419:. When the rains came, flooding resulted and since then land productivity has fallen. Various theories were put forward to explain the fires, ranging from slash and burn clearing within the forest and deliberate burns to remove stubble from farmland that ran out of control to a plot by the government to create the fires from the air. Some pointed out that much of the burned land was in the area that would be covered by the proposed dam and highway. The implication that fires were set deliberately is based on the belief that there are powerful interests who would like to see the region exploited for its lumber and farmland potential, and to see the large hydropower potential put to work.
391:
are dedicated to sell tracks of virgin forest to create ranch operations and destroy the forest, and use the money to help the
Zapatista warlords, they use their influences inside the state to legalize the plots of lands that they sold, this is evidenced in the new town called Arroyo Dos Arcos, deep into federally protected land. More recently, plans (at least in Oaxaca) have involved the communities affected and have emphasized sustainable use of the forest resources. This approach appears to have more promise.
361:, were moved into the area. The planned large scale agricultural schemes failed, although small farmers were able to make a living. The displaced people were dissatisfied with the new conditions and protested, but did not achieve much. Several of their leaders were jailed. Migrants also settled in other parts of the Selva Zoque. Some of the new arrivals engaged in small scale farming and hunting, while others moved into more destructive activities such as ranching,
231:
400:
20:
67:, but is otherwise not yet protected. Despite the rich ecology of the region, a 2003 study that focused on bird populations stated that "the fauna of the heart of the Chimalapas, including its vast rainforests, have seen little or no study". As it is an impoverished region, efforts to preserve the ecology are often at odds with demands to improve the economy.
87:. Elevations range from 100m to 2,700m. Average monthly temperatures in most areas range between 18 °C and 22 °C, and annual rainfall between 500 and 2,500 mm, with high humidity throughout most of the region although there are dry interior valleys. In some of the higher areas, mean annual temperatures are as low as 13 °C.
390:
To reduce impact of this nearby development on the
Chimalapas the government has in the past made offers to buy forest land and turn it into a biosphere reserve, but these have been rejected by the native people who would lose their ancestral lands. The local government officials and their families
411:
Environmental issues include destructive forestry, land clearance for grazing livestock and clearance for cultivation of illegal drugs. Rare animal species are at risk from illegal hunting, and valuable trees such as mahogany and cedar are extracted through illegal forestry. Construction of
Federal
349:
Despite continued contacts with the colonialists and prospectors, in their relatively inaccessible terrain the Chimas in the forest region were largely undisturbed until the later half of the nineteenth century, when the government started selling off concessions to exploit their "vacant" lands for
119:
The region has highly diverse plant communities. For example, over 300 orchid species have been identified, 60% of all orchid genera in Mexico. Over 200 canopy tree species have been found in the
Uxpanapa lowlands, and the entire region is estimated to have 3,500 vascular plant species. Several
372:
had a combined population of 3,000. The remainder was split between 38 "recognized" settlements and 34 informal settlements along the river banks and in the valleys. Some of the informal settlements were created by official colonization schemes and others by invading peasants. The area is now
381:
The
Mexican government has plans to develop the trans-isthmus corridor that borders the region to the west. This includes improving transportation routes across the isthmus between the Caribbean and the Pacific, developing an industrial zone along the highway and expanding the petroleum and
386:
on the
Pacific coast. Other plans include creating coffee plantations and cattle corridors, expanding production of beans, maize and chili and exploiting the bio-genetic resources of native medicinal plants. A plan first proposed in 1977 for a dam in the Chimalapas has been stalled due to
387:
environmental concerns. In June 2008 the State of Oaxaca was again proposing construction of a storage dam in the Rio El Corte Basin in the
Chimalapa sub-region, with the potential to irrigate 100,000 hectares of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and to supply water to the Salina Cruz Refinery.
438:
has been active in the area, seeking to prevent further fires and encourage sustainable land use. The WWF has also been active in attempting to encourage conservation efforts in the
Chimalapas area. The area of El Ocote is now protected, although with mixed results.
843:"Report of the Committee set up to examine the representation alleging non-observance by Mexico of the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169), made under article 24 of the ILO Constitution by the Radical Trade Union of Metal and Associated Workers"
842:
412:
roads may cause loss of continuity between the different forest areas. In the
Uxpanapa area more than 80% of the original cover has been lost, and in the Ocote area 40%. Loss of original cover has been relatively low in Los Chimalapas area.
