589: 2501: 2495: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2447: 2441: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2392: 2386: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2303: 2292: 2269:Tying (commerce) 2108: 2092:William McKinley 2088:Thomas DiLorenzo 2081:economy of scale 2076:William E. Mason 1833: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1805:named references 1768: 1767: 1760: 1707:Charles Wyzanski 1702:U.S. v. Grinnell 1655: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1632:inline citations 1608: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1550: 1542: 1516: 1512: 1443:enumerated power 1222: 1215: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1171: 1163: 955: 948: 941: 846:Product bundling 748:Natural monopoly 700: 699: 178:Passed the House 127:sections created 93: 81: 77: 42: 35: 31: 21: 10390: 10389: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10282: 10256: 10200: 10164: 10152: 9891: 9865: 9823: 9808: 9714:Jewish American 9687:Polish American 9628:Korean American 9618:Indian American 9585: 9570: 9425:Merchant Marine 9395:Law enforcement 9247: 9228: 9102: 9098:Great Recession 9005: 8979:Reagan Doctrine 8933: 8912:Stonewall riots 8834: 8808:Project Mercury 8769:Truman Doctrine 8745: 8653:First Red Scare 8627: 8596:Progressive Era 8508: 8468:Bleeding Kansas 8424: 8371:Monroe Doctrine 8347: 8295: 8254:Treaty of Paris 8215: 8189:Boston Massacre 8184:Sons of Liberty 8080: 8051: 8040: 8022: 8017: 7987: 7982: 7946: 7941:Robert Carter I 7849: 7815: 7776:McKinley Tariff 7722: 7716: 7715: 7706: 7655: 7647: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7593: 7584: 7538:Wharton v. Wise 7504: 7486: 7462: 7440: 7285: 7258: 7252:Contract Clause 7237: 7141: 7119: 7063: 7039: 6983: 6982:of Section VIII 6961: 6930:trademark cases 6923: 6829:Kappos v. Hyatt 6629:Parker v. Flook 6421: 6262:copyright cases 6255: 6241:Allen v. Cooper 6185:Golan v. Holder 6042: 5917: 5888: 5858: 5725: 5640: 5587: 5413:Merrell v. Tice 5382: 5344:Holmes v. Hurst 5320:Baker v. Selden 5280:Backus v. Gould 5257: 5179: 5133:Evans v. Jordan 5117: 5072: 5031: 5030:of Section VIII 5009: 4974: 4973:of Section VIII 4952: 4858:EEOC v. Wyoming 4610:Kidd v. Pearson 4586:Passenger Cases 4565: 4455:Maine v. Taylor 4244: 4243:of Section VIII 4241:Commerce Clause 4226: 4130: 4109: 4079: 4061: 4037: 4016: 3984: 3963: 3957:Moore v. Harper 3915: 3894: 3888:Cook v. Gralike 3862: 3841: 3809: 3792: 3783: 3722:Wayback Machine 3659: 3654: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3598: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3487: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3393: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3274: 3270: 3245: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3214: 3210: 3199: 3195: 3179:note 1, at 59. 3160: 3156: 3138:Loewe v. Lawlor 3134: 3130: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3067: 3063: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 2985: 2981: 2947: 2943: 2920: 2916: 2897: 2893: 2835: 2831: 2812: 2808: 2772: 2768: 2757: 2753: 2740: 2724: 2720: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2671:. April 4, 1949 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2596: 2592: 2581:Wayback Machine 2566:Wayback Machine 2554:White, C.J. in 2502: 2498: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2448: 2444: 2412: 2408: 2393: 2389: 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2345: 2328: 2324: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2145: 2121:Seventh Circuit 2106: 2049: 2043:Competition law 2039: 2003: 1834: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1793:discouraged by 1769: 1765: 1758: 1728: 1715: 1693: 1665: 1656: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1621: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1563: 1551: 1540: 1514: 1510: 1499: 1455: 1435: 1430: 1270: 1264: 1223: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1188: 1172: 1161: 1129: 1124: 1078:-93 and n. 15: 1034: 959: 855:Refusal to deal 834:Tacit collusion 780:Relevant market 704:Competition law 672: 211: 210: 193: 190:on July 2, 1890 184:Signed into law 91: 79: 55:Enacted by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10388: 10378: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10330: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10316: 10306: 10304:Historiography 10301: 10295: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10280: 10270: 10264: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10242:Navassa Island 10239: 10234: 10229: 10227:Johnston Atoll 10224: 10219: 10217:Howland Island 