Knowledge

Shasta language

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Silver (1966) devised a spelling system for distinguishing consonants and vowels in Shasta. Long phonemes are represented with the symbol ⟨ˑ⟩ following the character (e.g. ⟨cˑ⟩ and ⟨eˑ⟩ for/ t͡sː/ and /eː/, respectively);
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Shasta vowels can have low or high tones. High tones are marked by an acute accent ⟨′⟩ in the orthography devised by Silver (1966), whereas low tones are left unmarked. Examples for the vowel /u/ are given below:
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The length of a consonant distinguishes meaning in Shasta words. All stops, fricatives and nasals can occur as long or short in Shasta, but approximants /r j w/ only occur as short consonants.
201:. By 1980, only two first language speakers, both elderly, were alive. Today, all ethnic Shasta people speak English as their first language. According to Golla, there were four distinct 841:, and the glottal stop /ʔ/ is represented by the superscript IPA symbol ⟨ˀ⟩. The letters ⟨b d f g j l q v z⟩ are not used to represent Shasta sounds. 1198: 1166: 1161: 2557: 2552: 2109: 2562: 1191: 197:
formerly spoken from northern California into southwestern Oregon. It was spoken in a number of dialects, possibly including
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are indicated by an apostrophe written over the character (e.g. ⟨p̓⟩ for /pʼ/). The phoneme
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Shasta basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
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characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
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Extinct language of Shasta people in Western United States
1120:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California. pp. 37–38. 1085:. University of California Press. pp. 90–91. 2539: 1172:OLAC resources in and about the Shasta language 1162:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 2103: 1192: 1206: 2110: 2096: 1199: 1185: 1138:, Berkeley: University of California Press 143: 596:and near minimal pairs are shown below: 1146:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 173:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 2540: 1141: 1113: 2091: 1180: 1144:The Languages of Native North America 1078: 258: 2117: 664:, with contrastive length, and two 13: 2558:Indigenous languages of California 2553:Extinct languages of North America 14: 2574: 1151: 809: 802: 776: 769: 755: 748: 737: 730: 580: 573: 566: 544: 538: 531: 525: 511: 505: 498: 492: 483: 477: 461: 455: 448: 442: 435: 429: 422: 416: 409: 403: 396: 390: 372: 366: 359: 353: 346: 340: 333: 327: 320: 314: 2070: 2069: 1128: 2563:Indigenous languages of Oregon 1107: 1072: 823: 1: 1065: 251: 246: 7: 1136:California Indian languages 1082:California Indian languages 10: 2579: 1219:indicate extinct languages 2522: 2449: 2419: 2371: 2325: 2299: 2268: 2243: 2193: 2166: 2125: 2065: 2043: 2012: 1959: 1952: 1902: 1874: 1833: 1743: 1700: 1545: 1432: 1361: 1304: 1260: 1233: 1224: 1214: 1142:Mithun, Marianne (1999), 685: 680: 675: 673: 655: 565: 558: 537: 519: 476: 469: 301: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 159: 142: 126: 110: 105: 67: 57: 47: 36: 26: 21: 1114:Silver, Shirley (1966). 1004: 660:Shasta has four vowels, 2441:Highland Oaxaca Chontal 1208:Languages of California 2053:American Sign Language 1134:Golla, Victor (2011), 1079:Golla, Victor (2011). 