98:
1098:
1106:
913:
516:
2242:
Côté, Patrick; Piatek, Slawomir; Ferrarese, Laura; Jordán, Andrés; Merritt, David; Peng, Eric W.; Haşegan, Monica; Blakeslee, John P.; Mei, Simona; West, Michael J.; Milosavljević, Miloš; Tonry, John L. (2006-07-01).
663:
317:
1039:
788:
229:
1201:
1260:
939:
1079:
1059:
756:
730:
421:
1356:
966:
783:
693:
346:
418:, the less centrally concentrated the profile is and the shallower (steeper) the logarithmic slope at small (large) radii is. The equation for describing this is:
376:
1396:
1376:
1336:
416:
396:
139:
119:
84:
60:
2179:"HST Photometry of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies"
1311:
that are also not well described by Sérsic's law. These galaxies are often fit by a Sérsic model with an added central component representing the nucleus.
1294:
234:
1270:. The correlation of Sérsic index (i.e. galaxy concentration) with galaxy morphology is sometimes used in automated schemes to determine the
1297:
family of models was introduced to describe such galaxies. Core-Sérsic models have an additional set of parameters that describe the core.
1510:"A Concise Reference to (Projected) Sérsic R1/n Quantities, Including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian Indices, and Kron Magnitudes"
1101:
Massive elliptical galaxies have high Sérsic indices and a high degree of central concentration. This galaxy, M87, has a Sérsic index n~ 4.
2310:
A Concise
Reference to (Projected) Sérsic R Quantities, Including Concentration, Profile Slopes, Petrosian Indices, and Kron Magnitudes
153:
1949:"Empirical Models for Dark Matter Halos. I. Nonparametric Construction of Density Profiles and Comparison with Parametric Models"
908:{\displaystyle 2n-1/3+{\frac {4}{405n}}+{\frac {46}{25515n^{2}}}+{\frac {131}{1148175n^{3}}}-{\frac {2194697}{30690717750n^{4}}}}
538:
1143:
971:
1217:
2006:"A New Empirical Model for the Structural Analysis of Early-Type Galaxies, and A Critical Review of the Nuker Model"
398:, called the "Sérsic index," controls the degree of curvature of the profile (see figure). The smaller the value of
2330:
2120:"Density-potential pairs for spherical stellar systems with Sérsic light profiles and (optional) power-law cores"
1293:
The brightest elliptical galaxies often have low-density cores that are not well described by Sérsic's law. The
17:
1685:"A New Extragalactic Distance Indicator Based on the Surface Brightness Profiles of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies"
1125:
correlates with galaxy size and luminosity, such that bigger and brighter galaxies tend to be fit with larger
1832:"A Log-Quadratic Relation for Predicting Supermassive Black Hole Masses from the Host Bulge Sérsic Index"
1565:
Savorgnan, G.; Graham, A. W.; Marconi, A.; Sani, E.; Hunt, L. K.; Vika, M.; Driver, S. P. (2013-09-01).
1434:"Influence of the atmospheric and instrumental dispersion on the brightness distribution in a galaxy"
1300:
1267:
1086:
1275:
97:
1137:
918:
87:
2325:
1064:
1044:
91:
1567:"The supermassive black hole mass-Sérsic index relations for bulges and elliptical galaxies"
1494:
1274:
of distant galaxies. Sérsic indices have also been shown to correlate with the mass of the
735:
698:
2266:
2200:
2141:
2084:
2027:
1970:
1947:
Merritt, David; Graham, Alister W.; Moore, Ben; Diemand, Jürg; Terzić, Balša (2006-12-01).
