Shanidar Cave - Knowledge

414:. He also suffered from a withered right arm which had been fractured in several places. A fracture of the individual's C5 vertebrae is thought to have caused damage to his muscle function (specifically the deltoids and biceps) of the right arm. Shanidar 1 healed, but this caused the loss of his lower arm and hand. This is thought to be either congenital, a result of childhood disease and trauma, or due to an amputation later in his life. The sharp point caused by a distal fracture of the individual's right humerus points towards this theory of amputation. If the arm was amputated, this demonstrates one of the earliest signs of surgery on a living individual. The arm had healed, but the injury may have caused some paralysis down his right side, leading to deformities in his lower legs and feet. Studies show that this individual had suffered from two broken legs. This would have resulted in him walking with a pronounced, painful limp. These findings in Shanidar 1's skeleton propose that he was unlikely to be able to provide for himself in a Neanderthal society. 34: 278:, part of the University of Michigan Expedition to justify the Near East, first explored the site with a sounding in 1951. He returned in 1953, under the auspices of the Directorate General of Antiquities of Iraq and the Smithsonian Institution, for another sounding. The first human body, Mousterian age, possibly Neanderthal, infant, was found. The next season, in 1956–57, conducted soundings at two nearby village sites and continued work at the Shanidar Cave. Three Neanderthal unfossilized skeletons were found at the cave. One was nearly complete (Shanidar I - field catalog no. 504 III), one was fragmentary (Shanidar III - field catalog no. 384 III), and for one only the skull was excavated at that time (Shanidar II - field catalog no. 618 III). Two Neolithic skeletons were also recovered, an infant and female teenager (with grave goods). Frequent use of explosives, up to eight sticks at a time, were employed in these excavations. 454: 398: 282:

former was presumed male and the later female based on size. The badly damaged and scattered remains of one adult Neanderthal male was designated Shanidar V. After the field material had been processed and analyzed more Neanderthal remains were declared. Shanidar 9 was an infant represented only by vertebrae. The remains of Shanidar 9 were discovered in the removal of Shanidar 4 when encasing it in sediment block and transporting it to the Baghdad Museum. Shanidar 8 was an adult with partial fragmentary skeleton. Shanidar 6 and 7 were skull, teeth and partial skeleton, all fragmentary. Shanidar 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 were found as individual burials while the other remains were found in a single compressed block.

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remains after death being that the position of the skull and mandible of Shanidar 1 were not natural. Examinations of other sites will be integral in understanding and analyzing the activity of the remains after death of those found in the Shanidar cave. Additional work is being conducted on the faunal remains found in Layer D at the University of Chicago to analyze butchery activity. Many remains found had cut marks that where caused by flint items which correlates to butchery practices.

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Trinkaus suggested that Shanidar 5 had its cranium deformed intentionally as an infant. However, this implication was overruled due to the fact that the curve was missing after the correction of a misplaced cranium bone fragment. Still, the frontal mid sagittal angle of this individual was very flat at 147º. The cranium shows signs of endocranial hyperostosis where plaques are found in the left and right side of the frontal crest and in the front area of sagittal sinus.

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significant disabilities has also provided the basis for conjecture about Neanderthal social behavior. According to paleoanthropologist Erik Trinkaus, Shanidar 1 must have been aided by others in order to survive his injuries. Due to the chronic effects of trauma, it was unlikely that this individual could independently provide for his family, so his post-injury lifespan may imply that he was kept alive due to his high social status or valuable cultural knowledge.

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the injury with the object still embedded. The angle of the wound rules out self-infliction, but is consistent with an accidental or purposeful stabbing by another individual. Recent research has suggested that the injury may have been caused by a long range projectile. This would be the earliest example of inter-personal or inter-specific violence in the human fossil record and the only such example amongst Neanderthals. The presence of

657: 629:, which is common in the Shanidar microfauna and whose burrowing activity can be observed today". Despite his conclusions that flowers were unlikely to have been deliberately placed, Petitt nevertheless concludes that the Shanidar burials, because they happened over so many years, represent a deliberate mortuary practice by Neanderthals. It has also been suggested that some of the pollen was deposited by nesting solitary bees. 479: 2527: 462:

rocks falling from the cave's ceiling, which crushed his skull and bones significantly. The skull had been compressed by about 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in). Much of his bones were missing when discovered, and the left tibia had teeth marks. Scavengers likely disposed of parts of his remains. There is evidence that Shanidar 2 was given a ritual send-off: a small pile of stones with some worked stone points (made out of

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vertebrae, 8 ribs, and miscellaneous other bones. The arrangement of the broken skeletal remains was thought to have been due to animals intervening after death. Radiocarbon results put the date at about 46,000 before the present day. Some years later a small correction to the original cranial reconstruction was found. During the recent excavations more pieces of Shanidar 5 were found

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other lineages from Africa that share this diet and was culturally motivated which may indicate that the Neanderthals in the Shanidar cave may have possibly changed their diet for cultural reasons. In Layer B, dating back to approximately 12,000 years ago, Ralph S. Solecki found numerous snail shells which may indicate the Shanidar maintained this diet for some time.

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Severe changes to the individual's incisors and a flattened capitulum show additional evidence towards Shanidar 1 suffering from a degenerative disease. Additionally, analysis shows that Shanidar 1 likely suffered from profound hearing loss, as his left ear canal was partially blocked and his right ear canal was completely blocked by

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were excavated and discovered in significant amounts and thought to be part of the Shanidar diet. It is unclear whether this diet was caused from cultural change or a change in the environment that lead to changes in previous foods as seen in the analysis of size decrease in goats. However, there are

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This evidence has also led to speculation about Neanderthals' capacity for altruistic behavior and the presence of ethos in the Neanderthal communities. The discovery of stone tools found in proximity to these individuals demonstrates that Neanderthals exhibited the intelligence to make everyday life

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During the course of the individual's life, he had suffered a violent blow to the left side of his face, creating a crushing fracture to his left orbit which would have left him partially or totally blind in one eye. Research by Ján Lietava shows that the individual exhibits "atypically worn teeth".

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Shanidar 3 was a 40- to 50-year-old male, found in the same grave as Shanidar 1 and 2. A wound to the left 9th rib suggests that the individual died of complications from a stab wound by a sharp implement. Bone growth around the wound indicates that Shanidar 3 lived for at least several weeks after

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The cranium of Shanidar 5 was reconstructed by Erik Trinkaus and his colleagues beginning 1976 and was finalized in 1994 after correcting a couple of errors caught in the process. During the process of reconstruction, there were discussions suggesting signs of intentional cranial deformation. Erik

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were found nearby. The jird is known to store large numbers of seeds and flowers at certain points in their burrows and this argument was used in conjunction with the lack of ritual treatment of the rest of the skeletons in the cave to suggest that the Shanidar 4 burial had natural, not cultural,

494:, possibly armed with projectile weapons, in western Asia around the same time has been taken to imply that this injury may have resulted from inter-species conflict. However, spears produced by Neanderthals 300,000-400,000 years BP were likely used as projectiles. Shanidar 3 also suffered from a 469:

Shanidar 2 had a "higher cranial vault", and other skull proportions that did not quite match up to the average Neanderthal skull. This may prove that the Neanderthals of Shanidar had more of a "morphology of anatomically modern humans" than other Neanderthals, or that the group was very diverse.

