877:
3614:
849:
280:
860:
3640:
156:
3578:
3596:
3809:
297:
1530:
735:
6022:
33:
2451:
792:
3668:
3654:
1503:. In particular, every hiragana character has an equivalent katakana character, and vice versa. Romanised Japanese sometimes uses lowercase letters to represent words that would be written in hiragana, and uppercase letters to represent words that would be written in katakana. Some kana characters are written in smaller type when they modify or combine with the preceding sign (
2253:, namely, articles, prepositions, and conjunctions); but the first word (always) and last word (in many styles) are also capitalised, regardless of their part of speech. Many styles capitalise longer prepositions such as "between" and "throughout", but not shorter ones such as "for" and "with". Typically, a preposition is considered short if it has up to three or four letters.
2241:, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules which prescribe which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct–incorrect distinction and are not universally standardised; they differ between style guides, although most style guides tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:
1588:
3542:
This only works because the letters of upper and lower cases are spaced out equally. In ASCII they are consecutive, whereas with EBCDIC they are not; nonetheless the upper-case letters are arranged in the same pattern and with the same gaps as are the lower-case letters, so the technique still works.
1079:
Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and publication titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker
2807:
compatibility requires case-insensitive naming and short function names. The second supports easily discernible function and argument names and types, within the context of an imperative, strongly typed language. The third supports the macro facilities of LISP, and its tendency to view programs and
2385:
Multi-word proper nouns include names of organisations, publications, and people. Often the rules for "title case" (described in the previous section) are applied to these names, so that non-initial articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions are lowercase, and all other words are uppercase. For
1455:
In the Arabic and Arabic-based alphabets, letters in a word are connected, except for several that cannot connect to the following letter. Letters may have distinct forms depending on whether they are initial (connected only to the following letter), medial (connected to both neighboring letters),
3943:
in this sense (referring to the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade) was first used in
English in 1588. Originally one large case was used for each typeface, then "divided cases", pairs of cases for majuscules and minuscules, were introduced in the region of today's Belgium by
3739:
and the ninth century
Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use
3263:
provide automated case conversion with a simple click or keystroke. For example, in
Microsoft Office Word, there is a dialog box for toggling the selected text through UPPERCASE, then lowercase, then Title Case (actually start caps; exception words must be lowercased individually). The keystroke
3965:
Various patterns of cases are available, often with the compartments for lower-case letters varying in size according to the frequency of use of letters, so that the commonest letters are grouped together in larger boxes at the centre of the case. The compositor takes the letter blocks from the
1067:
showing rank or prestige are capitalised when used together with the name of the person (for example, "Mr. Smith", "Bishop Gorman", "Professor Moore") or as a direct address, but normally not when used alone and in a more general sense. It can also be seen as customary to capitalise any
3883:(þ), ʻféʼ (ᚠ) as an abbreviation for cattle/goods and maðr (ᛘ) for man). The letters y and z were very rarely used, in particular þ was written identically to y so y was dotted to avoid confusion, the dot was adopted for i only after late-caroline (protogothic), in beneventan script the
3243:(U+0432). Therefore, the corresponding Latin, Greek and Cyrillic upper-case letters (U+0042, U+0392 and U+0412, respectively) are also encoded as separate characters, despite their appearance being identical. Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as
1821:
and may also be mixed with the larger variant). Small caps can be used for acronyms, names, mathematical entities, computer commands in printed text, business or personal printed stationery letterheads, and other situations where a given phrase needs to be distinguished from the main
3959:'s desk, the case containing the capitals and small capitals stood at a steeper angle at the back of the desk, with the case for the small letters, punctuation, and spaces being more easily reached at a shallower angle below it to the front of the desk, hence upper and lower case.
3163:
Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and
Cyrillic would wreak havoc make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive ". In other words, while the shapes of letters like
3788:
Traditionally, certain letters were rendered differently according to a set of rules. In particular, those letters that began sentences or nouns were made larger and often written in a distinct script. There was no fixed capitalisation system until the early 18th century. The
2522:(SI), a letter usually has different meanings in upper and lower case when used as a unit symbol. Generally, unit symbols are written in lower case, but if the name of the unit is derived from a proper noun, the first letter of the symbol is capitalised. Nevertheless, the
2226:
For publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both
British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called
3800:
has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form (that is, characterised by ascenders and descenders) in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the
719:, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally are of uniform height (although, depending on the typeface, there may be some exceptions, particularly with
1100:
and most other
European languages the names of the days of the week, the names of the months, and adjectives of nationality, religion, and so on normally begin with a lower-case letter. On the other hand, in some languages it is customary to capitalise
1741:
found in lower-case letters, which aids recognition and legibility. In some cultures it is common to write family names in all caps to distinguish them from the given names, especially in identity documents such as passports. Certain musicians—such as
1630:
A mixed-case style in which the first word of the sentence is capitalised, as well as proper nouns and other words as required by a more specific rule. This is generally equivalent to the baseline universal standard of formal
English
1084:
independent of any grammatical feature. In political writing, parody and satire, the unexpected emphasis afforded by otherwise ill-advised capitalisation is often used to great stylistic effect, such as in the case of George Orwell's
2219:. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. An example of a global publisher whose English-language house style prescribes sentence-case titles and headings is the
1808:
Similar in form to capital letters but roughly the size of a lower-case "x", small caps can be used instead of lower-case letters and combined with regular caps in a mixed-case fashion. This is a feature of certain fonts, such as
194:
that distinguish between the upper- and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters: each in the majuscule set has a counterpart in the minuscule set. Some counterpart letters have the same shape, and differ only in size (e.g.
1183:" formerly existed only in lower case. The orthographical capitalisation does not concern "ß", which generally does not occur at the beginning of a word, and in the all-caps style it has traditionally been replaced by the
3055:
are upper case, at other times upper and lower case are alternated, but often it is simply random. The name comes from the sarcastic or ironic implication that it was used in an attempt by the writer to convey their own
2644:
The letter case of a prefix symbol is determined independently of the unit symbol to which it is attached. Lower case is used for all submultiple prefix symbols and the small multiple prefix symbols up to "k" (for
3064:). It is also used to mock the violation of standard English case conventions by marketers in the naming of computer software packages, even when there is no technical requirement to do so – e.g.,
2326:
Title case is widely used in many
English-language publications, especially in the United States. However, its conventions are sometimes not followed strictly – especially in informal writing.
1279:, various digraphs are regarded as single letters for collation purposes, but the second component of the digraph will still be written in lower case even if the first component is capitalised. Similarly, in
3156:, in which the first component is in upper case and the second component in lower case). These properties relate all characters in scripts with differing cases to the other case variants of the character.