161:This article contains 1659:Southern Sierra Miwok 1653:Northern Sierra Miwok 1647:Central Sierra Miwok 1984:Californian Spanish 1117:The Shasta Language 846: 40:primarily northern 1972:California English 1903:Language isolates 1596:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts 1582:Kings River Yokuts 1568:Buena Vista Yokuts 844: 837:is represented by 84:Shasta–Palaihnihan 2548:Shastan languages 2535: 2534: 2529:extinct languages 2367: 2366: 2353: 2351:Havasupai dialect 2346: 2235:Southeastern Pomo 2219:Northeastern Pomo 2085: 2084: 2061: 2060: 1948: 1947: 1480:Southeastern Pomo 1467:Northeastern Pomo 1063: 1062: 1002: 1001: 839:⟨y⟩ 821: 820: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 590: 589: 387: 311: 296: 290: 187: 186: 169:rendering support 165:phonetic symbols. 2570: 2349: 2344:Hualapai dialect 2342: 2269:Delta–California 2266: 2265: 2143:New River Shasta 2112: 2105: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2073: 2072: 1967:American English 1957: 1956: 1940:Plains Sign Talk 1905:and unclassified 1720:New River Shasta 1231: 1230: 1201: 1194: 1187: 1178: 1177: 1160:overview at the 1147: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1076: 1013: 1012: 847: 845:Shasta alphabet 843: 840: 836: 813: 806: 780: 773: 759: 752: 741: 734: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 671: 670: 668:: high and low. 663: 584: 577: 570: 548: 542: 535: 529: 515: 509: 502: 496: 487: 481: 465: 459: 452: 446: 439: 433: 426: 420: 413: 407: 400: 394: 383: 376: 370: 363: 357: 350: 344: 337: 331: 324: 318: 307: 294: 288: 256: 255: 195:Shastan language 152: 147: 138: 122: 115: 73: 19: 18: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2518: 2482:Western Jicaque 2445: 2415: 2363: 2321: 2295: 2264: 2239: 2189: 2162: 2121: 2119:Hokan languages 2116: 2086: 2081: 2057: 2039: 2008: 1977:Chicano English 1944: 1938: 1904: 1898: 1870: 1858:Southern Patwin 1829: 1789:Northern Paiute 1778:Luiseño-Juaneño 1739: 1696: 1541: 1428: 1357: 1300: 1256: 1220: 1210: 1205: 1158:Shasta language 1154: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1112: 1108: 1093: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1007: 838: 826: 658: 254: 249: 212:(Oregon Shasta) 191:Shasta language 167:Without proper 155: 154: 150: 134: 118: 111: 101: 74: 71:Language family 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2576: 2566: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2478: 2468: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2421:Tequistlatecan 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2249: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2139: 2131: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1963: 1961: 1954: 1953:Non-Indigenous 1950: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1908: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1882: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1716: 1708: 1706: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1630: 1623: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1575:Gashowu Yokuts 1571: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1438: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1369: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1310: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1228: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1189: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1153: 1152:External links 1150: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1106: 1091: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1006: 1003: 1000: 999: 997: 995: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 982: 979: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 943: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 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2067: 