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of their attacks were repelled by the numerically inferior
Turkish garrison, with the use of machine gun fire and mortar grenades. When the rebels retreated the next morning, the area around the city was full of dead bodies. When a second wave of attacks failed, the siege was finally lifted on 11 March. After a large consignment, a mass attack (26 March), and with a suppress operation the Turkish troops made many of the enemy troops to surrender and squeezed the insurgency leaders while they were preparing to move to the Iran in Boğlan (today known as Sohlan). Sheikh Sharif and some of the tribal leaders were captured in Palu, and Sheikh Said too in Varto was seized at Carpuh Bridge with a close relative's notice (15 April 1925).
774:
301:
289:
273:
257:
246:
215:
928:. But the rebels were defeated around Murat bridge and made them to retreat. On 21 February, the government declared martial law in the eastern provinces. Army troops sent to the insurgents on 23 February were forced to retreat to Diyarbakir in the Winter Plain against the Sheikh Said forces. The next day, another uprising under the leadership of Sheikh Sharif, who entered Elazığ, kept the city under control for a short time. Elazığ was looted by rebels for several days. At the 1 of March, the Kurds managed to assault the
98:
352:
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680:(TCF), the first opposition party in the history of the Republic was established. There was a general consensus that Atatürk's actions were against religion. In the TCF’s article which led by Kazım Karabekir it says that "The political party is respectful to the religious beliefs and thoughts". One of the TCF officials, Fethi Bey, said "The members of the TCF are religious. CHF is messing up with the religion, we will save the religion and protect it".
972:
661:. On 19 May 1924, the results of the negotiations in Istanbul could not be reached and Britain took the issue on 6 August 1924 to the League of Nations. The Sheikh Said uprising emerged during the days when British occupation forces declared martial law in northern Iraq, removed their officer's permits, and carried their troops to Mosul. In those days, the Colon of Ministers was increasingly under scrutiny, and a powerful British fleet was moving to
885:(today called Dicle) area to detain some Kurdish notables, but were prevented by from it by men loyal to Sheikh Said. The intrusion by the Turkish army provoked Kurds around Sheikh Said, and reportedly they have either killed or arrested all the Turkish officers in the areas under their control. On 13 February 1925, Sheikh Said addressed the people in his sermon in the Piran mosque and stated:
25:
897:
tried to gather the movement under a single center with a declaration urging the people to rise up in the name of Islam. In this statement, he used his seal which means 'the leader of the fighters for the sake of religion' and called everyone to fight for the sake of religion. Initially, the rebellion was initiated on behalf of the
Islamic
1222:
993:. However, Mustafa Kemal Pasha, advocated for the resignation of Prime Minister Ali Fethi against the rapid rise of the incidents and appointed İsmet Pasha to establish a new government on 2 March. Ali Fethi resigned on the 3 March and was replaced by Ismet Inönü. Within days, the Turkish Grand National Assembly adopted the
1210:
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between Turkey and the
British. The British on the other side assumed the Kemalists could have engineered the revolt, assuming that if the Kurdish revolt in Turkey was temporarily to succeed it would lead to a prolonged conflict over the Mosul Vilayet in Iraq with Turkey eventually able to occupy it.
939:
with 5,000–10,000 men. In
Diyarbakır the headquarters of the Seventh Army Corps was located. But neither the Kurdish notables nor the Kurdish farmers in the region in and around Diyarbakır refused to support the rebellion. The Muslim Revivalists attacked the city at all four gates simultaneously. All
811:
refused to join the rebellion was a major setback as they had a lot of other tribes also desisted from supporting the rebellion, as their leaders preferred to be in good standing with the
Turkish government. Some claim British assistance was sought realizing that Kurdistan could not stand alone. The
1059:
The
Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakir also imposed a death sentence on Sheikh Said and 47 riots rulers on the 28 June 1925. Penalties were carried out the next day, by Sheikh Said coming up first. The President of the Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır that sentenced the rebels stated on 28 June
892:
were closed. The
Ministry of Religion and Foundations was abolished and the schools of religion were connected to the National Education. In the newspapers, a number of irreligious writers dare to insult the Prophet and extend the language of our Prophet. If I can do it today, I will start fighting
798:
tribes were the most active and effective opponents of this rebellion. experience in confronting the
Turkish government. The Azadî, and several officers from the Ottoman empire have supported the rebellion. Robert Olson states that viewing the several sources, a number of 15'000 rebels is about the
1122:
In the
Turkish press the suppression of the revolt was praised and according to Günther Deschner for quite some time also the western historians seemed to see the suppression as a pacification of a rebellious region. In Turkey it was assumed that the Sheikh Said revolt was supported by the British
1078:
In total over 7000 people were prosecuted by the
Independence tribunals and more than 600 people were executed. The suppression of the Shaykh Said Uprising was an important milestone in the control of the Republican administration in Eastern Anatolia and South East Anatolia. On the other hand, the
984:
to explain him how serious the situation has become. Mustafa Kemal, Ali Fethi (Okyar) and İsmet İnönü had a meeting on the 24 February 1925, which lasted for 7 1/2 hours and the main subject was the rebellion. Following, the Government of Ali Fethi has issued a circular which vowed strict measures
644:
stated that "the Kurds cannot survive without a large state behind them," he says, for the British policy towards the region said: "A new protective admission to all Kurds accustomed to the Turkish administration It will be difficult to bring the British interests to Mosul, where the Kurds live in
896:
Sheikh Said was elected as the next commander of the Kurdish independence movement gathered around Azadî and Darhini was declared the capital of Kurdistan on the 14 February 1925. Sheikh Said, who had taken the governor and the other officers captive while charging against Darhini (16 February),
1113:
In the fall of 1927, Sheikh Abdurrahman, the brother of Sheikh Said, began a series of revenge attacks on Turkish garrisons in Palu and Malatya. In August 1928 Sheikh Abdurrahman and another brother of Sheikh Said, Sheikh Mehdi, turned themselves in and made use of the amnesty law issued by the
962:
On the other hand, Hasan Hayri Efendi, who was Dersim Deputy and Alevi Zaza, entered into solidarity with Sheikh Sharif, appointed by Sheikh Said as Commander of the Elaziz Front. A joint letter with Sheikh Sharif in Elaziz was sent to all the tribal leaders of Dersim on 6 March 1925.