10214: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10176:American Samoa 10172: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10098:South Carolina 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10063:North Carolina 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9887:The West Coast 9884: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9861:Indian removal 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9825: 9824: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9782: 9775: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9752:Saudi American 9749: 9744: 9739: 9737:Iraqi American 9734: 9729: 9717: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9672:Irish American 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9602:Asian American 9598: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9576: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9530:Sexual slavery 9520: 9513: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9428: 9421: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9400:Postal service 9397: 9392: 9390:Foreign policy 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9345: 9338: 9337: 9336: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9267: 9260: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9118: 9112: 9110: 9104: 9103: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9068: 9063: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8966: 8964:Crack epidemic 8961: 8960: 8959: 8954: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8929:Moral Majority 8926: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8907:Gay liberation 8904: 8899: 8897:Counterculture 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8885:Fall of Saigon 8882: 8877: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8863:Apollo program 8860: 8858:Project Gemini 8850: 8844: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8776:Early Cold War 8773: 8772: 8771: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8724: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8655: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8637: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8518: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8504: 8499: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8455: 8448:Prelude to War 8445: 8440: 8438:Antebellum Era 8434: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8383:Trail of Tears 8378:Jacksonian era 8375: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8314:Federalist Era 8311: 8309:Bill of Rights 8305: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8244:Lee Resolution 8241: 8236: 8225: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8071: 8063: 8061: 8053: 8052: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8016: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7741:Foreign policy 7738: 7732: 7730: 7724: 7723: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7645: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7622: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7599: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7501:Compact Clause 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7434:Sveen v. Melin 7430: 7422: 7414: 7406: 7398: 7390: 7382: 7374: 7366: 7362:Block v. Hirsh 7358: 7350: 7342: 7334: 7326: 7318: 7310: 7302: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7274: 7272: 7260: 7259: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7219: 7215:Teague v. Lane 7211: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7155: 7151:Calder v. Bull 7146: 7143: 7142: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7077: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7021: 7013: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6951: 6943: 6934: 6932: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6881: 6873: 6865: 6857: 6849: 6845:Gunn v. Minton 6841: 6833: 6825: 6817: 6809: 6801: 6793: 6785: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6753: 6745: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6713: 6705: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6657: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6617: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6561: 6553: 6545: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6505: 6497: 6489: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6449: 6441: 6432: 6430: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6379: 6371: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6331: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6299: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6125: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6069: 