873:. In doing so, the United States Supreme Court declared the "civil commitment" of former sex offenders was "civil" and non-punitive as the High Court's justices presumed as true the state's empirical claim that it had a means of identifying a class of individuals—those to whom the state referred as "sexually violent predators"—who were "extremely dangerous" due to their "likelihood of engaging in repeat acts of predatory sexual violence high." (Kansas v. Hendricks (1997) 521 U.S. 346, 351) In the High Court's analysis of whether the scheme served the traditionally punitive role of deterrence, the court further empirically assumed the targeted class of individuals could not be deterred – thus severe volitional impairment was required. (Hendricks, Ibid. at pages 362–363) The High Court was confident that "the confinement's duration linked to the stated purposed of the commitment, namely, to hold the person until his mental abnormality no longer causes him to be a threat to others." (Hendricks, Ibid. at pages 363) The distinction, between (i) the class of sex offenders who must be released after having completed their prison sentences and (ii) those who could be "civilly" detained, was believed to have been that the later class was made up of individuals who suffered from mental abnormalities which caused them to have "serious difficulty in controlling behavior", thus making them distinguishable "from the dangerous but typical recidivist" that must be released. (
856:
designed to provide short-term treatment to individuals with serious mental disorders and then return them to the community. In contrast to persons appropriate for civil commitment . . . sexually violent predators generally have personality disorders and/or mental abnormalities which are unamenable to existing mental illness treatment modalities and those conditions render them likely to engage in sexually violent behavior. The legislature further finds that sex offenders' likelihood of engaging in repeat acts of predatory sexual violence is high. The existing involuntary commitment act . . . is inadequate to address the risk to reoffend because during confinement these offenders do not have access to potential victims and therefore they will not engage in an overt act during confinement as required by the involuntary treatment act for continued confinement. The legislature further finds that the prognosis for curing sexually violent offenders is poor, the treatment needs of this population are very long term, and the treatment modalities for this population are very different than the traditional treatment modalities for people appropriate for commitment under the involuntary treatment act.
877:(2002) 534 U.S. 407, 413) In both Hendricks and Crane the state was given deferential preference in asserting its factual findings regarding this so-called "sexually violent predator" class which it claimed was identifiable and distinguishable, as noted above, from recidivists who may be dangerous, but who were not subject to severe volitional impairment problems caused as a result of their mental abnormality. Recent data has indicated that the High Court's faith in the state's factual findings was misplaced. Data indicates that the states that have implemented sexually violent predator laws have failed to distinguish between those who truly suffer from mental abnormalities that cause them to suffer from severe volitional impairment likely to lead to reoffending from both the typical recidivist as well as the overwhelming majority of former sex offenders who will never reoffend.
797:, 521 U.S. 346 (1997). There, civil confinement proceedings could be initiated against "any person who has been convicted of or charged with a sexually violent offense and who suffers from a mental abnormality or personality disorder which makes the person likely to engage in the predatory acts of sexual violence." Many of those terms were themselves defined in the statute, including "mental abnormality," defined as "congenital or acquired condition affecting the emotional or volitional capacity which predisposes the person to commit sexually violent offenses in a degree constituting such person a menace to the health and safety of others."
66:
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determine whether probable cause existed to support the inmate's status as a "sexually violent predator," and, upon such a determination, order the inmate to be psychologically evaluated. The psychological evaluation would then form the basis of a further trial to determine whether the inmate qualified as a violent sexual predator. Upon such a determination, the inmate would be subject to involuntary commitment at a medical facility until such time as his mental abnormality had changed and it was safe to release him.
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could be "civilly" detained, as this later class (unlike the former) is made up of individuals who suffered from "mental abnormalities" which caused them to have "serious difficulty in controlling behavior", thus making them distinguishable "from the dangerous but typical recidivist" that must be released (Kansas v. Crane (2002) 534 U.S. 407, 413).