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Shanidar 2 was a Neanderthal male around the age of 30 who suffered from slight arthritis, found lying on his right side. It is estimated that Shanidar 2 was 5 feet 2 inches (157 cm) in stature, which places him just below the average height of a male Neanderthal. He was killed by

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During the fourth season, in 1960, a largely complete adult Neanderthal skeleton was recovered (Shanidar IV). Its state was considerably more fragile than the earlier specimens. While extracting it bones of another Neanderthal, possibly two, were noted and tentatively designated Shanidar VI. The

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Investigations were conducted in 2014-2015 under the auspices of the Kurdistan Directorate of Antiquities. The remains found in the Shanidar cave are being reexamined to analyze the mortuary activity of the Neanderthal people who inhabited this area. There are various signs of activity with the

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Based on the healing of his injuries, Shanidar 1 lived with them for a substantial time before his death. Assuming that Neanderthals did perform surgery on Shanidar 1, his recovery demonstrates that their methods were successful in sustaining life. The prolonged survival of an individual with

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Shanidar 1 was an elderly Neanderthal male known as 'Nandy' to his excavators. He was aged between 30 and 45 years. Shanidar 1 had a cranial capacity of 1,600 cm, was around the height of 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm), and displayed severe signs of deformity. He was one of four

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The Shanidar 5 remains were found during the 1960 excavations, in layer D, about 4.5 meters below datum. He was an adult Neanderthal, thought to be male and around 40–50 years of age before death. He was caught in the same rockfall that killed Shanidar 2. Recovered were a cranium, 4 teeth, 1

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Pomeroy, E., Lahr, M. M., Crivellaro, F., Farr, L., Reynolds, T., Hunt, C. O., & Barker, G., "Newly discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5.", Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 111, pp. 102-118,

271:, lies at 2,100 feet (640 m) above sea level. The cave entrance is triangular, 82 feet (25 m) wide by 26 feet (7.9 m) high. Its dimensions are, at maximum, 175 feet (53 m) wide, 45 feet (14 m) wide, and 130 feet (40 m) deep. 624:

has stated that the "deliberate placement of flowers has now been convincingly eliminated", noting that "A recent examination of the microfauna from the strata into which the grave was cut suggests that the pollen was deposited by the burrowing rodent

433:(DISH), also known as Forestier's disease. This diagnosis would make Shanidar 1 the oldest hominin specimen clearly presenting this systemic condition. The researchers found these bone growths in multiple places all over the partial skeleton. 1207:

Reynolds, T., et al., "New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan.", In: Kopanias, K., MacGinnis, J. (Eds.), "The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions", Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 357–360,

556:(or at least heads of plants) had been part of the grave deposit. Furthermore, a study of the particular flower types suggested that the flowers may have been chosen for their specific medicinal properties. 236:

remains were discovered here in 1953, including Shanidar 1, who survived several injuries, possibly due to care from others in his group, and Shanidar 4, the famed 'flower burial'. Until this discovery,

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Agelarakis, A.; Serpanos, Y. (2002). "Inner Ear Palaeopathological Manifestations, Causative Agents, and Implications Αffecting the Proto-Neolithic Homo sapiens Population of Shanidar Cave, Iraq".

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Churchill, Steven E.; Franciscus, Robert G.; McKean-Peraza, Hilary A.; Daniel, Julie A.; Warren, Brittany R. (August 2009). "Shanidar 3 Neandertal rib puncture wound and paleolithic weaponry".

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Pomeroy, Emma; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Abdulmutalb, Dlshad; Asouti, Eleni; Bennett, Paul; Bosch, Marjolein; Burke, Ariane; Farr, Lucy; Foley, Robert; French, Charles (September 2020).

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reasonably complete skeletons from the cave which displayed trauma-related abnormalities, which in his case would have been debilitating to the point of making day-to-day life painful.

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Solecki, R. S., "The Shanidar cave sounding, 1953 season, with notes concerning the discovery of the first Paleolithic skeleton in Iraq.", Sumer, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 229-232. 1953

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easier for themselves, and their cognitive ability may have surpassed basic comprehension to include characteristics such as humility and compassion commonly associated with

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and vegetational history of the site, were analysed eight years after its discovery. In two of the soil samples in particular, whole clumps of pollen were discovered by

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Sissakian, Varoujan K.. “Shanidar Cave - An Interesting Archaeological Site in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq.” UKH Journal of Science and Engineering, 3(2), pp. 1-9 (2019)

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Solecki, R. S., "A Paleolithic site in the zagros Mountains of northern Iraq. Report on a sounding at Shanidar cave. Part 1.", Sumer, vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 127-161, 1952

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Pomeroy, Emma; Bennett, Paul; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Farr, Lucy; Frouin, Marine; Holman, James; Lane, Ross; French, Charles; Barker, Graeme (February 2020).

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Pomeroy, Emma; Bennett, Paul; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Farr, Lucy; Frouin, Marine; Holman, James; Lane, Ross; French, Charles; Barker, Graeme (February 2020).

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Solecki. R. S., "A Paleolithic site in the Zagros Mountains, northern Iraq; Report on a sounding at Shanidar Cave, Part 2.", Sumer, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 60-93, 1953

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However, recent work has suggested that the pollen was perhaps introduced to the burial by animal action, as several burrows of a gerbil-like rodent known as the

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Solecki, R. S., "Shanidar Cave, a Paleolithic site in northern Iraq, and its relationship to the Stone Age of Iraq.", Sumer, vol. XI, no. 1, pp. 14-38, 1955

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This points to similarities between the two species, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, but it does not show any inherited "relationships within that species".

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Trinkaus Erik; Stewart, T., "The Shanidar 3 Neanderthal; a fragmentary skeleton from Shanidar Cave, northern Iraq", Sumer, vol. 36, no. 1-2, pp. 9-35, 1980

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Solecki, RALPH S., "Note on a brief archeological reconnaissance of cave sites in the Rowanduz district of Iraq.", Sumer, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37-44. 1952

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Kabukcu, Ceren, et al., "Cooking in caves: Palaeolithic carbonised plant food remains from Franchthi and Shanidar", Antiquity 97.391, pp. 12-28, 2023

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Cowgill, L; Trinkaus, E; Zeder, M (August 2007). "Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan".