554:
94:
and La
Sepultura extensions, the forest region covers about one million hectares. The main Chimalapas region in Oaxaca covers approximately 600,000 hectares. The forest contains the headwaters of five hydrological systems: the
443:
Chiapas and Pronatura Veracruz are also working on conservation projects in the area. The goal is to improve environmental protection while supporting sustainable use of the natural resources by the local population.
846:
447:
However, it is difficult to strike a balance between protecting this unique environment, respecting the rights of the traditional inhabitants and improving the economy to eliminate poverty, malnutrition and disease.
555:
A. Townsend Peterson, Adolfo G. Navarro-SigĂĽenza, Blanca E. Hernández-Baños, Griselda Escalona-Segura, Fanny RebĂłn-Gallardo, Emir RodrĂguez-Ayala, Elsa M. Figueroa-Esquivel and Leonardo Cabrera-GarcĂa (2003).
338:
was an important source of giant pines, used for masts and beams by the Spanish navy. The trees were floated down the Corte River, which owes its name to the cutting of these trees, to
350:
timber and grazing. The process slowed with the revolution of 1910, then picked up speed in the 1970s with fresh immigrants moving into the region, often assisted by the government.
415:
At the end of the dry season in early 1998 there were extensive forest fires in the region, affecting over 200,000 hectares. The season had been exceptionally dry, partly due to
111:
which flow into Veracruz's southern wetlands and the Gulf of Mexico; and the Espiritu Santo River watershed which supplies the lagoon system to the south in the Pacific Ocean.
138:
sp.) is an important source of revenue for the local people, with the ornamental leaves harvested carefully to avoid killing the plant. Types of vegetation cover include:
557:
1275:
373:
ethnically diverse, with the Zoques reduced to a minority of perhaps 30%. The region is extremely poor, with limited infrastructure such as roads and schools.
1388:
803:
603:
240:
The forest forms a vital biological corridor between North and Central America and has very diverse zoology, lying at the conjunction between the
75:
The forest lies between 16°00'32"N, 17°32'00"N, 93°21'40"W and 94°53'53"W in the eastern part of the mountain range that forms the spine of the
875:
1295:
488:
79:. The terrain is rugged and includes a complex mixture of forest types at different levels. Geologically, the region dates from the
728:
434:
ecoregion. The government has recognized the rights of the communities in Chimalapas to be involved in conservation planning. The
353:
In the early 1970s, the federal government launched a program in the Uxpanapa region to resettle small farmers displaced by the
161:
Dense vegetation in a humid, temperate climate, found only above 800 m. These may represent the largest area of undisturbed
306:. Recent herpetological studies have found many new forms, including at least eight endemic reptile and amphibian species.
1324:
692:
368:
In the core Chimalapas region there was a total population of about 18,000 in 1999. Two towns, Santa Maria Chimalapa and
900:
1373:
1285:
787:
762:
959:
357:, bulldozing and burning large areas of the forest to open it up for farming. Approximately 26,000 people, mostly
876:"The Social Construction of Deforestation in Mexico: A case study of the 1998 fires in the Chimalapas Rain Forest"
1383:
435:
1270:
1071:
198:
The canopy exceeds 30 m in height and more than 75% of the species preserve their leaves throughout the year.
1363:
457:
120:
genera and one family are found only in this area of Mexico. Valuable plants include the tropical red cedar (
663:
1378:
1290:
777:
64:
268:
59:
in Mexico, and contains the majority of terrestrial biodiversity in the country. The forest includes the
1368:
1076:
427:
36:
901:"Respuestas de las solicitudes de informaciĂłn recibidas el dĂa 25 de de 2008: Folio: UE/LX/0670/2008"
1086:
558:"The Chimalapas Region, Oaxaca, Mexico: a high-priority region for bird conservation in Mesoamerica"
334:), which is easily navigable, and began to exploit the forest. From 1731 to 1747, the region around
1393:
1312:
1056:
999:
1178:
1081:
335:
696:
187:
Trees are 4–15 m high, and more than 75% of the species lose their leaves during the dry season.
1046:
1280:
1137:
1025:
76:
597:
264:
260:
251:
and spanning a range of montane and lowland habitats. It is home to species that include the
128:
1147:
1122:
952:
879:
369:
272:
1041:
8:
492:
280:
248:
108:
56:
818:
732:
629:
440:
1199:
1066:
797:
100:
1239:
1132:
1096:
1020:
1015:
783:
758:
303:
245:
778:
AbisaĂ J. GarcĂa-Mendoza, MarĂa de JĂ©sus Ordóñez DĂaz, Miguel Briones-Salas (2004).