6061: 6052: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6008: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5976: 5968: 5960: 5952: 5944: 5936: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5828:Mazer v. Stein 5824: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5792: 5784: 5776: 5768: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5630: 5622: 5614: 5606: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5577: 5569: 5561: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5441: 5433: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5364: 5356: 5348: 5340: 5332: 5324: 5316: 5312:Paige v. Banks 5308: 5304:Little v. Hall 5300: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5267: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5251:Voss v. Fisher 5247: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5215: 5207: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5128: 5126: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5103:Evans v. Eaton 5099: 5095:Evans v. Eaton 5091: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5058:Paige v. Banks 5054: 5045: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4990: 4988: 4976: 4975: 4971:Coinage Clause 4962: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4898:Reno v. Condon 4894: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4782: 4774: 4766: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4686: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4582: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4403: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4355: 4347: 4339: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4299: 4291: 4283: 4275: 4267: 4258: 4256: 4246: 4245: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4216: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4160: 4152: 4144: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4091: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078:of Section VII 4067: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4006: 3998: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3933:Smiley v. Holm 3929: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3823: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3794: 3793: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3767: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3728: 3726:Alan Greenspan 3710: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3658: 3657:External links 3655: 3653: 3652: 3609: 3596: 3580: 3567: 3529: 3520: 3508: 3495: 3481: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3407: 3391: 3364: 3352: 3339: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3268: 3239: 3223: 3208: 3193: 3154: 3128: 3119:SMU Law Review 3102: 3090: 3061: 3018: 3006: 2979: 2941: 2914: 2891: 2829: 2806: 2766: 2751: 2718: 2682: 2656: 2630: 2615: 2608: 2590: 2519:see also ibid. 2496: 2472: 2462: 2442: 2406: 2387: 2362: 2343: 2322: 2304: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2117:Richard Posner 2102:New York Times 2052:Alan Greenspan 2038: 2035: 2002: 1999: 1881: 1880: 1867: 1836: 1835: 1772: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1727: 1724: 1714: 1711: 1692: 1689: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1612: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1554: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1518: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1416: 1408: 1396: 1388: 1378: 1362: 1354: 1346: 1332: 1324: 1312: 1301:Hale v. Henkel 1297: 1289: 1283: 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1225: 1224: 1175: 1173: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1033: 1030: 1022:treble damages 979:15 U.S.C. 961: 960: 958: 957: 950: 943: 935: 932: 931: 930: 929: 924: 916: 915: 911: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 868: 867: 862: 852: 843: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 816: 805: 803:Monopolization 797: 796: 790: 789: 788: 787: 785:Merger control 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 751: 750: 745: 731: 723: 722: 721:Basic concepts 718: 717: 707: 706: 674: 673: 671: 670: 669:___ (2021) 650: 649:___ (2018) 630: 611: 592: 573: 554: 535: 516: 497: 478: 459: 440: 421: 402: 383: 364: 345: 326: 307: 288: 273:Hale v. Henkel 269: 250: 231: 208: 207: 206: 203: 202: 195: 194: 192: 191: 181: 175: 169: 150: 147: 146: 142: 141: 131:15 U.S.C. 128: 121: 120: 115: 114:Titles amended 111: 110: 106: 105: 95: 87: 86: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10387: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10315: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10299:List