147:
269:
The
Torricelli languages are unusual among Papuan languages in having a basic clause order of SVO (subjectâverbâobject). (In contrast, most Papuan languages have SOV order.) It was previously believed that the Torricelli word order was a result of contact with Austronesian languages, but Donohue
393:
linked the Wapei and
Monumbo branches, and the coastal western and eastern extremes of the family, in 1905. The family was more fully established by David Laycock in 1965. Most recently, Ross broke up Laycock and Zâgraggen's (1975)
1286:
Foley (2018) reconstructs the independent personal pronouns *ki âIâ and *(y)i âthouâ, and *(y)ip âyou (pl)â. Foley considers the second-person pronouns to be strong diagnostics for determining membership in the
Torricelli family.
185:
They are not clearly related to other Papuan language families; however, attempts have been made to establish external links. The most promising external relationship for the
Torricelli family is the
1862:
Ross, Malcolm (2005), "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages", in Andrew Pawley; Robert
Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.),
1564:
Voorhoeve, C.L. (1987). "Worming one's way through New Guinea : The chase of the peripatetic pronouns". In
Laycock, Donald L.; Winter, Werner (eds.).
1568:. Pacific Linguistics C-100. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 709â727.
1767:
1715:
5744:
5606:
1904:
3708:
3600:
2300:
1781:
273:
Torricelli languages display many typological features that are direct opposites of features typical in the much more widespread
3630:
2646:
3645:
3615:
1679:
1663:
1603:
358:
languages, nouns in
Torricelli languages are inflected for number, which is a typological feature not generally found in the
232:
and nearby surrounding areas, having been resident in the region for at least several millennia. The current distribution of
17:
5121:
4702:
3585:
5231:
5739:
3640:
3620:
2602:
4203:
3570:
2651:
1897:
5388:
3635:
3610:
1573:
1548:
5364:
4603:
4522:
4458:
3701:
3625:
3480:
2267:
1442:
1101:
487:
224:
The
Torricelli languages occupy three geographically separated areas, evidently separated by later migrations of
5135:
4377:
2999:
2640:
2293:
359:
4886:
5729:
5601:
5248:
4383:
4208:
3994:
3988:
3912:
2755:
2682:
2664:
2541:
2481:
2476:
1890:
5611:
5596:
5295:
4596:
4583:
4354:
4315:
3448:
3443:
2656:
398:, placing the Kombio language in the Palei branch and leaving Wom as on its own, with the other languages (
5591:
5585:
5370:
4643:
4561:
4534:
4238:
4228:
3022:
2943:
2831:
2769:
2442:
2437:
2278:
5734:
5157:
4818:
4615:
4413:
4273:
4243:
4233:
4223:
3929:
3694:
3674:
3605:
3580:
3560:
3545:
3458:
2812:
2807:
2675:
2670:
2486:
2356:
2325:
1594:
Foley, William A. (2018). "The
Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
1045:
1001:
711:
390:
355:
344:
274:
5569:
5376:
5352:
5327:
5300:
5283:
4293:
4248:
4218:
4191:
3762:
3717:
3595:
3575:
3453:
2609:
2501:
2286:
2137:
1929:
1088:
781:
773:
572:
375:
205:
194:
228:
speakers several centuries ago. Foley considers the
Torricelli languages to be autochthonous to the
5616:
5423:
5060:
5048:
4880:
3942:
3935:
3751:
3650:
3326:
3060:
2741:
2629:
379:
209:
4621:
4546:
3949:
3899:
3550:
3523:
3356:
2591:
2371:
2315:
302:
289:
5635:
5483:
5278:
5054:
5007:
4637:
4554:
4213:
4197:
4005:
3906:
3769:
3745:
3655:
3346:
3175:
3159:
3068:
2785:
2780:
2401:
2366:
1638:
270:(2005) believes it is more likely that SVO order was present in the Torricelli proto-language.
5273:
5681:
5579:
5268:
5071:
4861:
4850:
4812:
4419:
4393:
4298:
4288:
3971:
3887:
3738:
3565:
3555:
3540:
3272:
3190:
3005:
2748:
2711:
2511:
2452:
903:
865:
839:
414:) unclassified due to lack of data. Usher tentatively separates Monumbo, Marienberg, and the
371:
367:
332:
241:
213:
5382:
5107:
1745:
1693:
1112:
5656:
5413:
5221:
5194:
5177:
5145:
5043:
4757:
4682:
4609:
4388:
4337:
4268:
4179:
3960:
3424:
3254:
3216:
3102:
3036:
2031:
1372:
1060:
432:
313:
229:
175:
118:
5541:
8:
5433:
5337:
5237:
5226:
5188:
5167:
5065:
5024:
4799:
4781:
4775:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4649:
4632:
4371:
4037:
4024:
3918:
3868:
3725:
3590:
2576:
2406:
1854:
1432:
1290:
Foley (2018) reconstructs the following subject agreement prefixes for proto-Torricelli.
767:
403:
256:
languages, while internal diversity within the Torricelli family is considerably higher.
316:
languages have SOV word order and postpositions, likely as a result of convergence with
5347:
5342:
5332:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5289:
5258:
5253:
5206:
5200:
5151:
5096:
5019:
4903:
4867:
4828:
4770:
4577:
4572:
4283:
4042:
4011:
3977:
3965:
3924:
3799:
3265:
3260:
3055:
3040:
3017:
2933:
2792:
2730:
2561:
2556:
2506:
2387:
2337:
1838:
1531:
Wurm, Stephen A. (2007). "Australasia and the Pacific". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
249:
5444:
5407:
1864:
Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples
1753:
1701:
1658:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 895â938.