1831:
A unicase style with no capital letters. This is sometimes used for artistic effect, such as in poetry. Also commonly seen in computer languages, and in informal electronic communications such as
3114:
is common practice in computer applications, for instance to make case-insensitive comparisons. Many high-level programming languages provide simple methods for case conversion, at least for the
3872:, u and v are the same letter in early scripts and were used depending on their position in insular half-uncial and caroline minuscule and later scripts, w is a ligature of vv, in insular the
2812:
overall, because much of the semantics are implied, but because of its brevity and so lack of the need for capitalization or multipart words at all, might also make the code too abstract and
2237:(2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of
222:
Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often denoted by the
3805:(MS 461) in the year 835. The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).
3251:, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.
1725:
A unicase style with capital letters only. This can be used in headings and special situations, such as for typographical emphasis in text made on a typewriter. With the advent of the
3784:
majuscule (13th and 14th century), in contrast to the early Gothic (end of 11th to 13th century), Gothic (14th century), and late Gothic (16t century) minuscules.
2330:
In creative typography, such as music record covers and other artistic material, all styles are commonly encountered, including all-lowercase letters and special case styles, such as
1733:
by some to type in all capitals, and said to be tantamount to shouting. Long spans of Latin-alphabet text in all upper-case are more difficult to read because of the absence of the
3962:
Though pairs of cases were used in
English-speaking countries and many European countries in the seventeenth century, in Germany and Scandinavia the single case continued in use.
2215:) and many U.S. newspapers is sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, i.e. capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called
245:
are typically labelled entirely in uppercase letters, which are easier to distinguish individually than the lowercase when space restrictions require very small lettering. In
3231:, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, the Latin
2386:
example, the short preposition "of" and the article "the" are lowercase in "Steering
Committee of the Finance Department". Usually only capitalised words are used to form an
2338:
of video games it is not uncommon to use stylised upper-case letters at the beginning and end of a title, with the intermediate letters in small caps or lower case (e.g.,
3110:
operations can be said to fold case, from the idea of folding the character code table so that upper- and lower-case letters coincide. The conversion of letter case in a
2397:, this practice can vary (sometimes all words are capitalised, regardless of length or function), but is not limited to English names. Examples include the English names
4227:
460:). By virtue of their visual impact, this made the term majuscule an apt descriptor for what much later came to be more commonly referred to as uppercase letters.
1031:
Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardised for
2603:
1 L, an alternative form, for typefaces in which these characters are difficult to distinguish, or the typeface the reader will be using is unknown. A "
2260:), which has the advantage of being easy to implement and hard to get "wrong" (that is, "not edited to style"). Because of this rule's simplicity, software
1873:
were also stylised in lowercase for multiple albums during their respective careers, with the former consistently using lowercase in their logo since their
4585:
3812:
Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants
3208:
and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely
5607:
4510:
2938:. Normally the letters share the same case (e.g. "UPPER_CASE_EMBEDDED_UNDERSCORE" or "lower_case_embedded_underscore") but the case can be mixed, as in
2267:
As for whether hyphenated words are capitalised not only at the beginning but also after the hyphen, there is no universal standard; variation occurs
355:. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate shallow tray or "case" that was located above the case that held the small letters.
2584:
can optionally be written in upper case even though the name is not derived from a proper noun. For example, "one litre" may be written as:
3121:
Whether or not the case variants are treated as equivalent to each other varies depending on the computer system and context. For example, user
2220:
1544:
528:) or can look hardly related (e.g. "D/d" and "G/g"). Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case variants of each letter included in the
5981:
1345:. As a unicase letter, the ʻokina is unaffected by capitalisation; it is the following letter that is capitalised instead. According to the
1271:" is even capitalised with both components written in uppercase (for example, "IJsland" rather than "Ijsland"). In other languages, such as
3125:
are generally case sensitive in order to allow more diversity and make them more difficult to break. In contrast, case is often ignored in
2694:
2264:
routines can handle 95% or more of the editing, especially if they are programmed for desired exceptions (such as "FBI" rather than "Fbi").
1452:
have different forms depending on placement within a word, but these rules are strict and the different forms cannot be used for emphasis.
1170:, may not bother to follow the conventions concerning capitalisation, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.
1625:
3100:
needs to link together the two characters representing the case variants of a letter. (Some old character-encoding systems, such as the
959:
All other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or
1198:" has two different lower-case forms: "ς" in word-final position and "σ" elsewhere. In a similar manner, the Latin upper-case letter "
4782:
4324:
1883:
1379:
Similar orthographic and graphostylistic conventions are used for emphasis or following language-specific or other rules, including:
3955:
case originate from this division. By convention, when the two cases were taken out of the storage rack and placed on a rack on the
1758:—have their names stylised in all caps. Additionally, it is common for bands with vowelless names (a process colourfully known as "
970:
In scripts with a case distinction, lowercase is generally used for the majority of text; capitals are used for capitalisation and
4208:
1677:) defined by rules that are not universally standardised. The standardisation is only at the level of house styles and individual
3731:, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist
3096:, each upper- and lower-case letter is encoded as a separate character. In order to enable case folding and case conversion, the
2854:
are removed and the first letter of each word is capitalised. If this includes the first letter of the first word (CamelCase, "
1654:
into sentences are commonly written in "mid-sentence case", applying all the rules of sentence case except the initial capital.
1307:", respectively), but only in all-caps style should both components be in upper case (e.g. Ljiljan–LJILJAN, Njonja–NJONJA, Džidža–DŽIDŽA).
524:
of lowercase letters can resemble smaller forms of the uppercase glyphs restricted to the baseband (e.g. "C/c" and "S/s", cf.
4236:
3970:, working from left to right and placing the letters upside down with the nick to the top, then sets the assembled type in a
3692:
were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a
5051:
3696:, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the
1413:
lower-case and upper-case letters have generally different meanings, and other meanings can be implied by the use of other
1318:
Some English surnames such as fforbes are traditionally spelt with a digraph instead of a capital letter (at least for ff).
1096:
all nouns are capitalised (this was previously common in English as well, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries), while in
1056:
866:
Latin alphabet, used between 1927 and 1938, was based on Latin script, but did not have capital letters, being unicameral (
3700:
and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the
97:
4986:
4380:
69:
3546:
Some computer programming languages offer facilities for converting text to a form in which all words are capitalised.
1086:
5018:
Capitals: A Primer of Information About Capitalization with Some Practical Typographic Hints as to the Use of Capitals
3712:, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.
1813:. According to various typographical traditions, the height of small caps can be equal to or slightly larger than the
1456:
final (connected only to the preceding letter), or isolated (connected to neither a preceding nor a following letter).
4899:
4697:
4433:
4263:
4174:
1574:
1445:
835:
116:
2526:
of the unit, if spelled out, is always considered a common noun and written accordingly in lower case. For example:
2436:
Some surname prefixes also affect the capitalisation of the following internal letter or word, for example "Mac" in
817:
4933:
2750:
76:
4127:
2310:, which are terms that, although compound and hyphenated, are so well established that dictionaries enter them as
2294:), in which every part of the hyphenated word is capitalised (e.g. "How This Particular Author Chose to Style His
2739:
2366:
are capitalised in formal written English, unless the name is intentionally stylised to break this rule (such as
1218:. When blackletter type fell out of general use in the mid-20th century, even those countries dropped the long s.