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against the rebels on the 25 February 1925 and announced the reign of martial law in the eastern provinces and classified the use of religious aims against the government as treason. The Turkish Parliament was not pleased with this action and in response, the Turkish prime minister
687:, said that ‘innovation’ had led to the encouragement of “isret” (getting drunk), an increase in prostitution, Muslim women losing their decency and, most important of all, religious customs being dishonored and disregarded by the new regime. The
1196:, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean,
857:
At the beginning of the rebellion the Turks had one squadron (filo) consisting of seven airplanes. Of these only 2 were serviceable. But In the course of the rebellion more than 70 aircraft have been involved in subduing the rebellion.
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and several of his friends who were accused of supporting the rebellion, were arrested in Istanbul and taken to Diyarbakır to be tried. As a result of the trial, Seyit Abdulkadir and five of his friends were sentenced to death by the
1198:
Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April
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in which they live. It is thought that the region of Mosul could be separated from other parts and connected to a new independent Kurdistan State. However, it would be very difficult to resolve this issue by agreement.
2343:
Olson, Robert W. (March 2000). "The Kurdish Rebellions of Sheikh Said (1925), Mt. Ararat (1930), and Dersim (1937–8): Their Impact on the Development of the Turkish Air Force and on Kurdish and Turkish Nationalism".
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk foresaw the seriousness of the rebellion and urged İsmet İnönü to come to Ankara, as he had been resting for a vacation at an island near Istanbul. Atatürk welcomed İnönü and his family at the
812:
Kurdish population in around Diyarbakır, farmers as well as Kurdish notables, also desisted. The influential Kurdish Cemilpasazade family even supported the Turkish Government. Also the ruler of
1221:
Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis',
1132:, who deemed the Kurds to have wanted to achieve something similar the Turks had achieved for themselves and questioned how a struggle for freedom could turn into an oppressive regime.
1079:
developments that emerged with the uprising led to the interruption of the steps towards transition to multi-party life for a long while. Also against the Progressive Republican Party (
901:, but was later converted to the Kurdish independence movement. The rebellion soon expanded and by 20 February, the town Lice, where the 5th Army corps was headquartered was captured.
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and on Kurdish education and objections to alleged Turkish economic exploitation of Kurdish areas, at the expense of Kurds. The revolt was proceeded by the smaller and less successful
737:
intelligence reports, the Azadî officers had 11 grievances. Apart from Kurdish cultural demands and complaints of Turkish maltreatment, this list also detailed fears of imminent mass
449:
683:
Two weeks before the Sheikh Said incident, in late January 1925, the TCF Erzurum deputy Ziyaeddin Efendi, with heavy criticism of the actions of the ruling CHF in the chair of the
994:
1053:
632:). If they do, this thought spreads to the Kurds within our borders. To prevent this, we need to cross the border South.'’ In the report the British spokesman sent to
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area also addressed the Kurdish issue mentioning: ‘'the second issue is the problem of Kurdishness. The British wanted to establish a Kurdish state there (in northern
1012:) and granted the government emergency powers. The ban on the uprising has been extended to include other measures. In addition, it was decided to re-establish the
2641:
442:
1316:
was led specifically by the Zaza population and received almost full support in the entire Zaza region and some of the neighbouring Kurmanji-dominated regions
600:
The religious and nationalist background of the Sheikh Said rebellion has been debated by the scholars. The rebellion was described as "the first large-scale
2477:
786:
Sheikh Said appealed to all Muslims of Turkey to join in the rebellion being planned. The tribes which actually participated were mostly Kurds. Kurds of the
721:
under control. According to various historians, the main reason the revolt took place was that various elements of the Turkish society were unhappy with the
2509:
3232:
2482:
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there are few reports on the use of Turkish airplanes in suppressing the Sheikh Said rebellion. The reports originate from the British Air Command at
3188:
435:
3278:
1028:
was reported by the US military attaché in Turkey. Hamit Bozarslan estmiates that about 35% of the budget went into the suppression of the revolt.