of years 10297: 10296: 10293: 10279: 10271: 10269: 10268:Urban history 10266: 10265: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10247:Palmyra Atoll 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222:Jarvis Island 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169:Insular areas 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10138:West Virginia 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10043:New Hampshire 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10003:Massachusetts 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9819: 9815: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9633:Thai American 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9599: 9597: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9588: 9581: 9577: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471:Party Systems 9468: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9410:Voting rights 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9243: 9239: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9071:War on terror 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9008: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8970: 8969:Late Cold War 8967: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848:Great Society 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Post-war boom 8801: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8329: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8000: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7979: 7978: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7952: 7949: 7942: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7913:(grandmother) 7912: 7911:Anna Harrison 7909: 7907:(grandfather) 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7871:(second wife) 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7845:Harrison Hall 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7713: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7493: 7482: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7451: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7354:Smyth v. Ames 7351: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7140:of Section IX 7139: 7137: 7136:Ex post facto 7130: 7126: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089:Ex parte Endo 7086: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7056: 7055:Habeas corpus 7050: 7046: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6926: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6424: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351:Gibbs v. Buck 6348: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864:Patent misuse 5861: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5485:Brady v. Daly 5482: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352:Brady v. Daly 5349: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185:Patentability 5182: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087:Tyler v. Tuel 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3819:Utah v. Evans 3816: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:Public Choice 3613: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3186: 3185:Antitrust Law 3182: 3181:See generally 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2852: (1984); 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2804: (1958)). 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2686: 2675:September 15, 2670: 2666: 2660: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2609:9780199738816 2605: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2466: 2458: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2366: 2350: 2346: 2344:9789041123800 2340: 2336: 2335: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210:Laissez-faire 2208: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2138: 2137:Public Choice 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1832: 1829: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:for footnotes 1796: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1654: 1651: 1643: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1613:This section 1611: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1581: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1555:This section 1553: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1538:Modern trends 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1461:an agreement; 1460: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1221: 1218: 1210: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1176:This section 1174: 1170: 1165: 1164: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1127:Original