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The paleopathological evidence, indicators of stress of the Shanidar Proto-Neolithic and the Ganj Dareh early Neolithic human skeletal collections

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Stringer, C. B., & Trinkaus, E., "The shanidar Neanderthal crania.", Aspects of human evolution, Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 129-165, 1981

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layer (layer B) and a Holocene Neolithic layer (layer A), accompanied by various stone tools and animal remains. The cave also contains two later

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Akazawa, T., "Preliminary notes on the Middle Palaeolithic assemblage from the Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 31, no. 1–2, pp. 3–10, 1975

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Reynolds, T., et al., "New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan", Project Gallery, Antiquity, vol. 89, iss. 348. December 2015

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in his foot resulting from a fracture or sprain, which would have resulted in painful, limited movement. The skeleton is on display at the

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Chech, M., Groves, C. P., Thorne, A., & Trinkaus, E., "A new reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 cranium.", Paléorient, pp 143-146, 1999

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The skeleton of Shanidar 4, an adult male aged 30–45 years, was discovered by Solecki in 1960, positioned on his left side in a partial

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confirm that bony growths in his ear canals would have resulted in extensive hearing loss. These bony growths support a diagnosis of

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Agelarakis A., "Proto Neolithic Human Skeletal Remains in the Zawi-Chemi Layer in Shanidar Cave", Sumer XL:1-2, pp. 7–16, (1987–88)

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In February 2020, researchers announced the discovery of more Neanderthal remains, which dated back to more than 70,000 years ago.

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Reynolds, Tim, et al. "Shanidar cave and the Baradostian, a Zagros Aurignacian industry." L'anthropologie 122.5, pp. 737-748, 2018

385:, although casts remain at the Smithsonian. In 2006, while sorting a collection of faunal bones from the site at the Smithsonian, 7129: 6073: 4293: 445:. These individuals may have exhibited empathy or attached abstract meaning to life that caused them to want to help Shanidar 1. 2131:

Antón, S.C. (1997), Endocranial hyperostosis in Sangiran 2, Gibraltar 1, and Shanidar 5. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 102: 111-122.

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cemeteries, one of which dates back about 10,600 BCE and contains 35 individuals, and is considered by Solecki to belong to the

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Solecki, R. S., "Three adult Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar cave, northern Iraq", Sumer, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 71-96, 1961

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Crubézy, Eric; Trinkaus, Erik (December 1992). "Shanidar 1: A case of hyperostotic disease (DISH) in the middle paleolithic".

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Solecki, R. S., "The 1956-1957 season at Shanidar, Iraq, a preliminary statement.", Sumer, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 104-108, 1958

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Leroi-Gourhan, A., "The flowers found with Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal burial in Iraq.", Science, vol. 190, pp. 562-64, 1975

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Lietava, Ján (1988). "A Differential Diagnostics of the Right Shoulder Girdle Deformity in the Shanidar I Neanderthal".

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Agelarakis, A (1993). "The Shanidar Cave Proto-Neolithic Human Population: Aspects of Demography and Paleopathology".

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Trinkaus, E., "An inventory of the Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 9-33, 1977

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Stewart, T. D. (1977). "The Neanderthal Skeletal Remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraq: A Summary of Findings to Date".

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Stewart, T. D. (1977). "The Neanderthal Skeletal Remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraq: A Summary of Findings to Date".

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Sommer, Jeffrey D. (April 1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual".

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Solecki, R. S., "Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, northern Iraq.", Science, vol. 139, pp. 179–93, 1963

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For many years, Shanidar 4 was thought to provide strong evidence for a Neanderthal burial ritual. Routine

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Stewart, T. D., "First views of the restored Shanidar I skull.", Sumer, vol. 14, no. #1-2, pp 90-96, 1958

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Solecki, R. S., "Two Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 59-60, 1957

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Stringer, C. B.; Trinkaus, E. (1981). "The Shanidar Neanderthal Crania.". In Stringer, Chris (ed.).

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Solecki, Ralph S. (28 November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq".

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Trinkaus, E, "The Shanidar 5 Neanderthal skeleton.", Sumer, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 35-41, 1977

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Hunt, Chris O.; Pomeroy, Emma; Reynolds, Tim; Tilby, Emily; Barker, Graeme (November 2023).

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Lietava, Jan (January 1992). "Medicinal plants in a Middle Paleolithic grave Shanidar IV?".

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Trinkaus, Erik; Zimmerman, M. R. (January 1982). "Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals".

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Solecki, R. S., "The 1956 season at Shanidar.", Sumer, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 165-171, 1957

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were represented in the pollen samples, all of which have been traditionally used, as

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in addition to the usual pollen found throughout the site, suggesting that entire

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discovered leg and foot bones from a tenth Neanderthal, now known as Shanidar 10.

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in Europe, were the only individuals known for purposeful, ritualistic burials.

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Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site

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Solecki, R. S., "Shanidar, the first flower people.", New York: Knopf, 1971

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http://bot.gov.krd/erbil-province-mirgasor/history-and-heritage/shanidar-cave

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T. D. Stewart, Shanidar Skeletons IV and VI, Sumer, vol. 19, pp. 8–26, 1963

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Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

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Shanidar Cave | Unbelievable Kurdistan – Official Tourism Site of Kurdistan

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Overall these excavations found the remains of seven adult and two infants

285: 5714: 4406: 2432: 2295: 2278: 2163: 2146: 1897: 1538: 381:. The others (Shanidar 1, 2, and 4–8) were kept in Iraq and may have been 7237: 7044: 7029: 6893: 6783: 6778: 6733: 6718: 6173: 6133: 6118: 6068: 5808: 5693: 5667: 5577: 5567: 5557: 5541: 5459: 5454: 5408: 5351: 5300: 5290: 5270: 5111: 5048: 5038: 5013: 4987: 4909: 4798: 4751: 4598: 4437: 4220: 4131: 4099: 4073: 4032: 3963: 3857: 3650: 3506: 3449: 3444: 3408: 3364: 3074: 3009: 2951: 2936: 2932: 2892: 2856: 2580: 2531: 2507: 1578:

T. D. Stewart, The Skull of Shanidar II, Sumer, vol. 17, pp. 97–106, 1961

1166:

Ralph S. Solecki; Rose L. Solecki & Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004).