4593:
1480:
in a fashion that is reminiscent of the usage of upper-case letters in the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets.
1210:, fell out of general use before the middle of the 19th century, except for the countries that continued to use
4442:
3932:". Each is subdivided into a number of compartments ("boxes") for the storage of different individual letters.
802:
54:
5976:
3764:(7th century BCE – 4th century CE) in contrast to the Roman uncial (4th–8th century CE),
3678:
3551:
2950:
programming, in which this convention is often used for naming variables. Illustratively, it may be rendered
2947:
2871:
2629:
2519:
1855:
1040:
83:
17:
3129:
in order to ignore insignificant variations in keyword capitalisation both in queries and queried material.
2742:
make this possible. So for example, a function dealing with matrix multiplication might formally be called:
1020:
and are often quite complex, but in most modern languages that have capitalisation, the first word of every
5861:
5823:
453:
50:
2178:, including chapter and section headings. The rules differ substantially between individual house styles.
6007:
5076:
3817:
3000:
2768:
211:). The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and
4080:(ſ) would have been an ascender; however, in italics, it would have been one of only two letters in the
3153:
1312:
65:
5587:
471:
5233:
4004:
3111:
2788:
952:
has several variants, and there were attempts to use them as different cases, but the modern written
5991:
5808:
5479:
5416:
5121:
5044:
4624:
4073:
3956:
3327:
1643:
1638:, the initial capital is easier to automate than the other rules. For example, on English-language
4141:
2170:
In English-language publications, various conventions are used for the capitalisation of words in
238:(called capitalisation, or capitalised words), which makes lowercase more common in regular text.
6051:
4965:
4682:
2573:
2021:
1484:
1237:
813:
43:
4952:
The earliest known biblical manuscript is a palimpsest of Isajah in Syriac, written in 459/460.
876:
5436:
5159:
4796:
4085:
2902:
2422:
2268:
1540:
1477:
1280:
1021:
231:
148:
4920:
Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Papyrologists, Copenhagen, 23–29 August 1992
4650:
4298:
2803:
In each case, the capitalisation or lack thereof supports a different function. In the first,
5911:
5411:
5406:
5319:
5306:
5139:
4405:
4164:
4032:
3899:
is shown when no terminal s (the only variant used today) is preserved from a given script.
3775:
3761:
3701:
3149:
3141:
2238:
1734:
1674:
1410:
1283:
whose orthography is coordinated between the Cyrillic and Latin scripts, the Latin digraphs "
1184:
971:
743:
449:
4753:
4728:
4253:
3735:, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century
2611:) has traditionally been used in some countries to prevent confusion; however, the separate
742:
There is more variation in the height of the minuscules, as some of them have parts higher (
738:
Ascenders (as in "h") and descenders (as in "p") make the height of lower-case letters vary.
6056:
5703:
5344:
5198:
3892:
3884:
3145:
2731:
2715:
2700:
2550:
1747:
1635:
941:
352:
159:
The lower-case "a" and upper-case "A" are the two case variants of the first letter in the
141:
4332:
3727:
dating before 79 CE (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old
3555:
1843:, to type more quickly). Examples in music are relatively common. For example, several of
1315:
for each case variant (i.e., upper case, title case and lower case) of the three digraphs.
1068:
word – in some contexts even a pronoun – referring to the
8:
6061:
6025:
5986:
5899:
5793:
5648:
5626:
5616:
5484:
5091:
5081:
5037:
4435:
PRESSEMITTEILUNG 29.6.2017 Amtliches Regelwerk der deutschen Rechtschreibung aktualisiert
3900:
3104:, are restricted to one set of letters, usually represented by the upper-case variants.)
2511:
2402:
2345:
1874:
1602:
1102:
1035:
writing. Capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a
250:
242:
90:
4135:
3796:
Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the
1665:
A mixed-case style with all words capitalised, except for certain subsets (particularly
6046:
5949:
5876:
5856:
5846:
5818:
5788:
5748:
5375:
5238:
5223:
5164:
5154:
4761:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3740:
either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for
3335:
2569:
2558:
2503:
2437:
2351:
2171:
1849:
1810:
1610:
1593:
1276:
948:
scripts. Languages written in these scripts use letter cases as an aid to clarity. The
921:
481:
338:
286:
216:
5871:
3558:
conventions, such as the English convention in which minor words are not capitalised.
884:
A minority of writing systems use two separate cases. Such writing systems are called
5894:
5813:
5768:
5698:
5169:
5022:
4895:
4820:
4259:
4232:
4170:
3849:
3841:
3765:
3613:
2820:
2796:
2749:, with the asterisk standing in for an equally inscrutable list of 13 parameters (in
2636:
is to use a serif font for "lower-case ell" in otherwise sans-serif material (1
2612:
2339:
2291:
2013:
1836:
1729:, the all-caps style is more often used for emphasis; however, it is considered poor
1666:
1552:
1469:
1322:
1163:
1097:
1048:
1013:
953:
949:
937:
909:
905:
809:
326:
258:
134:
4734:. Organisation Intergouvernementale de la Convention du Mètre. pp. 121, 130–131
3030:, all property names and most keyword values are primarily formatted in kebab case.
2730:. When the tokens, such as function and variable names start to multiply in complex
2649:, meaning 10 = 1000 multiplier), whereas upper case is used for larger multipliers:
1710:, start case usually involves the capitalisation of all words irrespective of their
253:, which may be related when the two cases of the same letter are used; for example,
5780:
5733:
5572:
5519:
5380:
5190:
4953:
4137:
Typographia, an Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of the Art of Printing
4081:
4017:
3989:
3864:. What is commonly called "Gothic writing" is technically called blackletter (here
3813:
3802:
3790:
3620:
3144:: upper case, lower case, and title case (in this context, "title case" relates to
3107:
3065:
2463:
2398:
2187:
1743:
1598:
1556:
1233:
1152:
1036:
945:
529:
409:
371:
160:
4535:
4283:, p. 14 – via University of Reading Department of Typography and Design
1016:
in uppercase and the remaining letters in lowercase. Capitalisation rules vary by
848:
279:
5916:
5803:
5798:
5718:
5686:
5577:
5314:
5116:
4847:
4655:
4491:. Unicode. U+01C4, U+01C5, U+01C6, U+01C7, U+01C8, U+01C9, U+01CA, U+01CB, U+01CC
4191:
3967:
3756:
3674:
2942:
variant constructors (e.g. "Upper_then_lowercase"). The style may also be called
2809:
2760:
2719:
1707:
1606:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1118:
1093:
901:
893:
863:
249:, on the other hand, uppercase and lower case letters denote generally different
4870:"Unicode Technical Note #26: On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han"
4463:
4112:
2808:
data minimalistically, and as interchangeable. The fourth idiom needs much less
1292:
230:, the uppercase is reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a
5921:
5866:
5743:
5546:
5370:
5324:
5258:
5228:
5096:
4957:
4485:
3999:
3880:
3797:
3392:
3260:
3126:
2792:
2633:
2546:
2394:
2250:
1978:
1711:
1334:
1272:
1264:
1263:
In some languages, specific digraphs may be regarded as single letters, and in
1222:
1202:" used to have two different lower-case forms: "s" in word-final position and "
999:
933:
929:
925:
913:
897:
889:
452:
and descenders, or none at all (for example, the majuscule scripts used in the
191:
4354:
3868:) and is completely unrelated to Visigothic script. The letter j is i with a
2846:"theQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog" or "TheQuickBrownFoxJumpsOverTheLazyDog"
512:
is still less likely, however, to be used in reference to lower-case letters.
