Reza Shah - Knowledge

1723: 2620: 1964: 977: 1290:, the first Iranian university, was established. The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000. He founded 100,000-man army (previously, the shah had relied on tribal forces who were rewarded with plunder from the enemy), 90,000-man civil service. He set up free, compulsory education for both males and females and shut down private religious schools—Islamic, Christian, Jewish, etc. He confiscated land and real estate from the wealthy shrine endowments at Mashhad and Qom, etc. In Mashhad, the revenues of the sanctuary of Imam Reza helped finance secular education, build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises." 1952:. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran's water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to 4815: 1404:. His account of building the university and the medical school’s first dissection hall reveals the cultural challenges faced during Iran's modernization. In a 1934 ministerial meeting, Hekmat pointed out that Tehran lacked a university. Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of 250,000 Toman. Before, Shah had ordered ten students annually to study in Europe and the United States. Reza Shah advised against sending more students abroad, suggesting the establishment of a university in Tehran instead. From 1937, the University of Tehran admitted both men and women to study law, medicine, pharmacology, and literature. 1246:—would be "free of clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, and ethnic differences", on the one hand, and on the other hand would contain "European-style educational institutions, Westernized women active outside the home, and modern economic structures with state factories, communication networks, investment banks, and department stores." Reza is said to have avoided political participation and consultation with politicians or political personalities, instead embracing the slogan "every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system." He is also said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens. 4823: 1715:, who acted as the nation's finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia's long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the 1271: 1517:

state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000 full-time government workers. Patronage controlled by the Shah's royal court served as the third "pillar". This was financed by the Shah's considerable personal wealth which had been built up by forced sales and confiscations of estates, making him "the richest man in Iran". On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres."

1430: 2328: 2103: 599: 4270: 825: 1131: 1645: 2111: 1793:, the Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932, the Shah cancelled the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran's demands and left bad feeling on both sides. 1365: 1294: 2037: 1235: 1147: 936:'s command. Farman Farma noted that Reza had potential and sent him to military school where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant. In 1911, he gave a good account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to captain in 1912. By 1915, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. His record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a 64: 2231: 1910:

his rivals and into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as it could only take place with Shah's approval. Eventually the Shah became totally dependent on the military and secret police to retain power; in return, these state organs regularly received funding up to 50 percent of available public revenue to ensure their loyalty.

5937: 1839: 1925: 1578: 1593:. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine, and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurant, and hotels that did not open their doors to both sexes. Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies, in defiance of the Quranic ban on necropsy (the Shah even forced his cabinet members to "accompany him to the university's pathology lab to view two cadavers in a vat") He restricted public 1318:, wanted a garden, she chose a design by French architect André Godard. However, the shah's approval was required for construction within the royal compound. Upon seeing a Latin name on the plans, Reza Shah became visibly angry. Despite assurances that Godard had lived in Iran long enough to be considered virtually Iranian, the shah tore up the plans and insisted that an Iranian architect design the garden. 5925: 1986:

firing squad. When he entered into negotiations with the British, instead of negotiating a favorable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule. The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw, Iran would have to expel the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian

2080:. When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah." 839: 1871: 1305:, the main site of French excavation in Iran. Enraged by the sight of a large European castle with a French flag, he remarked, "Did they intend to position an army there up on the hill?" He also received multiple reports of French looting of Susa's antiquities and taking them to France. When Reza Khan ascended the throne in 1925, his court minister, 1830:. Caught off guard, out gunned and diplomatically isolated, Reza Shah was defeated by Anglo-Soviet invasion, ordering his forces to surrender to prevent the world war from reaching Iran, and w as forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son. Reza Shah then was banished into exile while Iran would remain under Allied occupation until 1946. 1414:’s poems praising knowledge. Despite strong opposition from conservative clerics who opposed the dissection hall, efforts by figures like Hekmat ensured the school’s opening. Dr. Bakhtiar, a surgeon and deputy, had to discreetly visit hospitals, retrieve corpses, load them into his car, and transport them to the dissection hall. 3413: 1166:, and that Reza Khan would wear civilian clothing instead of the military attire. This erroneous calculation by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who observed Reza Khan, including members of parliament, that he (and not Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power. 2162:

about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life. He was sixty-six years

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The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in response to Reza for having denied the request to remove the German residents, who could threaten the Abadan refinery. Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran and denied the use of the railway to the Allies.

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would be closed; and all remaining German nationals (including all families) would be handed over to the British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain imprisonment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing

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The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many Iranian commanders behaved incompetently, others secretly sympathized with the British and sabotaged Iranian resistance. The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah

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Not all observers agree that the Shah minimized foreign influence. Reza Shah built a 1392 km-long rail line connecting the Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea, using foreign technicians from countries with no historic interest in Iran—principally Germany, Scandinavia, and the United States—and not

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to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.

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but from Iran's: "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order." Among the tribes forcibly settled where the Bakhtiari, Qashqai, Lur, Kurd, Baluchi. According to Sandra Mackey, the settling "shattered tribal economic and undermined

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Within days, Reza Shah ordered the military to cease resistance and entered into negotiations with the British and Soviets. Foroughi was disobliged towards Reza Shah, having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter's father in-law being executed by

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Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded

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His legacy remains controversial to this day. His defenders say that he was an essential reunifying and modernizing force for Iran, while his detractors (particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran) assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population

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Reza Shah's foreign policy, which had consisted largely on playing the Soviet Union off against the United Kingdom, failed when the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, resulted in those two powers becoming sudden allies in the fight against the Axis powers. Seeking to scold this new Axis ally, and

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from Iranian working society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. The unveiling issue and the Women's Awakening are

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with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient. The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims. He confiscated land from the Qajars and from

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The later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of Iran and also to the industrialization of the country. He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians,

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and a large number of modern educated Iranians, proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905–1911. The preservation and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a

1816:"to convince the Persians of the kinship between Germans and the Persians, the modern Aryans and the ancient Aryans". In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the 1464:"), the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the names for the Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from 1169:

By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran's interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed prime minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile)

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However, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand. Because of its strategic importance to the Allies, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill.

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However, according to Makki Hossein, this north–south railway line was uneconomical, only serving the British, who had a military presence in the south of Iran and desired the ability to transfer their troops north to Russia, as part of their strategic defence plan. Instead, the Shah's government

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of 1856. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. Upon his father's death, Reza and his mother moved to her brother's house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle. In 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Amir

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arrived and broke into the shrine, killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between the clergy and the Shah. Some of the Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Keeper of the Keys of the shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later named Barjesteh, who stated he did not want to

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Like his son after him, Reza Shah died in exile. After the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his

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Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic. The general practice was to "draw up, with the help of the police chief, a list of parliamentary candidates for the interior minister. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. ...

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and many other western-educated Iranians emerged to implement modernist plans, such as the construction of railways, a modern judiciary and educational system, and the imposition of changes in traditional attire, and traditional and religious customs and mores. In the second half of his reign

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In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the

4816:"آمار ترانزیت کالا از کشور و میزان کالاهاى عبورى نشان دهنده نقش و اهمیت کریدور شمال و جنـوب درترانزیت کشور است که با کامل شدن زیرساخت هاى لازم این نقش به مراتب افزایش خواهد یافت.ولى بـا دقـت در ایـن آمارها مشاهده مى شود که نقش کریدور شرق به غرب در کشور، همچنان کمرنگ و بى رونق است" 1380:, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. The minister of finance, Prince 1388:, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. The elimination of these ministers "deprived" Iran "of her most dynamic figures ... and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah" according to historian Cyrus Ghani. 1043: 2063:

Reza Shah's main critics were the so-called "new intelligentsia", often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not a state-builder but an 'oriental despot' ... not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted

1476:, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son and successor, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably, nonetheless use of "Iran" continued to supplant "Persia", especially in the West. Though the predominant and official language of the country was the 1759:

should have developed what critics believe was an economically justifiable east–west railway system. (However, in the decades that followed and continuing into the present, north-south transit is considered far more economically vital in comparison to west–east transit.)

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Two years after the coup, Seyyed Zia appointed Reza Pahlavi as Iran's prime minister, backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed

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learned of the generals' actions, he beat armed forces chief General Ahmad Nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. Nakhjavan was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.

925:. Maurits Wagenvoort, who met and spoke to Reza at a meeting of the "Babi-circle of Hadsji Achont" in Tehran in 1903, in a publication from 1926 speaks of him as the "gholam of His Presence the Dutch Consul" and noted his very keen interest in Western politics. 1109:

Reza Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran's interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government. Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in

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handed down the list to the supervisory electoral councils that were packed by the Interior Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule."

2213:. During this rampage, happening all over the nation, any construction depicting or even citing the name of the Shah and his family was destroyed. This included the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body. 1750:

to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.

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In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the Communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his

2094:: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history". 1309:, suggested ending the French monopoly on excavation granted by Qajar government and appointing a Frenchman as the director of a new archaeological institute. Consequently, the French monopoly was abolished in 1927, and as a compromise, 917:

Tuman Kazim Khan, an officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade, in whose home he had a room of his own and a chance to study with Kazim Khan's children with the tutors who came to the house. When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the

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was appointed director of the archaeological service. The Iranian Parliament voted on April 29, 1928, to hire Godard for five years starting from November 18, 1928. Reza Shah preferred Iranian architects. When his favorite daughter,

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Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". In the spring of 1950, after the foundation of the

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to one day, banned self-flagellation during Ashura, and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's rule had caused intense dissatisfaction of the

1550:. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head.Reza Shah confiscated some religious madrasas from clerics. 716:, and also served in the army. In 1911, he was promoted to first lieutenant, by 1912 he was elevated to the rank of captain and by 1915 he became a colonel. In February 1921, as leader of the entire Cossack Brigade based in 1101:. It is thought that the British provided "ammunition, supplies and pay" for Reza's troops. On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power. 1054:, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade, based in 1525:

the traditional social structure. ... people and herds, ill adapted to a sedentary lifestyle and dependent for hygiene and health on moving campsites from time to time, died in terrible numbers. None have forgotten."