1598:. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197â432.
133:
5358:
5263:
5243:
5182:
5162:
4873:
4834:
4805:
4793:
4730:
4676:
4654:
4627:
4567:
4540:
4359:
4320:
4310:
4278:
4151:
4077:
4059:
4053:
3955:
3873:
3787:
3494:
3438:
3364:
3351:
3341:
3290:
3285:
3196:
3138:
3107:
2958:
2802:
2797:
2775:
2571:
2566:
2551:
2447:
2411:
2376:
2251:
2074:
2064:
1921:
1749:
1697:
1659:
1599:
1569:
1544:
1116:
1005:
758:
746:
693:
494:
467:
445:
441:
253:
179:
109:
78:
5449:
5438:
5418:
3756:
1842:
5666:
5526:
5516:
5511:
5465:
5459:
5428:
5321:
5216:
5140:
5078:
5030:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4926:
4910:
4845:
4840:
4823:
4764:
4658:
4590:
4501:
4468:
4436:
4332:
4304:
4253:
4174:
4158:
4144:
4126:
4119:
4105:
4065:
4047:
4031:
4017:
3839:
3822:
3371:
3336:
3331:
3181:
3170:
3117:
2865:
2851:
2844:
2817:
2704:
2618:
2528:
2496:
2471:
2463:
2429:
2309:
2241:
2132:
2122:
2059:
2044:
1982:
1954:
1939:
1934:
1830:
1771:
1719:
1654:(2018). "The morphosyntactic typology of Papuan languages". In Palmer, Bill (ed.).
1651:
1536:
1511:
1472:
1067:
1028:
v4.8 presents the following classification for the "Nuclear Torricelli" languages:
915:
849:
828:
801:
793:
785:
777:
741:
736:
697:
672:
604:
600:
524:
503:
453:
437:
317:
233:
171:
152:
88:
52:
48:
5506:
5454:
4446:
3466:
3082:
5661:
5536:
5521:
5490:
5211:
5172:
5037:
4983:
4855:
4717:
4483:
4478:
4343:
4258:
4139:
4132:
4112:
4094:
3999:
3982:
3781:
3428:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3278:
3149:
3127:
3122:
3044:
3026:
2992:
2893:
2872:
2858:
2718:
2546:
2536:
2491:
2417:
2233:
2213:
2195:
2175:
2157:
2127:
2112:
2084:
1992:
1944:
1566:
A world of language: papers presented to Professor S.A. Wurm on his 65th birthday
1492:
1482:
1452:
1422:
1392:
1382:
968:
960:
948:
930:
923:
919:
907:
873:
853:
821:
789:
722:
686:
655:
651:
627:
614:
608:
592:
559:
528:
407:
399:
363:
321:
309:
225:
186:
167:
98:
93:
66:
60:
5671:
5531:
5500:
5471:
5102:
4988:
4971:
4921:
4916:
4787:
4724:
4494:
4488:
4408:
4403:
4349:
4326:
4071:
3893:
3850:
3833:
3827:
3805:
3793:
3665:
3501:
3244:
3222:
3201:
3112:
3075:
3050:
3030:
3010:
2921:
2907:
2900:
2886:
2836:
2821:
2762:
2396:
2351:
2246:
2205:
2190:
2185:
2102:
2069:
2054:
2049:
1987:
1977:
1972:
1849:
1402:
1354:
A cognate set for 'louse' in Torricelli languages as compiled by Dryer (2022):
1055:
1009:
952:
944:
936:
891:
844:
807:
754:
750:
730:
726:
703:
639:
635:
580:
520:
512:
508:
475:
457:
449:
415:
411:
351:
114:
83:
1877:
240:) reflects later migrations from the south and the east. Foley notes that the
5723:
5555:
5495:
5477:
4993:
4977:
4931:
4688:
4508:
4473:
4463:
4441:
4398:
4263:
3844:
3776:
3512:
3487:
3413:
3320:
3305:
3233:
3227:
3207:
3165:
3132:
2914:
2879:
2825:
2697:
2690:
2517:
2361:
2223:
2218:
2180:
2170:
2107:
2039:
2021:
2016:
2002:
1967:
1962:
1462:
1412:
1094:
1082:
1074:
1049:
1039:
990:
986:
976:
964:
956:
911:
857:
835:
817:
813:
797:
718:
647:
643:
623:
619:
564:
548:
544:
539:
532:
516:
461:
245:
237:
103:
3686:
4452:
3473:
2951:
2346:
2165:
2147:
2142:
2117:
2097:
2011:
1852:
1968. Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea.
1776:
1724:
1656:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
1596:
The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide
982:
940:
899:
887:
883:
879:
631:
596:
588:
576:
568:
552:
298:
146:
1540:
189:. (In reconstructions of both families, the pronouns have a plural suffix
2308:
2092:
1834:
895:
584:
285:
418:(Gapun) language from the rest of the family in a 'Sepik Coast' branch.
4099:
3309:
1882:
1821:
Donohue, Mark (2005). "Word order in New Guinea: dispelling a myth".