6040:
5713:
5681:
5671:
5551:
4990:
4027:
3833:
3752:
3741:
3728:
3639:
3584:
3213:
3089:
2714:, programmatically. They generally separate their syntactic tokens by simple
2199:
2193:
1878:
1759:
1651:
1228:
Unlike most languages that use Latin-script and link the dotless upper-case "
1188:
1081:
457:
212:
3577:
5971:
5851:
5738:
5723:
5693:
5653:
5636:
5390:
5360:
5334:
5243:
5086:
5068:
4047:
3971:
3837:
3793:
eventually dropped the rule for nouns, while the German language keeps it.
3595:
3547:
2828:
2668:
2535:
2474:), both named after people, are always written in upper case, whereas "s" (
2455:
2367:
2363:
2246:
2205:
1844:
1832:
1678:
1391:
1338:
1288:
1268:
759:
505:
348:
4560:
3937:
Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Advanced Proportional Principles
1887:—has all of its tracks stylised in lowercase. Some people, such as author
1043:
and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person
859:
296:
5966:
5961:
5954:
5944:
5758:
5708:
5663:
5603:
5567:
5538:
5526:
5506:
5329:
5149:
5016:
4726:
4022:
3925:
3908:
3857:
3825:
3821:
3808:
3781:
3771:
3747:
The timeline of writing in Western Europe can be divided into four eras:
3724:
3709:
3697:
3101:
2851:
2735:
2507:
2471:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2406:
2331:
2092:
2017:
1870:
1755:
1751:
1670:
1473:
1387:
1363:
1295:" are each regarded as a single letter (like their Cyrillic equivalents "
1284:
1211:
1167:
1025:
917:
852:
445:
246:
235:
227:
4406:"Citing Sources: Capitalization and Personal Names in Foreign Languages"
3061:
2987:
rather than underscores are used to replace spaces. It is also known as
2283:
p Care for Burns"). Traditional copyediting makes a distinction between
1617:
In English, a variety of case styles are used in various circumstances:
734:
241:
In some contexts, it is conventional to use one case only. For example,
155:
5939:
5753:
5643:
5496:
5489:
5466:
5421:
5385:
5339:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5271:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5060:
4915:
4042:
3994:
3732:
3224:
3209:
3140:
defines case folding through the three case-mapping properties of each
2935:
2918:
2855:
2840:
2824:
2554:
2410:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2288:
2229:
1896:
A comparison of various case styles (from most to least capitals used)
1888:
1797:
1779:
1730:
1657:
1460:
1403:
1367:
1073:
1052:
867:
716:
525:
4869:
987:
448:, is technically any script whose letters have very few or very short
5431:
5426:
5203:
5131:
4037:
3929:
3888:
3865:
3093:
3044:
2699:
Some case styles are not used in standard English, but are common in
2211:
2182:
1840:
1738:
1647:
1646:
is capitalised by default. Because the other rules are more complex,
1639:
1342:
1245:
1060:
1032:
964:
747:
728:
343:
3751:
Greek majuscule (9th–3rd century BCE) in contrast to the Greek
2823:, and can lead to rather opinionated debate, such as in the case of
1500:
1326:
820:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
496:. That has traditionally been regarded as a spelling mistake (since
32:
5904:
5763:
5582:
5455:
5441:
5266:
5218:
3984:
3904:
3689:
3602:
3122:
3097:
3057:
2906:
2813:
2491:
2335:
2311:
2175:
1861:
1814:
1771:
1767:
1726:
1717:
1496:
1492:
1418:
1414:
1395:
1330:
1017:
983:
533:
226:
of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In
317:
may be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (
5728:
5514:
5365:
5276:
5208:
5144:
4052:
4011:
3720:
3601:
Papyrus fragment with old Roman cursive script from the reign of
3567:
3339:
3160:
3137:
3132:
2804:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2565:
2499:
2445:
2387:
1783:
1422:
1346:
1308:
1257:
1215:
1159:
1044:
1005:
979:
960:
337:). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow
223:
4511:"Why I Spell it Hawai'i and not Hawaii, and Why You Should, Too"
3744:
and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.
2695:
Naming convention (programming) § Multiple-word identifiers
2674:
1 MS, megasiemens, a large measure of electric conductance.
2450:
1505:
5631:
5248:
4825:
4077:
3896:
3829:
3736:
3705:
3667:
3400:
3048:
2984:
2678:
2654:
2531:
2487:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2256:
A few styles capitalise all words in title case (the so-called
1866:
1791:
1775:
1763:
1511:
1459:
In the Hebrew alphabet, five letters have a distinct form (see
1449:
1207:
1092:
Other languages vary in their use of capitals. For example, in
3653:
1055:". There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose
5474:
5213:
5181:
5029:
4231:(4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. 2000.
3912:
3716:
3396:
3331:
3281:
3115:
3052:
3012:
2939:
2914:
2764:
2704:
2661:
2646:
2604:
2581:
2483:
2390:
variant of the name, though there is some variation in this.
1488:
1399:
1248:, each in both upper and lower case. Each of the two pairs ("
1195:
1069:
1064:
521:
4586:"'Ōlelo Hawai'i on the WWW: A.K.A., How To Give Good 'Okina"
3755:(3rd century BCE – 12th century CE) and the later
433:
395:
5830:
5676:
5621:
4215:. New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago: American Book Company.