706: 537: 522: 294: 233: 2743: 2442:"Skeletons and a whole lot of flowers: Was this a Neanderthal cemetery?" 2057: 2025: 1862: 1503: 7342: 7084: 7049: 6858: 6793: 6703: 6656: 6651: 6641: 6537: 6473: 6432: 6209: 6103: 5882: 5320: 5305: 5275: 5208: 5018: 5008: 4971: 4946: 4941: 4473: 4463: 4047: 4037: 3918: 3792: 3760: 3642: 3475: 2862: 2682: 2240: 1250: 1233: 1197:

http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/464cfb49-659e-46da-8c5a-3089e5f79f40

842: 693: 597: 343: 298: 238: 6529: 2393: 1687: 1565: 1442: 369:

The first nine (Shanidar 1–9) were unearthed between 1957 and 1961 by

7276: 6753: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5792: 5444: 5260: 5162: 5064: 4468: 4236: 3973: 3882: 3872: 3725: 3563: 3439: 3327: 3061: 2875: 2677: 2024:

CHECH, Mario; GROVES, Colin P.; THORNE, Alan; TRINKAUS, Erik (1999).

675: 605: 593: 581: 457:

Skeletal remains of Shanidar II, c. 60,000 to 45,000 BCE. Iraq Museum

411: 401:

Shanidar I's skull and skeleton, c. 60,000 to 45,000 BCE. Iraq Museum

359: 264: 6478: 7149: 7109: 6682: 6585: 6083: 6043: 5933: 5598: 5315: 4966: 4416: 4283: 4186: 3867: 3387: 3382: 3369: 2912: 2852: 2817: 2807: 2479: 732: 656: 589: 268: 3547: 478: 6453: 6058: 5771: 5439: 5213: 3819: 3658: 2917: 2484: 577: 573: 517: 325: 2400:

Erik Trinkaus, The Shanidar Neanderthals, Academic Press, 1983,

5949: 5223: 5218: 4571:

Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site

4146: 2867: 2340: 1723:

Milks, Annemieke; Parker, David; Pope, Matt (25 January 2019).

770: 761: 541: 2549: 2320:(1954). "Shanidar cave: a paleolithic site in northern Iraq". 1231: 317:. Also, in 2018, Shanidar-11 and Shanidar-12 were discovered. 7139: 5136: 4695: 3904:

Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site

2812: 585: 463: 346:

layer which also contained hundreds of stone tools including

604:. This led to the idea that the man could possibly have had 512: 7169: 229: 125: 2276: 2144: 2023: 1632:. The Smithsonian Institution. 2013-02-14. Archived from 1981: 1122:

Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia

7409:

Populated places established in the 11th millennium BC

2491: 2019: 2017: 342:

The ten Neanderthals at the site were found within a

195: 2133:

https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1

1409: 1238:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

1630:

The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

2255: 2014: 1227: 1225: 2983: 2410: 2382:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1554:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1289:Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam (2019-06-01). 7355: 2475:"The Neanderthals That Taught Us About Humanity" 2184:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2077:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2026:"A New Reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 Cranium" 1587: 1722: 1516: 1288: 1222: 2364:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.139.3551.179 1955:Pettitt, Paul (2002). "The Neanderthal dead". 1827:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.190.4214.562 1778: 1776: 427:French National Centre for Scientific Research 3247: 2565: 2346:The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave 1837: 1169:The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave 964: 962: 960: 2322:Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution 1375: 917:"ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر.. شوێنێکی مێژوویی جیهانیی" 377:. The skeleton of Shanidar 3 is held at the 6284: 1773: 1403: 3262:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and 3254: 3240: 2572: 2558: 2226: 2215: 1592:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 129–165. 1295:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 957: 544:analysis in an attempt to reconstruct the 16:Iraqi- Kurdish site of Neanderthal remains 2413:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2294: 2162: 1756: 1519:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1441: 1423: 1249: 6029:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site 2842: 1664:. US: Academic Press. pp. 414–415. 1659: 1346: 516: 477: 452: 431:diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis 396: 324: 284: 2379: 2316: 2177: 2070: 1954: 1875: 1782: 1551: 1489: 968: 7356: 2448:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1919: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1118: 792: 673: 417:More recent analysis of Shanidar 1 by 337: 6959: 6283: 5735: 4889: 3297: 3235: 2553: 2440:Weule, Genevieve (18 February 2020). 2439: 1683: 1681: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1620: 1618: 1342: 1340: 741: 730: 719: 682: 662: 85: 57: 783: 768: 691: 653: 2344:; Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004). 1478: 1458: 837: 810:Shanidar and contemporary cultures 759: 750: 704: 644: 540:from around the body, gathered for 205: 188: 13: 2348:. Texas A&M University Press. 2206: 2196:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1961.tb01403.x 2089:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1961.tb01403.x 1841:(1998). "Shanidar et ses fleurs". 1678: 1648: 1615: 1337: 990: 504:National Museum of Natural History 484:National Museum of Natural History 425:and Dr. Sébastien Villotte of the 14: 7420: 4417:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica 3580:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site 3375:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes 2453: 1988:Journal of Archaeological Science 1378:"Around the Mall: From the Attic" 1376:Py-Lieberman, Beth (March 2004). 358:and bones from animals including 2537: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2135:<111::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-3 1922:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 971:"The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave" 655: 639: 525:skull, dated to 80,000–60,000 BP 84: 77: 56: 49: 32: 2579: 2483:. January 16, 2020 – via 2216:Agelarakis, Anagnostis (1989). 2178:Solecki, Ralph S. (June 1961). 2171: 2138: 2125: 2113: 2104: 2095: 2071:Solecki, Ralph S. (June 1961). 2064: 1975: 1948: 1913: 1904: 1869: 1831: 1819: 1716: 1606: 1581: 1572: 1545: 1510: 1369: 1282: 1211: 1201: 1190: 1159: 1148: 1139: 1112: 1103: 1094: 1085: 1076: 1067: 1058: 1049: 861:List of human evolution fossils 513:Shanidar 4, the "flower burial" 301:layer (layer D), overlaid by a 1174:Texas A&M University Press 1040: 1031: 1022: 1013: 931: 909: 888: 871:Neanderthals in Southwest Asia 612:to the Shanidar Neanderthals. 320: 305:layer (layer C), a Mesolithic 248: 1: 829: 811: 632: 473: 448: 392: 383:lost during the 2003 invasion 38:The entrance to Shanidar Cave 7374:Archaeological sites in Iraq 7369:History of Erbil Governorate 2719:Southwest Asian Neanderthals 2460:Smithsonian Shanidar 3 pages 1890:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90023-k 1878:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1805:10.1126/science.190.4217.880 1702:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.010 1434:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.003 1315:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.03.024 969:Edwards, Owen (March 2010). 7: 6960: 4605:Other caves with decoration 3687:Other caves with decoration 3609:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil 3285:Caves containing pictograms 866:List of Neanderthal fossils 849: 496:degenerative joint disorder 263:mile (800 m) from the 196: 10: 7425: 5736: 4589:Other World Heritage Sites 3676:Other World Heritage Sites 3298: 3275:Paleoanthropological sites 3109:Neanderthal genome project 1749:10.1038/s41598-018-37904-w 1690:Journal of Human Evolution 1626:"Neanderthal (Shanidar 3)" 1590:Aspects of Human Evolution 1412:Journal of Human Evolution 7325: 7301: 7285: 7269: 7251: 7230: 7212: 7196: 7168: 6972: 6968: 6955: 6691: 6675: 6634: 6578: 6562: 6546: 6528: 6487: 6446: 6425: 6404: 6358: 6332: 6316: 6300: 6296: 6279: 6255: 6234: 6218: 6192: 6021: 5995: 5979: 5958: 5942: 5896: 5875: 5859: 5838: 5817: 5801: 5785: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5731: 5702: 5681: 5655: 5643: 5617: 5586: 5550: 5532: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5468: 5422: 5401: 5385: 5334: 5253: 5232: 5176: 5145: 5099: 5083: 5057: 4996: 4980: 4934: 4918: 4902: 4898: 4885: 4776: 4760: 4739: 4482: 4451: 4425: 4394: 4348: 4317: 4266: 4245: 4229: 4211: 4195: 4179: 4163: 4145: 4082: 4061: 4000: 3972: 3896: 3572: 3556: 3515: 3499: 3458: 3422: 3401: 3346: 3310: 3306: 3293: 3270: 3211: 3124: 3114:In Search of Lost Genomes 3091: 3047: 3018: 2974: 2890: 2778: 2753:Intermediate (250–130 ka) 2752: 2736: 2727: 2706: 2670: 2631: 2587: 2008:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105822 1934:10.1017/S0959774300015249 1662:The Shanidar Neanderthals 1471:Lewis, R. Barry., et al. 1349:The Shanidar Neanderthals 1125:. ABC-CLIO. p. 454. 141: 131: 113: 105: 43: 31: 24: 7253:Northern Mariana Islands 4890: 3202:The Neanderthal Parallax 2838:Krapina Neanderthal site 2798:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 2190:(8 Series II): 690–699. 2083:(8 Series II): 690–699. 881: 482:Skeleton of Shanidar 3, 289:Inside the Shanidar Cave 2425:10.1002/ajpa.1330570108 2326:Smithsonian Institution 2042:10.3406/paleo.1999.4692 1855:10.3406/paleo.1998.4679 1660:Trinkaus, Eric (1983). 1531:10.1002/ajpa.1330890402 1347:Trinkaus, Erik (1983). 379:Smithsonian Institution 163:36.831593°N 44.221083°E 65:location in Middle East 5777:Manyana Rock Paintings 3828:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 2714:Gibraltar Neanderthals 1969:10.3828/BFARM.2002.1.4 1839:Leroi-Gourhan, Arlette 526: 486: 458: 402: 364:spur-thighed tortoises 330: 290: 6340:Actun Tunichil Muknal 2622:Homo neanderthalensis 2296:10.15184/aqy.2019.207 2164:10.15184/aqy.2019.207 550:Arlette Leroi-Gourhan 520: 500:Hall of Human Origins 481: 456: 419:Washington University 400: 329:Shanidar Cave in 2020 328: 288: 241:, the earliest known 106:Alternative name 68:Show map of Near East 5914:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa 4854:Red Lady of Paviland 3746:Mayrières supérieure 3048:Contemporary species 2975:Fossils with claimed 2823:Saccopastore 1 and 2 2616:Homo heidelbergensis 2328:. pp. 389–425. 