1758:
1706:
1024:
127:
1641:, as written for the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2003.
1119:
within Torricelli, stating that "no evidence was ever presented".
1763:
1711:
1804:
Trans-New Guinea IV.2: Evaluating Membership in Trans-New Guinea
335:
or clause-linking affixes. Clauses are often simply juxtaposed.
204:
C.L. Voorhoeve (1987) has proposed that they are related to the
5695:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
5676:
5574:
1744:
1692:
1127:
The pronouns Ross (2005) reconstructs for proto-Torricelli are
328:
248:
groups have lower internal diversity comparable to that of the
174:
coast, spoken by about 80,000 people. They are named after the
347:, phonological properties of nouns can even determine gender.
2969:
2973:
212:, thus forming the easternmost extension of the postulated
178:. The most populous and best known Torricelli language is
1878:
Torricelli languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
331:chaining constructions, and therefore have no true
1768:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1716:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1612:
1535:. AbingdonâNew York: Routledge. pp. 425â577.
5721:
1533:Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages
1866:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 15â66
675:(2018) provides the following classification.
3716:
3702:
2294:
1898:
1644:
1589:
1587:
1585:
5705:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
55:(East Sepik, Sandaun, and Madang provinces)
3709:
3695:
2301:
2287:
1905:
1891:
1795:
1582:
1115:et al. do not accept the placement of the
151:The Torricelli languages as classified by
1775:
1723:
1624:
1563:
170:of about fifty languages of the northern
1912:
1004:grouping, instead splitting up into the
1820:
1618:
259:
14:
5722:
3690:
2282:
1886:
1801:
1650:
1593:
1861:
1702:"Glottolog 4.8 - Nuclear Torricelli"
1530:
24:
25:
5756:
1871:
1015:
385:
208:and most of the languages of the
1752:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
1700:; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
145:
1814:
1784:from the original on 2023-10-18
1349:
1000:Foley rejects Laycock's (1975)
667:
327:Torricelli languages also lack
324:, which are predominantly SOV.
1738:
1686:
1680:"Sepik Coast - newguineaworld"
1672:
1557:
1524:
182:, with about 30,000 speakers.
38:Torricelli Range â Sepik Coast
13:
1:
5745:Subjectâverbâobject languages
1517:
3631:Central and South New Guinea
7:
1505:
1122:
65:One of the world's primary
10:
5761:
5740:Languages of Momase Region
3601:East Bird's Head â Sentani
1802:Dryer, Matthew S. (2022).
345:Lower Sepik-Ramu languages
275:Trans-New Guinea languages
219:
5690:
5649:
5626:
5565:
5554:
5398:
5131:
5120:
5088:
5015:
5006:
4895:
4712:
4701:
4668:
4530:
4521:
4429:
4187:
4173:
4087:
3882:
3864:
3815:
3733:
3724:
3718:Primary language families
3664:
3641:East New Guinea Highlands
3533:
3511:
3423:
3304:
3243:
3148:
3092:
2968:
2931:
2728:
2647:Nuclear South Bird's Head
2628:
2589:
2527:
2461:
2427:
2385:
2335:
2324:
2260:
2232:
2204:
2156:
2083:
2030:
2001:
1953:
1920:
1427:ÉČumÉk, niumukn, ÉČumukĆun
1332:
264:
206:North Halmahera languages
144:
126:
72:
61:Linguistic classification
59:
42:
37:
32:
4535:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2671:Nuclear East Bird's Head
2310:Papuan language families
338:
5702:have no living members.
3646:Yele â West New Britain
3636:Central West New Guinea
1754:"Glottolog 4.8 - Bogia"
1040:Beli (Papua New Guinea)
5682:Unclassified languages
5636:list of sign languages
4604:Northeastern Tasmanian
3675:Proto-TransâNew Guinea
3586:Trans-FlyâBulaka River
1777:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
1725:10.5281/zenodo.7398962
1387:nÉmk, nÉmeilÉm, nimim
1377:nÉmi, ÉČumo, ÉČÉm, ÉČimi
1102:Wom (Papua New Guinea)
236:and Sepik (especially
5657:Constructed languages
3626:West Papuan Highlands
3621:West TransâNew Guinea
3432:families and isolates
3313:families and isolates
2978:families and isolates
2937:families and isolates
2770:East Cenderawasih Bay
2734:families and isolates
2633:families and isolates
2630:Bird's Head Peninsula
2595:families and isolates
1541:10.4324/9780203645659
210:Birdâs Head Peninsula
18:Sepik Coast languages
5730:Torricelli languages
4204:BinandereanâGoilalan
3571:BinandereanâGoilalan
3425:Bismarck Archipelago
2652:InanwatanâDuriankere
1914:Torricelli languages
1835:10.1353/ol.2005.0033
260:Typological overview
230:Torricelli Mountains
176:Torricelli Mountains
164:Torricelli languages
139:(Nuclear Torricelli)
51:and coast, northern
5486:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5389:TequiracaâCanichana
5232:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
3995:Northwest Caucasian
3989:Northeast Caucasian
3913:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3616:TorâKwerbaâNimboran
3611:Left May â Kwomtari
2542:Greater Binanderean
1855:Oceanic Linguistics
1823:Oceanic Linguistics
1746:Hammarström, Harald
1694:Hammarström, Harald
1637:Foley, Bill. 2005.