1492:) was geographically confusing at times as it was also the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces. Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the 1614:. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as "The Shah is a new 1391:

Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Hekmat funded the construction of key cultural and educational sites in Iran, including the University of Tehran, the Ancient Iran Museum (later the Iran National Museum), and the tombs of

2190:, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title "the Great" to be added to his name. There were reports that on 14 January 1979, shortly before the 5626:, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE), 2216:

In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran. An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.

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gave a situation report to the British War Office saying that a capable Persian officer was in command of the Cossacks and this "would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour".

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Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution.

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and the suicide of Davar, ensured that any progress towards democratization was stillborn and organized opposition to the Shah, impossible. Reza Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and

1812:, as they were considered to be the only people besides germans to be "pure Aryans". In 1939, Hitler also provided Iran with their German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books on 1410:

enlisted Godard to design the University of Tehran, using the 200,000-square-meter Jalaliyah Garden for the project. In 1935, the Ebne Sina Medical School opened first, adorned with calligraphy from

1262:(1933–41), which the Shah described as "one-man rule", strong personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist and Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented. 6912: 2594:

was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.

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listen to the orders of a dog. From 1925 to 1941 enrollment of "theology students in the traditional madresehs"—roughly the equivalent in age level of secondary schools—declined from 5984 to 785.

1082:), or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, the Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the 3647:(in Persian and English). Gronsveld and Rotterdam: Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn & Co's Uitgeversmaatschappij. Initiated by the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Tehran. pp. 254–256. 1863:

national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution.

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His Imperial Majesty – Reza Shah Pahlavi – Shahanshah of Iran – With the Best Wishes – Berlin, 12 March 1936 –

1162:, who was prime minister at the time. Zia ol Din Tabatabaee wrongly calculated that when Reza Khan was appointed as the minister of war, he would relinquish his post as the head of the 1012:

was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland.

1704:), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. The British took the dispute before the 1897:

The parliament assented to his decrees, the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh, the murder of others such as Teymourtash,

748:, and amended Iran's 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the 6905: 1826:

to guarantee the continued supply for United Kingdom and in order to secure a route of supply to provide Soviet forces with war material, the two allies jointly launched a

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Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.

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Under Reza Shah's reign, a number of new concepts were introduced between 1923 and 1941. Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts and laws included:

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Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women's Awakening (1936–1941). This movement sought the elimination of the

4059: 2705:(1905–1995), was a member of the Qajar dynasty. She married Reza Shah in 1923 and accompanied him to his exile. Esmat was Reza Shah's favorite wife, who resided at 6898: 4612: 1963: 1850:

The Shah's reign is sometimes divided into periods. All the efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period. Abdolhossein

2762:) (1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926), was a close colleague / friend of Reza Shah (before he became king), was probably also Reza Shah's favorite prime minister. 1097:

was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the

1384:, who played an important role in the first three years of his reign, was convicted on similar charges in May 1930, and also died in prison, in January 1938. 1242:

While the Shah left behind no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, his reforms indicated a striving for an Iran which—according to scholar

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allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia, should they believe foreign troops were using it as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory.

7155: 6389: 2647:(1896–1982). The couple married in 1916 and when Reza Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official wife. They had four children together: 1902: 1533:

As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of

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He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.

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He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist

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be appointed prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was as commander of the Iranian Army, which he combined with the post of

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instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.

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This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during

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until his death. It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of

989: 2142:. The Chateau Val Ory is still an Iranian property, albeit in a decrepitated state with the Iranian government refusing to sell it to the 1520:

Although the landed aristocracy lost most of their influence during Reza Shah's reign, his regime aroused opposition not from them or the

976: 7190: 1800:, Germany was Iran's largest ally and trading partner. The Germans agreed to give the Shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a 3706: 1708:. However, before a decision was made by the League, the company and Iran compromised and a new concession was signed on 26 April 1933. 6328: 2433: 988:, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard to launch an expedition into Russia as part of their 2076:, a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement, who had strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the 1191:

to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah, and instate him as the next Shah of Iran. Initially, he had planned to declare the country a

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Mohammad Gholi Majd, August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs, University Press of America, 2012, p. 12.

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lbrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization.

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as the new prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was commander-in-chief of the army and the minister of war.

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on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.

7135: 7125: 5101: 4751: 7110: 6382: 5880: 5147: 4735: 4043: 3760: 3568: 3533: 3503: 3389: 1999:, as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power, but the heir to 705:, but also introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the 2587:), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing. 7100: 7090: 6431: 5960: 4326: 4240: 3841: 885: 7175: 6446: 4067: 3067:

Ghani, Cyrus. (1998), Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule. Tauris publisher, London

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Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials and their wives commemorating the abolition of the

1195:, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition. 1102: 1051: 856: 4609: 3776: 2295: 6281: 6129: 4927: 4688: 1327: 35: 2267: 5787: 5763: 5735: 5707: 5679: 5655: 5189: 5077: 5042: 5009: 4985: 4625: 4389: 3892: 3716: 3652: 3620: 3593: 3482:(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...) 3475: 3362: 3327: 3293: 3237: 3163: 2945: 2314: 1005: 960: 7185: 7130: 7115: 6375: 4241:"Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux: Disentangling the Narrative of French Colonialism and Modern Architecture in Iran" 2194:, the remains were moved back to Egypt and buried in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo. However, in a 2015 documentary 1662:

One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Tehran was to tear up the treaty with the

1618:." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from 1353:. Contradicting this are claims that he was behind anti-Jewish incidents in parts of Tehran during September 1922. 3683: 1804:

of progress and modernity. they began to form a stronger alliance as Iran started helping the axis forces and the

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From the beginning of the appointment of Reza Khan as the minister of war, there was ever increasing tension with

7140: 6403: 6042: 2805:(26 October 1939 – 26 June 1940). Reza Shah removed him from office and imprisoned him in 1940 for spying on the 2274: 140: 5941: 1249:

Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods". From 1925 to 1933, figures such as

598: 5718:

Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie:

5595: 3817: 3265: 2838: 2537: 2418: 2252: 1282:

During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the

921:. In 1903, when he was 25 years old, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general 766: 1094: 1059: 971: 725: 7150: 7120: 6185: 3098:"Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran" 2452: 1919: 1827: 1554:, the Minister of Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasa into a new art college (Honar Kadeh) in Tehran, where 694: 5560: 2631:, who was his cousin, in 1895. The marriage lasted until Maryam's death in 1911, the couple had a daughter: 1039:. This, along with various other unrest in the country, created "an acute political crisis in the capital." 7105: 6522: 6482: 6152: 5487: 5312: 4089: 3314: 3082:

SINCONA Auction 49: The Kian Collection (Machine Struck Coins and Medals of the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties

2674: 2498:

Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on bribes.

2281: 1636:

and ordering all citizens, rich and poor, to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.

1207: 497: 7165: 6252: 5956: 5671: 4610:

Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII

2865: 1381: 1254: 1696:. The next year, 1932, he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded to 6954: 6941: 6860: 6816: 6507: 5929: 5647: 3319: 2659: 2636: 2248: 2206: 1906: 1855: 1603: 1473: 1139: 1067: 933: 481: 80: 46: 42: 2263: 7195: 6537: 6477: 6425: 6355: 5840: 5695: 5225:

Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikhe-Mashrothe Iran (The history of constitutional movement of Iran), pp. 825, 855.

5069: 3208: 2182:). In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran where the embalming was removed, and buried in a 1701: 1590: 1008:. The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers 17: 5164: 4415: 4139: 1978:, whom he blamed for demoralising the military, to resign, replacing him with former prime minister 1882:

Reza Shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with Iran's Middle Eastern neighbors, particularly

1210:. Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the 706: 6451: 6436: 6333: 6178: 5434: 2183: 1377: 1306: 1250: 1020: 6890: 1674: 1649: 801: 7160: 6962: 6947: 6456: 6441: 6119: 6010: 4710: 2851: 2520: 2400: 2347: 2340: 2241: 1739: 1163: 941: 922: 918: 713: 632: 266: 5631: 1376:

Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. His minister of Imperial Court,

6855: 6398: 2706: 2393: 2159: 2114: 1933: 1747: 1697: 1497: 678: 355: 351: 4894: 3750: 3610: 3523: 2961: 792:, resulted in the suppression of several ethnic and social groups. Although he was of Iranian 7012: 7000: 6645: 6625: 6609: 6557: 6275: 6223: 6162: 6111: 6101: 6052: 6020: 4033: 3722: 2858: 2755: 2456: 2372: 2179: 2052: 1979: 1743: 1563: 1538: 1283: 1219: 1159: 1063: 729: 489: 230: 185: 118: 31: 5624:

The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women

3459: 3379: 2459:

conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.