2064: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2045:Sign language 2042: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960:Indo-European 1958: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602:Valley Yokuts 1600: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1556:Klamath-Modoc 1553: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1500:Southern Pomo 1497: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1486:Northern Pomo 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1118: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092:9780520266674 1088: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 986: 983: 980: 977: 976: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 880: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 848: 842: 832: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 801: 799: 797: 795: 792: 791: 788: 786: 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 768: 766: 763: 762: 758: 754: 751: 747: 745: 743: 740: 736: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 691: 688: 683: 678: 672: 669: 667: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598: 597: 595: 594:Minimal pairs 586: 583: 579: 576: 572: 569: 563: 561: 557: 554: 552: 550: 547: 543:   541: 534: 530:   528: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510:   508: 504: 501: 497:   495: 491: 489: 486: 482:   480: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460:   458: 454: 451: 447:   445: 441: 438: 434:   432: 428: 425: 421:   419: 415: 412: 408:   406: 402: 399: 395:   393: 389: 386: 382: 381: 378: 375: 371:   369: 365: 362: 358:   356: 352: 349: 345:   343: 339: 336: 332:   330: 326: 323: 319:   317: 313: 310: 306: 304: 300: 297: 292: 287: 286: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 241: 240:Shasta Valley 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 221: 220:Klamath River 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 164: 158: 146: 141: 137: 133: 131: 130: 125: 121: 117: 114: 109: 104: 94: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 83: 82: 80: 76: 72: 66: 62: 60: 56: 53: 52:Shasta people 50: 46: 43: 39: 35: 32: 31:United States 29: 25: 20: 2524: 2511: 2494: 2480: 2463: 2456: 2435:Tequistlatec 2433: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2338:Upland Yuman 2252: 2217: 2208:Eastern Pomo 2203:Central Pomo 2182: 2175: 2156: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2074: 1933: 1927: 1917: 1911: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1863: 1856: 1844: 1834: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1776: 1769: 1757: 1733: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1701: 1687: 1670: 1651: 1641:Plains Miwok 1639: 1632: 1625: 1618: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1554: 1532: 1525: 1498: 1493:Central Pomo 1491: 1484: 1474:Eastern Pomo 1472: 1465: 1458: 1441: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1362: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1322: 1315: 1305: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1249: 1242: 1216: 1143: 1135: 1129:Bibliography 1116: 1109: 1081: 1074: 1057: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1019:Orthography 1008: 827: 659: 649: 645: 641: 637: 631: 627: 623: 619: 613: 609: 605: 601: 591: 235: 230:Scott Valley 225: 216:Iruhikwáˑcˑu 215: 209: 190: 188: 160: 153: Shasta 127: 92: 2429:Huamelultec 2382:Coahuilteco 2168:Palaihnihan 1820:Tübatulabal 1745:Uto Aztecan 1627:Coast Miwok 824:Orthography 560:Approximant 385:unaspirated 226:Uwáˑtuhúcˑu 205:of Shasta: 175:instead of 2542:Categories 2035:Vietnamese 1634:Lake Miwok 1331:Purisimeño 1262:Athabaskan 1226:Indigenous 1066:References 295:affricated 252:Consonants 