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The legislature finds that a small but extremely dangerous group of sexually violent predators exist who do not have a mental disease or defect that renders them appropriate for the existing involuntary treatment act . . . which is intended to be a short-term civil commitment system that is primarily
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If a prison identified an inmate who was about to be released but potentially fit this definition, the prison authorities were required to notify the local prosecutor of the impending release. The prosecutor was then required to decide whether to petition for commitment. The court would then have to
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The United States
Supreme Court declared the "civil commitment" of former sex offenders was "civil" and non-punitive as the high court's justices presumed as true the state's empirical claim that it had a means of identifying a class of individuals, labeled by the state "sexually violent predators",
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Data culled over the several years these schemes have been in place have systematically demonstrated that "Sexually
Violent Predator" laws were imprisoning individuals who had not been rationally differentiated from typical recidivists or from individuals who were among the overwhelming majority of
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In most cases, commitment as an SVP is indefinite; however, once a person is committed, the confining agency is constitutionally required to conduct periodic reviews of that person's mental condition. If the committed person's condition changes so they no longer meets commitment criteria, they must
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seemed to be one not directed at any legitimate governmental purpose; rather it seemed to be designed to punish a politically unpopular class of individuals not constitutionally subject to punishment (Karsjens, et al. v. Minnesota
Department of Human Services, et al., United States District Court,
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In order for the imprisoning of these individuals, without new crimes having been committed, the U.S. Supreme court indicated that states must be able to make a distinction, between (i) the class of sex offenders who must be released after having completed their prison sentences and (ii) those who
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Generally speaking, SVP laws have three elements: that the person has been convicted of a sexually violent offense (a term that is defined applicable statutes), that the person suffers from a mental abnormality and/or personality disorder, which causes their serious difficulty controlling their
809:. at 353. The court would then be required to conduct an annual review of the determination, and the inmate would always be allowed to petition for freedom under the same standards. The Supreme Court concluded that this process met previously established standards of constitutional
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former sex offenders who would not ever reoffend. ("Do
Sexually Violent Predator Laws Violate Double Jeopardy or Substantive Due Process? An Empirical Inquiry", Prof. Tama Rice Lave, Brooklyn Law Review, 2013) One federal court judge surmised in 2015 that Minnesota's
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sexually violent behavior, and that this mental abnormality and/or personality disorder makes the person likely to engage in predatory acts of sexual violence if not confined in a secure facility.
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generally, civil confinement is a controversial implementation of state power. Detractors point to the prospect of indefinite detention without due process of law. Proponents cite public safety.
821:. at 353–371. In a following case, the United States Supreme Court clarified that the government must demonstrate that the inmate has at least a serious lack of ability to control his behavior.
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State legislatures who have decided to adopt civil confinement statutes have expressed the intent of the laws in their enactments. One example is the State of
Washington, which explained:
1206:("When the most dangerous sexual predators are due to leave prison ... officials can revoke their freedom and toss them into mental hospitals indefinitely.") Accessed January 24, 2008.
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Even after serving decades-long sentences, sex offenders are often held indefinitely in prison-like conditions—a situation that critics say is legally and ethically dubious.
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Even after serving decades-long sentences, sex offenders are often held indefinitely in prison-like conditions—a situation that critics say is legally and ethically dubious.
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be released. In some circumstances, committed persons can be released to court-monitored conditional releases to less restrictive alternative placements (LRAs).
1277:"Do Sexually Violent Predator Laws Violate Double Jeopardy or Substantive Due Process? An Empirical Inquiry", Prof. Tamara Rice Lave, Brooklyn Law Review, 2013.
728:, for which he was executed by hanging. The state legislature, following the recommendation of the Task Force, enacted the Community Protection Act of 1990.
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1280:"Controlling Sexual Violent Predators: Continued Incarceration at What Costs?", Prof. Tamara Rice Lave, New Criminal Law Review, Vol. 14 No. 2, 2011.
