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532:. There he was captured and blinded by its governor, Mirza Mohsen Khan, who then gave him over to Mir Sayyed Mohammad. The latter took Adel Shah back to Mashhad, where a group of Turkic, Kurdish, and Arab tribal leaders had taken advantage of his absence and declared Shahrokh the new shah on 1 October. Adel Shah was executed at the request of Shahrokh and the mother of Nasrollah Mirza. Shahrokh's compassionate behaviour and generosity with his treasure helped with the stabilization of Khorasan. This, along with his Safavid ancestry, resulted in him gaining a large following. His political and religious ideology differed from that of his grandfather. Contrary to Nader Shah, Shahrokh represented himself as an ardent champion of
486:
604:(regent) in exchange for killing Mir Sayyed Mohammad. Behbud Khan, however, declined, and was as a result arrested the following day in front of the court. As a result of this arrest, the Arab tribal leader Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma, along with sixteen other leaders approached Mir Sayyed Mohammad on 30 December 1749, where they offered him the throne, which the latter accepted. The conspirators later took advantage of the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir's (the main supporter of Shahrokh) absence from Mashhad, and imprisoned Shahrokh, while installing Mir Sayyed Mohammad on the throne on 14 January 1750. Mir Sayyed Mohammad adopted the regnal name of
662:
545:
718:, where it was reburied alongside Karim Khan Zand's corpse. He then forced Shahrokh to give any riches that originally belonged to Nader Shah. Shahrokh vowed that he did not possess any more of Nader Shah's riches. Agha Mohammad Shah, ruthless and revengeful, and with a desire for treasures, disbelieved him, and had him tortured severely to confess the hidden locations of the last gems passed down to him from his grandfather, Nader. Shahrokh initially refused to speak, going through severe torture; however, he eventually confessed the locations of the gems. Shahrokh was sent to Mazandaran with his family, but died at
513:. Around the same time, he sent a small force to capture Kalat. The fortress was nearly impenetrable. However, the attackers got in by using an abandoned ladder on the edge one of the towers, which demonstrates that they had help from the inside. Adel Shah's men then massacred sixteen descendants of Nader Shah. They killed three sons of Nader Shah, five sons of Reza Qoli Mirza, and eight sons of Nasrollah Mirza. Two sons of Nader Shah, Nasrollah Mirza and Imam Qoli Mirza, successfully escaped together with Shahrokh (who was 14 at the time), but they were soon captured near the city of
681:, took Mashhad from Ali Naqi Khan. In the spring of 1752, Mir Alam Khan expelled Jafar Khan Za'faranlu from Mashhad and allied with Yusuf Ali Khan. Four months later, Jafar Khan Za'faranlu regained Mashhad. In the Islamic year 1166 (November 1752 - October 1753), Mir Alam Khan regained Mashhad, imprisoned and blinded Yusuf Ali Khan, Jafar Khan Za'faranlu, and Amir Khan Qara'i. These tribal chieftains turned to Ahmad Shah Durrani for assistance, and on 1 May 1754, Ahmad Shah left the city of Kandahar and marched towards Khorasan, beginning his
617:
585:, with the real power in the hands of Kurdish, Arabic, and Turkic tribal leaders. These tribal leaders did not share equal power, with those being side-lined joining the opposition against Shahrokh. These dissidents soon rallied around Mir Sayyed Mohammad, who due to his ancestry posed a serious threat to Shahrokh. Mir Sayyed Mohammad's father was Mirza Dawud, who had occupied high offices under the Safavid shah
509:, Mir Sayyed Mohammad drove the Afghans out of the city, securing it for Nader Shah's nephew Ali-qoli Khan, who may have had a hand in his uncle's murder. The latter had accepted the assassins of Nader Shah into his service, and had received an invitation to Mashhad by Mir Sayyed Mohammad. On 6 July 1747, Ali-qoli Khan ascended the throne and assumed the regnal name of
317:, a party of Turkic, Kurdish, and Arab tribal leaders took advantage of his absence and installed Shahrokh on the throne. Both Adel Shah and Ebrahim were eventually defeated and killed, but Shahrokh was not long afterwards overthrown by a party of dissident tribal leaders, who installed the Safavid pretender Mir Sayyed Mohammad (who assumed the regnal name of
570:, where Ebrahim Shah was forced to withdraw as a result of turmoil amongst his troops. Some of his Afghan and Uzbek troops deserted to Shahrokh, while others fled. Ebrahim Shah fled to the fortress of Qal'a-yi Qalapur, but was soon captured and given to Musa Khan Afshar Taromi, who had him blinded. He was then sent to Mashhad, but died en route.