7080: 7075: 6552: 5395: 4357:

A Rich Record: The Cultural, Political and Social Transformation of Iran Under the Pahlavis

3467: 2728: 2478: 2077: 1678: 1594: 1567: 1287: 1275: 1199: 513: 5109: 4840: 4759: 4274: 4269: 3014: 8: 7031: 6865: 6705: 6635: 6615: 6577: 6532: 6502: 6487: 6467: 6323: 6144: 5727: 5699: 5131: 2922: 2802: 2765: 2694: 2682: 2361: 2354: 2171: 1783: 1693: 1485: 873: 785: 501: 426: 340: 242: 190: 5747: 4288: 4273: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 2623:

Reza Shah and his children (from left to right: Mohammad Reza, Shams, and Ashraf), 1920s

7006: 6850: 6801: 6796: 6786: 6766: 6746: 6736: 6670: 6620: 6338: 5444: – Hardline cleric known as the "hanging judge" of Iran", Adel Darwish, 4155: 3433: 2775: 2742: 2721: 2714: 2489: 2288: 2191: 2004: 1949: 1619: 1566:, later relocated the art college to the basement of the faculty of engineering at the 985: 905: 901: 793: 774: 749: 698: 587: 521: 509: 505: 5776:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

5539:

Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization

4334: 3980: 3849: 3525:

State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis

669:(15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the 7037: 6791: 6781: 6761: 6710: 6665: 6527: 6497: 5876: 5783: 5759: 5731: 5703: 5675: 5651: 5627: 5591: 5143: 5073: 5038: 5005: 4981: 4923: 4731: 4621: 4385: 4258: 4039: 3888: 3823: 3813: 3756: 3712: 3648: 3616: 3589: 3564: 3529: 3499: 3471: 3437: 3385: 3358: 3333: 3323: 3309: 3289: 3261: 3233: 3159: 3119: 2941: 2810: 2702: 2502: 2444: 2087: 1796:

Unlike British and Soviet, Germany was always in good terms with Iran. On the eve of

1712: 1705: 1505: 1453: 1407: 1243: 1119: 993: 937: 650: 476: 455: 5365: 5034: 4801: 2209:, Iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric 1484:, whereas "Iranians" made for a much more neutral and unifying reference to all the 6969: 6806: 6751: 6542: 6517: 6084: 6003: 5974: 5746:

Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj;

5263: 4248: 3556: 3425: 3109: 2897: 2885: 2555: 2426: 2407: 2012: 2000: 1891: 1775: 1689: 1682: 1607: 1477: 1349:. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the 1135: 1075: 1009: 913: 846: 778: 737: 561: 541: 218: 161: 108: 5896: 3684:"History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi – Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)" 3460: 1887: 1818: 1270: 6756: 6731: 6720: 6367: 6304: 6298: 6246: 6201: 5952: 5870: 5513:"عضو شورای شهر پایتخت ایران: جسد مومیایی شده متعلق به رضاشاه بود و دوباره دفن شد" 5446: 5441: 4999: 4616: 4422: 4162: 3352: 3080: 2735: 2471: 2463: 2210: 2083: 2041: 2008: 1945: 1875: 1859: 1843: 1746:(Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system, from the 1493: 1385: 1346: 1258: 1211: 948: 869: 789: 782: 717: 670: 517: 4788:

History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy

3260:(چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15–16, 21–33, 39–40, 43–45. 1555: 1429: 1310: 6828: 6776: 6700: 6685: 6675: 6240: 3904:

For fine discussions of this period and Ironside's key role, see R. H. Ullman,

3519: 3414:"Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926" 2806: 2792: 2689:. The couple married in 1922 but divorced in 1923 and together they had a son: 2667: 2644: 2448: 2327: 2102: 1972: 1937: 1809: 1626:

The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident with the

1481: 1411: 1024: 997: 889: 813: 797: 493: 401: 4702: 3429: 3114: 3097: 1762:

On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term

1333:

Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the

1130: 824: 7069: 6582: 6567: 6547: 6492: 6258: 6035: 5139: 4262: 4029: 3780: 3123: 2987: 2796: 2686: 2652: 2568: 2544: 2411: 2199: 2073: 1644: 1628: 1559: 1489: 1441: 1401: 1315: 805: 800:

trying to create a single, united and largely homogeneous nation, similar to

745: 485: 238: 173: 5778:, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York: 5512: 3827: 2202:, claimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Ray. 7043: 6986: 6630: 6597: 5619: 5027: 4973: 4906: 3550: 3337: 2818: 2814: 2591: 2548: 2516:

Establishment of the first Iranian kindergarten and school for deaf people.

2485: 2380: 2155: 2086:, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to 2016: 1941: 1867:

and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.

1805: 1797: 1790: 1729: 1663: 1551: 1342: 1223: 1218:

took place much later, on 25 April 1926. It was at that time that his son,

1032: 1001: 877: 690: 622: 326: 4130:(ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p. 15 3560: 1692:

to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned

6741: 6695: 6690: 6680: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6572: 6562: 5779: 5755: 3810:

Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule

2938:

Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad

2788: 2526:

Creation of birth certificates and Identification cards for all Iranians.

2376: 2110: 1851: 1778:. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, as 1599: 1098: 1062:. He forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that 1050:

On 14 January 1921, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General

852: 702: 234: 5488:"Iran Unearths Mummy That Could Belong to One of its Last Royal Leaders" 4253: 3752:

Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power

2529:

Creation of the first Iranian airplane factory with buying license from

1364: 1293: 6933: 6715: 6640: 6413: 5752:

Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942

5720:

The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941

5391: 5389: 5387: 3188: 2824: 2467: 2440: 2255: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2048: 2036: 1996: 1975: 1434: 1234: 1215: 1146: 893: 682: 618: 95: 5608:

The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys Through Theocratic Iran and Its Furies

2072:

and brought to power by British imperialists." His defenders included

2040:

Reza Shah's legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after

1546:

as required by Islamic law. The Shah also encouraged women to discard

6771: 5852: 5723: 2580: 2365: 2187: 2143: 2131: 2118: 1083: 1028: 359: 5384: 4289:"(Link is down, needs verification) A Brief History of Iranian Jews" 2230: 2055:

who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.

1345:

and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after

1301:

In 1923, Reza Khan, then Sardar Sepah (Commander in Chief), visited

63: 6920: 3921:(London, 1977), pp. 180–184. Ironside's diary is the main document. 2422: 2151: 1987: 1813: 1393: 1192: 1036: 909: 897: 709:. Therefore, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern Iran. 309: 6170: 5646:, Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York: 5339: 5290: 4128:

Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam

3642: 1924: 1894:

shortly thereafter, prevented these projects from being realized.

1838: 1577: 1337:

by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of

5936: 2530: 2069: 2065: 1953: 1615: 1611: 1571: 1338: 1055: 556: 5588:

The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789–1945 (2nd ed.)

4818:[Summary report of road transit goods from the country] 2019:

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.

1716: 1086:

for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Article IV of the

1004:

responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the

5924: 2584: 2147: 2122: 1883: 1670: 1653: 1633: 1582: 1521: 1501: 1461: 1350: 1322: 1188: 1179: 1151: 881: 865: 829: 809: 721: 305: 41:"Reza Khan" and "Shah Reza" redirect here. For other uses, see 4651:

Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution

3232:(چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46–51 جلد اول. 880:

Abbas-Ali Khan and wife Noush-Afarin. His mother, Nush Afarin

788:

and cultural unitarism, along with forced detribalization and

5066:

Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers

2607: 2576: 2510: 2506: 2495:

Ordering all educational institutions in Iran to admit women.

2175: 2167: 1547: 1543: 1397: 1172: 1115: 1111: 1019:

prepared to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500

1016: 932:. His initial career started as a private under Qajar Prince 904:

several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a

828:

Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, in

344: 4920:

Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran

3288:(اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61–62. 2575:). On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah issued a decree banning all 1789:

Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the

1500:

knew the country as Persia, largely a legacy of the Ancient

1042: 728:. He forced the dissolution of the government and installed 7023: 6838: 5947: 5668:

Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941

2477:

Creation of the first university in Iran which is known as

2139: 1562:

were among the teachers. However, the second Pahlavi king,

1449: 1334: 1302: 1203: 796:

descent, his government carried out an extensive policy of

741: 686: 4595:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4564:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4492:

The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3708:

Onomastic Reforms: Family Names and State-Building in Iran

3251: 3249: 5644:

Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran

1948:

Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault without a

1782:

means "Land of the Aryans". This wisdom of this decision

1534: 951:, which later became the name of the dynasty he founded. 896:

when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the

5948:

IRANNOTES.com | High Quality IRANIAN Banknotes and Coins

5197: 3588:(in Persian). Tehran: Hekayat Ghalam Novin. p. 31. 3498:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 538. 2406:

Rebuilding Iran's historical sites, including the tombs

5875:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. 3246: 2791:(3 December 1935 – 26 October 1939), Mahmoud Jam's son 2505:

and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, the

2205:

After the 1979 revolution and during the period of the

1870: 1448:(or its cognates) was historically the common name for 5461:"Iranian officials discover body of Reza Shah Pahlavi" 5340:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5291:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?" 5165:"Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black" 4531: 4529: 4527: 3748: 3158:، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/ 1589:

The devout were also angered by policies that allowed

3645:

Iran and the Netherlands; interwoven through the ages

2466:(with German advice) and other Iranian banks such as 2178:(also the future burial place of his son, the exiled 1913: 1046:

Reza Pahlavi portrait during his time as war minister

5853:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech" 4506:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

4218:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

3938:(Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945), pp. 87–90, 358–451. 2462:

Creation of the Iran's first national bank known as

1286:

were built, modern education was introduced and the

1206:(King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the 1154:

on the occasion of the coronation of Reza Shah, 1926

755:

In the spring of 1950, he was posthumously named as

693:

from 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the

7181:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

5234:A.Kasravi, The case or the defense of the accused, 5190:"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia" 4524: 3377: 3042:بزرگداشت رضاشاه بزرگ، بنیانگذار ایران نوین، در لندن 2962:"Historic Personalities of Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi" 2643:Reza Shah's second wife was Nimtaj Ayromlou, later 2447:, were carried out by the initiative of Reza Shah. 2339:Successful suppression of separatist movements and 2158:, South Africa, where he died on 26 July 1944 of a 1928:

Reza Shah and Crown Prince Mohammad Reza in a train

6397: 5026: 3667: 3615:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–181. 1417: 3870:Report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H. Ullman, 2022:The British left the Shah a face-saving way out: 1452:. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and 1125: 7067: 5694:, 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC: 4575: 4573: 3223: 3221: 2841:, he was given the title "Reza Shah the Great". 2047:Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to 1639: 1187:By October 1925, he succeeded in pressuring the 5868: 5684: 4790:. Tehran: Nasher Publication. pp. 484–485. 4485: 4483: 4955: 4953: 4689:"Reza Shah – Historic Footage with Soundtrack" 4238: 3742: 3085:. SINCONA Swiss International Coin Auction AG. 2331:500 Rials Iranian banknote depicting Reza Shah 2170:, where it was embalmed and kept at the royal 2150:and then to a house at 41 Young Avenue in the 1808:cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the 6906: 6383: 6186: 4966: 4785: 4653:by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c 1984, p. 22 4570: 4188: 3807: 3672:(in Dutch). Santpoort: C.A. Mees. p. 84. 3384:. University of California Press. p. 4. 3218: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3133: 2831: 2436:in order to protect Iran's official language. 2421:to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of 2220: 1368:Reza Shah addressing Iranian parliament, 1939 1341:; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the 760: 697:in 1941. He was succeeded by his eldest son, 5162: 5156: 5124: 4480: 4090:"Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events" 3418:International Journal of Middle East Studies 3156:از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی 3102:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2558:and making it the official calendar of Iran. 2536:Building the first Iranian airport known as 2003:since that last Qajar Shah's death in 1930, 5901:(in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8 5768: 5740: 5712: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5130: 4950: 4703:"Reza Shah of Iran meets Ataturk of Turkey" 4382:Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 4316:, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 169 3643:Martine Gosselink and Dirk J. Tang (2009). 3371: 2940:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. 2614: 2455:representing the Oriental Institute of the 1770:is a term used for a country identified as 1669:In 1934 he made an official state visit to 1359: 1326:linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the 701:. A modernizer, Reza Shah clashed with the 673:. As a politician, he previously served as 6913: 6899: 6390: 6376: 6193: 6179: 6096:14 February 1925 – 16 September 1941 6015:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 5288: 5270:. Constable & Company, Ltd, pp. 86–87. 5254:, 1982, Princeton University Press, p. 154 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 4723: 4586: 4555: 4408: 4239:Salari Sardari, Mohadeseh (4 March 2024). 4038:. Government Printing Office. p. 27. 4027: 3466:. University of California Press. p. 3308: 3145: 3130: 2749: 2434:Academy of Persian Language and Literature 2386:Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles. 1842:Reza Shah in his office (Green Palace) at 1677:. During their meeting Reza Shah spoke in 1328:Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran 864:Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the town of 153:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 62: 5690:Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008). 4909:, Iran in the epoch of Pahlavi the first. 4717: 4489: 4252: 3518: 3279: 3277: 3113: 3012: 2513:was the only form of schooling available. 2315:Learn how and when to remove this message 2166:After his death, his body was carried to 1511: 1274:Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the 947:In November 1919, he chose the last name 7156:Imperial Iranian Army brigadier generals 5613: 5575: 3583: 3411: 3283: 2850:Czechoslovakia: Collar 1st Class of the 2618: 2357:and public hospitals across the country. 2326: 2109: 2101: 2058: 2035: 1962: 1923: 1869: 1837: 1721: 1643: 1576: 1528: 1428: 1363: 1292: 1269: 1233: 1145: 1129: 1041: 975: 823: 210:24 April 1921 – 1 November 1925 6047:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925 5636: 5485: 5051: 4997: 3960: 3769: 3704: 3457: 3378:Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). 3255: 3203: 3201: 2988:"ظهور رضا شاه از دروازه نوسازی قاجارها" 2935: 2785:) (18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935) 2627:Reza Shah married, for the first time, 2389:Creation of an Iranian modern military. 2015:. Instead (with the help of Foroughi), 1833: 857:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 777:nearly four decades later, which ended 391: 1895; died 1911) 14: 7146:Collars of the Order of the White Lion 7068: 5550: 5024: 4865:Russia and the West in Iran 1918-1948. 4592: 4561: 4166:: Recent History, The Education System 4035:Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study 3493: 3350: 3274: 3095: 2985: 1488:, further, "Persia" (locally known as 312:, Mazandaran, Sublime State of Persia 7171:Iranian people of Azerbaijani descent 6894: 6371: 6174: 5660: 4867:George Lenczowski. 1949. pp. 160-161. 4779: 4713:from the original on 7 November 2021. 4494:. New York: Dutton. pp. 173–174. 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4003:"Political history. Mahrzad Brujerdi" 3803: 3801: 3799: 3608: 3548: 3227: 3189:The Origins of the Iranian Revolution 2896: 2138:on Bois-Cheri Road in the village of 1726:This photograph's inscription reads: 1058:, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and 5872:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 5486:Hignett, Katherine (24 April 2018). 5337: 4620:(PDF), University Press of America. 4182: 3528:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 269. 3198: 3061: 3059: 2923:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography" 2439:The first scientific excavations at 2343:under a powerful central government. 2253:adding citations to reliable sources 2224: 773:eventually sowing the seeds for the 90:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941 6200: 5953:Newspaper clippings about Reza Shah 5435:Obituary: Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali 5396:Historical Iranian Sites and People 5338:Khan, Iqbal Ahmed (20 March 2023). 5289:Ahmed Khan, Iqbal (20 March 2023). 4895:Reza Shah Pahlavi: Policies as Shah 4142:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam 4082: 3936:Preparations For Change of Monarchy 2889: 1480:, many did not consider themselves 1297:Reza Shah opening a railway station 1229: 1079: 908:, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh 761: 545: 24: 7191:Iranian people of Georgian descent 6137:Non-profit organization positions 6072:24 April 1921 – 13 June 1926 4758:. 8 September 1941. Archived from 4508:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 181 4223: 4220:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 180 3812:. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers. 3796: 2701:Reza Shah's fourth and last wife, 2368:in order to enforce law and order. 1914:World War II and forced abdication 1890:in 1938, followed by the start of 1088:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship 36:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 25: 7207: 5917: 5800:"Iranian princess dies at age 58" 5650:, pp. 106–107, 214–215, 218–220, 4897:, Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 4727:A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited 4140:"Pahlavi Dynasty": An Entry from 3749:Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (2001). 3056: 2778:(2 June 1927 – 18 September 1933) 1006:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 980:Reza Pahlavi behind a machine gun 961:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 892:), whose family had emigrated to 6153:Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society 5935: 5923: 5889: 5862: 5846: 5833: 5818: 5792: 5600: 5551:Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008). 5544: 5531: 5505: 5479: 5453: 5427: 5401: 5358: 5331: 5313:"Reza Shah's Residence For Sale" 5305: 5282: 5273: 5257: 5241: 5228: 5219: 5206: 5182: 5094: 5082: 5018: 4991: 4922:(Oxford University Press, 1980: 4597:. New York: Dutton. p. 184. 4566:. New York: Dutton. p. 179. 4416:Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi 4268: 3919:The English amongst the Persians 3906:Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921 3586:Reza Shah az Tavalod ta Saltanat 3142:، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران 3096:Steele, Robert (22 March 2021). 3038: 2986:افشاری, علی (24 February 2021). 2898:[ɾeˈzɒːˈʃɒːh-epæhlæˈviː] 2709:. The couple had five children: 2681:The third wife of Reza Shah was 2484:Transferring and providing full 2229: 1828:surprise invasion in August 1941 1265: 954: 837: 597: 442: 7096:People from Mazandaran province 7086:20th-century monarchs of Persia 6329:Human rights in the Pahlavi Era 5857:Czech Medals and Orders Society 5754:, pp. 13–43, London; New York: 5722:, pp. 15–37, London; New York: 4937: 4912: 4900: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4858: 4833: 4808: 4794: 4766: 4744: 4695: 4681: 4668: 4656: 4643: 4630: 4601: 4542: 4511: 4498: 4467: 4454: 4441: 4432: 4395: 4375: 4362: 4349: 4319: 4306: 4281: 4210: 4197: 4169: 4148: 4133: 4121: 4108: 4052: 4021: 3995: 3969: 3963:Hayat Yahya (The Life of Yahya) 3954: 3941: 3924: 3911: 3898: 3877: 3864: 3834: 3729: 3698: 3676: 3661: 3636: 3602: 3577: 3542: 3512: 3487: 3451: 3405: 3344: 3302: 3181: 3168: 3089: 2827:(26 June 1940 – 27 August 1941) 2592:Persia (or one of its cognates) 2543:Changing Iranian currency from 2419:Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations 2240:needs additional citations for 2146:. Subsequently, he was sent to 1874:Reza Shah meeting officials in 1748:Indo-European Telegraph Company 1496:, many countries including the 1238:Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi 779:2,500 years of Iranian monarchy 712:At the age of 14 he joined the 464: 438: 413: 388: 7136:World War II political leaders 7126:Leaders who took power by coup 5163:Abbas Milani (February 2006). 3755:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 147–. 