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534 U.S. 407 (2002). The
Supreme Court has also determined that Congress has the authority to pass a similar law affecting federal prisoners.
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have a version of these commitment laws, which are referred to as "Sexually
Violent Predator" (SVP) or "Sexually Dangerous Persons" laws.
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Lave, Tamara Rice (2013). "Do
Sexually Violent Predator Laws Violate Double Jeopardy or Substantive Due Process? An Empirical Inquiry".
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have enacted laws similar to
Washington's. The Federal Government established its sex offender commitment process when it passed the
1283:"High Risk Sex Offenders May Not Be High Risk Forever", R. Karl Hanson, et al., Journal of Interpersonal Violence, November 3, 2013.
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and Gene Kane. In response to the attacks, Helen Harlow—the mother of Earl
Shriner's victim—formed a group known as
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because the proceedings were civil rather than criminal, and was not an ex post facto law for the same reason.
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upon completion of a prison sentence, and is a potential penalty of sexually violent predator laws.
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Although the exact details of the legal process may vary from state to state, the
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reviewed and upheld as constitutional a statutory process adopted in Kansas. See
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Protecting society from sexually dangerous offenders: law, justice, and therapy.
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Washington Department of Social and Health Services informational page on SVPs
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formed the Task Force on Community Protection to consider possible solutions.
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E.g., Don Esmonde, "No mercy due 100-year-old pedophile," December 13, 2009,
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Colorado Division of Criminal Justice SVP assessment screening guidelines
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w.g., Mark K. Matthews, "Molesters confined even after jail time is up"
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US state laws that confine dangerous sex offenders for public protection
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to state-run detention facilities following the completion of their
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A "mental abnormality" is a legal term that is not identical to a
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1127:"Page Not Found - Washington State Department of Corrections"
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1073:"Mental Abnormality Law and Legal Definition - USLegal, Inc"
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Twenty states have civil commitment facilities, as of 2018.
705:, following two high-profile sexual assaults and murders by
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In 1990, the first SVP law was established in the state of
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1186:"Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators | ATSA"
1029:"Civil Commitment of Sexually Violent Predators - ATSA"
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1054:"View Document - Washington Civil Jury Instructions"
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governing voluntary confinement, did not constitute
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District of Minnesota, Case No. 11-3659 (DFW/JJK))?
724:kidnapped, raped, and murdered three young boys in
670:, twenty states, the federal government, and the
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720:While the Task Force deliberated, serial killer
1169:Court: Sexually dangerous can be kept in prison
1432:Civil Commitment of Sexually Dangerous Persons
1267:La Fond, John Q. und Winick, Bruce J. (eds.):
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662:if that person has a "mental abnormality" or
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132:The examples and perspective in this article
953:Sex offender registries in the United States
869:upheld the constitutionality of SVP laws in
689:(DSM) as evidence of a mental abnormality.
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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922:Category:Civil commitment of sex offenders
758:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
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1766:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
1362:"Why Sex Criminals Get Locked Up Forever"
1302:"Why Sex Criminals Get Locked Up Forever"
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
170:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1417:California SVP law ruled constitutional
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1837:Mental health law in the United States
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1771:False allegation of child sexual abuse
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1340:Ridgeway, James (26 September 2013).
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1192:. ATSA Executive Board of Directors.
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971:Supreme Court of the United States
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1827:Civil commitment of sex offenders
1740:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
1627:in education in the United States
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1387:"Sex Crimes and Criminal Justice"
1327:"Sex Crimes and Criminal Justice"
34:This article has multiple issues.
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1719:Sociobiological theories of rape
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1385:Koeppel, Barbara (May 1, 2018).
1325:Koeppel, Barbara (May 1, 2018).
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917:California Proposition 83 (2006)
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1694:Effects and aftermath of rape
1219:. Accessed December 26, 2009.
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999:"RCW 71.09.020: Definitions"
393:Cruel and unusual punishment
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736:(1997) 521 U.S. 346, 351).