685:. In June-July 1754 Tun was captured, and on 23 July he began to besiege Mashhad. During the siege in the autumn of 1754 Mir Alam Khan was captured and executed by his former victims after the population of Sabzevar handed him over. On 1 December Mashhad surrendered to Ahmad Shah and on 9 May 1755 Shahrokh Shah was officially restored as king.
674:
Herat after a siege lasting several months. He then besieged
Mashhad before moving on to Nishapur on 10 November. The bitter cold wreaked havoc among his men and the resistance led by the governor Jafar Khan Bayat forced him to abandon the siege in early 1751. With Ahmad Shah Durrani gone, the conflicts among the local chieftains resumed.
647:
Suleiman II soon started to grow unpopular amongst his subjects; he was in conflict with many tribal leaders due to the deposal of
Shahrokh and wealthy landowners were discontent with a decree that exempted the people from taxation for three years. Not much long afterwards, the rivals of Suleiman II,
560:
They summoned
Ebrahim to acknowledge Shahrokh in person, but he declined. Pretending to have rebelled in support of Shahrokh, Ebrahim instead invited him to be crowned in Isfahan. The nobles of Khorasan, however, deciphered his true intentions and requested Ebrahim to appear at Mashhad as a token of
673:
The political situation in
Khorasan was made unstable by these events. The tribal chiefs effectively rendered Shahrokh a figurehead, as they began to fight amongst themselves. Shortly after the restoration of Shahrokh to the throne, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched an invasion into Khorasan and captured
652:
wife of
Shahrokh, who had convinced the conspirators that Shahrokh had not been blinded. When the tribal leaders discovered that Shahrokh was indeed blind, they put him on the throne anyway (on 20 March 1750), and made everyone believe that he was not blind and capable of ruling. Mir Alam Khan fled
702:
named Mirza Mahdi, went to the Qajar encampment. There they were warmly received by Agha
Mohammad Shah's nephew Hossein Qoli Khan. Shortly afterwards, Agha Mohammad Shah sent a force of 8,000 soldiers under Suleiman Khan Qajar, followed by Mirza Mahdi, to conquer Mashhad and affirm its citizens of
599:
Accounts differ on the relationship between
Shahrokh and Mir Sayyed Mohammad; some portray Shahrokh as a hypocrite, who sought to have Mir Sayyed Mohammad killed, while others portray Mir Sayyed Mohammad as a usurper and a trickster, who was willing to do anything to seize the throne. Shahrokh
565:
in
Azerbaijan, where he was crowned shah on 8 December 1748. Following the counsel of the tribal leaders, Shahrokh assigned Musa Khan Afshar Taromi with the task to defeat Ebrahim Shah. A battle soon followed in June or July 1749 in the environs of
648:
under the leadership of Yusuf Ali Khan
Jalayir, took advantage of the funeral of Mir Alam Khan's relative Amir Mehrab Khan, storming the Chaharbagh and blinding Suleiman II, who was imprisoned in Kalat. The leading figure behind this coup was the
301:. Shahrokh's half-Safavid descent made him stand out amongst his Afsharid relatives, and was used to bolster the legitimacy of his grandfather. After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747, his nephew Ali-qoli Khan (who assumed the regnal name
442:. Nader Shah was soon murdered afterwards, by mutinous officers, on June 21, 1747. His death led to a power vacuum, which resulted in his vast empire being divided by various sovereigns. The eastern parts of his domain were seized by
517:. While the others were executed, Shahrokh was the only one that was spared, in case his Safavid lineage would come to use. He was instead sent back to Kalat, where he was imprisoned. False news regarding his death soon followed.