3876:
3873:
3217:
3069:
2910:
2886:
2882:
2778:
2588:
1 l, the original form, for typefaces in which "digit one"
2539:
2495:
2479:
2127:
As above but excepting special treatment of the first word
2056:
1787:
1591:
Alternating all-caps and headline styles at the start of a
1587:
1383:
1362:, but it is not uncommon to substitute this with a similar
1304:
1009:
537:
415:
386:
3212:
nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual
3072:. Illustrative naming of the style is, naturally, random:
2012:
The first word and all other words capitalised except for
1750:, who are both known mononymously, and some bands such as
1597:
report published in November 1919. (The event reported is
1341:, the ʻokina can be characterised as either a letter or a
1241:
1180:
421:
383:
190:) in the written representation of certain languages. The
170:
is the distinction between the letters that are in larger
4088:) with both an ascender and a descender, the other being
3693:
3027:
2934:
Punctuation is removed and spaces are replaced by single
2653:
1 ms, millisecond, a small measure of time ("m" for
2414:
1817:
of the typeface (the smaller variant is sometimes called
1300:
1296:
508:
tend to accept it as a non-standard or variant spelling.
424:
380:
4228:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3928:
are stored in shallow wooden or metal drawers known as "
3051:
significance to the use of the capitals. Sometimes only
2889:", "theQuickBrownFox..."), the case is usually known as
2660:
1 Ms, megasecond, a large measure of time ("M" for
2159:
All letters lowercase (unconventional in English prose)
1366:
character, such as the left single quotation mark or an
4625:"Registered features – definitions and implementations"
4193:
Ever wonder where upper case and lower case comes from?
3774:
majuscule (4th–8th century CE) in contrast to the
3015:). If every word is capitalised, the style is known as
2881:
When the first letter of the first word is lowercase ("
1476:
alphabet within a text otherwise written in the modern
133:"Lowercase" redirects here. For the musical style, see
3677:
in front of divided upper and lower type cases at the
3645:
Combined case with capital letters above small letters
3334:, as well as any C-like language that conforms to its
3011:, looking similar to the skewer that sticks through a
2958:, etc.. When all-upper-case, it may be referred to as
2858:", "TheQuick...", etc.), the case is sometimes called
1762:") to use all caps, with prominent examples including
215:
and are typically treated identically when sorting in
4848:"Character Properties, Case Mappings & Names FAQ"
4189:
3824:(used in Ireland). Several scripts coexisted such as
2901:). This format has become popular in the branding of
2710:
The usage derives from how programming languages are
1472:, some authors use isolated letters from the ancient
1229:
1199:
532:(the exact representation will vary according to the
430:
427:
392:
389:
4322:
3403:, case can be converted in the following way, in C:
2905:
products and services, with an initial "i" meaning "
1684:
1191:
is accepted as an alternative in the all-caps style.
982:(and particularly initialisms) are often written in
436:
398:
147:"Capital Letters" redirects here. For the song, see
4258:(1st ed.). New York City: Dover Publications.
3681:
in Carson, California, United States, North America
3083:
2688:
1173:
762:still used by some traditional or classical fonts,
713:(Some lowercase letters have variations e.g. a/ɑ.)
418:
412:
377:
374:
285:Divided upper and lower type cases with cast metal
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4727:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (2006).
4115:. Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health
3879:is used as a w (three other runes in use were the
2245:Most styles capitalise all words except for short
2165:
1691:Start case (First letter of each word capitalized)
203:), but for others the shapes are different (e.g.,
140:"Uppercase" redirects here. For the magazine, see
4206:
2819:Understandably then, such coding conventions are
1519:
6038:
2913:, or an initial "e" meaning "electronic", as in
2684:1 Mm, megametre, a large measure of length.
1865:, were all stylised in lowercase. Bands such as
1487:, an author has the option of switching between
758:are the ones with descenders. In addition, with
470:"Minuscule" redirects here. For other uses, see
4783:"History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing"
4166:Medieval Calligraphy: Its History and Technique
3944:1563, England by 1588, and France before 1723.
3554:calls it "title case". This differs from usual
2791:, or some newer derivative language supporting
2664:, meaning 10 = 1 000 000 multiplier).
515:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4934:"Roman Writing Systems – Medieval Manuscripts"
4722:
4720:
4718:
3133:Unicode case folding and script identification
2446:Unit symbols and prefixes in the metric system
2221:International Organization for Standardization
5982:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
5045:
3887:featured a dot above. Lost variants such as
3254:
2979:"the-quick-brown-fox-jumps-over-the-lazy-dog"
2930:"the_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog"
1828:"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
1723:"THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG"
1694:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog"
1663:"The Quick Brown Fox Jumps over the Lazy Dog"
1537:The examples and perspective in this section
1333:symbol that visually resembles a left single
1146:
1140:
1134:
5524:
4984:
4889:
4676:
4325:"AP Style: Courtesy and Professional Titles"
4292:
4290:
3391:Case conversion is different with different
1349:standard, the ʻokina is formally encoded as
1128:
1122:
1112:
1106:
4971:
4918:(1994). "The Latin Papyri in Herculaneum".
4883:
4715:
4670:
4608:
4162:
3284:there are two methods for case conversion:
2580:For the purpose of clarity, the symbol for
1804:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
1626:The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
731:can add to the normal height of a letter).
727:having a descending element; also, various
5052:
5038:
4914:
4908:
4695:
4456:
3907:which changed little until today, such as
2763:language, broadly following the syntax of
2757:MultiplyMatrixByMatrix(Matrix x, Matrix y)
2677:1 mm, millimetre, a small measure of
2671:, a small measure of electric conductance.
2357:
2271:and among house styles (e.g., "The Letter-
1706:is a simplified variant of title case. In
1559:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
6008:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
4296:
4287:
4200:
3275:
2816:for the common programmer to understand.
2028:German, and Bavarian-style sentence case
1575:Learn how and when to remove this message
1206:" elsewhere. The latter form, called the
836:Learn how and when to remove this message
488:, by association with the unrelated word
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
5014:
4643:
4105:
3924:The individual type blocks used in hand
3807:
2734:, and there is still a need to keep the
2449:
2181:The convention followed by many British
1884:When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?
1586:
1463:) that is used when they are word-final.
858:
847:
733:
154:
4862:
4689:
4651:"The Guardian and Observer Style Guide"
4431:
4323:Nancy Edmonds Hanson (25 August 2008).
4278:
4251:
4219:
4133:
1225:with upper-case letters is complicated.
325: – particularly if they
14:
6039:
4922:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
4281:Challenges in multilingual type design
4255:The History and Technique of Lettering
4245:
3338:, provide these functions in the file
2185:(including scientific publishers like
1685:§ Headings and publication titles
5033:
4076:or other vertical fonts, the defunct
3778:(around 780 – 12th century)
3039:"tHeqUicKBrOWnFoXJUmpsoVeRThElAzydOG"
2983:Similar to snake case, above, except
2632:. Another solution sometimes seen in
2607:" in various typefaces (e.g.: 1
2095:and some specified words capitalised
1891:, write their names in all lowercase.
4813:
4631:. Microsoft. Tag:'pcap', Tag: 'smcp'
2759:, in some hypothetical higher level
1977:All words capitalised regardless of
1523:
785:
754:are the letters with ascenders, and
329:another noun), or as a single word (
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
4989:. The Alembic Press. Archived from
4729:"The International System of Units"
4169:. Courier Corporation. p. 37.