text 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1099:175 U. S. 175 1096: 1093:, 85 F.2d 1, 1092: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1076:310 U. S. 492 1073: 1070: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1057:Massachusetts 1054: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 956: 951: 949: 944: 942: 937: 936: 934: 933: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 913: 912: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 866: 863: 861: 860:Group boycott 858: 857: 856: 853: 851: 847: 844: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812:Formation of 811: 810: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 795: 792: 791: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 720: 719: 713: 709: 708: 705: 702: 701: 695: 691: 687: 684: 680: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 621: 617: 616: 612: 609: 606: 602: 598: 597: 593: 590: 587: 583: 579: 578: 574: 571: 568: 564: 560: 559: 555: 552: 549: 545: 541: 540: 536: 533: 530: 526: 522: 521: 517: 514: 511: 507: 503: 502: 498: 495: 492: 488: 484: 483: 479: 476: 473: 469: 465: 464: 460: 457: 454: 450: 446: 445: 441: 438: 435: 431: 427: 426: 422: 419: 416: 412: 408: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 388: 384: 381: 378: 374: 370: 369: 365: 362: 359: 355: 351: 350: 346: 343: 340: 336: 332: 331: 327: 324: 321: 317: 313: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 294: 293: 289: 286: 283: 279: 275: 274: 270: 267: 264: 260: 256: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 237: 236: 232: 229: 226: 222: 218: 217: 213: 212: 204: 200: 196: 189: 186:by President 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 163: 159: 155: 152: 151: 148: 143: 140: 136: 132: 129: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 107: 104: 100: 96: 94: 88: 85: 78: 73: 69: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 30: 19: 10237:Midway Atoll 10232:Kingman Reef 10212:Baker Island 10191:Puerto Rico 10103:South Dakota 10093:Rhode Island 10088:Pennsylvania 10068:North Dakota 9784: 9777: 9758: 9719: 9712: 9698: 9644: 9600: 9593: 9536: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9469: 9443:Marine Corps 9430: 9423: 9416: 9380:Debt ceiling 9365:Civil Rights 9347: 9340: 9326: 9312: 9298: 9269: 9264:Antisemitism 9262: 9255: 9211: 9172: 9108:2008–present 9060:Bush v. Gore 9058: 8996:War on drugs 8870:Mid Cold War 8722:Pearl Harbor 8717:World War II 8588: 8537:Ku Klux Klan 8134:Dummer's War 8073: 8066: 8060:Pre-Colonial 7970: 7961: 7954: 7865:(first wife) 7827: 7820:Public image 7755: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7503:of Section X 7478: 7470: 7461:of Section X 7432: 7424: 7416: 7408: 7400: 7392: 7384: 7376: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7344: 7336: 7328: 7320: 7312: 7304: 7296: 7277: 7267: 7231:Smith v. Doe 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7135: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7054: 7031: 7023: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6953: 6945: 6937: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6891: 6883: 6875: 6867: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6803: 6795: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6699: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6627: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6435: 6428:patent cases 6413: 6405: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6309: 6301: 6293: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6247: 6239: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6151: 6143: 6135: 6127: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6034: 6026: 6020:Matal v. Tam 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5930: 5909: 5901: 5880: 5872: 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5802: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5717: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5669: 5661: 5653: 5632: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5600: 5579: 5571: 5563: 5555: 5547: 5539: 5531: 5523: 5515: 5507: 5499: 5491: 5483: 5475: 5467: 5459: 5451: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5395: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5318: 5310: 5302: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5270: 5249: 5241: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5193: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5131: 5109: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5064: 5056: 5048: 5001: 4993: 4983: 4944: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4864: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4704: 