758:
3002:
2386:
1395:"İngiliz Belgelerinde Türkiye" Erol Ulubelen, Çağdaş Yay., 1982, sf.195; ak. U.Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" Tekin Yay., 19. Bas., 1995, sf.24
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Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
2504:
1064:
Certain among you have taken as a pretext for revolt the abuse by the governmental administration, some others have invoked the defence of the
881:
Following the suppression of the Beytüssebap revolt, the Turks attempted to prevent an other rebellion. In February 1925, they moved into the
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947:, crushed the rebellion with continual aerial bombardments and a massive concentration of forces. The rebels were unable to penetrate beyond
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After receiving the support of the tribes of Mistan, Botan and Mhallami, he headed to Diyarbakır via Genç and Çapakçur (today known as
636:
on the 28 November 1919 he stated; "Even though we don't trust the Kurds, it is our interests to use them." The British Prime Minister
3352:
3357:
2793:
851:
2951:
3025:
1416:"Türkiye Cumhuriyetinde Anlaşmalar 1924–1938" Genelkurmay Yay., Nak.-1972, ss.43–44; ak. U.Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" sf.53
2613:
504:
49:
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1087:) was opened an investigation on the grounds that it was involved in the riot and was soon closed under a government decree.
990:
951:, this was one of the two major areas where Sheikh Said was well known and he enjoyed considerable influence there (he had a
943:
By the end of March, most of the major battles of the Sheikh Said rebellion were over. The Turkish authorities, according to
677:
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1429:
From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic
3245:
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Front row, left to right: Sheikh Sherif, Sheikh Said, back row: Sheikh Hamid, Major Kasim (Kasım Ataç), Sheikh Abdullah.
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1960:
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One of the early observers who criticized the way the Turkish Government treated the Kurdish people was the Indian
3332:
3219:
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2762:
2603:
3175:
1407:
Osman Olcay, SBF Yay., Ankara-1981, s.121; ak. U. Mumcu, "Kürt-İslam Ayaklanması" Tekin Yay., 19.Bas. 1995, s. 28
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In one of the bigger engagements, in the night of 6–7 March, the forces of Sheikh Said laid siege to the city of
3342:
3136:
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1793:
1103:
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2742:
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2810:
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89:
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2471:
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1452:
Nurşen Mazıcı, Belgelerle Atatürk döneminde Muhalefet (1919-1926), Dilem Yayınları, İstanbul 1984, s. 82.
669:
761:. The revolt was subdued, and its leaders Cibran and Ziya Yusuf Bey were captured and courtmartialed in
657:
dealt with the bilateral talks, if this were to fail it was decided to have recourse the subject to the
3327:
3130:
3095:
2931:
2926:
2904:
2799:
2679:
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2099:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950"
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1915:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950"
1488:"Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950"
862:
726:
2124:
Contribution á l'étude de la Sociologie et de l'Histoire du Mouvement National Kurde: 1920 á nos Jours
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1988:
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40:
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Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925
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673:
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250:
3322:
3073:
3068:
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2516:
2073:"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950"
1993:"Young Turk social engineering: mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950"
1107:
612:
In Turkey there existed a strong anti-Kurdish policy in the first years of the Turkish Republic.
3170:
3154:
3020:
981:
2364:
2213:
1427:
1272:
3010:
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1670:
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1036:
1013:
944:
750:
482:
335:
261:
2137:
929:
135:
3271:
3085:
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2963:
2941:
2899:
2583:
808:
476:
8:
3265:
3125:
3030:
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601:
566:
281:
265:
277:
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2915:
2861:
2829:
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2608:
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1725:
1357:
909:
696:
637:
402:
25,000 men (fewer than 12,000 are armed troops; the rest are unarmed logistical troops)
827:
During this rebellion, the Turkish government used its airplanes for bombing raids in
2985:
2532:
2438:
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2271:
2219:
2189:
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1956:
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on 23 May 1925 and executed four days later. A journalist for a Kurdish newspaper in
828:
730:
658:
570:
103:
35:
3198:
3181:
3142:
2817:
2752:
2747:
2719:
2618:
2578:
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2098:
2072:
2033:
2022:"Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains"
1992:
1914:
1487:
1341:
1330:"Exaggerating and exploiting the Sheikh Said Rebellion of 1925 for political gains"
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1080:
1005:
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692:
555:
547:
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380:
369:
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341:
330:
313:
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1701:
1329:
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710:
427:
171:
2037:
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971:
836:
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2936:
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2357:
2325:
The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925
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1865:
Agha, Shaikh and State: On the Social and Political Organization of Kurdistan
1721:
1353:
1099:
1025:
374:
351:
323:
107:
1816:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950
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167:
97:
2635:
2537:
2126:. Paris, Institut Nationale des Langues et Civilisations Orientales. p. 108
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The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society
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123:
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2704:
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2415:
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574:
318:
159:
1729:
1705:
817:
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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'ne Yönelik Bozguncu Hareketler ve Tehditler
956:
948:
925:
754:
2138:"Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza"
1761:, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi (Sayı 38, Cilt: XIII, Temmuz 1997)
1123:
Empire who wanted to achieve certain concessions with reagards to the
820:
would not support the rebellion and preferred an arrangement with the
1461:
Metin Toker, Şeyh Sait ve İsyanı, Akis Yayınları, Ankara 1968, s. 21.