3552:Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah 3462:The Life and Times of the Shah 3381:The Life and Times of the Shah 3073: 3032: 3006: 2979: 2954: 2929: 2915: 2879: 2839:National Consultative Assembly 2795:marries Reza Shah's daughter, 2772:) (13 June 1926 – 2 June 1927) 2685:(1905–1994), who was from the 2163:old at the time of his death. 1126:Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty 781:. Moreover, his insistence on 767:National Consultative Assembly 27:Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 13: 1: 7058:indicate interim officeholder 6334:Corruption in the Pahlavi Era 5666:Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001). 5541:, Lexington Books 2009, p. 71 5102:"The Iranian History 1941 AD" 4876:Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161 4730:. AuthorHouse. pp. 33–. 3670:Karavaanreis door Zuid-Perzië 3584:Niazmand, Seyed Reza (2002). 3458:Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). 3412:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). 3209:"سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" 2908: 2597:Reconstruction of old cities. 2443:, the ancient capital of the 2106:Reza Shah's funeral in Tehran 1971:The Shah ordered pro-British 1920:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1766:in formal correspondence, as 1688:In 1931, he refused to allow 1640:Foreign affairs and influence 1472:. In 1959, the government of 1015:In late 1920, the Soviets in 819: 695:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 141:16th Prime Minister of Persia 69: 7111:Iranian critics of religions 5252:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4774:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4665:by Ervand Abrahamian, p. 145 4663:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4462:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4449:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4370:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4191:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4177:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4116:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3737:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3711:. Harvard University Press. 3315:Iran Between Two Revolutions 3187:Roger Homan. (Autumn 1980) " 3013:dsi.co.ir (3 October 2018). 2561:Ordering all men other than 2488:for the Iranian students to 2184:mausoleum built in his honor 1602:throughout Iran. In 1935, a 1208:Persian Constitution of 1906 1035:", reinforced by the Soviet 965: 685:and subsequently reigned as 7: 7101:Commanders-in-chief of Iran 7091:20th-century Iranian people 6253:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 5957:20th Century Press Archives 5672:University Press of Florida 5610:, Nation Books, 2005, p. 91 4802:"Iran's Transit Importance" 4314:Great Britain and Reza Shah 3965:. Vol. 4. p. 246. 3932:The History of Twenty Years 3668:Maurits Wagenvoort (1926). 3555:. I.B.Tauris. p. 161. 3154:نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد، 2866:Royal Order of the Seraphim 2355:national health care system 1382:Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III 1198:The Majlis, convening as a 482:Princess Hamdam al-Saltaneh 10: 7212: 7176:People exiled to Mauritius 6817:Interim Government of Iran 6092:Commander-in-Chief of Iran 5859:. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 5648:Cambridge University Press 4961:Paved with Good Intentions 4945:Paved with Good Intentions 4490:Mackey, Sandra (c. 1996). 4438:Encarta: Reza Shah Pahlavi 3320:Princeton University Press 2844: 2832:Titles, styles and honours 2660:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 2637:Hamdam al-Saltaneh Pahlavi 2425:'s birth as the savior of 2221:Amendments and foundations 2207:Interim Government of Iran 1917: 1673:and met Turkish President 1474:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1177:(His Serene Highness) and 1140:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 969: 958: 934:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma 47:Shah Reza (disambiguation) 43:Reza Khan (disambiguation) 40: 29: 7053: 7022: 6985: 6932: 6879: 6837: 6815: 6596: 6412: 6347: 6316: 6291: 6268: 6233: 6210: 6159: 6149: 6141: 6136: 6126: 6116: 6108: 6098: 6089: 6081: 6076: 6065: 6059: 6049: 6040: 6032: 6027: 6017: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5968: 5696:Federal Research Division 5519:(in Persian). 21 May 2018 5070:Syracuse University Press 5064:Milani, Farzaneh (1992). 3777:"The Pahlavi Era of Iran" 3430:10.1017/s0020743800022388 3357:. Yale University Press. 3318:. Princeton, New Jersey: 3214:. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی. 3115:10.1017/S002074382000121X 1702:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 1648:Reza Shah with president 660: 656: 646: 638: 628: 614: 609: 605: 593: 583: 575: 567: 555: 536: 531: 527: 475: 367: 333: 316: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 260: 250: 224: 214: 203: 196: 179: 167: 157: 146: 139: 135: 128: 124: 114: 104: 94: 86: 79: 61: 56: 6839:Islamic Republic of Iran 5909:– via runeberg.org 5869:Jørgen Pedersen (2009). 5774:Katouzian, Homa (2006). 5674:, pp. 209–213, 217–218, 5590:, Penguin, 2001, p. 459 5415:. Tehran. AP. 7 May 1950 5214:A History of Modern Iran 4980:(Yale University, 1981: 4429:, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) 2872: 2615:Family and personal life 2565:to wear Western clothes. 2353:Foundation of the first 2346:Foundation of the first 2097: 1378:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1360:Parliament and ministers 1251:Abdolhossein Teymourtash 1142:to the left of Reza Khan 984:In the aftermath of the 972:1921 Persian coup d'état 884:, was an immigrant from 30:Not to be confused with 7186:Politicide perpetrators 7131:Prime ministers of Iran 7116:Iranian anti-communists 6399:Prime ministers of Iran 6120:Persian Cossack Brigade 5642:Paidar, Parvin (1995): 5537:JMohammad A. Chaichia, 5440:14 October 2006 at the 5370:The Mail & Guardian 5203:Parcham, 16 August 1942 4998:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). 4885:Rezun. 1982, p. 29 4593:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4562:Mackey, Sandra (1996). 4421:24 October 2010 at the 4401:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, 3872:The Anglo-Soviet Accord 3705:Chehabi, H. E. (2020). 3609:Nahai, Gina B. (2000). 3284:زیباکلام, صادق (1398). 3258:رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت 2857:Denmark: Knight of the 2852:Order of the White Lion 2781:Mohammad Ali Foroughi ( 2750:List of prime ministers 2521:Iran Scout Organization 2401:national Museum of Iran 2348:judicial system of Iran 2198:, his daughter-in-law, 1944:) invaded and occupied 1784:continues to be debated 1278:'s Faculty of Medicine. 1255:Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz 1164:Persian Cossack Brigade 942:Persian Cossack Brigade 923:Fridolin Marinus Knobel 919:Persian Cossack Brigade 714:Persian Cossack Brigade 633:Persian Cossack Brigade 619:Sublime State of Persia 329:, Union of South Africa 267:Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi 7141:Monarchs who abdicated 6871:Post abolished in 1989 6043:Prime Minister of Iran 5940:Quotations related to 5898:Sveriges statskalender 5782:, pp. 33–34, 335–336, 5409:"Shah's body returned" 5068:, Syracuse, New York: 5025:Milani, Abbas (2011). 5001:Iran at War: 1500–1988 4786:Makki Hossein (1945). 4676:History of Modern Iran 4638:History of Modern Iran 4581:History of Modern Iran 4537:History of Modern Iran 4475:History of Modern Iran 4403:Mission for My Country 4359:, Tehran, 2005, p. 15. 3977:"Bahman Amir Hosseini" 3885:Modern Iran since 1921 3808:Ghanī, Sīrūs. (2000). 3739:, (1982), pp. 116–117. 3686:. Iran Chamber Society 3496:Iran: A Modern History 3494:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3354:Iran: A Modern History 3351:Amanat, Abbas (2017). 3176:History of Modern Iran 2864:Sweden: Knight of the 2624: 2590:In the Western world, 2503:national school system 2501:Creation of the first 2332: 2126: 2115:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 2107: 2090:, writes in his book, 2044: 2030: 1968: 1929: 1879: 1847: 1734: 1656: 1586: 1512:Support and opposition 1498:English-speaking world 1437: 1369: 1298: 1279: 1239: 1155: 1143: 1052:Edmund "Tiny" Ironside 1047: 981: 928:He also served in the 845:This article contains 832: 812:after the fall of the 623:Imperial State of Iran 402:Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlu 356:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine 352:Mausoleum of Reza Shah 68:Reza Shah in uniform, 6163:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6112:Vsevolod Starosselsky 6102:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 6053:Mohammad-Ali Foroughi 6021:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 5692:Iran: A Country Study 5413:Eugene Register Guard 5033:. Macmillan. p. 4762:on 18 September 2012. 4615:26 March 2009 at the 4312:Mohammad Gholi Majd, 3908:, 3 (Princeton, 1972) 3561:10.5040/9780755612079 3549:Ghani, Cyrus (1998). 3256:نیازمند, رضا (1387). 3193:International Affairs 3140:تاریخ بیست ساله ایران 2936:Rahnema, Ali (2011). 2859:Order of the Elephant 2756:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 2622: 2457:University of Chicago 2429:and Iranian identity. 2373:Trans-Iranian Railway 2341:reunification of Iran 2330: 2180:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2113: 2105: 2059:Critics and defenders 2053:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2039: 2024: 1980:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 1966: 1927: 1873: 1841: 1755:using foreign loans. 1744:National Bank of Iran 1740:British Imperial Bank 1725: 1675:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1650:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1647: 1580: 1539:Fatima Masumeh Shrine 1529:Clash with the clergy 1486:ethnic groups of Iran 1432: 1367: 1296: 1284:Trans-Iranian Railway 1273: 1237: 1220:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1160:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1149: 1133: 1064:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 1045: 979: 876:, in 1878, to son of 827: 802:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 730:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 720:, he marched towards 639:Years of service 231:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee 186:Mohammad Ali Foroughi 32:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 7151:People from Savadkuh 7121:Iranian nationalists 6942:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah 6926:Iranian Armed Forces 6553:Fathollah Khan Akbar 6305:Yasmine Etemad-Amini 5932:at Wikimedia Commons 5804:The Lewiston Journal 5728:Taylor & Francis 5557:Smithsonian Magazine 5553:"Inside Iran's Fury" 5194:Retrieved 4 May 2008 5132:Kapuscinski, Ryszard 4972:Nikki R. Keddie and 4841:"Historical Setting" 4772:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4175:Abrahamian, Ervand, 4161:4 March 2016 at the 3961:Dowlatabadi, Yahya. 