4696: 4688: 4680: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4584: 4576: 4557: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4525: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4485: 4477: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4389: 4381: 4373: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4341: 4333: 4325: 4317: 4309: 4301: 4293: 4285: 4277: 4269: 4261: 4218: 4210: 4202: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4138: 4128:Section VIII 4101: 4093: 4053: 4045: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3931: 3923: 3886: 3878: 3870: 3833: 3825: 3817: 3731: 3713: 3665:as amended ( 3622: 3618: 3612: 3604: 3599: 3591: 3578:, Antitrust. 3575: 3570: 3558:. Retrieved 3544: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3498: 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3371:Id. (citing 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3152: (1908). 3136: 3131: 3125:(1): 94–103. 3122: 3118: 3097: 3093: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: (1948). 3045: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3013: 3009: 3004: (1978). 2990: 2986: 2982: 2963: 2948: 2944: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: (1927). 2898: 2894: 2886: 2871: 2860:585 F.2d 381 2853: 2836: 2832: 2827: (1979). 2813: 2809: 2790: 2773: 2769: 2754: 2741: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2705: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2668: 2659: 2647:. Retrieved 2633: 2618: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2574:310 U. S. 16 2569: 2559:221 U. S. 50 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2465: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2390: 2385: (1993). 2369: 2365: 2353:. Retrieved 2333: 2325: 2307: 2290: 2273: 2264:Ticketmaster 2256: 2252:Standard Oil 2237:Price fixing 2219: 2202: 2136: 2134: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2085: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2050: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1882: 1874: 1861: 1855: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1824: 1815: 1808: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1750:312 U.S. 219 1746: 1736: 1729: 1716: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1677: 1666: 1646: 1637: 1614: 1584: 1575: 1564:Please help 1559:verification 1556: 1527: 1520: 1505: 1500: 1481: 1470: 1456: 1436: 1418: 1410: 1398: 1390: 1380: 1364: 1356: 1348: 1334: 1326: 1314: 1299: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1253: 1234: 1228: 1213: 1204: 1189:Please help 1177: 1147: 1135: 1130: 1116:221 U. S. 54 1105: 1103: 1094: 1088: 1086: 1081: 1072:310 U.S. 469 1068: 1066: 1062: 1050: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1026: 1007: 1003:John Sherman 966: 964: 906:Rent-seeking 819:Price fixing 770:Market power 686:John Sherman 652: 632: 613: 594: 575: 556: 537: 518: 499: 480: 461: 442: 423: 404: 385: 366: 347: 328: 309: 290: 271: 252: 233: 214: 183: 177: 171: 158:John Sherman 153: 109:Codification 29: 10252:Wake Island 10018:Mississippi 9933:Connecticut 9877:New England 9544:Agriculture 9463:Coast Guard 9458:Space Force 9306:Immigration 9034:WTC bombing 8952:Reaganomics 8880:Vietnam War 8796:McCarthyism 8678:Second Klan 8663:Prohibition 8641:World War I 8616:Square Deal 8606:Imperialism 8341:War of 1812 8068:Prehistoric 7651:(1881–1887) 7643:(1889–1893) 7138:Laws Clause 4995:Knox v. Lee 4035:Section VII 3663:Sherman Act 2910:392, 397–98 2883:253, 259–60 2737:563, 570–71 2113:Robert Bork 1936:preempted. 1818:August 2024 1810:quick guide 1733:Clayton Act 1528:Quick-look: 1148:Section 2: 1136:Section 1: 1112:221 U. S. 1 1053:George Hoar 829:Bid rigging 629: (2015) 610: (2010) 591: (2009) 572: (2007) 553: (1993) 534: (1984) 515: (1984) 496: (1982) 477: (1977) 458: (1951) 439: (1951) 420: (1948) 401: (1948) 382: (1940) 363: (1922) 344: (1911) 325: (1911) 306: (1911) 287: (1906) 268: (1904) 249: (1897) 230: (1894) 10339:Categories 10133:Washington 10053:New Mexico 10048:New Jersey 9923:California 9418:Journalism 9370:Corruption 9349:Government 9300:Demography 9287:Newspapers 9136:Sandy Hook 9039:Waco siege 8947:Reagan era 8853:Space Race 8786:Korean War 8727:home front 8559:Gilded Age 8527:Amendments 7895:(grandson) 7889:(daughter) 7883:(daughter) 7766:Lodge Bill 7728:Presidency 7061:Section IX 5923:Lanham Act 4618:In re Debs 3982:Section VI 3913:Section IV 3807:Section II 2669:Justia Law 2452:See, e.g., 2424:See, e.g., 2086:Economist 2041:See also: 1624:improve it 1306:grand jury 1122:Provisions 1101:U.S. 211; 1032:Background 995:monopolies 896:copyrights 775:SSNIP test 154:Introduced 71:Public law 47:Long title 10143:Wisconsin 10108:Tennessee 10013:Minnesota 9988:Louisiana 9882:The South 9453:Air Force 9328:Education 9190:recession 9146:Las Vegas 9054:Columbine 9011:1991–2008 8939:1980–1991 8840:1964–1980 8751:1945–1964 8705:Dust Bowl 8633:1917–1945 8514:1865–1917 8492:Civil War 8485:Secession 8430:1849–1865 8353:1815–1849 8324:Quasi-War 8301:1789–1815 8221:1776–1789 8174:Sugar Act 7830:(Niehaus) 7786:Geary Act 7256:Section X 3789:Article I 3714:Antitrust 3673:) in the 3647:158141317 3639:0048-5829 3560:April 21, 2588:343–345." 