1497:muni, moni, munola
555:(a dialect cluster)
382:language families.
5108:Tarascan/Purépecha
4597:Northern Tasmanian
4355:South Bougainville
4316:North Bougainville
3534:Proposed groupings
3449:South Bougainville
3444:North Bougainville
2934:Western New Guinea
2731:Western New Guinea
1850:Laycock, Donald C.
1750:Haspelmath, Martin
1748:; Forkel, Robert;
1698:Haspelmath, Martin
1696:; Forkel, Robert;
1437:numunÉl, nÉmaĆgof
1245:*ÉtÉ-m, *ma, *apa-
1034:Nuclear Torricelli
603:(both Alu, Galu),
343:In Torricelli and
214:West Papuan family
5735:Language families
5717:
5716:
5667:Language isolates
5645:
5644:
5550:
5549:
5116:
5115:
5002:
5001:
4697:
4696:
4644:Western Tasmanian
4562:Eastern Tasmanian
4517:
4516:
4239:East Geelvink Bay
4169:
4168:
3860:
3859:
3684:
3683:
3300:
3299:
3023:Leonhard Schultze
2641:South Bird's Head
2603:Timor-Alor-Pantar
2585:
2584:
2319:
2276:
2275:
1665:978-3-11-028642-7
1652:Foley, William A.
1605:978-3-11-028642-7
1501:
1500:
1397:nÉmaĆgar, namkar
1345:
1344:
1282:
1281:
1150:proto-Torricelli
523:, Maimai proper (
483:Torricelli Range
160:
159:
67:language families
16:(Redirected from
5752:
5563:
5562:
5517:Huaorani/Waorani
5401:(extant in 2000)
5365:EsmeraldaâYaruro
5136:AndoqueâUrequena
5129:
5128:
5013:
5012:
4819:Plateau Penutian
4710:
4709:
4685:(Northern Daly?)
4528:
4527:
4414:Northwest Papuan
4378:TransâNew Guinea
4244:East New Britain
4219:Central Solomons
4185:
4184:
3930:Great Andamanese
3880:
3879:
3731:
3730:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3687:
3561:Southeast Papuan
3546:Northwest Papuan
3454:Central Solomons
3090:
3089:
3000:Lower Sepik-Ramu
2683:West Bird's Head
2665:East Bird's Head
2529:Papuan Peninsula
2464:Papua New Guinea
2430:Papua New Guinea
2333:
2332:
2326:Trans-New Guinea
2313:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2279:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1867:
1846:
1808:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1648:
1642:
1639:Papuan languages
1635:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1528:
1512:Papuan languages
1362:Language (group)
1359:
1358:
1295:
1294:
1144:proto-Torricelli
1138:proto-Torricelli
1132:
1131:
1002:Kombio-Arapeshan
782:Southern Arapesh
774:Mountain Arapesh
712:Marienberg Hills
360:TransâNew Guinea
356:Lower Sepik-Ramu
318:Lower Sepik-Ramu
295:Trans-New Guinea
234:Lower Sepik-Ramu
172:Papua New Guinea
149:
140:
136:
53:Papua New Guinea
49:Torricelli Range
30:
29:
21:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5686:
5672:Mixed languages
5641:
5622:
5557:
5546:
5400:
5394:
5249:KatembriâTaruma
5123:
5112:
5084:
4998:
4891:
4704:
4693:
4664:
4513:
4425:
4384:TuramaâKikorian
4294:Lower Mamberamo
4249:East Strickland
4177:
4165:
4083:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3811:
3720:
3715:
3685:
3680:
3660:
3529:
3515:
3507:
3431:
3429:Solomon Islands
3419:
3312:
3296:
3239:
3144:
3088:
2977:
2964:
2936:
2927:
2733:
2724:
2632:
2624:
2610:North Halmahera
2594:
2581:
2523:
2502:East Strickland
2482:Kainantu-Goroka
2477:Finisterre-Huon
2457:
2423:
2381:
2328:
2320:
2318:classification)
2312:
2307:
2277:
2272:
2256:
2228:
2200:
2152:
2079:
2026:
1997:
1949:
1916:
1911:
1874:
1858:, 7 (1): 36-66.
1817:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1728:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1508:
1352:
1125:
1117:Bogia languages
1109:
1021:
998:
670:
665:
646:(Alatil, Aru),
391:Wilhelm Schmidt
388:
341:
322:Sepik languages
303:right-branching
267:
262:
222:
187:Sepik languages
156:
138:
132:
44:
28:
27:Language family
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5758:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5597:Indo-Pakistani
5594:
5589:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5296:PiaroaâSaliban
5293:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5197:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5063:
5061:Tequistlatecan
5058:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4797:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4721:
4713:
4707:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4588:
4584:MarrkuâWurrugu
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3943:Hurro-Urartian
3939:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3666:Proto-language
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Pahoturi River
3324:
3316:
3314:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3250:
3248:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3155:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2657:KondaâYahadian
2654:
2649:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Enga-Kewa-Huli
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:External links
1870:
1869:
1868:
1859:
1847:
1829:(2): 527â536.