3583:Latin majuscule inscription on the
2233:. For example, R. M. Ritter's
1374:
781:
750:) than the typical size. Normally,
24:
5008:
4385:The Chicago Manual of Style Online
3966:compartments and places them in a
3846:Merovingian (Luxeuil variant here)
2831:. Capitalisation is no exception.
2657:, meaning 10 = 1/1000 multiplier).
1683:(See further explanation below at
1232:" with the dotted lower-case "i",
967:and other non-alphabetic scripts.
504:), but is now so common that some
25:
6073:
4066:
2334:(see below). For example, in the
2261:
1057:only difference is capitalisation
993:
6021:
6020:
4614:RFC 1855 "Netiquette Guidelines"
3939:(reprinted 1952) indicates that
3666:
3652:
3638:
3619:Example of Greek minuscule text
3612:
3594:
3576:
3084:Case folding and case conversion
2689:Use within programming languages
1528:
1187:"SS". Since June 2017, however,
1174:Exceptional letters and digraphs
1158:Informal communication, such as
875:
790:
408:
370:
295:
278:
31:
5015:Hamilton, Frederick W. (1918).
4946:
4926:
4840:
4789:
4775:
4746:
4698:"What to Capitalize in a Title"
4617:
4578:
4553:
4528:
4503:
4478:
4424:
4398:
4373:
4355:"Capitalizing Titles of People"
4347:
4316:
4134:Hansard, Thomas Curson (1825).
3068:' naming of a windowing system
2784:
2775:multiply-matrix-by-matrix(x, y)
2774:
2756:
2746:
2707:, or other specialised fields.
2166:Headings and publication titles
1080:to indicate the beginning of a
42:needs additional citations for
5059:
4443:Council for German Orthography
4272:
4213:An Elementary Latin Dictionary
4183:
4156:
4113:"The School's Manual of Style"
3033:
1660:(capital case, headline style)
1520:Stylistic or specialised usage
770:make up the ascender set, and
269:
13:
1:
5977:History of Western typography
4962:The Text of the New Testament
4797:"Caml programming guidelines"
4099:
3919:
3679:International Printing Museum
3659:Late 19th-century mixed cases
3624:
2973:
2924:
2834:
2520:International System of Units
2275:ase Rule in My Book"; "Short-
1194:The Greek upper-case letter "
1041:names of the days of the week
5824:traditional point-size names
4629:OpenType Layout tag registry
4299:"Using Capital Letters (#1)"
2549:) when used for the unit of
2514:) are written in lower case.
1611:theory of general relativity
1360:MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA
1256:") represents a distinctive
888:. These scripts include the
516:Typographical considerations
484:. The word is often spelled
463:
454:Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209
358:
7:
5077:Canons of page construction
4894:. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's.
4252:Nesbitt, Alexander (1957).
4190:Sacramento History Museum.
3977:
3903:was the basis for Venetian
3673:Demonstrating the use of a
3227:for, say, uppercase letter
2872:Pascal programming language
1782:(now known as Hotel Mira),
1682:
1555:, discuss the issue on the
1221:The treatment of the Greek
1024:is capitalised, as are all
956:does not distinguish case.
816:the claims made and adding
257:may denote an element of a
243:engineering design drawings
10:
6078:
4677:R. M. Ritter, ed. (2002).
4561:"Spacing Modifier Letters"
4536:"Hawaiian Language Online"
4329:Minnesota State University
4207:Charlton T. Lewis (1890).
3893:scribal abbreviation marks
3565:
3561:
3550:calls this "proper case";
3255:Methods in word processing
2909:" or "intelligent", as in
2838:
2777:in something derived from
2692:
2440:and "Al" in Arabic names.
2421:, "de", "los", and "y" in
1541:the English-speaking world
997:
472:Minuscule (disambiguation)
469:
131:
6016:
6000:
5932:
5885:
5839:
5779:
5662:
5602:
5560:
5537:
5505:
5465:
5454:
5399:
5353:
5305:
5257:
5234:Subscript and superscript
5189:
5180:
5130:
5067:
4540:The University of Hawai‘i
4432:Güthert, Kerstin (2017),
4005:Capitalization in English
3001:Lisp programming language
1905:
1642:, the first character in
1509:) or the following sign (
500:is derived from the word
5992:Vox-ATypI classification
5122:Intentionally blank page
4892:The Calligrapher's Bible
4059:
3708:for use in the court of
3405:
3344:
3286:
3159:As briefly discussed in
2568:), used for the unit of
4966:Oxford University Press
4683:Oxford University Press
4279:Březina, David (2012),
2921:(electronic commerce).
2628:, is deprecated by the
2615:which represents this,
2574:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
2358:Multi-word proper nouns
2055:The first word and all
1543:and do not represent a
1485:Japanese writing system
5525:
4679:Oxford Manual of Style
4086:Latin-script alphabets
3916:
3276:Methods in programming
3152:encoded as mixed-case
3041:
3007:(or illustratively as
2981:
2932:
2903:information technology
2848:
2515:
2306:icking Heading"), and
2235:Oxford Manual of Style
2203:, and newspapers like
1945:All letters uppercase
1939: CALIFORNIA
1881:'s debut studio album—
1614:
1281:South Slavic languages
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1107:
1103:formal polite pronouns
1004:Capitalisation is the
881:
856:
739:
164:
149:Capital Letters (song)
129:Uppercase or lowercase
4985:David Bolton (1997).
4890:David Harris (2003).
4410:Waidner-Spahr Library
4033:Roman square capitals
3811:
3776:Carolingian minuscule
3704:script, developed by
3702:Carolingian minuscule
3239:(U+03B2) or Cyrillic
3037:
2977:
2928:
2917:(electronic mail) or
2862:(or, illustratively,
2844:
2596:, and "upper-case i"
2453:
1847:'s albums, including
1590:
1411:mathematical notation
1074:monotheistic religion
1059:of the first letter.
963:. This includes most
862:
851:
737:
302:Layout for type cases
158:
5862:Typographic features
4754:"Letterlike symbols"
4163:Marc Drogin (1980).
3832:, which derive from
2999:in reference to the
2964:SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
2960:screaming snake case
2870:in reference to the
2732:software development
2701:computer programming
2564:1 Sv (one
2551:electric conductance
2534:) when used for the
1942: RAISINS
1924: VITAMINS
1636:computer programming
1553:improve this section
1539:deal primarily with
1436:Some letters of the
870:include ᴀ, ʙ, ᴣ, ʀ,
353:letterpress printing
251:mathematical objects
209:⟨G, g⟩
205:⟨A, a⟩
201:⟨S, s⟩
197:⟨C, c⟩
142:Uppercase (magazine)
51:improve this article
5987:Technical lettering
5886:Typography in other
5627:Hanging punctuation
4464:"Ijsland / IJsland"
3885:macron abbreviation
3043:Mixed case with no
2592:, "lower-case ell"
2545:1 S (one
2530:1 s (one
2512:amount of substance
2403:Catherine the Great
2322:p Care for Burns").