2491:Provided, 2481:See, e.g. 2165:Antitrust 2064:Antitrust 2056:Antitrust 2037:Criticism 2019:Congress. 1782:loc. cit. 1640:July 2022 1628:verifying 1578:July 2022 1207:July 2022 1178:does not 1012:to bring 983:§§ 1 969:(26 808:Collusion 738:oligopoly 135:§§ 1 66:Citations 10314:Category 10128:Virginia 10078:Oklahoma 10058:New York 10033:Nebraska 10023:Missouri 10008:Michigan 9998:Maryland 9983:Kentucky 9963:Illinois 9938:Delaware 9928:Colorado 9918:Arkansas 9797:Lesbians 9771:Comanche 9766:Cherokee 9559:Medicine 9517:Genocide 9510:Religion 9432:Military 9405:Taxation 9355:Abortion 9271:Cultural 9151:Parkland 9081:Iraq War 9019:Gulf War 8791:Ivy Mike 8710:New Deal 8086:Colonial 8031:Timeline 7977:Category 7901:(father) 5866:case law 5187:case law 5125:case law 3791:case law 3718:Archived 3551:Archived 3474:April 7, 3468:Archived 3346:But cf. 3057:495, 519 3042:365, 382 3002:679, 691 2937:596, 608 2825:1, 19–20 2649:March 8, 2643:Archived 2585:See also 2577:Archived 2562:Archived 2438:See also 2428:et seq., 2401:Archived 2383:447, 458 2355:July 15, 2349:Archived 2317:Archived 2143:See also 2127:Justice 2060:Ayn Rand 1939:In both 1719:coercive 1713:Monopoly 1453:Elements 1445:and the 1373:was not 1343:Sylvania 1095:affirmed 999:Congress 734:Monopoly 97:26 10148:Wyoming 10123:Vermont 10028:Montana 9968:Indiana 9948:Georgia 9943:Florida 9913:Arizona 9903:Alabama 9870:Regions 9792:Gay men 9564:Railway 9524:Slavery 9320:Banking 9314:Economy 9156:El Paso 9141:Orlando 8875:Détente 8036:Outline 3671:details 3327:en banc 3260:en banc 2460:61–81." 2433:passim; 2300:p. 1397 2119:of the 1979:Seagram 1622:Please 1339:Philips 1199:removed 1184:sources 1047:itself. 989:) is a 814:cartels 639:16-1454 76:Pub. L. 10324:Portal 10278:Cities 10261:Cities 10083:Oregon 10038:Nevada 9978:Kansas 9953:Hawaii 9908:Alaska 9896:States 9822:Places 9584:Groups 9554:Lumber 9492:Fourth 9482:Second 9292:Sports 9277:Cinema 9246:Topics 9161:Uvalde 9131:Aurora 9126:Tucson 8050:Events 7855:Family 7581:(2018) 7573:(2009) 7565:(2003) 7557:(1998) 7549:(1985) 7541:(1894) 7533:(1893) 7525:(1871) 7517:(1855) 7483:(1951) 7475:(1827) 7437:(2018) 7429:(1987) 7421:(1983) 7413:(1983) 7405:(1978) 7397:(1977) 7389:(1965) 7381:(1935) 7373:(1934) 7365:(1921) 7357:(1898) 7349:(1880) 7341:(1843) 7333:(1837) 7325:(1827) 7317:(1819) 7309:(1819) 7301:(1810) 7290:Others 7282:(1870) 7234:(2003) 7226:(1997) 7218:(1989) 7210:(1964) 7202:(1960) 7194:(1951) 7186:(1925) 7178:(1898) 7170:(1866) 7162:(1819) 7154:(1798) 7116:(2020) 7108:(2008) 7100:(2001) 7092:(1944) 7084:(1861) 7076:(1807) 7036:(2013) 7028:(2010) 7020:(2005) 7012:(2004) 7004:(1926) 6996:(1819) 6958:(2020) 6950:(1938) 6942:(1915) 6928:Other 6920:(2019) 6912:(2017) 6904:(2016) 6896:(2015) 6888:(2015) 6880:(2014) 6872:(2014) 6864:(2013) 6856:(2013) 6848:(2013) 6840:(2013) 6832:(2012) 6824:(2012) 6816:(2011) 6808:(2011) 6800:(2011) 6792:(2010) 6784:(2008) 6776:(2007) 6768:(2007) 6760:(2007) 6752:(2006) 6744:(2006) 6736:(2006) 6728:(2005) 6720:(2002) 6712:(2001) 6704:(1999) 6696:(1999) 6688:(1998) 6680:(1997) 6672:(1996) 6664:(1990) 6656:(1989) 6648:(1981) 6640:(1980) 6632:(1978) 6624:(1976) 6616:(1976) 6608:(1973) 6600:(1972) 6592:(1971) 6584:(1969) 6576:(1969) 6568:(1966) 6560:(1966) 6552:(1966) 6544:(1965) 6536:(1964) 6528:(1964) 6520:(1964) 6512:(1961) 6504:(1950) 6496:(1950) 6488:(1948) 6480:(1945) 6472:(1943) 6464:(1942) 6456:(1926) 6448:(1916) 6440:(1908) 6426:Other 6418:(1975) 6410:(1974) 6402:(1973) 6394:(1968) 6386:(1962) 6378:(1960) 6370:(1949) 6362:(1939) 6354:(1939) 6346:(1936) 6338:(1934) 6330:(1932) 6322:(1931) 6314:(1923) 6306:(1919) 6298:(1918) 6290:(1914) 6282:(1912) 6274:(1911) 6260:Other 6252:(2020) 6244:(2020) 6236:(2019) 6228:(2019) 6220:(2017) 6212:(2014) 6204:(2014) 6196:(2013) 6188:(2012) 6180:(2010) 6172:(2005) 6164:(2003) 6156:(2001) 6148:(1998) 6140:(1998) 6132:(1996) 6124:(1994) 6116:(1994) 6108:(1991) 6100:(1990) 6092:(1989) 6084:(1985) 6076:(1985) 6068:(1984) 6060:(1977) 6039:(2020) 6031:(2019) 6023:(2017) 6015:(2014) 6007:(2014) 5999:(2003) 5991:(2003) 5983:(2001) 5975:(2001) 5967:(1999) 