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1737:
1685:
1671:
1664:
1643:
1623:
1611:
1604:
1581:
1574:
1556:
1549:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1091:(22 languages)
1086:
1079:
1078:(unclassified)
1071:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1052:(10 languages)
1046:KombioâArapesh
1043:
1030:
1020:
1014:
997:
996:
995:
994:
973:
972:
971:
927:
862:
861:
860:
847:
842:
825:
804:
764:
763:
762:
744:
739:
734:
708:
707:
706:
701:
677:
669:
666:
664:
663:
662:
661:
660:
659:
611:
556:
536:
500:
491:
481:
480:
479:
472:
464:
420:
387:
386:Classification
384:
340:
337:
306:
305:
292:
290:left-branching
266:
263:
261:
258:
226:Sepik-language
221:
218:
158:
157:
150:
142:
141:
130:
124:
123:
122:
121:
112:
107:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
74:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5757:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5607:Original Thai
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5553:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5397:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:HibitoâCholĂłn
5369:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5119:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4887:YumanâCochimĂ
4885:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4700:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4622:Southern Daly
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:Darwin Region
4544:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:DemtaâSentani
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:Indo-European
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3900:Austroasiatic
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3863:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:South Pauwasi
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:Rossel Island
3510:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:Yelmek-Maklew
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3308:and southern
3307:
3306:Gulf of Papua
3303:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:Bayono-Awbono
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:Tofanma-Namla
2830:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Turama-Kikori
2441:
2439:
2438:Gogodala-Suki
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:West Bomberai
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1798:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1575:0-85883-357-3
1571:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1550:9780203645659
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1383:Central Wapei
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:In addition,
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:(8 languages)
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:(3 languages)
1069:
1065:
1063:(7 languages)
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
870:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
830:
826:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
716:
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
690:
688:
684:
683:
682:
679:
678:
676:
674:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
537:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
501:
498:
496:
492:
490:
489:
485:
484:
482:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
425:
422:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Kombio branch
392:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
336:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
300:
299:postpositions
296:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:
276:
271:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
154:
148:
143:
135:
131:
129:
125:
120:
116:
113:
111:
108:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
71:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5706:
5699:
5698:Families in
5633:
5584:
5482:
5470:
5320:
5288:
5279:Pano-Tacanan
5236:
5199:
5187:
5158:ArutaniâSape
5150:
5095:
5077:
5070:
5055:Oto-Manguean
5053:
5036:
5029:
4976:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4909:
4902:
4879:
4872:
4860:
4833:
4811:
4804:
4792:
4780:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4723:
4716:
4675:
4642:
4638:Western Daly
4616:PamaâNyungan
4614:
4602:
4595:
4582:
4560:
4555:Eastern Daly
4553:
4545:
4500:
4376:
4365:
4364:
4342:
4325:
4303:
4274:KaureâKosare
4234:DosoâTurumsa
4224:ChimbuâWahgi
4214:Bulaka River
4198:Austronesian
4196:
4157:
4150:
4131:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4006:Sino-Tibetan
4004:
3987:
3970:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3917:
3907:Austronesian
3905:
3898:
3886:
3832:
3770:Nilo-Saharan
3768:
3761:
3746:Austronesian
3744:
3737:
3673:
3656:Indo-Pacific
3606:KwomtariâFas
3581:AsmatâMombum
3522:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3459:Butam-Taulil
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3347:Doso-Turumsa
3319:
3277:
3253:
3232:
3215:
3206:
3189:
3180:
3176:Yellow River
3160:Middle Sepik
3158:
3135:(West Wapei)
3093:
3081:
3074:
3067:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2957:
2950:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2813:Lepki-Murkim
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2676:HatamâMansim
2663:
2639:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2516:
2487:Chimbu-Wahgi
2416:
2402:Greater Awyu
2367:Paniai Lakes
2357:Asmat-Kamoro
2005:(West Wapei)
1913:
1863:
1853:
1826:
1822:
1815:Bibliography
1803:
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1757:
1740:
1729:. Retrieved
1705:
1688:
1674:
1655:
1646:
1619:Donohue 2005
1614:
1595:
1565:
1559:
1532:
1526:
1487:ymunÉ, ymul
1365:
1353:
1350:Cognate sets
1289:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:they two (F)
1261:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:they two (M)
1229:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1126:
1110:
1100:
1081:
1073:
1056:LaekoâLibuat
1038:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1016:
999:
975:
929:
872:
864:
840:Laeko-Libuat
827:
806:
766:
710:
685:
680:
671:
668:Foley (2018)
613:
558:
538:
515:(Minidien),
502:
493:
486:
474:
471:branch (see)
466:
431:
428:Sepik Coast
423:
395:
389:
350:Like in the
349:
342:
333:conjunctions
326:
307:
294:
286:prepositions
281:
272:
268:
223:
203:
198:
190:
184:
163:
161:
106:(West Wapei)
73:Subdivisions
45:distribution
5592:Germanosign
5496:Mura-PirahĂŁ
5377:LuleâVilela
5353:Bora-Witoto
5328:UruâChipaya
5301:TicunaâYuri
5284:PebaâYaguan
5269:Nambikwaran
5072:Uto-Aztecan
5008:Mesoamerica
4862:Uto-Aztecan
4851:Tsimshianic
4813:Palaihnihan
4683:Malak-Malak
4420:Papuan Gulf
4394:West Papuan
4299:Lower Sepik
4289:Lakes Plain
4192:AraiâSamaia
4180:the Pacific
3888:Afroasiatic
3763:NigerâCongo
3739:Afroasiatic
3596:DaniâKwerba
3576:AraiâSamaia
3566:Papuan Gulf
3556:East Papuan
3541:West Papuan
3273:Middle Ramu
3191:Upper Sepik
3006:Lower Sepik
2749:Lakes Plain
2719:Tanah Merah
2512:Duna-Bogaya
2390:, Indonesia
2347:Ok-Oksapmin
2340:, Indonesia
2316:Palmer 2018
1257:*ÉtÉ-k, *ku
1225:*ÉtÉ-n, *ni
1213:*ki-m, *ipa
1181:*ku-m, *ÉpÉ
1113:Hammarström
1089:WapeiâPalei
866:Wapei-Palei
376:AlorâPantar
372:West Papuan
368:Lakes Plain
242:Lower Sepik
5724:Categories
5586:Francosign
5434:Chiquitano
5414:Alacalufan
5222:Guaicuruan
5195:Chapacuran
5178:Cahuapanan
5146:Araucanian
5049:MixeâZoque
5044:Misumalpan
4758:Comecrudan
4610:Nyulnyulan
4389:Upper Yuat
4366:Torricelli
4338:Senu River
4269:Foja Range
4175:New Guinea
4100:Burushaski
3961:Kartvelian
3936:HmongâMien
3752:KhoeâKwadi
3651:SepikâRamu
3310:New Guinea
3255:Lower Ramu
3217:Sepik Hill
3103:Marienberg
3094:Torricelli
3061:Amto-Musan
3037:Upper Yuat
2986:Torricelli
2742:Tor-Kwerba
2428:Southwest
2386:Southeast
2032:Marienberg
1788:2023-10-18
1731:2023-10-18
1518:References
1493:West Wapei
1483:East Palei
1453:West Palei
1393:East Wapei
1373:Marienberg
1095:West Wapei
1061:Marienberg
681:Torricelli
540:West Wapei
433:Marienberg
424:Torricelli
404:Torricelli
380:TorâKwerba
314:Marienberg
282:Torricelli
119:Marienberg
43:Geographic
33:Torricelli
5617:Tanzanian
5558:languages
5455:HodĂŻ/Joti
5399:Isolates
5338:Yanomaman
5274:OtomĂĄkoan
5238:Jirajaran
5227:Guajiboan
5189:Catacaoan
5168:Barbacoan
5097:Cuitlatec
5066:Totonacan
5025:Jicaquean
4904:Chimariko
4800:Muskogean
4782:Kalapuyan
4776:Iroquoian
4751:Chumashan
4744:Chinookan
4737:Chimakuan
4655:Yangmanic
4650:Worrorran
4633:Wagaydyic
4523:Australia
4372:Trans-Fly
4038:Yeniseian
4025:Tyrsenian
3919:Dravidian
3591:Trans-Fly
3524:YĂ©lĂź Dnye
3247:subgroups
3152:subgroups
3096:subgroups
2729:Northern
2592:Nusantara
2577:Manubaran
2407:Kayagaric
2329:subgroups
1759:Glottolog
1707:Glottolog
1433:Arapeshan
1025:Glottolog
1017:Glottolog
768:Arapeshan
642:(Kayik),
448:(Juwal),
444:(Mandi),
308:However,
128:Glottolog
5650:See also
5627:Isolates
5602:Japanese
5542:Yuracaré
5424:Candoshi
5383:Macro-JĂȘ
5348:Zaparoan
5343:Zamucoan
5333:Witotoan
5316:Tucanoan
5311:Tiniguan
5306:Timotean
5290:Quechuan
5259:Matacoan
5254:Mascoian
5244:Jivaroan
5207:Chibchan
5201:Charruan
5152:Arawakan
5089:Isolates
5020:Chibchan
4896:Isolates
4868:Wakashan
4829:Salishan
4771:Eskaleut
4677:Giimbiyu
4669:Isolates
4578:Jarrakan
4573:Iwaidjan
4430:Isolates
4284:Kutubuan
4152:Sumerian
4088:Isolates
4043:Yukaghir
4012:Tungusic
3978:Mongolic
3966:Koreanic
3925:Eskaleut
3816:Isolates
3800:Ubangian
3495:Makolkol
3365:Dibiyaso
3293:(Tanggu)
3266:Misegian
3261:Ottilien
3056:Left May
3041:Arafundi
3018:Kwomtari
2959:Uhunduni
2932:Central
2793:Nimboran
2590:Eastern
2562:Goilalan
2557:Koiarian
2462:Central
2336:Central
2252:Ngaimbom
2075:Wiarumus
2065:Muniwara
1843:38009656
1782:Archived
1506:See also
1272:they (F)
1240:they (M)
1193:*yi, *ti
1135:singular
1123:Pronouns
1066:Nuclear
1012:groups.
759:Wiarumus
747:Muniwara
694:Mambuwan
618:branch:
563:branch:
543:branch:
511:(Nabi),
507:branch:
446:Muniwara
442:Wiarumus
436:branch:
250:Germanic
134:nucl1708
5700:italics
5677:Pidgins
5662:Creoles
5612:Swedish
5580:Chinese
5527:Urarina
5512:Puinave
5466:Itonama
5460:Irantxe
5429:Chimane
5359:Chimuan
5264:Nadahup
5183:Cariban
5163:Aymaran
5124:America
4966:Waikuri
4959:Tonkawa
4952:Timucua
4945:Takelma
4938:Siuslaw
4927:Kutenai
4911:Esselen
4874:Wintuan
4835:Shastan
4806:Na-Dene
4794:Maiduan
4731:Caddoan
4705:America
4659:Wagiman
4657:(incl.