1065:
959:). This failure excluded the possibility of extending the rebellion.
920:. Another uprising, directed by Sheikh Abdullah attempted to capture
795:
742:
714:
509:
905:
832:
363:
163:
3112:
3052:
1900:
M. Nuri Dersimi, Kürdistan Tarihinde Dersim, Halep 1952, sayfa 180.
1746:
Behçet Cemal, Şeyh Sait İsyanı, Sel Yayınları, İstanbul 1955, p.24.
1236:"Gotara Dijkolonyal û Wêneyê Serdestiya Tirkan Di Kovara Hawarê De"
821:
699:
590:
1951:
Uğur Ümit Üngör (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.).
688:
578:
231:
1102:. Thousands of Kurds fled their homes in southeastern Turkey and
952:
913:
889:
718:
706:
521:
3302:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
131:
2394:
1862:
1049:
966:
917:
898:
870:
762:
633:
625:
582:
219:
175:
127:
111:
921:
668:
Prior to Sheikh Said's rebellion, the prominent Pashas of the
179:
45:
Text contains incorrect grammar that could be translated text.
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1733:
882:
847:
813:
703:
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were dominated by the former members of the late Ottoman era
662:
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586:
563:
531:
115:
1386:"Eskişehir İzmir Konuşmaları" Kaynak Yay., İst.-1993, sf.95
629:
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worried about the anti-religious and autocratic policy of
16:
Kurdish rebellion following the abolition of the Caliphate
1604:
1602:
1469:
1467:
1106:, where they settled and were granted citizenship by the
835:
area. In the course of this operation, the airfield near
2215:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
1969:
589:, but also gained support among some of the neighboring
2142:
Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies
1684:
1682:
1274:
Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History
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of Kurds. They also registered annoyance that the name
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1551:
1509:
1464:
1165:
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1161:
1159:
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816:, Sheikh Saida and the powerful Sheikh Ziyaettin from
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1625:(in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 367.
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1932:
1882:
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A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan
1154:
1098:) in 1925, which suggested that the Kurds shall be
1249:
676:government and therefore on 17 November 1924, the
3080:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
2238:
1953:Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915
1090:After the uprising, the Turkish state prepared a
850:, which was in charge of intelligence for all of
768:
3314:
2241:The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East
2218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 230–231.
1706:"The Kurdish factor in Turkish foreign politics"
457:
3233:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
1950:
1810:
1182:The Militant Kurds: A Dual Strategy for Freedom
861:Turkey also obtained the permission to use the
807:That some Alevi tribes who participated in the
745:did not appear on maps, at restrictions on the
2135:
1297:
1245:(in Kurdish) (3). Artuklu University: 400–437.
799:average of the involved rebels in the revolt.
2543:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
2380:
1665:
1663:
443:
1425:
1114:Turkish Government in May of the same year.
967:Political measures by the Turkish Government
757:on the orders by the prominent Azadî member
2396:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
2208:
2183:
2078:. University of Amsterdam. pp. 241–242
1998:. University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236
1920:. University of Amsterdam. pp. 235–236
975:Turkish troops with the detained Sheik Said
653:Mosul dispute between the UK and Turkey in
2387:
2373:
2163:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 95.
1660:
450:
436:
96:
2186:Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law
1419:
989:was criticized by the politicians of the
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
3279:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
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1863:Maarten Martinus van Bruinessen (1978).
1788:, Manchester University Press ND, 1984,
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802:
772:
2952:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
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709:established during the reign of Sultan
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2270:(in German). Straube. pp. 88–89.
2104:. University of Amsterdam. p. 243
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2070:
2019:
1912:
1700:
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138:, Cumhuriyet Newspaper, 30 March 1925.
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753:in September 1924, led by Cibran and
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1645:Günter Behrendt. (1993). pp. 373–374
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1184:, Vera Eccarius-Kelly, page 86, 2010
932:and destroy three of the airplanes.
865:to transport their soldiers through
781:
409:52,000 men (25,000 are armed troops)
18:
2090:
1521:
1046:Independence Tribunal in Diyarbakır
551:
505:Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency
13:
3189:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
2614:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
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2010:
1903:
1867:. Utrecht: University of Utrecht.
893:myself and try to raise religion.