1119:Murray, Tim (2007). 856:List of fossil sites 815: 50,000~40,000 807:class=notpageimage| 608:, perhaps acting as 570:St Barnaby's thistle 168:36.831593; 44.221083 93:Shanidar Cave (Iraq) 7394:Neanderthal fossils 6729:Colorado Millennial 5367:Shiraho Saonetabaru 4171:Bukuroshja e Fjetur 3220:Prehistoric Autopsy 3165:The Ugly Little Boy 3152:The Neanderthal Man 2760:Saccopastore skulls 2698:Levallois technique 2000:2023JArSc.159j5822H 1797:1975Sci...190..880S 1741:2019NatSR...9..820M 1307:2019JArSR..25....7C 945:on 12 November 2021 602:anti-inflammatories 492:early-modern humans 375:Columbia University 338:Neanderthal remains 303:Baradostian culture 210:archaeological site 159: / 21: 6547:Dominican Republic 6308:Cueva de las Manos 5204:Huto and Kamarband 4614:Barranc del Migdia 4500:Caves in Cantabria 3924:Hohlenstein-Stadel 3731:Grotte de Gabillou 3716:La Chaire a Calvin 3176:Dance of the Tiger 3170:Neanderthal Planet 3135:The Quest for Fire 3104:Neanderthal Museum 2986:H. heidelbergensis 2977:Neanderthal traits 2241:10.1007/bf02438114 1729:Scientific Reports 1475:. Wadsworth, 2013. 1251:10.1002/evan.21854 1007:2021-11-12 at the 697:Mousterian culture 527: 487: 459: 403: 331: 291: 19: 7379:Neanderthal sites 7351: 7350: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6464:Piedras del Tunjo 6396:Toca da Tira Peia 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4517:Hornos de la Peña 3229: 3228: 3068:Homo floresiensis 3043: 3042: 2970: 2969: 2808:La Quina 5 and 18 2729:Notable specimens 2707:Regional variants 2355:978-1-58544-272-0 2342:Solecki, Ralph S. 2318:Solecki, Ralph S. 1791:(4217): 880–881. 1599:978-0-85066-209-2 1362:978-0-12-700550-8 996:"Shanidar Cave." 627:Meriones persicus 566:bachelor's button 222:Erbil Governorate 194: 178: 177: 118:Erbil Governorate 7416: 7270:Papua New Guinea 6970: 6969: 6957: 6956: 6909:Stanfield-Worley 6884:Rockhouse Cliffs 6298: 6297: 6281: 6280: 6149:Howieson's Poort 5846:Enkapune Ya Muto 5746: 5745: 5733: 5732: 5199:Eshkaft-e Siahoo 4900: 4899: 4887: 4886: 4654:Peñas de Cabrera 3954:Kleine Feldhofer 3914:Geissenklösterle 3766:Roc-aux-Sorciers 3308: 3307: 3295: 3294: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3183:Earth's Children 3099:Excavation sites 2995:Bontnewydd tooth 2981: 2980: 2896:range (50–40 ka) 2737:Archaic (430 ka) 2734: 2733: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2488: 2449: 2436: 2397: 2359: 2337: 2308: 2298: 2265: 2252: 2223: 2200: 2199: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1780: 1771: 1770: 1760: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1685: 1676: 1675: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1487: 1476: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1427: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1388:. Archived from 1373: 1367: 1366: 1344: 1335: 1334: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1253: 1229: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1176:. pp. 3–5. 1163: 1157: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1011: 994: 988: 987: 985: 983: 966: 955: 954: 952: 950: 941:. Archived from 935: 929: 928: 926: 924: 913: 907: 906: 904: 902: 892: 838:Diets discovered 816: 813: 801: 799: 790: 788: 781: 779: 766: 764: 757: 755: 748: 746: 739: 737: 728: 726: 717: 715: 702: 700: 689: 687: 680: 678: 671: 669: 660: 659: 651: 649: 648:50,000~40,000 BP 643: 554:flowering plants 508:Washington, D.C. 373:and a team from 315:Natufian culture 262: 261: 257: 226:Kurdistan Region 218:Zagros Mountains 214:Bradost Mountain 207: 199: 193:romanized: 192: 190: 189:ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر 174: 173: 171: 170: 169: 164: 160: 157: 156: 155: 152: 136:Zagros Mountains 122:Kurdistan Region 97: 96:Show map of Iraq 88: 87: 81: 69: 60: 59: 53: 36: 26:ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر 22: 18: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7413: 7384:Quaternary Asia 7354: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7313: 7297: 7281: 7265: 7247: 7226: 7208: 7192: 7164: 7080:Mackintosh 90/1 7000:Beginner's Luck 6964: 6943: 6759:Dutchess Quarry 6699:Arnold Research 6687: 6671: 6630: 6574: 6558: 6542: 6524: 6483: 6442: 6421: 6400: 6354: 6350:Midnight Terror 6328: 6312: 6292: 6267: 6251: 6230: 6214: 6188: 6017: 5991: 5975: 5954: 5938: 5929:Kelif el Boroud 5892: 5871: 5855: 5834: 5813: 5797: 5781: 5760: 5740: 5719: 5698: 5677: 5651: 5639: 5613: 5582: 5546: 5528: 5512: 5496: 5480: 5464: 5418: 5397: 5381: 5330: 5249: 5228: 5172: 5141: 5095: 5079: 5053: 4992: 4976: 4930: 4914: 4894: 4873: 4772: 4756: 4735: 4634:los Murciélagos 4582:Roca dels Moros 4478: 4447: 4421: 4390: 4361:Chertovy Vorota 4344: 4313: 4262: 4241: 4225: 4213:North Macedonia 4207: 4191: 4175: 4159: 4141: 4078: 4057: 3996: 3968: 3892: 3655:Abri du Poisson 3620:Les Combarelles 3568: 3552: 3511: 3495: 3454: 3418: 3397: 3393:Trou de l'Abîme 3342: 3302: 3289: 3266: 3260: 3230: 3225: 3207: 3146:The Grisly Folk 3126:Popular culture 3120: 3087: 3039: 3030:Peștera cu Oase 3014: 2976: 2966: 2947:Saint-Césaire 1 2895: 2886: 2780: 2774: 2748: 2723: 2702: 2688:Châtelperronian 2671:Tool traditions 2666: 2654:Admixture with 2627: 2610:Homo antecessor 2583: 2578: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2500: 2492: 2473: 2470:Wayback Machine 2456: 2356: 2258:Human Evolution 2229:Human Evolution 2209: 2207:Further reading 2204: 2203: 2176: 2172: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2069: 2065: 2022: 2015: 1980: 1976: 1953: 1949: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1874: 1870: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1781: 1774: 1721: 1717: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1658: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1550: 1546: 1515: 1511: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1459: 1425:10.1.1.531.4107 1408: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1345: 1338: 1287: 1283: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1164: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1009:Wayback Machine 995: 991: 981: 979: 967: 958: 948: 946: 937: 936: 932: 922: 920: 915: 914: 910: 900: 898: 896:"Shanidar Cave" 894: 893: 889: 884: 852: 840: 832: 819: 818: 817: 814: 809: 803: 802: 797: 795: 793: 791: 786: 784: 782: 775: 771: 769: 767: 762: 760: 758: 753: 751: 749: 744: 742: 740: 735: 733: 731: 729: 724: 722: 720: 718: 711: 707: 705: 703: 694: 692: 690: 685: 683: 681: 676: 674: 672: 667: 665: 663: 661: 654: 652: 647: 645: 635: 622:Paul B. Pettitt 606:shamanic powers 515: 476: 451: 395: 340: 323: 311:proto-Neolithic 274:Anthropologist 267:river and near 259: 255: 254: 251: 197:Eşkewtî Şaneder 167: 165: 161: 158: 153: 150: 148: 146: 145: 101: 100: 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 89: 72: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 61: 39: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7422: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7404:Natufian sites 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7218: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7200: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6995:Beeton Shelter 6992: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6966: 6965: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6667:T'uqu