1913:
1853:
1804:
1755:
1696:
1647:
1588:
1531:
1490:
1445:
1341:
944:
761:
671:
324:
8:
1204:
355:
2270:
2244:
2204:
2178:
2145:
2088:
2062:
2031:
2005:
1974:
1948:
1917:
1891:
1857:
1831:
1808:
1792:
1759:
1700:
1651:
1592:
1535:
1509:
1449:
1433:
2256:
2224:
2190:
2131:
2074:
2017:
1960:
1903:
1843:
1745:
1637:
1578:
1521:
1480:
1381:
1361:
1321:
401:
381:
349:
124:
104:
69:
45:
2303:
1471:
Ciotti, L.; Bertin, G. (1999). "Analytical properties of the R^(1/m) luminosity law".
2282:
2216:
2159:
2154:
2119:
2100:
2043:
1986:
1929:
1869:
1773:
1768:
1733:
1714:
1665:
1606:
1547:
1453:
1407:
1304:
1110:
521:
2309:
2228:
2274:
2208:
2149:
2092:
2035:
1978:
1921:
1861:
1812:
1763:
1704:
1655:
1596:
1539:
1282:
1315:
2061:
Trujillo, I.; Erwin, Peter; Asensio Ramos, A.; Graham, Alister W. (2004-04-01).
2004:
Graham, Alister W.; Erwin, Peter; Trujillo, I.; Asensio Ramos, A. (2003-06-01).
1660:
1625:
1412:
1308:
1082:
511:{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} \ln I}{\mathrm {d} \ln R}}=-(k/n)\ R^{1/n}.}
1816:
1709:
1684:
2319:
2286:
2220:
2163:
2104:
2047:
1990:
1933:
1887:
1873:
1777:
1718:
1669:
1610:
1551:
1457:
1263:
40:
1601:
1566:
1117:
Most galaxies are fit by Sérsic profiles with indices in the range 1/2 <
1097:
1089:. Many related expressions, in terms of the surface brightness, also exist.
2261:
2195:
2136:
2079:
2063:"Evidence for a New Elliptical-Galaxy Paradigm: Sérsic and Core Galaxies"
2022:
1965:
1908:
1848:
1750:
1642:
1526:
1485:
1271:
2245:"The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VIII. The Nuclei of Early-Type Galaxies"
1734:"On the estimation of galaxy structural parameters: the Sérsic model"
2306:
A comprehensive paper that derives many properties of Sérsic models.
1543:
1398:, the internal (not projected on the sky) distance from the center.
1113:, have low Sérsic indices and a low degree of central concentration.
1105:
2278:
2212:
2096:
2039:
1982:
1925:
1865:
1890:; Navarro, Julio F.; Ludlow, Aaron; Jenkins, Adrian (2005-05-01).
1583:
2060:
2003:
520:
Today, it is more common to write this function in terms of the
1318:
is mathematically identical to the Sérsic profile, except that
63:
1892:"A Universal Density Profile for Dark and Luminous Matter?"
1886:
1626:"On the Shape of the Light Profiles of Early Type Galaxies"
1623:
1564:
658:{\displaystyle I(R)=I_{e}\exp \left\{-b_{n}\left\right\},}
312:{\displaystyle I(R)=I_{0}\exp {\!\left(-kR^{1/n}\right)},}
2241:
1946:
1732:
Trujillo, I.; Graham, Alister W.; Caon, N. (2001-09-01).
1288:
1034:{\textstyle \gamma (2n;b_{n})={\frac {1}{2}}\Gamma (2n)}
1793:"The morphology-density relation: a constant of nature"
2304:
Stellar systems following the R exp 1/m luminosity law
1624:
Caon, N.; Capaccioli, M.; D'Onofrio, M. (1993-12-01).
974:
1514:
1384:
1364:
1344:
1324:
1220:
1146:
1067:
1047:
947:
921:
791:
764:
738:
701:
674:
541:
424:
404:
384:
358:
327:
237:
156:
127:
107:
72:
48:
1285:, where the Sérsic index correlates with halo mass.
39:) is a mathematical function that describes how the
1830:Graham, Alister W.; Driver, Simon P. (2007-01-01).
1508:Graham, Alister W.; Driver, Simon P. (2005-01-01).