2308:permanent compounds
2285:temporary compounds
1897:
1337:. Representing the
1238:some forms of Azeri
1179:The German letter "
778:the descender set.
752:b, d, f, h, k, l, t
5950:Handwriting script
5877:Desktop publishing
5847:Character encoding
5840:Digital typography
5354:Horizontal aspects
5307:Visual distinction
5165:Widows and orphans
4821:"Ruby Style Guide"
4785:. 3 February 2004.
4762:Unicode Consortium
4486:"Latin Extended-B"
4335:on 1 December 2016
3917:
3913:a serifed typeface
3866:textualis quadrata
3862:humanist minuscule
3856:was the basis for
3854:Carolingian script
3220:to provide only a
2740:Naming conventions
2572:dose (named after
2570:ionising radiation
2559:Werner von Siemens
2516:
2504:luminous intensity
2425:, "de" or "d'" in
2292:compound modifiers
2172:publication titles
2100:Mid-sentence case
1895:
1875:first studio album
1811:Copperplate Gothic
1615:
1214:typefaces such as
978:is not available.
882:
857:
801:possibly contains
760:old-style numerals
740:
482:lower-case letters
217:alphabetical order
165:
6034:
6033:
5781:Typographic units
5699:For position only
5598:
5597:
5450:
5449:
5023:Project Gutenberg
4566:. Unicode. U+02BB
4238:978-0-395-82517-4
3816:(used in Germany
3766:Roman half uncial
3280:In some forms of
3245:ABБCГDΔΕЄЗFΦGHIИJ
3154:single characters
2897:(illustratively:
2827:, or those about
2821:highly subjective
2797:multiple dispatch
2613:Unicode character
2598:⟨I⟩
2594:⟨l⟩
2590:⟨1⟩
2197:, magazines like
2163:
2162:
1936: FRESH
1837:instant messaging
1585:
1584:
1577:
1325:orthography, the
1166:or a handwritten
1164:instant messaging
1049:vocative particle
954:Georgian language
950:Georgian alphabet
886:bicameral scripts
846:
845:
838:
803:original research
711:
710:
347:used to hold the
135:Lowercase (music)
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
6069:
6024:
6023:
6001:Related template
5933:Related articles
5734:Phototypesetting
5588:reverse-contrast
5573:Display typeface
5530:
5507:Blackletter type
5463:
5462:
5400:Vertical aspects
5381:Sentence spacing
5191:Typeface anatomy
5187:
5186:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4982:
4969:
4954:Bruce M. Metzger
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4733:
4724:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4696:Currin Berdine.
4693:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4596:on 6 August 2017
4592:. Archived from
4590:KeolaDonaghy.com
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4490:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4381:"Capitalization"
4377:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4331:. Archived from
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4093:
4084:(and most other
4082:English alphabet
4070:
4018:Grammatical case
3990:Alternating caps
3891:, ligatures and
3803:Uspenski Gospels
3791:English language
3670:
3656:
3642:
3626:
3621:Codex Ebnerianus
3616:
3598:
3580:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3336:standard library
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3235:(U+0062), Greek
3127:keyword searches
3108:Case-insensitive
3066:Sun Microsystems
2946:, especially in
2891:lower camel case
2860:upper camel case
2786:
2785:(multiply (x y))
2776:
2761:manifestly typed
2758:
2748:
2738:human-readable,
2720:space characters
2639:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2464:electric current
2399:Tamar of Georgia
2348:
2342:
2091:The first word,
1898:
1894:
1805:
1688:
1599:Arthur Eddington
1580:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1442:Hebrew alphabets
1398:, and choice of
1386:effects such as
1375:Related features
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1313:single character
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1037:proper adjective
879:
873:
841:
834:
830:
827:
821:
818:inline citations
794:
793:
786:
782:Bicameral script
543:
542:
530:English alphabet
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
406:, less commonly
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
299:
282:
265:
256:
210:
206:
202:
198:
161:English alphabet
152:
145:
138:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6012:
5996:
5928:
5888:writing systems
5887:
5881:
5835:
5775:
5719:Microtypography
5658:
5594:
5556:
5533:
5501:
5458:classifications
5457:
5446:
5395:
5349:
5315:Blackboard bold
5301:
5253:
5176:
5126:
5117:Recto and verso
5063:
5058:
5011:
5009:Further reading
5006:
4996:
4994:
4993:on 16 July 2007
4983:
4972:
4968:: 2005), p. 92.
4951:
4947:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4927:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4831:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4805:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4694:
4690:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4659:
4656:TheGuardian.com
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4597:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4303:Dave's ESL Cafe
4297:Dennis Oliver.
4295:
4288:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4205:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
3980:
3968:composing stick
3922:
3909:Times New Roman
3901:Humanist script
3768:, and minuscule
3762:Roman majuscule
3757:Greek minuscule
3686:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3675:composing stick
3671:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3570:
3564:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3278:
3272:does the same.
3271:
3267:
3261:word processors
3257:
3135:
3118:character set.
3086:
3036:
2976:
2927:
2843:
2837:
2810:syntactic sugar
2697:
2691:
2637:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2600:look different.