T'uquyuq 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6294: 6293: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6169:Pinnacle Point 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5971:The White Lady 5968: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5492:Khoit Tsenkher 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4896: 4895: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4804:Creswell Crags 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Aveline's Hole 4780: 4778: 4777:United Kingdom 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4726:Santa Catalina 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4521:Monte Castillo 4518: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4497: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Hadži-Prodan's 4398: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3639:Laugerie-Haute 3637: 3635:Laugerie-Basse 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3616:Abri Chadourne 3614: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3516:Czech Republic 3513: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3486:Romuald's Cave 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3411: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3303: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3280:Cave paintings 3277: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3264:cave paintings 3259: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3159:The Inheritors 3155: 3148: 3143: 3130: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3059: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2930: 2928:Sidrón remains 2925: 2915: 2910: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2865: 2860: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2795: 2788:La Ferrassie 1 2784: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2593: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2547: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2490: 2489: 2462: 2455: 2454:External links 2452: 2451: 2450: 2437: 2408: 2398: 2388:(2): 121–165. 2377: 2375:978-0394445113 2367: 2360: 2354: 2338: 2314: 2309: 2289:(373): 11–26. 2274: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2235:(4): 235–253. 2224: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2170: 2157:(373): 11–26. 2137: 2124: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2063: 2036:(2): 143–146. 2013: 1974: 1957:Before Farming 1947: 1928:(1): 127–129. 1912: 1903: 1884:(3): 263–266. 1868: 1830: 1818: 1772: 1715: 1696:(2): 163–178. 1677: 1671:978-0127005508 1670: 1647: 1614: 1605: 1598: 1580: 1571: 1560:(2): 121–165. 1544: 1525:(4): 411–420. 1509: 1498:(3): 183–196. 1477: 1457: 1418:(2): 213–223. 1402: 1382:Found and Lost 1368: 1361: 1353:Academic Press 1336: 1281: 1244:(5): 263–279. 1221: 1210: 1200: 1189: 1183:978-1585442720 1182: 1158: 1147: 1138: 1132:978-1576071861 1131: 1111: 1102: 1093: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1048: 1039: 1030: 1021: 1012: 989: 956: 930: 908: 886: 885: 883: 880: 879: 878: 876:Paleopathology 873: 868: 863: 858: 851: 848: 839: 836: 831: 828: 805: 804: 638: 637: 636: 634: 631: 578:grape hyacinth 531:fetal position 514: 511: 475: 472: 450: 447: 394: 391: 339: 336: 322: 319: 250: 247: 176: 175: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 92: 83: 82: 76: 75: 74: 73: 64: 55: 54: 48: 47: 46: 45: 44: 41: 40: 37: 29: 28: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7421: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Caves of Iraq 7362: 7361: 7359: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7338:Cave painting 7336: 7334: 7333:List of caves 7331: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7214:New Caledonia 7211: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120:New Guinea II 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7095:Mannalargenna 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:On Your Knees 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6789:Hidden Valley 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692:United States 6690: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Guilá Naquitz 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Dzibilchaltún 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Pedra Pintada 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6290:South America 6287: 6282: 6278: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6154:Klasies River 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6129:Byneskranskop 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5919:Ifri Oudadane 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5888:Uan Muhuggiag 5886: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Batadombalena 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450:Ras Baalbek I 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:Nahal Me'arot 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4870: 4869:Windmill Hill 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4814:Heathery Burn 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4549:Tito Bustillo 4547: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4530:Las Chimeneas 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Akhshtyrskaya 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304:Pego do Diabo 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4095:Arene Candide 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Devil's Tower 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3756:Pair-non-Pair 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3741:Le Mas-d'Azil 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691:Arcy-sur-Cure 3689: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3630:Font-de-Gaume 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3598:Abri Castanet 3597: 3596: 3595:Castel Merle 3594: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212:Documentaries 3210: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3035:Lagar Velho 1 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2963: 2962:Mezmaiskaya 1 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2903:Neanderthal 1 2901: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2848:Teshik-Tash 1 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2765:Ehringsdorf 9 2763: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692:controversial 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2406:0-12-700550-1 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1907: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1636:on 2016-03-04 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1609: 1601: 1595: 1591: 1584: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Anthropologie 1486: 1484: 1482: 1474: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1392:on 2006-11-29 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1204: 1198: 1193: 1185: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1142: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1016: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 993: 978: 977: 972: 965: 963: 961: 944: 940: 934: 918: 912: 897: 891: 887: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 847: 844: 835: 827: 823: 808: 800: 789: 780: 778: 777: 765: 756: 747: 738: 727: 716: 714: 713: 701: 699: 698: 688: 679: 670: 658: 650: 642: 630: 628: 623: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:palaeoclimate 543: 539: 534: 532: 524: 519: 510: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 485: 480: 471: 467: 465: 455: 446: 444: 438: 434: 432: 428: 424: 