478:("Pearl of Pearls") and thus changed the name of his Abdali tribe to "Durrani." Ahmad Khan (now titled Ahmad Shah) then went on to conquer what had originally served as the frontier region between the Safavid and
677:
In 1751, the beglerbegi of Merv, Ali Naqi Khan Qajar, expelled Yusuf Ali Khan
Jalayir from Mashhad. Later an alliance between Mir Alam Khan and Jafar Khan Za'faranlu, the Kurdish chieftain of
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massacred. Shahrokh was spared in case his Safavid lineage would come to use, and was instead kept in the fortress as a prisoner. While Adel Shah was battling his rebellious younger brother
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married another of his sisters, Fatimeh Soltan Begom. In March 1734, Shahrokh was born from the union of Reza Qoli Afshar and Fatimeh Soltan Begom. The news reached the court in
524:
as the governor of Isfahan and its surroundings. Soon thereafter, Ebrahim declared independence and joined forces with his cousin Amir Aslan Khan Afshar, the governor of
640:, Mir Alam Khan summoned Mohammad Reza Beg, while Amir Khan Qara'i and Amir Mehrab Khan entered the Chaharbagh without facing any resistance, blinding Shahrokh in the
410:
528:. Adel Shah eventually marched against his brother, but many of his men deserted, and consequently he was defeated (in June 1748) and fled to the town of
438:, Nader Shah minted coins in the name of Shahrokh in Herat. In 1747, as Nader Shah became increasingly paranoid, he had Shahrokh sent to the fortress of
711:, whilst being teary eyed and kissing the ground. His pilgrimage continued for 23 days, where he seemed to be unaware of the politics of the country.
636:(chamberlain) Mohammad Reza Beg as the warden of the Chaharbagh palace where Shahrokh was imprisoned. However, when Suleiman II went out to hunt at
632:) and the leading aristocrats soon decided that Shahrokh could not be kept alive. Suleiman II, however, was against this and assigned the previous
324:
A group of conspirators led by the Turkic tribal leader Yusuf Ali Khan Jalayir eventually deposed Suleiman II and restored Shahrokh to the throne.
321:) on the throne. Shahrokh was soon blinded at the instigation of Mir Alam Khan Khuzayma and other leading nobles, much against Suleiman II's will.
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However, things quite instantly changed after that—Agha Mohammad Shah ordered the digging up of Nader Shah's corpse, and had it sent to
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initially defied him, he eventually capitulated to one of Shahrokh's commanders. However, Shahrokh only served as a
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goodwill. Seeing no further progress in the negotiations, Ebrahim revealed his real agenda and went to the city of
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644:. Enraged, Suleiman II dismissed the plotters, only to restore them to their former offices a few days after.
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With both Adel Shah and Ebrahim Shah dead, Shahrokh seemed to had been ridden of all his rivals. Although the
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the Shah's generosity. A day later, Agha Mohammad Shah, followed the customary of the famous Iranian shah
374:). This was done by Nader Shah to publicly represent himself as a conqueror on the same level as Timur.
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Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". In
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sovereigns; a former Uzbek commander of Nader Shah named Muhammad Rahim Khan Manghit, deposed
398:(Iranian New Year), with Nader Shah subsequently appointing Shahrokh the ruler of the city of
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as shah of Iran in 1730, Nader Shah married one of the latter's sisters, while his eldest son
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
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and formerly part of the Afghan cadre of Nader Shah's army, fled to the city of
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The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)
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The Pearl in Its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries)
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The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods
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Preferring to revel in Mashhad, Adel Shah appointed his younger brother
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Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Safavid period". In Lockhart, Laurence;
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from Mashhad, while the other nobles accepted Shahrokh's rule.
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Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East
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248:; 1734–1796), better known by his dynastic title of
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. VIII, online edition, Fasc. 1
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due to the injuries he had suffered from his tortures.
1385:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.).
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and had all of Nader Shah's descendants in fortress of
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Hussein-zadeh, Huda Seyyed; Negahban, Farzin (2008).
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293:wife Fatemeh Soltan Begom, who was the sister of
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1381:Perry, John. R. (1991). "The Zand dynasty". In
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62:of Shahrokh Mirza, 18th century, by Ali Ashraf
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1310:Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779
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1372:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1248:Karimi, Christine Noelle (2014).
1088:Karimi, Christine-Noelle (2014).
600:promised Behbud Khan to make him
1449:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
474:. There he assumed the title of
79:1 October 1748 – 14 January 1750
1474:. University Press of Florida.
1312:. University of Chicago Press.
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1457:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
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1256:Austrian Academy of Sciences
1096:Austrian Academy of Sciences
454:and became the new ruler of
7:
1362:. New York. pp. 75–76.
620:Coin minted in the name of
548:Coin minted in the name of
489:Coin minted in the name of
285:), Shahrokh was the son of
10:
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1787:Blind royalty and nobility
1470:Tucker, Ernest S. (2006).
1422:Cambridge University Press
1393:Cambridge University Press
1200:Cambridge University Press
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1273:Nejatie, Sajjad (2017).