4628:Tangkic
4568:Garawan
4541:Bunuban
4502:Tambora
4469:Maybrat
4437:Abinomn
4360:Teberan
4321:Pauwasi
4311:Mairasi
4279:Kiwaian
4159:Tambora
4145:Shompen
4127:Kusunda
4120:Kenaboi
4106:Elamite
4078:Siangic
4060:Kho-Bwa
4054:Hrusish
3972:KraâDai
3956:Japonic
3865:Eurasia
3840:Sandawe
3823:Bangime
3788:Songhay
3516:isolate
3439:Baining
3372:Kaki Ae
3352:Komolom
3342:Teberan
3291:Ataitan
3286:Tamolan
3197:Wogamus
3182:Yerakai
3139:Monumbo
3108:Arapesh
2866:Kapauri
2852:Burmeso
2845:Abinomn
2803:Mairasi
2798:Sentani
2776:Pauwasi
2705:Maybrat
2619:Tambora
2572:Kwalean
2567:Yareban
2552:Mailuan
2453:Awin-Pa
2448:Kiwaian
2412:Kolopom
2377:Somahai
2242:Monumbo
2133:Yapunda
2123:Sinagen
2060:Kamasau
2045:Bungain
1983:Siliput
1940:Bumbita
1935:Bukiyip
1922:Arapesh
1764:Leipzig
1712:Leipzig
1477:yomata
1457:ÉČmulol
1447:numulÉ
1198:you two
1006:Arapesh
916:Yapunda
850:Siliput
794:Bumbita
786:Muhiang
778:Bukiyip
742:Bungain
737:Kamasau
698:Monumbo
605:Yapunda
601:Sinagen
525:Siliput
495:Arapesh
468:Monumbo
454:Kamasau
438:Bungain
406:(Lou),
301:, SOV,
288:, SVO,
254:Romance
220:History
197:suffix
180:Arapesh
137:
117:–
110:Monumbo
79:Arapesh
5575:BANZSL
5537:Yamana
5522:Trumai
5491:Movima
5445:FulniĂŽ
5408:AikanĂŁ
5322:Tupian
5217:Chonan
5141:Arauan
5079:Xincan
5031:Lencan
4984:Yokuts
4881:Yukian
4846:Tanoan
4841:Siouan
4824:Pomoan
4765:Coosan
4591:Mirndi
4484:Porome
4479:Pawaia
4333:Senagi
4305:Madang
4254:Eleman
4209:Border
4140:Nihali
4133:Minoan
4113:Hattic
4095:Basque
4066:Mijiic
4048:Digaro
4032:Uralic
4018:Turkic
3869:Europe
3726:Africa
3407:Purari
3400:Porome
3393:Pawaia
3386:Karami
3379:Kamula
3337:Oriomo
3332:Eleman
3171:Nukuma
3118:Maimai
2976:basin
2894:Massep
2873:Kembra
2859:Elseng
2818:Senagi
2756:Border
2507:Kutubu
2497:Bosavi
2472:Madang
2418:Marori
2261:Others
2214:Kombio
2196:Yangum
2176:Ambrak
2128:Valman
2113:Ningil
1993:Yahang
1955:Maimai
1945:Mufian
1841:
1662:
1602:
1572:
1547:
1473:Maimai
1423:Kombio
1417:Ćumbu
1407:ÉČimÉl
1277:*ÉtÉ-l
1267:*kwa-k
1166:we two
1147:plural
1068:Maimai
993:, etc.
969:Ambrak
961:Braget
949:Srenge
924:Valman
920:Walman
908:Ningil
854:Yahang
829:Maimai
824:, etc.