842:However, according to the British
602:nationalist rebellion by the Kurds
585:. The rebellion was mostly led by
14:
3379:
3026:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
1019:
717:, and sometimes even to keep the
3368:Battles of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
3064:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
2299:Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). pp.186–187
2290:Özoğlu, Hakan (2009). pp.185–186
1271:Hassan, Mona (10 January 2017).
1085:Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası
876:
678:Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası
379:
368:
357:
350:
340:
329:
322:
312:
299:
287:
271:
255:
244:
225:
213:
114:(present-day: Kaleköy, Solhan),
23:
3246:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3215:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
2969:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2302:
2293:
2284:
2232:
2202:
2177:
2152:
2129:
2116:
2064:
1981:
1944:
1894:
1879:(also London: Zed Books, 1992)
1856:
1782:János M. Bak, Gerhard Benecke,
1749:
1740:
1694:
1675:. E.J. Brill. 2000. p. 77.
1639:
1614:
1455:
1446:
1410:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1298:Mehmed S. Kaya (15 June 2011).
1056:, was also among the executed.
3353:History of Diyarbakır Province
2159:Douglas Arthur Howard (2001).
1710:Journal of Third World Studies
1321:
1277:. Princeton University Press.
1264:
1227:
1215:
1187:
1175:
769:Participation in the rebellion
733:on 3 March 1924. According to
1:
3016:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
2657:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2328:. University of Texas Press.
2268:Die Kurden Das betrogene Volk
2184:Derya Bayir (22 April 2016).
1537:. Zed Books. pp. 52–53.
1426:Hakan Ozoglu (24 June 2011).
1147:
1092:Report for Reform in the East
620:on 14 January 1923 about the
607:
3220:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3207:Turkish involvement in Syria
3091:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2922:Political violence in Turkey
2856:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2763:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
2642:Italian bombing of Palestine
2604:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
2553:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
2308:Deschner, Günter (1989).p.90
2122:Viennot, Jean-Pierre (1974)
1304:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 64–.
1117:
1031:
645:the mountainous regions and
640:, on the 19 May 1920 at the
462:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
102:Turkish soldiers encircling
90:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
7:
2472:Turkish War of Independence
2456:Unification of Saudi Arabia
1818:. OUP Oxford. p. 125.
1135:
1104:crossed the border to Syria
422:Total: 15,000–20,000 killed
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
3384:
3358:History of Elazığ Province
3348:History of Bingöl Province
3137:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3131:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
3120:Balochi insurgency in Iran
3096:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2932:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2927:Islamist uprising in Syria
2905:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2794:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
2680:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2599:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
2315:
2239:David L. Phillips (2017).
2188:. Routledge. p. 133.
2058:Cambridge University Press
2026:New Perspectives on Turkey
1785:Religion and rural revolt"
1334:New Perspectives on Turkey
1108:French mandate authorities
1016:in Ankara and Diyarbakır.
581:against the newly-founded
3295:
3258:
3163:
3104:
3044:
2977:
2895:Black September in Jordan
2887:
2786:
2730:
2627:
2571:
2525:
2402:
2322:Olson, Robert W. (1989).
2266:Deschner, Günter (1989).
2038:10.1017/S0896634600005410
1621:Behrendt, Günter (1993).
1533:Chaliand, Gérard (1993).
1432:. ABC-CLIO. p. 147.
1346:10.1017/s0896634600005410
1142:Kurdish-Islamic synthesis
991:Republican People's Party
691:forces under the lead of
518:
471:
421:
416:
391:
237:
206:
142:
95:
87:
82:
3338:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2997:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2992:1980 Turkish coup d'état
2811:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2743:1953 Iranian coup d'état
2738:1952 Egyptian revolution
2466:1919 Egyptian revolution
2449:Mount Lebanon starvation
2358:10.1163/1570060001569893
995:Maintenance of Order Law
577:and with support of the
3333:20th-century rebellions
3226:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3074:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
3069:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
2879:1966 Syrian coup d'état
2806:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2647:Allied invasion of Iraq
2594:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
2517:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
2136:White, Paul J. (1995),
1495:University of Amsterdam
685:Grand National Assembly
110:(present-day: Bingöl),
3171:2011 Bahraini uprising
3155:South Yemen insurgency
3036:Abu Nidal's executions
3021:1986 Damascus bombings
2800:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2652:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2422:Middle Eastern theatre
2020:Özoğlu, Hakan (2009).
1955:. Brill. p. 289.
1405:Sevr Anlaşmasına Doğru
1328:Özoğlu, Hakan (2009).
1234:Zülküf, Ergün (2015).
1084:
1076:
1054:Hizanizâde Kemal Fevzi
1009:
976:
778:
604:" by Robert W. Olson.