1731:
1390:
1370:
1350:
1330:
1254:
1195:
1073:
1053:
1033:
960:
933:
907:
777:
750:
724:
687:
657:
510:
410:
390:
370:
340:
311:
223:
133:
113:
78:
54:
2177:Graham, Alister W.; Guzmán, Rafael (2003-06-01).
2124:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1738:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1689:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1630:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1571:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
270:
2317:
2118:Terzić, Balša; Graham, Alister W. (2005-09-01).
1438:Boletin de la Asociacion Argentina de Astronomia
1281:Sérsic profiles can also be used to describe
2176:
2117:
1829:
1507:
1470:
224:{\displaystyle \ln I(R)=\ln I_{0}-kR^{1/n},}
2249:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
1790:
1682:
1203:which is a rough approximation of ordinary
86:from its center. It is a generalization of
1683:Young, C. K.; Currie, M. J. (1994-05-01).
2260:
2194:
2153:
2135:
2078:
2021:
1964:
1907:
1847:
1767:
1749:
1708:
1659:
1641:
1600:
1582:
1525:
1484:
1196:{\displaystyle I(R)\propto e^{-bR^{1/4}}}
1797:Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Bulges
1104:
1096:
96:
14:
2318:
1431:
1109:Discs of spiral galaxies, such as the
1289:Generalizations of the Sérsic profile
528:, and the intensity at that radius, I
101:Sérsic models with different indices
1266:disks and a rough approximation of
1255:{\displaystyle I(R)\propto e^{-bR}}
24:
1048:
1016:
445:
429:
25:
2342:
2297:
1791:van der Wel, Arjen (2008-07-01).
1262:which is a good approximation of
94:first published his law in 1963.
2155:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09269.x
1769:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04471.x
1278:at the centers of the galaxies.
150:The Sérsic profile has the form
2235:
2170:
2111:
2054:
1997:
1940:
1880:
1214:gives the exponential profile:
1121:< 10. The best-fit value of
1092:
785:can also be approximated to be
1823:
1784:
1725:
1676:
1617:
1558:
1501:
1464:
1425:
1230:
1224:
1156:
1150:
1028:
1019:
1000:
978:
551:
545:
481:
467:
247:
241:
172:
166:
13:
1:
1418:
145:
1432:Sérsic, J. L. (1963-02-01).
141:is reversed for large radii.
7:
1401:
10:
2347:
1473:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1358:, the volume density, and
1896:The Astrophysical Journal
1836:The Astrophysical Journal
1817:10.1017/S1743921308017286
1301:Dwarf elliptical galaxies
1268:dwarf elliptical galaxies
1087:incomplete Gamma function
934:{\displaystyle n>0.36}
2183:The Astronomical Journal
2067:The Astronomical Journal
2010:The Astronomical Journal
1953:The Astronomical Journal
1661:10.1093/mnras/265.4.1013
1710:10.1093/mnras/268.1.L11
1495:1999A&A...352..447C
1276:supermassive black hole
1074:{\displaystyle \gamma }
1054:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
941:. It can be shown that
2331:Equations of astronomy
1392:
1372:
1352:
1332:
1307:often have point-like
1256:
1197:
1138:de Vaucouleurs profile
1114:
1102:
1075:
1055:
1035:
962:
935:
909:
779:
752:
751:{\displaystyle n>8}
726:
725:{\displaystyle 2n-1/3}
689:
659:
512:
412:
392:
372:
342:
313:
225:
142:
135:
115:
80:
56:
1602:10.1093/mnras/stt1027
1393:
1373:
1353:
1351:{\displaystyle \rho }
1333:
1257:
1198:
1108:
1100:
1081:are respectively the
1076:
1056:
1036:
963:
961:{\displaystyle b_{n}}
936:
910:
780:
778:{\displaystyle b_{n}}
753:
727:
690:
688:{\displaystyle b_{n}}
660:
513:
413:
393:
373:
343:
341:{\displaystyle I_{0}}
314:
226:
136:
116:
100:
81:
66:varies with distance
57:
1382:
1362:
1342:
1322:
1218:
1144:
1065:
1045:
972:
945:
919:
789:
762:
736:
699:
672:
539:
422:
402:
382:
356:
325:
235:
154:
125:
105:
70:
46:
2271:2006ApJS..165...57C
2205:2003AJ....125.2936G
2146:2005MNRAS.362..197T
2089:2004AJ....127.1917T
2032:2003AJ....125.2951G
1975:2006AJ....132.2685M
1918:2005ApJ...624L..85M
1858:2007ApJ...655...77G
1809:2008IAUS..245...59V
1760:2001MNRAS.326..869T