2597:
2593:
2589:
2448:
2429:, and "ibn" in
2409:" and "der" in
2360:
2346:
2340:
2251:parts of speech
2249:words (certain
2168:
1927: ARE
1921: THE
1807:
1803:
1724:
1720:(all uppercase)
1708:text processing
1695:
1664:
1629:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1550:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1431:blackboard bold
1427:script typeface
1377:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1267:, the digraph "
1255:
1251:
1205:
1176:
1012:with its first
1002:
996:
988:various factors
986:, depending on
871:
855:Cyrillic script
842:
831:
825:
822:
807:
795:
791:
784:
717:Typographically
518:
492:and the prefix
475:
466:
411:
407:
373:
369:
361:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
300:
291:
290:
289:
283:
272:
261:
254:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:writing systems
186:(more formally
178:(more formally
153:
146:
139:
132:
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6075:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Capitalization
6049:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5922:National Fonts
5914:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Web typography
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5744:Reversing type
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5471:
5469:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5371:Letter-spacing
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5325:Color printing
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5259:Capitalization
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Page numbering
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4970:
4958:Bart D. Ehrman
4945:
4925:
4907:
4900:
4882:
4861:
4839:
4812:
4788:
4774:
4745:
4714:
4688:
4669:
4642:
4616:
4607:
4577:
4552:
4527:
4502:
4477:
4455:
4423:
4397:
4372:
4346:
4315:
4286:
4271:
4264:
4244:
4237:
4218:
4199:
4182:
4175:
4155:
4126:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4000:Capitalization
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3921:
3918:
3798:Greek alphabet
3786:
3785:
3779:
3769:
3759:
3672:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3406:
3393:character sets
3345:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3253:
3134:
3131:
3092:developed for
3090:character sets
3085:
3082:
3035:
3032:
2975:
2972:
2926:
2923:
2895:dromedary case
2839:Main article:
2836:
2833:
2801:
2800:
2793:type inference
2782:
2772:
2754:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2642:
2641:
2634:Web typography
2626:SCRIPT SMALL L
2601:
2578:
2577:
2562:
2543:
2506:), and "mol" (
2458:symbols, "A" (
2447:
2444:
2417:" and "zu" in
2395:personal names
2359:
2356:
2324:
2323:
2314:(e.g., "Short-
2287:(such as many
2265:
2254:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:All-lowercase
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:Sentence case
2061:
2060:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933: MY
1931:
1930: IN
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1839:(avoiding the
1829:
1826:
1823:
1800:
1795:
1721:
1715:
1712:part of speech
1692:
1689:
1661:
1655:
1632:
1622:
1594:New York Times
1583:
1582:
1565:September 2013
1547:of the subject
1545:worldwide view
1536:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1481:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1448:of the Korean
1434:
1407:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1335:quotation mark
1319:
1316:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1226:
1223:iota subscript
1219:
1203:
1192:
1175:
1172:
1133:(German), and
1105:, for example
1000:Capitalisation
998:Main article:
995:
994:Capitalisation
992:
844:
843:
798:
796:
789:
783:
780:
723:and sometimes
709:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
517:
514:
465:
462:
446:palaeographers
360:
357:
301:
294:
293:
292:
284:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
271:
268:
182:) and smaller
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6074:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Bézier curves
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Rasterization
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5714:Microprinting
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Etaoin shrdlu
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5634:
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5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5453:
5443:
5440:
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5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
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5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
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5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
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5298:
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5290:
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5280:
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5115:
5113:
5110:
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5103:
5100:
5098:
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5088:
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5083:
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5075:
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5072:
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5066:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
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5036:
5035:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5012:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4903:
4901:0-7641-5615-2
4897:
4893:
4886:
4871:
4865:
4849:
4843:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4802:
4801:caml.inria.fr
4798:
4792:
4784:
4778:
4763:
4759:
4758:Charts (Beta)
4755:
4749:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4611:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4562:
4556:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4487:
4481:
4465:
4459:
4444:
4437:
4436:
4427:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4275:
4267:
4265:0-486-20427-8
4261:
4257:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4176:9780486261423
4172:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4074:Roman Antiqua
4069:
4065:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Roman cursive
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:, or drop cap
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3895:are omitted;
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3834:Roman cursive
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:uncial script
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Ancient Greek
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:Roman cursive
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3655:
3641:
3622:
3615:
3604:
3597:
3586:
3585:Arch of Titus
3579:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3319:"A"
3301:"a"
3285:
3283:
3273:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:character set
3211:
3210:typographical
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:dromedaryCase
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2635:
2631:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:(named after
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:Of the seven
2452:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Spanish names
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:sentence case
2214:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:The Economist
2196:
2195:
2194:New Scientist
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1879:Billie Eilish
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:All lowercase
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:disemvoweling
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1679:style manuals
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:concatenation
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1621:Sentence case
1620:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1576:
1568:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:designates a
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:line of verse
1077:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:and personal
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Old Hungarian
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
878:
869:
865:
861:
854:
850:
840:
837:
829:
819:
815:
811:
805:
804:
799:This section
797:
788:
787:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:g, j, p, q, y
753:
749:
745:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
468:
461:
459:
458:Book of Kells
455:
451:
447:
441:
403:
367:
363:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
298:
288:
281:
267:
264:
260:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
213:pronunciation
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
157:
150:
143:
136:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2023
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
66:"Letter case"
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
18:Sentence case
5972:Type foundry
5809:Metric units
5739:Punchcutting
5724:Movable type
5694:Font catalog
5654:Vertical bar
5391:Word spacing
5361:Figure space
5281:
5244:Text figures
5087:Even working
5021:– via
5017:
4995:. Retrieved
4991:the original
4987:"Type Cases"
4961:
4948:
4937:. Retrieved
4928:
4919:
4910:
4891:
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4864:
4852:. Retrieved
4842:
4830:. Retrieved
4824:
4815:
4804:. Retrieved
4800:
4791:
4777:
4765:. Retrieved
4757:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4705:. Retrieved
4701:
4691:
4678:
4672:
4660:. Retrieved
4654:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4628:
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2364:proper nouns
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1833:SMS language
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1675:conjunctions
1671:prepositions
1631:orthography.
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4832:11 November
4707:23 February
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4445:, p. 1
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4365:19 February
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4339:19 February
4308:19 February
4140:. pp.
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3383:'A'
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1912:Description
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1819:petite caps
1704:proper case
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4916:Knut Kleve
4806:2017-03-31
4738:12 January
4495:5 February
4466:. Taalunie
4449:2017-06-29
4119:9 November
4100:References
4043:Small caps
3995:Camel case
3957:compositor
3947:The terms
3930:type cases
3920:Type cases
3850:Beneventan
3842:Visigothic
3733:Knut Kleve
3605:(41–54 CE)
3566:See also:
3225:code point
3062:studliness
3021:TRAIN-CASE
3017:train case
3009:kebab-case
2993:param case
2974:Kebab case
2952:snake_case
2925:Snake case
2919:e-commerce
2876:bumpy case
2856:PowerPoint
2841:Camel case
2835:Camel case
2814:overloaded
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2376:eden ahbez
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546:Uppercase
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4850:. Unicode
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4038:Shift key
3889:r rotunda
3690:alphabets
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3142:character
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2997:Lisp case
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2498:), "cd" (
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1277:Hungarian
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1189:capital ẞ
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5267:All caps
5229:Rotation
5224:Ligature
5219:Ink trap
4997:23 April
4875:23 April
4635:24 March
4600:6 August
4570:6 August
4545:6 August
4520:6 August
4416:30 March
3985:All caps
3978:See also
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3627:1100 CE)
3603:Claudius
3307:LowerA$
3289:UpperA$
3150:digraphs
3098:software
3080:, etc..
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3045:semantic
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2605:script l
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2014:articles
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1991:Vitamins
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1862:evermore
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1772:PWR BTTM
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1727:Internet
1718:All caps
1667:articles
1607:Einstein
1551:You may
1497:katakana
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1419:boldface
1396:boldface
1331:phonemic
1323:Hawaiian
1022:sentence
1018:language
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938:Vithkuqi
922:Cherokee
906:Armenian
894:Cyrillic
534:typeface
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5729:Pangram
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5330:Italics
5277:Initial
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4767:28 July
4662:10 June
4470:9 March
4053:Unicase
4012:Initial
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3737:uncials
3587:(82 CE)
3568:Initial
3562:History
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