559:
238:Commanders and leaders
3343:Sheikh Said rebellion
3011:South Yemen civil war
2910:Shatt al-Arab clashes
2835:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
2824:North Yemen civil war
2773:1958 Iraqi revolution
2700:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2694:Arab–Israeli conflict
2563:Sheikh Said rebellion
2427:Battle of Robat Karim
2161:The History of Turkey
1194:Martin van Bruinessen
1062:
1041:Kurdish Teali Society
1010:Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu
974:
945:Martin van Bruinessen
803:Against the rebellion
776:
544:Sheikh Said rebellion
488:Sheikh Said rebellion
483:Beytussebab rebellion
417:Casualties and losses
336:Abdulkadir Ubeydullah
150:8 February—March 1927
83:Sheikh Said rebellion
3363:Rebellions in Turkey
3150:Fatah–Hamas conflict
3086:Operation Desert Fox
3059:1991 Iraqi uprisings
3053:Gulf War (1990–1991)
2964:Grand Mosque seizure
2942:Yemenite War of 1979
2900:Yemenite War of 1972
2840:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
2830:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
2584:Ahmed Barzani revolt
2495:Turkish–Armenian War
1486:Üngör, Umut (2009).
1039:, the leader of the
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
3298:This list includes
3266:2021 Beirut clashes
3126:2004 Qamishli riots
3003:Turkey–PKK conflict
2959:1979 Qatif Uprising
2778:1959 Mosul uprising
2768:1958 Lebanon crisis
2715:1973 Yom Kippur War
2686:Iran crisis of 1946
2674:Al-Wathbah uprising
2664:1943 Barzani revolt
2558:Great Syrian Revolt
2538:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
2461:Simko Shikak revolt
2346:Die Welt des Islams
1978:, pp. 123–124.
1672:Die Welt des Islams
1096:Şark Islahat Raporu
1014:Independence Courts
670:War of Independence
655:Lausanne conference
642:San Remo Conference
616:, in his speech in
614:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
552:Serhildana Şêx Seîd
251:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
2947:Iranian Revolution
2916:Lebanese Civil War
2862:1948 Palestine war
2609:1935 Yazidi revolt
2500:Franco-Turkish War
1702:Gunter, Michael M.
1024:The sum of 7 Mio.
977:
930:Diyarbakır airport
779:
751:Beytüssebap revolt
723:Turkish Parliament
647:Southern Kurdistan
3328:Conflicts in 1925
3310:
3309:
2533:Franco-Syrian War
2490:Greco-Turkish War
2478:Anglo-Turkish War
2444:Assyrian genocide
2439:Armenian genocide
2410:Italo-Turkish War
2335:978-0-292-77619-7
2225:978-1-139-48693-4
2195:978-1-4094-2007-1
2170:978-0-313-30708-9
1825:978-0-19-965522-9
1632:978-3-89173-029-4
1611:, pp. 98–99.
1560:, pp. 97–98.
1544:978-1-85649-194-5
1518:, pp. 48–49.
1476:, pp. 43–45.
1439:978-0-313-37957-4
1311:978-1-84511-875-4
1284:978-1-4008-8371-4
809:Koçgiri rebellion
782:For the rebellion
731:Ottoman Caliphate
713:to deal with the
659:League of Nations
571:Turkish Kurdistan
539:
538:
477:Koçgiri rebellion
426:
425:
202:
201:
196:Revolt suppressed
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
3375:
3272:Israel–Hamas war
3199:Syrian civil war
3182:Sinai insurgency
3143:2006 Lebanon War
2818:Dhofar Rebellion
2753:Cyprus Emergency
2748:Jebel Akhdar War
2720:1982 Lebanon War
2710:1967 Six-Day War
2619:Dersim rebellion
2579:Ararat rebellion
2483:Al-Jazeera Front
2389:
2382:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2339:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2212:(8 March 2010).
2206:
2200:
2199:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1989:Üngör, Uğur Ümit
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1814:(1 March 2012).
1808:
1797:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1755:Sulhi Dönmezer,
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1130:Jawaharlal Nehru
1074:
1037:Seyit Abdülkadir
1003:
747:Kurdish language
693:Halid Beg Cibran
597:in the region.
583:Turkish Republic
560:Şeyh Said İsyanı
553:
499:Dersim rebellion
493:Ararat rebellion
466:
465:
463:
452:
445:
438:
429:
428:
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
354:
347:Halid Beg Cibran
345:
344:
334:
333:
326:
317:
316:
304:
303:
302:
292:
291:
290:
278:Ali Saip Ursavaş
276:
275:
274:
260:
259:
258:
249:
248:
247:
230:
229:
218:
217:
216:
192:Turkish victory
144:
143:
100:
80:
79:
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3254:
3176:Egyptian Crisis
3159:
3100:
3040:
2973:
2883:
2872:Second Intifada
2782:
2726:
2623:
2589:Simele massacre
2567:
2548:Adwan Rebellion
2521:
2398:
2393:
2336:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2134:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2018:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1812:Uğur Ümit Üngör
1809:
1800:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1201:, BRILL, 1997,
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1155:
1150:
1138:
1120:
1075:
1072:
1034:
1022:
997:
969:
908:) and captured
879:
863:Baghdad Railway
805:
784:
771:
610:
573:in 1925 led by
540:
535:
529:
514:
467:
461:
459:
458:
456:
408:
403:
401:
378:
377:
367:
366:
356:
355:
339:
338:
328:
327:
311:
300:
298:
297:
288:
286:
285:
272:
270:
269:
256:
254:
253:
245:
243:
224:
214:
212:
183:
101:
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:1925 in Turkey
3308:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3286:Red Sea crisis
3282:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3031:Mecca massacre
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:First Intifada
2864:
2852:
2850:1964 Hama riot
2847:
2845:Aden Emergency
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2340:
2334:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2256:, p. 125.