577:
569:
354:
343:
256:
80:
1127:
945:
362:
315:
122:
1117:
700:
295:
104:
96:
60:
1229:
921:
669:(in Spanish). ComisiĂłn Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad
573:
1357:
1339:
1326:
1183:
1142:
339:
1152:
422:
The forest has been designated "outstanding at a bioregional level" by the
319:
299:
162:
1101:
1061:
1051:
983:
383:
330:
colony to the north established settlements on the Corte River (English:
284:
276:
234:
230:
134:
1219:
1168:
431:
423:
416:
1214:
1209:
582:
522:
358:
1204:
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1234:
1091:
327:
241:
91:
84:
52:
399:
1249:
937:
926:
291:
48:
968:
752:
731:(in Spanish). La Unidad del CIESAS PacĂfico Sur. Archived from
404:
252:
44:
40:
819:"A Comparative Survey of Dam-induced Resettlement in 50 Cases"
19:
1300:
1244:
1224:
323:
176:
Mostly pines, typically found in temperate and cooler areas.
873:
288:
845:. International Labor Organization. 1998. Archived from
365:
of valuable tree species and cultivation of narcotics.
99:
watershed, the Negro River watershed, which feeds the
568:(3). Bird Conservation International 13: 227–253.
1355:
39:, is an area of great ecological importance in
407:is one of the threatened species of the region
953:
687:
685:
683:
627:
802:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
602:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1389:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
878:. World Rainforest Movement. Archived from
960:
946:
816:
753:Eric Léonard; Emilia Velázquez H. (2000).
680:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
517:
515:
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287:. There are estimated to be more than 600
43:. Most of the forest lies in the state of
869:
867:
865:
863:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
581:
318:, the area was inhabited by the Chima, a
874:David Barkin & Miguel Angel GarcĂa.
723:
721:
719:
717:
398:
229:
18:
1102:Tehuantepec (Santo Domingo Tehuantepec)
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
539:
506:
394:
326:. With the arrival of the Spanish, the
16:Area of ecological importance in Mexico
1356:
860:
647:
941:
714:
634:La Jornada, Suplemento Ojarasca NÂş 59
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
23:Selva Zoque region of Southern Mexico
824:. California Institute of Technology
610:
430:(WWF), and has been recognized as a
376:
263:. Highly threatened species include
209:Agriculture, livestock and forestry
13:
967:
903:. SENADO DE LA REPĂšBLICA DE MEXICO
757:(in Spanish). CIESAS. p. 47.
470:
322:believed to be descendants of the
14:
1405:
914:
893:
835:
810:
562:Bird Conservation International
181:Semi-deciduous tropical forest
165:in Mexico and Central America.
771:
746:
436:Maderas rainforest conservancy
1:
1092:Santa MarĂa AsunciĂłn Tlaxiaco
630:"El futuro de la Selva Zoque"
528:. Gulf Coast Bird Observatory
463:
458:Chimalapas territory conflict
114:
55:. It is the largest tract of
693:"Uxpanapa-Chimpalapa Region"
628:Emanuel GĂłmez (March 2002).
491:. WWF Mexico. Archived from
382:petrochemical industries in
101:Nezahualcoyotl (Malpaso) Dam
70:
7:
1072:San Juan Bautista Cuicatlán
451:
140:
10:
1410:
1077:San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec
664:"Selva Zoque-La Sepultura"
428:World Wide Fund for Nature
342:and carried across to the
201:
190:
179:
168:
153:
1340:16.9389167°N 94.7718417°W
1309:
1263:
1192:
1161:
1110:
1052:Oaxaca (Oaxaca de Juárez)
1034:
1008:
992:
984:Oaxaca (Oaxaca de Juárez)
976:
574:10.1017/S0959270903003186
331:
309:
32:
1374:Geography of Mesoamerica
1313:Municipalities of Oaxaca
1000:Alejandro Murat Hinojosa
755:El sotavento veracruzano
269:Geoffroy's spider monkey
225:
126:) and bigleaf mahogany (
63:, a federally-protected
1345:16.9389167; -94.7718417
1143:Valles Centrales Region
780:Biodiversidad de Oaxaca
697:Smithsonian Institution
316:Mexican colonial period
1111:Administrative regions
1087:Santa LucĂa del Camino
408:
237:
77:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
37:Chimalapas rain forest
35:), which includes the
24:
1384:Geography of Veracruz
1082:Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán
782:. UNAM. p. 152.