822:Kombio
790:Mufian
723:Blabla
656:Yangum
652:Ambrak
628:Kombio
609:Valman
593:Ningil
529:Yahang
504:Maimai
497:branch
408:Yambes
400:Eitiep
378:, and
329:clause
265:Syntax
193:and a
168:family
166:are a
155:(2018)
89:Maimai
5532:Warao
5501:Nukak
5472:Kunza
5450:GuatĂł
5439:CofĂĄn
5419:CamsĂĄ
5212:Choco
5173:Boran
5122:South
5103:Huave
5038:Mayan
4989:Yuchi
4972:Washo
4922:Karuk
4917:Haida
4856:Utian
4788:Keres
4725:Alsea
4718:Algic
4703:North
4495:Taiap
4489:Sulka
4344:Sepik
4259:Engan
4000:Ongan
3983:Nivkh
3851:Shabo
3834:Jalaa
3828:Hadza
3782:Mande
3502:Sulka
3279:Grass
3150:Sepik
3128:Palei
3123:Wapei
3076:Tayap
3045:Piawi
3027:Walio
2993:Sepik
2970:Sepik
2922:Yetfa
2908:Molof
2901:Mawes
2887:Kimki
2837:Yapen
2822:Angor
2808:Kaure
2547:Dagan
2537:Angan
2388:Papua
2338:Papua
2247:Lilau
2234:Bogia
2191:Wanap
2186:Aruop
2158:Palei
2103:Elkei
2085:Wapei
2070:Urimo
2055:Forok
2050:Elepi
1988:Wiaki
1978:Nambi
1973:Laeko
1839:S2CID
1467:nmin
1403:Wanap
1366:louse
1235:*ma-k
1203:*ki-p
1171:*ku-p
979:group
953:Kayik
945:Aruop
937:Nambi
933:group
931:Palei
892:Elkei
876:group
874:Wapei
868:group
845:Wiaki
831:group
810:group
770:group
755:Mandi
751:Urimo
731:Samap
727:Elapi
714:group
704:Lilau
689:group
687:Bogia
673:Foley
640:Wanap
636:Aruop
615:Palei
581:Elkei
560:Wapei
521:Laeko
513:Wiaki
509:Nambi
499:(see)
476:Taiap
458:Elepi
450:Urimo
416:Taiap
412:Aruek
364:Sepik
339:Nouns
310:Bogia
153:Foley
115:Tayap
99:Palei
94:Wapei
5707:bold
5634:See
5570:Arab
5556:Sign
5507:PĂĄez
5484:Maku
5478:Leco
4994:Zuni
4978:Yana
4932:Seri
4689:Tiwi
4509:Wiru
4474:Mpur
4464:Kuot
4447:AnĂȘm
4442:Abun
4409:Yuat
4404:Yawa
4350:Skou
4327:Ramu
4178:and
4072:Miju
3894:Ainu
3874:Asia
3872:and
3845:Laal
3806:Kadu
3794:Ijaw
3757:Kx'a
3488:Kuot
3467:AnĂȘm
3427:and
3414:Tabo
3245:Ramu
3234:Amal
3223:Tama
3208:Abau
3202:Iwam
3113:Urim
3083:Yadë
3069:Busa
3051:Yuat
3031:Papi
3011:Ramu
2974:Ramu
2915:Usku
2880:Keuw
2826:Dera
2786:West
2781:East
2698:Mpur
2691:Abun
2518:Wiru
2397:Anim
2352:Dani
2224:Urat
2219:Urim
2206:Urim
2181:Amol
2171:Aiku
2108:Gnau
2040:Buna
2022:Seti
2017:Seta
1968:Heyo
1963:Beli
1930:Abu'
1660:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1463:Urim
1413:Urat
1341:*w-
1333:*m-
1330:*n-
1188:thou
1141:dual
1083:Urim
1075:Gnau
1050:Urat
1019:v4.8
1010:Urim
1008:and
991:Seti
987:Seta
957:Aiku
912:Gnau
858:Heyo
836:Beli
818:Urat
814:Urim
808:Urim
802:Abu'
798:Weri
719:Buna
648:Aiku
644:Amol
624:Urat
620:Urim
565:Gnau
549:Seta
545:Seti
533:Heyo
517:Beli
462:Buna
354:and
352:Yuat
320:and
312:and
252:and
244:and
195:dual
162:The
84:Urim
4459:Kol
4453:Ata
4399:Yam
4264:Fas
3777:Tuu
3481:Kol
3474:Ata
3321:Yam
3228:Ram
3166:Ndu
3133:One
2952:Dem
2763:Sko
2712:Mor
2362:Mek
2268:Wom
2166:Agi
2148:Yis
2143:Yil
2138:Yau
2118:Olo
2098:Dia
2012:One
2003:One
1831:doi
1772:doi
1720:doi
1537:doi
1443:Wom
1338:3f
1327:3m
1311:*k-
1303:pl
1252:she
1208:you
1161:*ki
983:One
977:One
965:Aru
951:),
941:Agi
904:Alu
900:Yil
888:Olo
884:Yau
880:Yis
800:),
792:),
780:),
632:Agi
597:Dia
589:Yil
577:Olo
573:Yau
569:Yis
553:One
488:Wom
246:Ndu
238:Ndu
201:.)
199:*-p
191:*-m
104:One
5726::
4661:)?
2093:Au
1837:.
1827:44
1825:.
1780:.
1770:.
1766::
1762:.
1756:.
1718:.
1714::
1710:.
1704:.
1626:^
1584:^
1543:.
1318:2
1308:1
1300:sg
1220:he
1176:we
989:,
985:,
981::
967:,
963:,
959:,
955:,
943:,
939:,
935::
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
898:,
896:Au
894:,
890:,
886:,
882:,
878::
856:,
852:,
838:,
820:,
816:,
812::
788:/
772::
753:,
749:,
729:/
721:,
654:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
626:,
622:,
607:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
585:Au
583:,
579:,
575:,
571:,
567:,
551:,
547:,
527:,
519:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
440:,
410:,
402:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
297::
284::
277:.
216:.
5709:.
5619:?
5503:?
5462:?
5441:?
5410:?
5391:?
5385:?
5379:?
5373:?
5367:?
5361:?
5355:?
4624:?
4587:?
4550:?
4537:?
4504:?
4497:?
4491:?
4455:?
4449:?
4422:?
4416:?
4161:?
4147:?
4135:?
4122:?
4080:?
4074:?
4068:?
4062:?
4056:?
4050:?
3876:)
3867:(
3853:?
3847:?
3808:?
3802:?
3796:?
3790:?
3784:?
3773:?
3710:e
3703:t
3696:v
3282:?
3141:?
3047:)
3043:-
3039:(
3033:)
3029:-
3025:(
2972:-
2828:)
2824:-
2820:(
2314:(
2302:e
2295:t
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