2246:
2231:
2224:
2201:
2194:
2176:
2169:
2151:
2128:
2115:
2089:
2063:
2009:
1980:
1968:
1961:
1943:
1941:, p. 123.
1931:
1902:
1893:
1891:, p. 115.
1881:
1873:
1855:
1853:, p. 104.
1843:
1841:, p. 202.
1831:
1824:
1798:
1796:, pp. 289–290.
1775:
1773:, p. 108.
1763:
1748:
1739:
1693:
1691:, p. 120.
1678:
1659:
1647:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 102.
1562:
1550:
1543:
1520:
1508:
1478:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1409:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1377:, p. 153.
1367:
1320:
1310:
1290:
1283:
1263:
1248:
1226:
1214:
1186:
1174:
1172:, p. 107.
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1119:
1116:
1070:
1033:
1030:
1026:Turkish Pounds
1021:
1020:Financial cost
1018:
982:Ankara Station
968:
965:
878:
875:
804:
801:
794:, two Kurdish-
783:
780:
770:
767:
759:Ziya Yusuf Bey
711:Abdul Hamid II
609:
606:
537:
536:
519:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
502:
495:
490:
485:
480:
472:
469:
468:
455:
454:
447:
440:
432:
424:
423:
419:
418:
414:
413:
410:
398:February–March
394:
393:
389:
388:
309:
240:
239:
235:
234:
222:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
198:
197:
189:
185:
184:
158:
156:
152:
151:
148:
140:
139:
93:
92:
85:
84:
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:Yemeni crisis
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3208:
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2986:Iran–Iraq War
2983:
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2962:
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2937:NDF Rebellion
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2669:Alwaziri coup
2667:
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2510:United States
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2255:
2250:
2243:. p. 45.
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2180:
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2166:
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2143:
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2125:
2119:
2100:
2093:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1962:9789004225183
1958:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1876:
1874:1-85649-019-X
1870:
1866:
1859:
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1703:
1697:
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1685:
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1674:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1657:, p. 77.
1656:
1651:
1642:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1596:, p. 45.
1595:
1590:
1584:, p. 96.
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1497:. p. 231
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
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1449:
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1307:
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1267:
1261:, p. 42.
1260:
1255:
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1218:
1212:
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1207:9789004108615
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1125:Mosul dispute
1115:
1111:
1109:
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983:
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931:
927:
923:
919:
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911:
907:
902:
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894:
891:
886:
884:
877:The rebellion
874:
872:
868:
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834:
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823:
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587:Zaza speakers
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:rebellion in
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375:Ibrahim Heski
371:
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20:
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3079:
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3001:
2984:
2914:
2854:
2822:
2798:
2692:
2678:
2636:World War II
2634:
2562:
2470:
2414:
2352:(1): 67–94.
2349:
2345:
2324:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2214:
2204:
2185:
2179:
2160:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2097:Umut Üngör.
2092:
2080:. Retrieved
2071:Umut Üngör.
2066:
2056:– via
2029:
2025:
2000:. Retrieved
1983:
1971:
1952:
1946:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1913:Umut Üngör.
1896:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1815:
1784:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1732:– via
1713:
1709:
1696:
1671:
1650:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1534:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1494:
1481:
1457:
1448:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1370:
1337:
1333:
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1300:
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1242:
1229:
1217:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1121:
1112:
1095:
1089:
1077:
1073:28 June 1925
1063:
1058:
1035:
1023:
978:
961:
942:
934:
924:coming from
903:
895:
887:
880:
860:
856:
844:Air Ministry
841:
826:
806:
791:
787:
785:
739:deportations
702:, a Kurdish
682:
667:
652:
638:Lloyd George
611:
599:
543:
541:
497:
487:
475:
404:
397:
294:Mürsel Pasha
207:Belligerents
191:
64:
58:October 2022
55:
48:Please help
44:
33:
3300:World War I
2758:Suez Crisis
2705:Suez Crisis
2434:Arab Revolt
2416:World War I
2210:Dawn Chatty
2032:: 184–185.
1340:: 181–210.
1052:, the poet
998: [
575:Sheikh Said
567:nationalist
386:Baytar Nuri
319:Sheikh Said
296:(VII Corps)
262:Kâzım Pasha
52:if you can.