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978:United States v. Comstock
830:United States v. Comstock
1392:The Washington Spectator
1332:The Washington Spectator
249:Presumption of innocence
1077:Definitions.uslegal.com
833:, 560 U.S. 126 (2010).
811:substantive due process
711:The Tennis Shoe Brigade
650:Some jurisdictions may
411:Indefinite imprisonment
1175:. Retrieved 5-16-2010.
777:involuntary commitment
470:Miscarriage of justice
948:Sex offender registry
726:Vancouver, Washington
495:Sex offender registry
215:Rights of the accused
1714:Rape trauma syndrome
1520:Cybersex trafficking
933:Preventive detention
895:United States portal
775:) may be subject to
754:District of Columbia
707:Earl Kenneth Shriner
672:District of Columbia
664:personality disorder
581:English/Welsh courts
509:Related areas of law
152:create a new article
144:improve this article
1745:Laws regarding rape
1525:Forced prostitution
1243:Brooklyn Law Review
929:(England and Wales)
871:Kansas v. Hendricks
794:Kansas v. Hendricks
734:Kansas v. Hendricks
490:Restorative justice
1508:Child prostitution
1498:Child exploitation
1167:Jesse J. Holland,
1102:has generic name (
867:U.S. Supreme Court
722:Westley Allan Dodd
380:Capital punishment
372:Dangerous offender
259:Self-incrimination
204:Criminal procedure
1832:Mental health law
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1749:
1709:Rape culture
1675:Sociological
1622:in education
1592:Revenge porn
1469:Sexual abuse
1427:Google Books
1390:
1378:
1371:. Retrieved
1365:
1349:. Retrieved
1346:The Guardian
1345:
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1311:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:The Guardian
1292:
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1198:
1190:www.atsa.com
1189:
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1134:. Retrieved
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1080:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1058:the original
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1006:. Retrieved
1002:
993:
976:
966:Smith v. Doe
964:
943:Sex offender
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528:Criminal law
499:
450:Life licence
401:Imprisonment
234:Speedy trial
184:
166:
160:January 2023
157:
133:
103:
97:October 2017
94:
79:that do not
75:may contain
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1817:Criminology
1373:February 1,
1313:February 7,
1100:|last=
840:Controversy
460:Exoneration
1812:Sex crimes
1806:Categories
1684:Aggression
1659:Statistics
1351:23 October
1204:State Line
1136:20 October
1131:Doc.wa.gov
1082:20 October
1038:20 October
1008:20 October
985:References
938:Recidivism
909:Law portal
703:Washington
480:Recidivism
354:Guidelines
319:Sentencing
304:Not proven
294:Conviction
239:Jury trial
224:Fair trial
39:improve it
1575:Statutory
1307:VICE News
610:UK courts
573:US courts
439:Probation
349:Discharge
339:Custodial
334:Suspended
329:Mandatory
299:Acquittal
229:Pre-trial
148:talk page
77:citations
45:talk page
1822:Sex laws
1704:Misogyny
1699:Misandry
1677:theories
1580:Of males
1570:By proxy
1146:cite web
1092:cite web
1033:Atsa.com
881:See also
844:As with
660:sentence
533:Evidence
367:Totality
344:Periodic
142:You may
83:the text
1560:Marital
1274:, 2003.
1251:2143199
973:, 2003)
783:Process
697:History
542:Portals
284:Verdict
244:Counsel
87:Please
1587:Raptio
1565:Prison
1545:Campus
1249:
652:commit
608:
600:
587:
571:
475:Pardon
446:
444:Tariff
434:Parole
274:Appeal
81:verify
1488:Child
1476:Forms
359:Guilt
150:, or
1733:Laws
1555:Gray
1550:Date
1540:Rape
1375:2018
1367:Vice
1353:2017
1315:2018
1247:SSRN
1155:help
1138:2017
1104:help
1084:2017
1040:2017
1010:2017
269:Bail
1664:War
1808::
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