1701:1994MNRAS.268L..11Y
1652:1993MNRAS.265.1013C
1593:2013MNRAS.434..387S
1536:2005PASA...22..118G
1450:1963BAAA....6...41S
1205:elliptical galaxies
371:{\displaystyle R=0}
88:de Vaucouleurs' law
1388:
1368:
1348:
1328:
1252:
1193:
1115:
1103:
1071:
1051:
1031:
958:
931:
905:
775:
748:
722:
685:
655:
508:
408:
388:
368:
338:
309:
221:
143:
131:
111:
76:
52:
1408:Elliptical galaxy
1391:{\displaystyle r}
1371:{\displaystyle R}
1331:{\displaystyle I}
1283:dark matter halos
1111:Triangulum Galaxy
1014:
903:
878:
853:
828:
695:is approximately
616:
522:half-light radius
486:
459:
411:{\displaystyle n}
391:{\displaystyle n}
378:. The parameter
134:{\displaystyle n}
114:{\displaystyle n}
79:{\displaystyle R}
55:{\displaystyle I}
16:(Redirected from
2338:
2291:
2290:
2264:
2262:astro-ph/0603252
2239:
2233:
2232:
2198:
2196:astro-ph/0303391
2189:(6): 2936–2950.
2174:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2139:
2137:astro-ph/0506192
2115:
2109:
2108:
2082:
2080:astro-ph/0403659
2073:(4): 1917–1942.
2058:
2052:
2051:
2025:
2023:astro-ph/0306023
2016:(6): 2951–2963.
2001:
1995:
1994:
1968:
1966:astro-ph/0509417
1959:(6): 2685–2700.
1944:
1938:
1937:
1911:
1909:astro-ph/0502515
1884:
1878:
1877:
1851:
1849:astro-ph/0607378
1827:
1821:
1820:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1753:
1751:astro-ph/0102393
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1645:
1643:astro-ph/9309013
1636:(4): 1013–1021.
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1586:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1529:
1527:astro-ph/0503176
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1486:astro-ph/9911078
1468:
1462:
1461:
1429:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1213:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1135:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1015:
1007:
999:
998:
967:
965:
964:
959:
957:
956:
940:
938:
937:
932:
914:
912:
911:
906:
904:
902:
901:
900:
884:
879:
877:
876:
875:
859:
854:
852:
851:
850:
834:
829:
827:
816:
808:
784:
782:
781:
776:
774:
773:
757:
755:
754:
749:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
694:
692:
691:
686:
684:
683:
664:
662:
661:
656:
651:
647:
646:
642:
635:
634:
630:
621:
617:
615:
614:
602:
590:
589:
566:
565:
517:
515:
514:
509:
504:
503:
499:
484:
477:
460:
458:
448:
442:
432:
426:
417:
415:
414:
409:
397:
395:
394:
389:
377:
375:
374:
369:
347:
345:
344:
339:
337:
336:
318:
316:
315:
310:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
294:
262:
261:
230:
228:
227:
222:
217:
216:
212:
193:
192:
140:
138:
137:
132:
120:
118:
117:
112:
92:José Luis Sérsic
85:
83:
82:
77:
61:
59:
58:
53:
21:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2316:
2315:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2240:
2236:
2175:
2171:
2116:
2112:
2059:
2055:
2002:
1998:
1945:
1941:
1885:
1881:
1828:
1824:
1789:
1785:
1730:
1726:
1681:
1677:
1622:
1618:
1563:
1559:
1544:10.1071/AS05001
1506:
1502:
1469:
1465:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1404:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:is replaced by
1363:
1360:
1359:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:is replaced by
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:Einasto profile
1291:
1240:
1236:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1095:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1006:
994:
990:
973:
970:
969:
952:
948:
946:
943:
942:
920:
917:
916:
896:
892:
888:
883:
871:
867:
863:
858:
846:
842:
838:
833:
820:
815:
804:
790:
787:
786:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
737:
734:
733:
714:
700:
697:
696:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
626:
622:
610:
606:
601:
597:
596:
595:
591:
585:
581:
577:
573:
561:
557:
540:
537:
536:
531:
527:
495:
491:
487:
473:
444:
443:
428:
427:
425:
423:
420:
419:
403:
400:
399:
383:
380:
379:
357:
354:
353:
332:
328:
326:
323:
322:
290:
286:
282:
275:
271:
269:
257:
253:
236:
233:
232:
208:
204:
200:
188:
184:
155:
152:
151:
148:
126:
123:
122:
121:. The order of
106:
103:
102:
71:
68:
67:
47:
44:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2298:External links
2296:
2293:
2292:
2279:10.1086/504042
2234:
2213:10.1086/374992
2169:
2130:(1): 197–212.
2110:
2097:10.1086/382712
2053:
2040:10.1086/375320
1996:
1983:10.1086/508988
1939:
1926:10.1086/430636
1902:(2): L85–L88.
1888:Merritt, David
1879:
1866:10.1086/509758
1822:
1783:
1744:(3): 869–876.
1724:
1675:
1616:
1577:(1): 387–397.
1557:
1520:(2): 118–127.
1500:
1463:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:Galactic bulge
1410:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1367:
1347:
1327:
1290:
1287:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1094:
1091:
1083:Gamma function
1070:
1050:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
955:
951:
930:
927:
924:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
772:
768:
747:
744:
741:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
682:
678:
666:
665:
654:
650:
645:
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
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613:
609:
605:
600:
594:
588:
584:
580:
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572:
569:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
529:
525:
507:
502:
498:
494:
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483:
480:
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466:
463:
457:
454:
451:
447:
441:
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407:
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367:
364:
361:
335:
331:
308:
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297:
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180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
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162:
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147:
144:
130:
110:
75:
51:
29:Sérsic profile
18:Sersic profile
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2305:
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2288:
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2280:
2276:
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2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2238:
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2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:
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2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1385:
1365:
1345:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:spiral galaxy
1247:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1068:
1025:
1022:
1011:
1008:
1003:
995:
991:
987:
984:
981:
975:
953:
949:
928:
925:
922:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
770:
766:
745:
742:
739:
719:
715:
711:
708:
705:
702:
680:
676:
652:
648:
643:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
611:
607:
603:
598:
592:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
562:
558:
554:
548:
542:
535:
534:
533:
532:, such that
523:
518:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
478:
474:
470:
464:
461:
455:
452:
449:
439:
436:
433:
405:
385:
365:
362:
359:
351:
333:
329:
319:
306:
301:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
266:
263:
258:
254:
250:
244:
238:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:
169:
163:
160:
157:
128:
108:
99:
95:
93:
89:
73:
65:
49:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2326:Astrophysics
2255:(1): 57–94.
2252:
2248:
2237:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1842:(1): 77–87.
1839:
1835:
1825:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1313:
1299:
1292:
1280:
1209:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1093:Applications
667:
519:
320:
149:
37:Sérsic's law
36:
33:Sérsic model
32:
28:
26:
1695:: L11–L15.
1479:: 447–451.