423:Erik Trinkaus 420: 415: 413: 407: 399: 390: 388: 387:Melinda Zeder 384: 380: 376: 372: 371:Ralph Solecki 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352:side-scrapers 349: 345: 335: 327: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 287: 283: 279: 277: 276:Ralph Solecki 272: 270: 266: 246: 244: 240: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216:, within the 215: 211: 206:كَهَف شانِدَر 203: 198: 186: 182: 181:Shanidar Cave 172: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109:Shanadar Cave 108: 104: 80: 52: 42: 35: 30: 23: 20:Shanidar Cave 7389:Neanderthals 7145:Wargata Mina 7105:Murrawijinie 7040:Eagles Reach 7035:Devil's Lair 6939:Wilson Butte 6724:Cherry Creek 6714:Bull Thistle 6459:Chiribiquete 6417:Charlie Lake 6345:Barton Creek 6159:Melkhoutboom 6099:Sterkfontein 6089:Plovers Lake 6022:South Africa 5924:Jebel Irhoud 5909:Ifri N'Ammar 5644:Turkmenistan 5609:Hunugalagala 5393:Iraq ed-Dubb 5244: 5158:Jeriji Saléh 4819:High Pasture 4376:Shulgan-Tash 4299:Pedra Furada 4120: 3959:Lichtenstein 3949:Brillenhöhle 3878:Le Regourdou 3838:La Ferrassie 3833:Combe Grenal 3776:Trois Frères 3711:Fontéchevade 3664:La Madeleine 3318:Drachenhöhle 3218: 3200: 3193: 3181: 3174: 3157: 3150: 3133: 3112: 3082:Homo sapiens 3080: 3073: 3066: 3056:Homo erectus 3054: 3021:Homo sapiens 3019: 2984: 2957:Fontéchevade 2843:Shanidar 1-4 2833:Mt. Circeo 1 2828:Altamura man 2655: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2604:Homo erectus 2602: 2598:Homo habilis 2596: 2544:Paleontology 2478: 2466:Ghostarchive 2464:Archived at 2445: 2419:(1): 61–76. 2416: 2412: 2385: 2381: 2345: 2321: 2286: 2282: 2261: 2257: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2127: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2033: 2029: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1906: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1849:(2): 79–88. 1846: 1842: 1833: 1821: 1788: 1784: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1693: 1689: 1661: 1638:. Retrieved 1634:the original 1629: 1608: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1557: 1553: 1547: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1495: 1491: 1472: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1394:. Retrieved 1390:the original 1381: 1371: 1348: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1241: 1237: 1213: 1203: 1192: 1168: 1161: 1150: 1141: 1121: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1024: 1015: 997: 992: 980:. Retrieved 974: 947:. Retrieved 943:the original 933: 921:. Retrieved 919:(in Kurdish) 911: 899:. Retrieved 890: 841: 833: 824: 820: 785: 773: 772: 709: 708: 696: 695: 626: 617:Persian jird 614: 610:medicine man 538:soil samples 535: 528: 488: 468: 460: 443:Homo sapiens 442: 439: 435: 416: 408: 404: 368: 341: 332: 295:Neanderthals 292: 280: 273: 252: 242: 228:in northern 180: 179: 7231:New Zealand 7055:Gwion Gwion 6924:Trail Creek 6849:Meadowcroft 6809:Last Supper 6739:Daugherty's 6601:Las Flechas 6386:Rei do Mato 6110:Other caves 6094:Rising Star 6069:Makapansgat 6034:Bolt's Farm 5851:Njoro River 5694:Teshik-Tash 5689:Obi-Rakhmat 5673:Yarımburgaz 5573:Lapuz Lapuz 5551:Philippines 5460:Nachcharini 5455:Ras El Kelb 5414:Tam Pa Ling 5409:Tham An Mah 5291:Nahal Hemar 5039:Zhoukoudian 5014:Guanyindong 4988:Laang Spean 4910:Darra-e Kur 4903:Afghanistan 4849:Portbraddon 4839:Marble Arch 4752:Wildkirchli 4740:Switzerland 4676:Other caves 4649:Ojo Guareña 4629:Maltravieso 4624:Los Casares 4599:Siega Verde 4564:Los Aviones 4559:Santimamiñe 4533:Las Monedas 4526:El Castillo 4433:Čertova pec 4381:Mezmaiskaya 4289:Lagar Velho 4221:Cocev Kamen 4100:Balzi Rossi 3940:Other caves 3929:Sirgenstein 3858:Le Moustier 3848:Fontbrégoua 3808:Bonne-Femme 3788:Other caves 3507:Aetokremnos 3450:Utroba Cave 3356:Claminforge 3353:Belle-Roche 3195:Neanderthal 3075:Homo naledi 3010:Azykhantrop 2952:Le Moustier 2933:Gibraltar 1 2913:Spy 1 and 2 2893:radiocarbon 2781:(130–50 ka) 2581:Neanderthal 1386:Smithsonian 976:Smithsonian 949:19 December 939:"كهف شاندر" 923:19 December 901:19 December 843:Land snails 712:Aurignacian 598:astringents 523:Neanderthal 321:Recent work 249:Archaeology 239:Cro-Magnons 234:Neanderthal 166: / 142:Coordinates 7399:Mousterian 7358:Categories 7343:Speleology 7160:Wellington 7115:Naracoorte 7100:Mudgegonga 7085:Madjedbebe 7050:Gabarnmung 6990:Ballawinne 6980:Abrakurrie 6879:Pictograph 6657:Qillqatani 6652:Pikimachay 6647:Guitarrero 6642:Chivateros 6621:Oxtotitlán 6474:Tequendama 6184:Wonderwerk 6164:Nelson Bay 6144:Elands Bay 6104:Swartkrans 6049:Gladysvale 5996:Somaliland 5943:Mozambique 5883:Haua Fteah 5682:Uzbekistan 5347:Minatogawa 5342:Kosegasawa 5296:Nahal Oren 5240:Hazar Merd 5209:Qaleh Bozi 5194:Do-Ashkaft 5091:Satsurblia 5058:East Timor 4935:Azerbaijan 4824:Kendrick's 4789:Bontnewydd 4711:Don Gaspar 4664:Praileaitz 4619:Las Caldas 4537:La Pasiega 4464:Divje Babe 4386:Okladnikov 4371:Ignatievka 4294:Pala Pinta 4203:Għar Dalam 4180:Luxembourg 4155:St Brelade 4137:Villabruna 4048:Stravomyti 4038:Megalakkos 4023:Eileithyia 4008:Alepotrypa 3919:Hohle Fels 3805:Balauzière 3761:Pech Merle 3669:Rouffignac 3643:La Micoque 3625:Cro-Magnon 3584:Bara Bahau 3528:Býčí skála 3476:Vela Spila 3435:Devetashka 3430:Bacho Kiro 2770:Altamura 1 2683:Mousterian 2662:Extinction 2656:H. sapiens 2030:Paléorient 1994:: 105822. 1843:Paléorient 1735:(1): 820. 1640:17 October 1443:10088/6082 1396:2008-03-07 982:17 October 830:Shanidar Z 754:Bacho Kiro 745:Okladnikov 633:Shanidar 5 594:stimulants 562:cornflower 474:Shanidar 3 449:Shanidar 2 421:Professor 393:Shanidar 1 360:wild goats 344:Mousterian 299:Mousterian 253:The site, 243:H. sapiens 154:44°13′16″E 151:36°49′54″N 7309:Nanumanga 7293:Falemauga 7204:Makauwahi 6973:Australia 6929:Trinchera 6804:La Grange 6774:Gatecliff 6769:Franktown 6764:Fort Rock 6744:Dry Creek 6662:Toquepala 6626:Sac Actun 6616:Ox Bel Ha 6606:Frightful 6591:Coxcatlan 6570:Long Mile 6324:Quadiriki 6301:Argentina 6139:Diepkloof 6124:Boomplaas 6079:Minnaar's 6064:Kromdraai 6013:Laas Geel 6008:Dhaymoole 6003:Dhambalin 5966:Apollo 11 5867:Liphofung 5793:Shum Laka 5756:Gueldaman 5710:Con Moong 5587:Sri Lanka 5534:Palestine 5508:Padah-Lin 5445:Ksar Akil 5377:Yamashita 5362:Pinza-Abu 5168:Pettakere 5163:Liang Bua 5146:Indonesia 5132:Pahargarh 5117:Bhimbetka 5075:Lene Hara 5065:Jerimalai 5044:Zengpiyan 5034:Yuchanyan 4834:Long Hole 4731:del Valle 4706:dels Bous 4659:la Pileta 4594:Atapuerca 4509:Covalanas 4407:Pešturina 4335:Muierilor 4325:Coliboaia 4237:Svarthola 4053:Theopetra 4043:Petralona 4028:Franchthi 4018:Asphendou 3974:Gibraltar 3944:Baumann's 3934:Vogelherd 3909:Bockstein 3888:Vallonnet 3883:Rochereil 3873:Raymonden 3863:Noisetier 3815:Bruniquel 3736:Marsoulas 3726:Lombrives 3721:La Marche 3647:La Mouthe 3613:Abri Audi 3591:Cap Blanc 3533:Koněprusy 3523:Amatérská 3491:Veternica 3440:Kozarnika 3414:Ledenjača 3338:Tischofer 3328:Lurgrotte 3062:Denisovan 3000:Atapuerca 2678:Acheulean 2644:Behaviour 2589:Ancestors 2305:212762342 2283:Antiquity 2222:(Thesis). 2151:Antiquity 2050:0153-9345 1942:162496872 1420:CiteSeerX 1331:193111252 1323:2352-409X 1276:220488644 1260:1060-1538 796:Bhimbetka 620:origins. 590:diuretics 586:hollyhock 582:horsetail 521:Shanidar 412:exostoses 265:Great Zab 7150:Warratyi 7135:Tarragal 7125:Nunamira 7110:Murujuga 7075:Kutikina 7070:Koonalda 7065:Koongine 7025:Cliefden 7020:Cave Bay 6919:Tomaquag 6904:Sisyphus 6834:Mantle's 6824:Lovelock 6819:LoDaisKa 6799:Humboldt 6683:Werehpai 6676:Suriname 6586:Chan Hol 6505:Centella 6495:Ambrosio 6447:Colombia 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