5959:(1995) 5951:(1992) 5943:(1987) 5935:(1982) 5914:(1985) 5906:(1941) 5885:(1942) 5877:(1917) 5855:(1973) 5847:(1964) 5839:(1956) 5831:(1954) 5823:(1952) 5815:(1943) 5807:(1940) 5799:(1939) 5791:(1935) 5783:(1931) 5775:(1923) 5767:(1920) 5759:(1917) 5751:(1914) 5743:(1911) 5722:(1911) 5714:(1911) 5706:(1909) 5698:(1909) 5690:(1908) 5682:(1908) 5674:(1907) 5666:(1903) 5658:(1896) 5637:(1979) 5629:(1948) 5621:(1941) 5613:(1939) 5605:(1913) 5584:(1912) 5576:(1909) 5568:(1908) 5560:(1908) 5552:(1908) 5544:(1908) 5536:(1907) 5528:(1907) 5520:(1907) 5512:(1903) 5504:(1903) 5496:(1899) 5488:(1899) 5480:(1892) 5472:(1891) 5464:(1889) 5456:(1888) 5448:(1888) 5440:(1888) 5432:(1884) 5424:(1884) 5416:(1881) 5408:(1879) 5400:(1879) 5379:(1903) 5371:(1903) 5363:(1899) 5355:(1899) 5347:(1899) 5339:(1891) 5331:(1888) 5323:(1879) 5315:(1872) 5307:(1856) 5299:(1854) 5291:(1853) 5283:(1849) 5275:(1834) 5254:(1885) 5246:(1885) 5238:(1881) 5230:(1878) 5222:(1876) 5214:(1853) 5206:(1851) 5198:(1829) 5176:(1938) 5168:(1913) 5160:(1894) 5152:(1885) 5144:(1885) 5136:(1815) 5114:(1822) 5106:(1822) 5098:(1818) 5090:(1810) 5069:(1908) 5061:(1872) 5053:(1834) 5006:(1884) 4998:(1871) 4949:(2016) 4941:(2012) 4933:(2005) 4925:(2000) 4917:(2000) 4909:(2000) 4901:(2000) 4893:(1996) 4885:(1995) 4877:(1992) 4869:(1985) 4861:(1983) 4853:(1981) 4845:(1981) 4837:(1976) 4829:(1968) 4821:(1964) 4813:(1964) 4805:(1960) 4797:(1951) 4789:(1950) 4781:(1949) 4773:(1946) 4765:(1944) 4757:(1942) 4749:(1942) 4741:(1941) 4733:(1940) 4725:(1938) 4717:(1937) 4709:(1936) 4701:(1935) 4693:(1935) 4685:(1935) 4677:(1923) 4669:(1918) 4661:(1914) 4653:(1913) 4645:(1911) 4637:(1903) 4629:(1895) 4621:(1895) 4613:(1888) 4605:(1885) 4597:(1869) 4589:(1849) 4581:(1824) 4570:Others 4562:(2023) 4554:(2019) 4546:(2018) 4538:(2015) 4530:(2008) 4522:(2007) 4514:(2005) 4506:(1994) 4498:(1994) 4490:(1994) 4482:(1992) 4474:(1992) 4466:(1989) 4458:(1986) 4450:(1984) 4442:(1983) 4434:(1982) 4426:(1981) 4418:(1980) 4410:(1978) 4402:(1978) 4394:(1977) 4386:(1977) 4378:(1976) 4370:(1970) 4362:(1967) 4354:(1959) 4346:(1954) 4338:(1951) 4330:(1945) 4322:(1941) 4314:(1935) 4306:(1925) 4298:(1905) 4290:(1886) 4282:(1852) 4274:(1829) 4266:(1827) 4223:(2012) 4215:(2004) 4207:(1987) 4199:(1937) 4191:(1936) 4183:(1922) 4175:(1916) 4167:(1895) 4159:(1881) 4151:(1871) 4143:(1796) 4106:(1998) 4098:(1983) 4090:(1929) 4058:(1990) 4050:(1911) 4013:(1972) 4005:(1966) 3997:(1881) 3960:(2023) 3952:(2015) 3944:(1995) 3936:(1932) 3928:(1879) 3891:(2001) 3883:(1995) 3875:(1969) 3838:(2020) 3830:(2019) 3822:(2002) 3742:792668 3740: 3645: 3637: 3169:Conant 3141:, 3077:, 3048:, 3033:, 2993:, 2966:, 2951:, 2928:, 2901:, 2874:, 2841:, 2816:, 2793:, 2787:36, 58 2778:, 2745:, 2728:, 2698:aff'd, 2689:E.g., 2606: 2548:ibid., 2543:ibid., 2539:ibid., 2535:ibid., 2531:ibid., 2527:ibid., 2523:ibid., 2374:, 2341: 2175:Cartel 2105:rings. 1262:Legacy 1018:enjoin 981: 973: 661:, 659:20-512 657:, No. 641:, 637:, No. 133: 125:U.S.C. 101: 84:51–647 82: 10113:Texas 9993:Maine 9958:Idaho 9786:LGBTQ 9779:Women 9549:Labor 9502:Sixth 9497:Fifth 9487:Third 9477:First 9282:Music 9024:NAFTA 7877:(son) 3738:JSTOR 3643:S2CID 3554:(PDF) 3541:(PDF) 3219:Rice, 3201:Rice, 3177:supra 3173:supra 3145: 3086:1, 58 3081: 3052: 3037: 2997: 2970: 2955: 2932: 2905: 2878: 2866: 2845: 2820: 2797: 2782: 2764:104). 2732: 2378: 2150:Alcoa 1958:Exxon 1945:Exxon 1776:ibid. 1142:trust 1118:-58. 1014:suits 971:Stat. 850:tying 823:cases 665: 645: 622: 603: 584: 565: 546: 527: 508: 489: 470: 451: 432: 413: 394: 375: 356: 337: 318: 299: 280: 261: 242: 223: 201:cases 99:Stat. 10181:Guam 10118:Utah 10073:Ohio 9973:Iowa 9448:Navy 9438:Army 9342:Flag 7660:Life 7638:23rd 3858:and 3635:ISSN 3562:2008 3476:2022 3360:Rice 3321:See 3277:Rice 3275:See 3246:See 3147:U.S. 3135:See 3083:U.S. 3054:U.S. 3039:U.S. 3025:See 2999:U.S. 2972:U.S. 2957:U.S. 2934:U.S. 2907:U.S. 2880:U.S. 2868:U.S. 2847:U.S. 2822:U.S. 2802:1, 5 2799:U.S. 2784:U.S. 2734:U.S. 2677:2019 2651:2016 2604:ISBN 2380:U.S. 2357:2009 2339:ISBN 2045:and 1990:Rice 1966:Rice 1960:nor 1943:and 1911:Rice 1907:Rice 1899:Rice 1791:are 1788:idem 1785:and 1684:FRCP 1670:FRCP 1254:The 1229:The 1182:any 1180:cite 965:The 894:and 848:and 736:and 694:Ohio 683:Sen. 667:U.S. 647:U.S. 624:U.S. 605:U.S. 586:U.S. 567:U.S. 548:U.S. 529:U.S. 510:U.S. 491:U.S. 472:U.S. 453:U.S. 434:U.S. 415:U.S. 396:U.S. 377:U.S. 358:U.S. 339:U.S. 320:U.S. 301:U.S. 282:U.S. 263:U.S. 244:U.S. 225:U.S. 209:List 58:the 8234:War 7254:of 7059:of 4126:of 4033:of 3980:of 3911:of 3860:III 3805:of 3724:by 3675:GPO 3667:PDF 3627:doi 3623:174 3216:See 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