3735:Abrahamian, Ervand, 3322:. pp. 123–163. 3228:معتضد, خسرو (1387). 2729:Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi 2601:Abolition of slavery 2492:for studying abroad. 2479:University of Tehran 2249:improve this article 2196:From Tehran to Cairo 2144:Mauritian government 2134:, where he lived at 2078:1909 siege of Tabriz 2051:in favor of his son 1901:, Firouz, Modarres, 1834:Later years of reign 1632:decree, banning the 1595:mourning observances 1568:University of Tehran 1288:University of Tehran 1276:University of Tehran 1200:constituent assembly 1070:. He took the title 912:, and served in the 707:modern Iranian State 441: 1922; 130:Pre-royal positions 7106:Critics of Islamism 6922:Commanders-in-Chief 6324:Pahlavi family tree 6145:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 5702:, pp. 28, 116–117, 5700:Library of Congress 5450:, 29 November 2003. 5372:. 17 September 2010 4978:Roots of Revolution 4932:Nationalism in Iran 4724:Rami Yelda (2012). 4539:, (2008), pp. 93–94 4254:10.1017/irn.2024.10 4189:Ervand Abrahamian. 4060:"Mashallah Ajudani" 3949:Nationalism in Iran 3783:on 13 November 1999 2803:Ahmad Matin-Daftari 2766:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 2695:Gholam Reza Pahlavi 2683:Turan Amirsoleimani 2432:Creation of Iran's 2362:Iranian Gendarmerie 2360:Reestablishment of 1932:In August 1941 the 1698:William Knox D'Arcy 1591:mixing of the sexes 1202:, declared him the 1150:Military parade in 1095:coup d'état of 1921 996:on the side of the 874:Mazandaran province 757:Reza Shah the Great 514:Prince Mahmoud Reza 427:Turan Amirsoleimani 243:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 191:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek 7166:Exiled politicians 7013:Mohammad Reza Shah 7001:Mohammad Reza Shah 6538:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6478:Samsam al-Saltaneh 6452:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6437:Moshir al-Saltaneh 6339:Great Civilization 6224:Mohammad Reza Shah 6028:Political offices 5563:on 15 October 2009 5398:. 12 December 2010 5004:. Bloomsbury USA. 4070:on 22 October 2018 4028:Curtis, Glenn E.; 4009:. 13 November 2008 3842:"Shojaeddin Shafa" 3612:Cry of the Peacock 3310:Abrahamian, Ervand 3015:"همه مردان رضاشاه" 2868:(10 November 1934) 2776:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat 2743:Hamid Reza Pahlavi 2722:Ahmad Reza Pahlavi 2715:Abdul Reza Pahlavi 2625: 2490:European countries 2394:Iran's first radio 2333: 2192:Iranian Revolution 2127: 2108: 2045: 2005:Hamid Hassan Mirza 1969: 1967:Reza Shah in exile 1950:declaration of war 1930: 1880: 1848: 1735: 1717:British government 1694:Lufthansa Airlines 1657: 1620:Iranian Azerbaijan 1587: 1564:Mohammad Reza Shah 1438: 1370: 1299: 1280: 1240: 1156: 1144: 1060:seized the capital 1048: 986:Russian Revolution 982: 902:Russo-Persian Wars 888:(then part of the 833: 775:Iranian Revolution 750:Iranian Revolution 726:seized the capital 699:Mohammad Reza Shah 502:Prince Gholam Reza 490:Mohammad Reza Shah 119:Mohammad Reza Shah 7063: 7062: 6948:Mohammad Ali Shah 6888: 6887: 6447:Nezam as-Saltaneh 6365: 6364: 6309: 6169: 6168: 6160:Succeeded by 6130:Ghassem Khan Vali 6127:Succeeded by 6118:Commander of the 6099:Succeeded by 6077:Military offices 6050:Succeeded by 6018:Succeeded by 5928:Media related to 5882:978-87-7674-434-2 5748:Zürcher, Erik-Jan 5586:Townson, Duncan, 5268:World War in Iran 5248:Ervand Abrahamian 5238:, 16 August 1942. 5149:978-0-14-118804-1 5072:, pp. 19, 34–37, 4829:on 6 August 2020. 4752:"Persian Paradox" 4737:978-1-4772-0291-3 4607:Rajaee, Farhang, 4414:Yarshater, Ehsan 4096:. 22 January 2007 4045:978-0-8444-1187-3 3762:978-1-86064-629-4 3725:on 26 April 2021. 3570:978-1-86064-258-6 3535:978-1-84511-272-1 3505:978-0-300-11254-2 3391:978-0-520-25328-5 2861:(20 January 1937) 2811:Winston Churchill 2703:Esmat Dowlatshahi 2629:Maryam Savadkoohi 2445:Achaemenid Empire 2325: 2324: 2317: 2299: 2092:World War in Iran 2088:British Mauritius 1713:Arthur Millspaugh 1706:League of Nations 1681:, and Atatürk in 1506:Achaemenid Empire 1454:League of Nations 1408:Ali Asghar Hekmat 1244:Ervand Abrahamian 1222:, was proclaimed 1134:Reza Khan behind 994:Russian Civil War 938:brigadier general 853:rendering support 667:Reza Shah Pahlavi 664: 663: 651:Brigadier general 551: 550: 522:Prince Hamid Reza 510:Prince Ahmad Reza 506:Prince Abdul Reza 456:Esmat Dowlatshahi 378:Maryam Savadkoohi 272: 271: 57:Reza Shah Pahlavi 16:(Redirected from 7203: 7196:Pahlavi monarchs 7024:Islamic Republic 6915: 6908: 6901: 6892: 6891: 6883: 6844: 6822: 6603: 6419: 6407: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6369: 6368: 6307: 6292:Crown Princesses 6204: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6172: 6171: 6151:Chairman of the 6142:Preceded by 6109:Preceded by 6085:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6082:Preceded by 6060:Preceded by 6033:Preceded by 6004:Ahmad Shah Qajar 6001:Preceded by 5991: 5984: 5983:15 March 1878 5975:House of Pahlavi 5966: 5965: 5939: 5927: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5866: 5860: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5828:Orlando Sentinel 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5772: 5766: 5744: 5738: 5716: 5710: 5688: 5682: 5664: 5658: 5640: 5634: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5584: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5559:. 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Archived from 3973: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3887:(Longman, 2003: 3881: 3875: 3874:, vol. 3, p. 384 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3848:. Archived from 3838: 3832: 3831: 3805: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3779:. Archived from 3773: 3767: 3766: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3721:. Archived from 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3465: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3196: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2919: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2675:Ali Reza Pahlavi 2556:Persian calendar 2538:Mehrabad airport 2519:Creation of the 2427:Persian language 2399:Founding of the 2375:which connected 2320: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2257: 2233: 2225: 2172:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 2154:neighborhood of 2001:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1776:Persian language 1690:Imperial Airways 1608:Imam Reza Shrine 1574:to the clerics. 1570:, returning the 1478:Persian language 1456:to use the term 1230:Rule as the Shah 1136:Ahmad Shah Qajar 1103:General Ironside 1081: 914:Second Herat War 841: 840: 764: 763: 738:Ahmad Shah Qajar 610:Military service 601: 547: 529: 528: 518:Princess Fatemeh 468: 466: 446: 444: 440: 417: 415: 392: 390: 341:Al-Rifa'i Mosque 323: 302: 300: 263: 253: 227: 219:Ahmad Shah Qajar 208: 182: 170: 162:Ahmad Shah Qajar 151: 126: 125: 109:Ahmad Shah Qajar 74: 71: 66: 54: 53: 21: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7200: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7049: 7018: 6981: 6928: 6919: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6842: 6841: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6601: 6600: 6592: 6523:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6483:Ala ol-Saltaneh 6417: 6416: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6366: 6361: 6343: 6312: 6299:Fawzia of Egypt 6287: 6264: 6247:Fawzia of Egypt 6229: 6206: 6203:Pahlavi dynasty 6202: 6199: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6104: 6095: 6087: 6071: 6068:Minister of War 6063: 6055: 6046: 6038: 6023: 6014: 6006: 5990:26 July 1944 5985: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5902: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5851: 5847: 5838: 5834: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5773: 5769: 5745: 5741: 5717: 5713: 5689: 5685: 5670:, Gainesville: 5665: 5661: 5641: 5637: 5618: 5614: 5605: 5601: 5585: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5467:. 23 April 2018 5465:The Daily Sabah 5459: 5458: 5454: 5447:The Independent 5442:Wayback Machine 5432: 5428: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5366:"Royal Jo'burg" 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5262: 5258: 5246: 5242: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5112:on 10 July 2013 5100: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5063: 5052: 5045: 5023: 5019: 5012: 4996: 4992: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4784: 4780: 4771: 4767: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4678:, (2008), p. 95 4673: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4644: 4640:, (2008), p. 94 4635: 4631: 4617:Wayback Machine 4606: 4602: 4591: 4587: 4583:, (2008), p. 94 4578: 4571: 4560: 4556: 4552:, (1996) p. 182 4547: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4521:, (1996) p. 184 4516: 4512: 4504:Mackey, Sandra 4503: 4499: 4488: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4427:Iranian Studies 4423:Wayback Machine 4413: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4384:, I.B. Tauris, 4380: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4337:on 17 July 2012 4325: 4324: 4320: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4245:Iranian Studies 4237: 4224: 4216:Mackey, Sandra 4215: 4211: 4207:, (1996) p. 179 4202: 4198: 4187: 4183: 4179:, 1982, p. 146. 