355:) in remembrance of the
332:The name of "Shahrokh" (
133:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
1561:Shah of Iran (2nd time)
1534:Shah of Iran (1st time)
1439:Tucker, Ernest (2012).
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1424:. pp. 189–351.
1356:"Ebrāhīm Shah Afšār"
1258:. pp. 110–127.
1202:. pp. 104–144.
1098:. pp. 110–127.
511:Soltan Ali Adel Shah
462:, the leader of the
221:Fatemeh Soltan Begom
114:20 March 1750 – 1796
1608:Ebrahim Shah Afshar
1581:Ebrahim Shah Afshar
1527:Ebrahim Shah Afshar
1395:. pp. 63–104.
1181:Orpheus Noster 11/4
899:, pp. 587–589.
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1445:. In Fleet, Kate;
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436:Indian campaign
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464:Abdali tribe
433:
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361:Turco-Mongol
331:
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249:
237:
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44:
1777:1796 deaths
1772:1734 births
1736:(1748–1796)
1720:(1747–1748)
1712:(1736–1747)
1698:(1736–1796)
1635:Suleiman II
1554:Suleiman II
1544:Suleiman II
1442:"Afshārids"
1329:"Afsharids"
1220:"Afshārids"
1124:Hambly 1991
1067:Barati 2019
1055:Barati 2019
1043:Barati 2019
1031:Barati 2019
1019:Barati 2019
1004:Tucker 2006
992:Barati 2019
980:Barati 2019
936:Barati 2019
921:Barati 2019
909:Barati 2019
876:Barati 2019
835:Tucker 2006
820:Barati 2019
801:Tucker 2006
786:Barati 2019
750:Tucker 2006
622:Suleiman II
606:Suleiman II
540:First reign
340:, "king-to-
319:Suleiman II
255:شاهرخ شاه
246:شاهرخمیرزا
190:Nader Mirza
123:Suleiman II
119:Predecessor
98:Suleiman II
84:Predecessor
1751:Categories
1709:Nader Shah
968:Perry 1997
951:Perry 1979
897:Perry 1984
762:Perry 1979
738:Perry 1991
726:References
583:figurehead
577:chieftain
526:Azerbaijan
460:Ahmad Khan
416:Nader Shah
406:Early life
384:Tahmasp II
346:Nader Shah
295:Tahmasp II
276:Nader Shah
258:) was the
153:March 1734
1717:Adel Shah
1463:1873-9830
1301:148940975
1241:1875-9831
688:When the
491:Adel Shah
468:Naderabad
303:Adel Shah
129:Successor
111:2nd Reign
94:Successor
88:Adel Shah
76:1st Reign
68:Ruler of
37:شاهرخشاه
1453:(eds.).
1414:(eds.).
1231:(eds.).
1183:: 44–58.
1154:(2006).
699:mujtahid
679:Chenaran
472:Kandahar
289:and his
268:Khorasan
260:Afsharid
226:Religion
173:Unnamed
70:Khorasan
1693:of the
1145:Sources
720:Damghan
667:Mashhad
650:Jalayir
503:Mashhad
495:Mashhad
456:Bukhara
392:Isfahan
359:of the
334:Persian
307:Mashhad
291:Safavid
242:Persian
197:Dynasty
175:Jalayir
164:Damghan
1728:(1748)
1691:Rulers
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716:Tehran
692:ruler
638:Radkan
568:Semnan
563:Tabriz
554:Qazvin
530:Tehran
448:Afghan
396:Nowruz
363:ruler
338:شاهرخ
262:king (
218:Mother
208:Father
170:Spouse
60:Detail
1511:Died:
1504:Born:
1297:S2CID
1223:. In
690:Qajar
642:harem
630:wakil
602:vakil
575:Qajar
444:Uzbek
440:Kalat
400:Herat
365:Timur
311:Kalat
183:Issue
1513:1796
1506:1734
1476:ISBN
1459:ISSN
1426:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1374:link
1347:link
1314:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1237:ISSN
1204:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1100:ISBN
556:mint
515:Marv
497:mint
446:and
424:Iran
342:rook
328:Name
299:Iran
264:shah
177:wife
158:Died
150:Born
46:Shah
1289:doi
501:In
470:in
422:of
1753::
1370:}}
1366:{{
1358:.
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1339:{{
1331:.
1295:.
1285:37
1283:.
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1179:.
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244::
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589:(
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278:(
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101:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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