3317:Categories
2277:3927491020
2254:Olson 1989
2148:(2): 67–90
1976:Olson 1989
1939:Olson 1989
1889:Olson 1989
1851:Olson 1989
1839:Olson 1989
1794:0719009901
1771:Olson 1989
1716:(2): 444.
1689:Olson 1989
1655:Olson 2000
1609:Olson 1989
1594:Olson 1989
1582:Olson 1989
1570:Olson 1989
1558:Olson 1989
1516:Olson 1989
1474:Olson 1989
1375:Olson 1989
1259:Olson 1989
1170:Olson 1989
1148:References
937:Diyarbakır
839:was used.
755:Ihsan Nuri
608:Background
593:-speaking
412:15,000 men
364:Alişer Ağa
306:Naci Pasha
282:Third Army
266:Third Army
168:Diyarbakır
2054:152152964
2046:0896-6346
1722:8755-3449
1362:152152964
1354:0896-6346
1118:Reception
1100:Turkified
1066:Caliphate
1032:Aftermath
987:Ali Fethi
890:madrasahs
822:Kemalists
796:Qizilbash
743:Kurdistan
727:abolition
719:Qizilbash
715:Armenians
700:regiments
674:Atatürk's
618:Eskişehir
534:rebellion
528:rebellion
510:Serhildan
308:(V Corps)
172:Şanlıurfa
3113:Iraq War
1991:(2009).
1730:45197497
1704:(1994).
1243:Monograf
1136:See also
1071:—
697:Hamidiye
591:Kurmanji
562:) was a
392:Strength
155:Location
108:Çapakçur
88:Part of
34:require
2505:Revolts
2316:Sources
2108:9 April
2082:9 April
2002:8 April
1924:8 April
1501:9 April
1081:Turkish
1006:Turkish
914:Siverek
735:British
729:of the
707:militia
564:Kurdish
556:Turkish
548:Kurdish
526:Kurdish
36:cleanup
2332:
2274:
2222:
2192:
2167:
2052:
2044:
1959:
1871:
1822:
1792:
1728:
1720:
1629:
1541:
1436:
1360:
1352:
1308:
1281:
1223:p. 14.
1211:p. 13.
1205:
1060:1925:
1050:Bitlis
918:Ergani
906:Bingöl
899:Sharia
871:France
837:Elâzığ
833:Bingöl
818:Norşin
788:Xormak
763:Bitlis
704:tribal
634:London
626:Kirkuk
349:
321:
220:Turkey
188:Result
176:Mardin
164:Bingöl
160:Elazığ
136:Silvan
128:Ergani
3259:2020s
3164:2010s
3105:2000s
3045:1990s
2978:1980s
2888:1970s
2787:1960s
2731:1950s
2628:1940s
2572:1930s
2526:1920s
2403:1910s
2102:(PDF)
2076:(PDF)
2050:S2CID
1996:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1734:JSTOR
1726:JSTOR
1491:(PDF)
1358:S2CID
1239:(PDF)
1002:]
957:Hınıs
953:tekke
949:Hınıs
926:Hınıs
910:Maden
883:Piran
869:from
867:Syria
848:Mosul
814:Cizre
792:Herkî
689:Azadî
663:Basra
622:Mosul
595:Kurds
579:Azadî
522:Alevi
405:April
232:Azadî
182:areas
116:Piran
2330:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2110:2020
2084:2020
2042:ISSN
2004:2020
1957:ISBN
1926:2020
1869:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1718:ISSN
1627:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1503:2020
1434:ISBN
1350:ISSN
1306:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1199:1995
916:and
888:The
852:Iraq
829:Palu
790:and
630:Iraq
542:The
532:Zaza
147:Date
134:and
132:Egil
124:Lice
120:Hani
112:Genc
104:Palu
2354:doi
2034:doi
1342:doi
955:in
922:Muş
765:.
725:'s
530:2.
520:1.
180:Muş
3319::
2350:40
2348:.
2144:,
2140:,
2048:.
2040:.
2030:41
2028:.
2024:.
2012:^
1905:^
1801:^
1724:.
1714:11
1712:.
1708:.
1681:^
1662:^
1601:^
1523:^
1493:.
1466:^
1356:.
1348:.
1338:41
1336:.
1332:.
1314:.
1251:^
1241:.
1209:,
1156:^
1110:.
1083::
1008::
1000:tr
912:,
873:.
854:.
824:.
665:.
558::
554:,
550::
178:,
174:,
170:,
166:,
162:,
130:,
126:,
122:,
118:,
106:,
2388:e
2381:t
2374:v
2360:.
2356::
2338:.
2280:.
2228:.
2198:.
2173:.
2146:2
2112:.
2086:.
2060:.
2036::
2006:.
1965:.
1928:.
1877:.
1828:.
1736:.
1635:.
1547:.
1505:.
1442:.
1364:.
1344::
1287:.
1094:(
1068:.
1004:(
831:-
624:-
546:(
524:+
451:e
444:t
437:v
407::
400::
284:)
280:(
268:)
264:(
71:)
65:(
60:)
56:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