402:
336:Santa MarĂa Chimalapa
233:
192:Tropical rain forest
129:Swietenia macrophylla
22:
1364:Ecoregions of Mexico
1193:Archaeological sites
1162:Geographical regions
1047:Juchitán de Zaragoza
395:Environmental issues
370:San Miguel Chimalapa
273:white-lipped peccary
1379:Geography of Oaxaca
1336: /
1286:Lagunas de Chacahua
1138:Sierra Norte Region
281:resplendent quetzal
109:Coatzacoalcos River
57:tropical rainforest
1296:Tehuacán-Cuicatlán
1291:Playa de Escobilla
1276:Boquerón de Tonalá
1200:Cerro de las Minas
1067:San Pedro Pochutla
729:"Zoques de Oaxaca"
409:
238:
107:watershed and the
25:
1369:Forests of Mexico
1319:
1318:
1148:Sierra Sur Region
1133:Papaloapan Region
1097:Pinotepa Nacional
1042:Huajuapan de LeĂłn
1035:Major communities
377:Development plans
304:ornate hawk-eagle
223:
222:
65:biosphere reserve
47:but parts are in
1401:
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1350:
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1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
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1057:Puerto Escondido
962:
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793:
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769:
768:
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699:. Archived from
689:
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645:
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355:Cerro de Oro Dam
344:Havana Shipyards
333:
141:
81:Upper Cretaceous
34:
1409:
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1400:
1399:
1398:
1394:Montane forests
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1342:
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1327:
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1323:
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1264:Protected areas
1259:
1240:San José Mogote
1188:
1157:
1106:
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988:
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363:illegal logging
312:
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123:Cedrela odorata
117:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1407:
1397:
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1159:
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1125:
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1118:Mixteca Region
1114:
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1074:
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609:
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468:
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396:
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311:
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296:great curassow
227:
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116:
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105:Uxpanapa River
97:El Corte River
90:Excluding the
72:
69:
61:Selva El Ocote
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1406:
1395:
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1331:94°46′18.63″W
1328:16°56′20.10″N
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1271:Benito Juárez
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1184:Oaxaca Valley
1182:
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1179:Sierra Juárez
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1154:
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1128:Cañada Region
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977:State capital
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929:
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882:on 2011-07-26
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849:on 2011-07-26
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789:970-32-2045-2
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764:968-6990-17-8
760:
756:
749:
735:on 2010-02-08
734:
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703:on 2010-01-15
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523:"Selva Zoque"
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495:on 2010-11-17
494:
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489:"Selva Zoque"
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340:Coatzacoalcos
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1153:Costa Region
1123:Istmo Region
1026:Demographics
1009:Major topics
925:
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880:the original
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733:the original
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636:(in Spanish)
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598:cite journal
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320:Zoque people
313:
300:crested guan
294:, including
239:
170:Pine forest
163:cloud forest
150:Description
133:
132:). Palmita (
127:
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89:
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33:Zoque Forest
28:
26:
1343: /
1230:Monte Albán
1174:Selva Zoque
1062:Salina Cruz
922:"- YouTube"
384:Salina Cruz
314:Before the
285:harpy eagle
277:horned guan
246:Neotropical
235:Harpy eagle
135:Chamaedorea
29:Selva Zoque
1358:Categories
1220:Lambityeco
1169:La Mixteca
907:2010-06-26
886:2010-06-29
853:2010-06-29
828:2010-06-29
739:2010-06-28
707:2010-06-29
673:2010-06-28
640:2010-06-27
589:2010-06-27
532:2010-06-28
499:2010-06-28
464:References
432:Global 200
424:World Bank
115:Vegetation
31:(English:
1311:See also
1215:Guiengola
1210:Etlatongo
798:cite book
583:1808/6533
441:Pronatura
359:Chinantec
332:Cut River
71:Geography
1281:Huatulco
1255:Zaachila
1235:Ndaxagua
993:Governor
971:, Mexico
452:See also
426:and the
328:Uxpanapa
242:Nearctic
147:Percent
92:Uxpanapa
85:Cenozoic
83:and the
53:Veracruz
1250:Yucuita
1021:Economy
1016:History
927:YouTube
417:El Niño
292:species
214:Others
203:Farmed
49:Chiapas
1205:DainzĂş
969:Oaxaca
786:
761:
695:. The
405:jaguar
310:People
265:jaguar
259:, and
253:ocelot
249:realms
103:, the
45:Oaxaca
41:Mexico
1301:Yagul
1245:Yagul
1225:Mitla
822:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
526:(PDF)
324:Olmec
226:Fauna
144:Type
804:link
784:ISBN
759:ISBN
604:link
403:The
302:and
289:bird
283:and
261:puma
244:and
195:56%
173:20%
51:and
27:The
578:hdl
570:doi
217:8%
206:5%
184:6%
158:5%
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