4174: 4170: 4163:Wayback Machine 4153: 4149: 4138: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3930:Makki Hossein, 3929: 3925: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3883:Ansari, Ali M. 3882: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3852:on 18 July 2012 3840: 3839: 3835: 3820: 3806: 3797: 3786: 3784: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3520:Katouzian, Homa 3517: 3513: 3506: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3349: 3345: 3330: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3254: 3247: 3240: 3226: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3186: 3182: 3178:, (2008), p. 91 3173: 3169: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3131: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3057: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2966:iranchamber.com 2960: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2934: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2847: 2834: 2752: 2736:Fatemeh Pahlavi 2617: 2472:Keshavarzi Bank 2464:Bank Melli Iran 2417:Organizing the 2321: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2258: 2256: 2246: 2234: 2223: 2211:Sadeq Khalkhali 2186:in the town of 2136:Château Val Ory 2100: 2084:Clarmont Skrine 2068:trained by the 2061: 2042:1979 Revolution 2009:British subject 1922: 1916: 1903:Arbab Keikhosro 1886:. The death of 1876:Saadabad Palace 1860:Ali-Akbar Davar 1844:Saadabad Palace 1836: 1642: 1606:erupted in the 1531: 1514: 1494:Sasanian Empire 1482:ethnic Persians 1427: 1418:Replacement of 1386:Ali-Akbar Davar 1362: 1347:Cyrus the Great 1268: 1259:Ali-Akbar Davar 1232: 1212:Pahlavi dynasty 1128: 1068:Minister of War 974: 968: 963: 957: 870:Savadkuh County 862: 861: 860: 851:Without proper 842: 838: 822: 790:sedentarization 718:Qazvin province 675:minister of war 671:Pahlavi dynasty 621: 540: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 498:Prince Ali Reza 496: 494:Princess Ashraf 492: 488: 484: 471: 470: 467: 1923) 462: 458: 448: 445: 1923) 436: 432: 429: 419: 416: 1916) 411: 407: 404: 394: 386: 382: 379: 363: 350: 348: 338: 325: 321: 304: 298: 296: 261: 251: 245: 241: 237: 233: 225: 209: 204: 198:Minister of War 189: 180: 168: 152: 147: 131: 75: 72: 50: 39: 38:, his grandson. 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7209: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Exiled royalty 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7046:(1989–present) 7041: 7035: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6963:Abolqasem Khan 6959: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6895: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6606: 6604: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6457:Sa'd al-Dowleh 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6422: 6420: 6410: 6409: 6395: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6279: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6241:Tadj ol-Molouk 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6158: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6097: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6039: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6016: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5996:Regnal titles 5993: 5992: 5972: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5950: 5945: 5933: 5919: 5918:External links 5916: 5913: 5912: 5888: 5881: 5861: 5845: 5832: 5830:, 15 July 1992 5817: 5791: 5767: 5739: 5711: 5683: 5659: 5635: 5612: 5599: 5574: 5543: 5530: 5504: 5478: 5452: 5426: 5400: 5383: 5357: 5330: 5304: 5281: 5272: 5256: 5240: 5227: 5218: 5205: 5196: 5181: 5155: 5148: 5142:. p. 25. 5123: 5093: 5081: 5050: 5043: 5017: 5010: 4990: 4965: 4949: 4936: 4930:) and Cottam, 4928:0-14-00-5964-4 4911: 4899: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4857: 4832: 4807: 4793: 4778: 4776:, pp. 143–144. 4765: 4743: 4736: 4716: 4694: 4680: 4667: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4600: 4585: 4569: 4554: 4541: 4523: 4510: 4497: 4479: 4466: 4453: 4440: 4431: 4407: 4394: 4374: 4361: 4348: 4318: 4305: 4280: 4222: 4209: 4196: 4181: 4168: 4147: 4132: 4120: 4118:, 1982, p. 140 4107: 4081: 4051: 4044: 4030:Hooglund, Eric 4020: 3994: 3968: 3953: 3940: 3923: 3910: 3897: 3876: 3863: 3833: 3818: 3795: 3768: 3761: 3741: 3728: 3717: 3697: 3675: 3660: 3653: 3635: 3621: 3601: 3594: 3576: 3569: 3541: 3534: 3511: 3504: 3486: 3476: 3450: 3424:(4): 639–663. 3404: 3390: 3370: 3363: 3343: 3328: 3301: 3294: 3273: 3266: 3245: 3238: 3217: 3197: 3195:56/4: 673–677. 3180: 3167: 3144: 3129: 3108:(2): 175–193. 3088: 3072: 3055: 3031: 3005: 2978: 2953: 2946: 2928: 2925:. 29 May 2023. 2913: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2846: 2843: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2822: 2800: 2797:Princess Shams 2786: 2779: 2773: 2763: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2718: 2699: 2698: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2668:Ashraf Pahlavi 2664: 2656: 2645:Tadj ol-Molouk 2641: 2640: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2588: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2541: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2482: 2475: 2460: 2449:Ernst Herzfeld 2437: 2430: 2415: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2371:Foundation of 2369: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2323: 2322: 2305:September 2018 2237: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2099: 2096: 2060: 2057: 1973:Prime Minister 1938:United Kingdom 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1835: 1832: 1810:Nuremberg Laws 1641: 1638: 1530: 1527: 1513: 1510: 1460:("Land of the 1426: 1416: 1361: 1358: 1316:Princess Shams 1267: 1264: 1231: 1228: 1214:. Reza Shah's 1127: 1124: 998:White movement 970:Main article: 967: 964: 956: 953: 900:following the 890:Russian Empire 855:, you may see 843: 836: 835: 834: 821: 818: 814:Ottoman Empire 798:Persianization 679:prime minister 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 644: 643: 640: 636: 635: 630: 629:Branch/service 626: 625: 616: 612: 611: 607: 606: 603: 602: 595: 591: 590: 585: 581: 580: 577: 573: 572: 571:Abbas-Ali Khan 569: 565: 564: 559: 553: 552: 549: 548: 534: 533: 525: 524: 486:Princess Shams 479: 473: 472: 460: 454: 453: 452: 451: 434: 430: 425: 424: 423: 422: 409: 405: 400: 399: 398: 397: 384: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 371: 369: 365: 364: 339: 335: 331: 330: 324:(aged 66) 318: 314: 313: 294: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 228: 226:Prime Minister 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 201: 200: 194: 193: 183: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 159: 155: 154: 144: 143: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 77: 76: 67: 59: 58: 34:, his son, or 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7208: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 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6297: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6276:Mohammad Reza 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269:Crown Princes 6267: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6196: 6191: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6062:Masoud Kayhan 6058: 6054: 6045: 6044: 6037: 6036:Hassan Pirnia 6031: 6026: 6022: 6013: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5821: 5806:. 2 June 1987 5805: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5788:9781845112721 5785: 5781: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5764:9781860644269 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5736:9780415302845 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5708:9780844411873 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5680:9780813021119 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5656:9780521473408 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622:(fall 1993). 5621: 5620:Hoodfar, Homa 5616: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5371: 5367: 5361: 5345: 5341: 5334: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5292: 5285: 5276: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5231: 5222: 5216:(2008), p. 96 5215: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5140:Penguin Books 5137: 5136:Shah of Shahs 5133: 5127: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5078:9780815602668 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5044:9781403971937 5040: 5036: 5031: 5030: 5021: 5013: 5011:9781299584235 5007: 5003: 5002: 4994: 4987: 4986:0-300-02606-4 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4946: 4943:Barry Rubin, 4940: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4918:Barry Rubin, 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4866: 4861: 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3933: 3927: 3920: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3895:), pp. 26–31. 3894: 3893:0-582-35685-7 3890: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3846:Talash-online 3843: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3718:9780674248199 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3664: 3656: 3654:9789056130985 3650: 3646: 3639: 3624: 3622:0-7434-0337-1 3618: 3614: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3595:9789645925466 3591: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3477:9780520253285 3473: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3366: 3364:9780300231465 3360: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3329:9780691053424 3325: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3297: 3295:9781780837628 3291: 3287: 3280: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3239:9789644425974 3235: 3231: 3230:تاج های زنانه 3224: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3164:964-6404-20-0 3161: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3044: 3043: 3039:لندن, کیهان, 3035: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2949: 2947:9781139495622 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2899: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2813:on behalf of 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793:Fereydoun Jam 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707:Marble Palace 2704: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2687:Qajar dynasty 2684: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2653:Shams Pahlavi 2650: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2621: 2609: 2606:Abolition of 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2569:Kashf-e hijab 2567: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509:madreseh and 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453:Erich Schmidt 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2319: 2316: 2308: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: – 2265: 2261: 2260:Find sources: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2238:This section 2236: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2200:Empress Farah 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2160:heart ailment 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2074:Ahmad Kasravi 2071: 2067: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011:who spoke no 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Allied powers 