1295:core-Sérsic
1272:Hubble type
890:30690717750
2320:Categories
1419:References
1207:. Setting
1136:gives the
1129:. Setting
1085:and lower
968:satisfies
146:Definition
2287:0067-0049
2221:0004-6256
2164:0035-8711
2105:0004-6256
2048:0004-6256
1991:0004-6256
1934:0004-637X
1874:0004-637X
1803:: 59–62.
1778:0035-8711
1719:0035-8711
1670:0035-8711
1611:0035-8711
1584:1306.2679
1552:1323-3580
1458:0571-3285
1444:: 41–43.
1346:ρ
1242:−
1234:∝
1168:−
1160:∝
1069:γ
1049:Γ
1017:Γ
976:γ
881:−
799:−
709:−
637:−
579:−
571:
465:−
453:
437:
350:intensity
277:−
267:
195:−
182:
161:
41:intensity
2229:13284968
1402:See also
1041:, where
2267:Bibcode
2201:Bibcode
2142:Bibcode
2085:Bibcode
2028:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1914:Bibcode
1854:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1756:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1589:Bibcode
1532:Bibcode
1491:Bibcode
1446:Bibcode
886:2194697
865:1148175
348:is the
2285:
2227:
2219:
2162:
2103:
2046:
1989:
1932:
1872:
1776:
1717:
1668:
1609:
1550:
1456:
1309:nuclei
1305:bulges
915:, for
668:where
485:
321:where
64:galaxy
2257:arXiv
2225:S2CID
2191:arXiv
2132:arXiv
2075:arXiv
2018:arXiv
1961:arXiv
1904:arXiv
1844:arXiv
1746:arXiv
1638:arXiv
1579:arXiv
1522:arXiv
1481:arXiv
840:25515
62:of a
2283:ISSN
2217:ISSN
2160:ISSN
2101:ISSN
2044:ISSN
1987:ISSN
1930:ISSN
1870:ISSN
1774:ISSN
1715:ISSN
1666:ISSN
1607:ISSN
1548:ISSN
1454:ISSN
1314:The
1303:and
1061:and
929:0.36
926:>
743:>
732:for
31:(or
27:The
2275:doi
2253:165
2209:doi
2187:125
2150:doi
2128:362
2093:doi
2071:127
2036:doi
2014:125
1979:doi
1957:132
1922:doi
1900:624
1862:doi
1840:655
1813:doi
1801:245
1764:doi
1742:326
1705:doi
1693:268
1656:doi
1634:265
1597:doi
1575:434
1540:doi
1477:352
1212:= 1
1134:= 4
861:131
822:405
568:exp
524:, R
352:at
264:exp
231:or
90:.
35:or
2322::
2281:.
2273:.
2265:.
2251:.
2247:.
2223:.
2215:.
2207:.
2199:.
2185:.
2181:.
2158:.
2148:.
2140:.
2126:.
2122:.
2099:.
2091:.
2083:.
2069:.
2065:.
2042:.
2034:.
2026:.
2012:.
2008:.
1985:.
1977:.
1969:.
1955:.
1951:.
1928:.
1920:.
1912:.
1898:.
1894:.
1868:.
1860:.
1852:.
1838:.
1834:.
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1795:.
1772:.
1762:.
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1736:.
1713:.
1703:.
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1664:.
1654:.
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1632:.
1628:.
1605:.
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1587:.
1573:.
1569:.
1546:.
1538:.
1530:.
1518:22
1516:.
1512:.
1489:.
1475:.
1452:.
1440:.
1436:.
1140::
836:46
758:.
450:ln
434:ln
179:ln
158:ln
2312:.
2289:.
2277::
2269::
2259::
2231:.
2211::
2203::
2193::
2166:.
2152::
2144::
2134::
2107:.
2095::
2087::
2077::
2050:.
2038::
2030::
2020::
1993:.
1981::
1973::
1963::
1936:.
1924::
1916::
1906::
1876:.
1864::
1856::
1846::
1819:.
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1807::
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1766::
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1672:.
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1460:.
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1020:(
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