210:Ikirakácˑu 42:California 2527:indicate 2513:Yana/Yahi 2471:Jicaquean 2458:Chimariko 2410:Mamulique 2396:Comecrudo 2150:Okwanuchu 1919:Chimariko 1771:Kitanemuk 1727:Okwanuchu 1620:Bay Miwok 1589:Palewyami 1443:Chimariko 1388:Ramaytush 1381:Chochenyo 1352:Ventureño 1345:Barbareño 1307:Chumashan 1101:767533019 831:ejectives 608:vs. /t͡sà 471:Fricative 247:Phonology 199:Okwanuchu 129:Glottolog 113:ISO 639-3 48:Ethnicity 2389:Cotoname 2307:Maricopa 2286:Kumeyaay 2184:Atsugewi 2177:Achumawi 2136:Konomihu 2076:Category 1989:Armenian 1807:Tataviam 1794:Panamint 1765:Kawaiisu 1753:Cahuilla 1713:Konomihu 1547:Penutian 1521:Kumeyaay 1460:Atsugewi 1454:Achomawi 1317:Obispeño 958:T̓ˑ t̓ˑ 935:P̓ˑ p̓ˑ 909:K̓ˑ k̓ˑ 877:Č̓ˑ č̓ˑ 865:C̓ˑ c̓ˑ 642:a person 640:íkʼːàʔ/ 309:ejective 267:Alveolar 262:Bilabial 203:dialects 181:Help:IPA 136:shas1239 81: ? 2525:Italics 2496:Salinan 2465:Esselen 2373:Pakawan 2359:Yavapai 2317:Quechan 2276:Cocopah 2254:Cochimí 2213:Kashaya 2127:Shastan 2030:Tagalog 2020:Chinese 2004:Russian 1999:Punjabi 1994:Persian 1935:Takelma 1929:Salinan 1913:Esselen 1846:Nomlaki 1836:Wintuan 1800:Serrano 1703:Shastan 1689:Nisenan 1666:Maiduan 1506:Kashaya 1402:Awaswas 1338:Ineseño 1324:Cruzeño 1295:Wailaki 1281:Mattole 1217:Italics 682:Central 644:vs. /ʔì 626:vs. /ʔá 624:nothing 614:a board 282:Glottal 272:Palatal 242:Shasta) 232:Shasta) 222:Shasta) 177:Unicode 88:Shastan 59:Extinct 2333:Paipai 2312:Mojave 2260:Kiliwa 2195:Pomoan 2157:Shasta 2025:Korean 1877:Yukian 1852:Patwin 1814:Tongva 1759:Cupeño 1734:Shasta 1683:Konkow 1562:Yokuts 1516:Mojave 1423:Chalon 1416:Rumsen 1409:Mutsun 1395:Tamyen 1374:Karkin 1364:Ohlone 1270:Tolowa 1099:  1089:  973:Xˑ xˑ 964:Uˑ uˑ 955:T̓ t̓ 952:Tˑ tˑ 946:Sˑ sˑ 932:P̓ p̓ 929:Pˑ pˑ 923:Nˑ nˑ 917:Mˑ mˑ 906:K̓ k̓ 903:Kˑ kˑ 897:Iˑ iˑ 891:Hˑ hˑ 885:Eˑ eˑ 874:Č̓ č̓ 871:Čˑ čˑ 862:C̓ c̓ 859:Cˑ cˑ 853:Aˑ aˑ 662:/ieau/ 656:Vowels 606:a gnat 604:àráx/ 151:  93:Shasta 37:Region 22:Shasta 2507:Washo 2490:Karuk 2450:Other 2403:Garza 2300:River 2291:Tipai 2245:Yuman 2013:Asian 1924:Karuk 1893:Wappo 1865:Wintu 1678:Maidu 1672:Chico 1614:Miwok 1609:Wintu 1511:Washo 1449:Karuk 1434:Hokan 1288:Cahto 1251:Yurok 1244:Wiyot 1235:Algic 1054:/ùː/ 1034:/úː/ 1005:Tones 726:Close 714:short 704:short 694:short 677:Front 666:tones 648:íkʼ/ 612:írʔ/ 600:/t͡ʃá 521:Nasal 361:t͡ʃʼː 348:t͡sʼː 289:plain 277:Velar 79:Hokan 63:1980s 2502:Seri 2281:Ipai 1887:Yuki 1784:Mono 1534:Yahi 1527:Yana 1275:Hupa 1097:OCLC 1087:ISBN 1044:/ù/ 1024:/ú/ 1016:IPA 978:Y y 970:X x 967:W w 961:U u 949:T t 941:S s 938:R r 926:P p 920:N n 914:M m 900:K k 894:I i 888:H h 882:E e 868:Č č 856:C c 850:A a 794:Open 719:long 709:long 699:long 687:Back 650:cold 630:ùʔ/ 622:ùʔ/ 437:t͡ʃː 424:t͡sː 355:t͡ʃʼ 303:Stop 189:The 2476:Tol 2326:Pai 1825:Ute 984:ˀˑ 835:/j/ 765:Mid 636:/ʔì 628:tʼː 618:/ʔá 431:t͡ʃ 374:kʼː 342:tsʼ 335:tʼː 322:pʼː 163:IPA 120:sht 2544:: 1932:, 1926:, 1922:, 1916:, 1890:, 1095:. 1058:uˑ 1038:úˑ 981:ˀ 811:aː 778:eː 757:uː 739:iː 646:sː 620:tʼ 610:kː 546:nː 533:mː 513:hː 500:xː 485:sː 463:ʔː 450:kː 418:ts 411:tː 398:pː 368:kʼ 329:tʼ 316:pʼ 2111:e 2104:t 2097:v 1200:e 1193:t 1186:v 1103:. 1048:u 1028:ú 804:a 771:e 750:u 732:i 638:s 602:k 582:w 575:j 568:r 540:n 527:m 507:h 494:x 479:s 457:ʔ 444:k 405:t 392:p 238:( 228:( 218:( 183:.

Index

United States
California
Shasta people
Extinct
Language family
Hokan
Shastan
ISO 639-3
sht
Glottolog
shas1239

IPA
rendering support
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
Unicode
Help:IPA
Shastan language
Okwanuchu
dialects
Klamath River
Scott Valley
Shasta Valley
Bilabial
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
affricated
Stop

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