1926: 1921: 1911: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846:complex, 1941 1845: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1820: 1819:Führerprinzip 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1629:Kashf-e hijab 1624: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Maxime Siroux 1557: 1553: 1552:Esmail Meraat 1549: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1504:name for the 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1442:Western world 1436: 1433:Reza Shah at 1431: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1266:Modernization 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 978: 973: 962: 955:Rise to power 952: 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Imperial Army 926: 924: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 858: 854: 850: 848: 831: 826: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:Turkification 804:'s policy of 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 784: 780: 776: 770: 768: 758: 753: 751: 747: 746:Qajar dynasty 743: 739: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 659: 655: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 634: 631: 627: 624: 620: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589: 588:Twelver Shiʿa 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 563: 560: 558: 554: 543: 539: 535: 530: 526: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 478: 474: 457: 450: 449: 428: 421: 420: 403: 396: 395: 373: 372: 370: 366: 361: 357: 353: 346: 342: 336: 332: 328: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303:15 March 1878 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 268: 265: 259: 256:Masoud Kayhan 255: 249: 244: 240: 239:Hassan Pirnia 236: 232: 229: 223: 220: 217: 213: 207: 202: 199: 195: 192: 187: 184: 178: 175: 174:Hassan Pirnia 172: 166: 163: 160: 156: 150: 145: 142: 138: 134: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 100:25 April 1926 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 65: 60: 55: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7055: 6994: 6987:Pahlavi Iran 6975: 6961: 6955:Alireza Khan 6953: 6870: 6861:Mahdavi Kani 6843:(since 1979) 6797:Sharif-Emami 6767:Sharif-Emami 6598:Pahlavi Iran 6587: 6508:Farman Farma 6354: 6217: 6150: 6117: 6090: 6066: 6041: 6011:Shah of Iran 6009: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5944:at Wikiquote 5903:, retrieved 5897: 5891: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5855:(in Czech), 5848: 5835: 5827: 5820: 5808:. Retrieved 5803: 5794: 5775: 5770: 5751: 5742: 5719: 5714: 5691: 5686: 5667: 5662: 5643: 5638: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5606:Dilip Hiro, 5602: 5587: 5565:. Retrieved 5561:the original 5556: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491: 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5464: 5455: 5445: 5429: 5417:. Retrieved 5412: 5403: 5374:. Retrieved 5369: 5360: 5348:. Retrieved 5343: 5333: 5321:. Retrieved 5319:. 7 May 2018 5316: 5307: 5295:. Retrieved 5284: 5275: 5267: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5230: 5221: 5213: 5212:Abrahamian, 5208: 5199: 5184: 5172:. Retrieved 5168: 5158: 5135: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5110:the original 5105: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5065: 5028: 5020: 5000: 4993: 4977: 4974:Yann Richard 4968: 4960: 4947:, pp. 14–15. 4944: 4939: 4931: 4919: 4914: 4907:Saeed Nafisi 4902: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4848:. Retrieved 4844: 4835: 4824:the original 4810: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4773: 4768: 4760:the original 4755: 4746: 4726: 4719: 4706: 4697: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4608: 4603: 4594: 4588: 4580: 4579:Abrahamian, 4563: 4557: 4550:The Iranians 4549: 4544: 4536: 4535:Abrahamian, 4519:The Iranians 4518: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4491: 4474: 4473:Abrahamian, 4469: 4464:1982, p. 137 4461: 4460:Abrahamian, 4456: 4451:1982, p. 136 4448: 4447:Abrahamian, 4443: 4434: 4426: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4372:1982, p. 138 4369: 4368:Abrahamian, 4364: 4356: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4335:the original 4330: 4327:"Guel Kohan" 4321: 4313: 4308: 4296:. Retrieved 4292: 4283: 4267: 4244: 4217: 4212: 4205:The Iranians 4204: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4123: 4115: 4114:Abrahamian, 4110: 4098:. Retrieved 4093: 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4068:the original 4063: 4054: 4034: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4006: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3981:the original 3971: 3962: 3956: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3884: 3879: 3871: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3850:the original 3845: 3836: 3809: 3785:. Retrieved 3781:the original 3771: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3731: 3723:the original 3707: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3678: 3669: 3663: 3644: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3611: 3604: 3585: 3579: 3551: 3544: 3524: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3481: 3461: 3453: 3441:. Retrieved 3421: 3417: 3407: 3395:. Retrieved 3380: 3373: 3353: 3346: 3313: 3304: 3285: 3257: 3229: 3192: 3183: 3175: 3174:Abrahamian, 3170: 3155: 3139: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3081: 3075: 3066: 3047:, retrieved 3045:(in Persian) 3041: 3034: 3022:. Retrieved 3018: 3008: 2996:. Retrieved 2994:(in Persian) 2991: 2981: 2969:. Retrieved 2965: 2956: 2937: 2931: 2917: 2890:رضاشاه پهلوی 2881: 2835: 2819:Nazi Germany 2815:Adolf Hitler 2782: 2769: 2759: 2745:(1932–1992). 2700: 2680: 2677:(1922–1954). 2658: 2642: 2626: 2572: 2562: 2486:scholarships 2392:Creation of 2381:Persian Gulf 2334: 2311: 2302: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2271: 2259: 2247:Please help 2242:verification 2239: 2215: 2204: 2195: 2165: 2156:Johannesburg 2135: 2130:children to 2128: 2091: 2082: 2062: 2046: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2017:Crown Prince 1993: 1984: 1970: 1958: 1942:Soviet Union 1931: 1896: 1892:World War II 1881: 1865: 1856:Farman Farma 1854:assisted by 1849: 1824: 1817: 1802:sine qua non 1801: 1798:World War II 1795: 1791:Soviet Union 1788: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1736: 1730:Adolf Hitler 1727: 1710: 1687: 1668: 1664:Soviet Union 1661: 1658: 1627: 1625: 1588: 1556:Andre Godard 1532: 1519: 1515: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1445: 1439: 1423: 1419: 1406: 1390: 1375: 1371: 1355: 1343:Iranian Jews 1332: 1320: 1311:André Godard 1300: 1281: 1248: 1241: 1224:crown prince 1197: 1186: 1178: 1171: 1168: 1157: 1108: 1092: 1072:Sardar Sepah 1071: 1049: 1033:Azerbaijanis 1014: 1002:Soviet Union 990:intervention 983: 946: 927: 863: 847:Persian text 844: 771: 765:) by Iran's 762:رضا شاه بزرگ 756: 754: 734: 711: 691:Pahlavi Iran 666: 665: 579:Noush-Afarin 538:Reza Pahlavi 537: 327:Johannesburg 322:(1944-07-26) 320:26 July 1944 262:Succeeded by 205: 181:Succeeded by 148: 81:Shah of Iran 51: 7081:1944 deaths 7076:1878 births 6602:(1925–1979) 6418:(1907–1925) 6301:(1939–1941) 6284:(1967–1979) 6278:(1926–1941) 6261:(1959–1979) 6255:(1951–1958) 6249:(1941–1948) 6243:(1925–1941) 6226:(1941–1979) 6220:(1925–1941) 5780:I.B. Tauris 5756:I.B. Tauris 5517:BBC Persian 5346:(in French) 5293:. L'Express 5169:Iranian.com 4707:youtube.com 4293:Iran Online 3917:D. Wright, 2789:Mahmoud Jam 2738:(1928–1987) 2731:(1926–2001) 2724:(1925–1981) 2717:(1924–2004) 2697:(1923–2017) 2670:(1919–2016) 2663:(1919–1980) 2655:(1917–1996) 2639:(1903–1992) 2408:of Ferdowsi 2377:Caspian Sea 2264:"Reza Shah" 1907:technocrats 1899:Sardar Asad 1852:Teymourtash 1679:Azerbaijani 1600:Shia clergy 1307:Teymourtash 1099:British Raj 906:Mazanderani 794:Mazanderani 786:nationalism 740:, the last 703:Shia clergy 252:Preceded by 235:Ahmad Qavam 169:Preceded by 105:Predecessor 73: 1931 7070:Categories 6970:Ahmad Shah 6934:Qajar Iran 6558:Tabatabaee 6513:Tonekaboni 6473:Tonekaboni 6463:Tonekaboni 6414:Qajar Iran 6259:Farah Diba 6157:1931–1941 6124:1920–1921 5970:Reza Shah 5825:Hamid Reza 5810:4 November 5596:0140514902 5174:17 January 5106:fouman.com 4850:17 January 4341:17 January 4298:17 January 4100:4 February 4074:17 January 4013:17 January 3934:, Vol. 2, 3856:17 January 3819:1860646298 3793:para. 2, 3 3628:31 October 3443:2 November 3397:2 November 3267:9645925460 2992:رادیو فردا 2909:References 2894:pronounced 2825:Ali Mansur 2554:Restoring 2468:Bank Sepah 2441:Persepolis 2275:newspapers 1997:abdication 1976:Ali Mansur 1435:Persepolis 1216:coronation 1114:, and the 1084:Bolsheviks 1080:سردار سپاه 1010:Ahmad Shah 959:See also: 894:Qajar Iran 820:Early life 683:Qajar Iran 615:Allegiance 349:7 May 1950 299:1878-03-15 96:Coronation 7040:(1981–89) 7034:(1980–81) 7015:(1953–79) 7009:(1952–53) 7007:Mosaddegh 7003:(1941–52) 6997:(1925–41) 6995:Reza Shah 6976:Reza Khan 6972:(1914–25) 6966:(1910–14) 6958:(1909–10) 6950:(1907–09) 6944:(1906–07) 6792:Amouzegar 6782:H. Mansur 6747:Mosaddegh 6737:Mosaddegh 6716:A. Mansur 6641:A. Mansur 6588:Reza Khan 6308:(titular) 6218:Reza Shah 5942:Reza Shah 5930:Reza Shah 5905:6 January 5724:Routledge 5632:0707-8412 5376:4 October 5350:16 August 5344:L'express 5323:4 October 4845:Parstimes 4275:CC BY 4.0 4263:0021-0862 3438:159878744 3124:0020-7438 2734:Princess 2666:Princess 2651:Princess 2635:Princess 2581:headscarf 2573:Unveiling 2396:stations. 2366:Shahrbani 2132:Mauritius 1988:legations 1700:(and the 1604:rebellion 1330:in 1932. 1182:-i-Ashraf 1175:-i-Ashraf 1029:Armenians 966:1921 coup 642:1894–1921 594:Signature 546:رضا پهلوی 206:In office 149:In office 115:Successor 18:Shah Reza 7044:Khamenei 7038:Khomeini 7032:Banisadr 6829:Bazargan 6807:Bakhtiar 6646:Foroughi 6626:Foroughi 6616:Mostowfi 6610:Foroughi 6578:Mostowfi 6533:Mostowfi 6503:Mostowfi 6488:Mostowfi 6468:Mostowfi 6356:Hostages 5567:9 August 5497:24 April 5492:Newsweek 5471:24 April 5438:Archived 5419:8 August 5297:20 March 5266:(1962). 5134:(2006). 5090:The Shah 5088:Milani, 5029:The Shah 4711:Archived 4674:Ervand, 4636:Ervand, 4613:Archived 4548:Mackey, 4517:Mackey, 4477:, p. 92. 4419:Archived 4277:license. 4247:: 1–29. 4203:Mackey, 4159:Archived 4064:Ajoudani 3947:Cottam, 3828:47177045 3787:4 August 3690:10 April 3522:(2006). 3312:(1982). 3019:iichs.ir 2783:2nd Term 2770:6th Term 2760:1st Term 2423:Ferdowsi 2152:Parktown 2070:Tsarists 2049:abdicate 2007:, was a 1940:and the 1814:Eugenics 1806:Hitler's 1585:. 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