Self-organization - Knowledge

1590: 1171: 33: 5391: 1819:(Springer Verlag, 1981) by the biophysicist L. A. Blumenfeld, when he wrote: "The meaningful macroscopic ordering of biological structure does not arise due to the increase of certain parameters or a system above their critical values. These structures are built according to program-like complicated architectural structures, the meaningful information created during many billions of years of chemical and biological evolution being used." Life is a consequence of microscopic, not macroscopic, organization. 1704:

viable meaning" to be tested experientially by the learner. This may be collaborative, and more rewarding personally. It is seen as a lifelong process, not limited to specific learning environments (home, school, university) or under the control of authorities such as parents and professors. It needs to be tested, and intermittently revised, through the personal experience of the learner. It need not be restricted by either consciousness or language.

1099: 997: 1644:(1984). For Luhmann the elements of a social system are self-producing communications, i.e. a communication produces further communications and hence a social system can reproduce itself as long as there is dynamic communication. For Luhmann, human beings are sensors in the environment of the system. Luhmann developed an evolutionary theory of society and its subsystems, using functional analyses and systems theory. 1782:. In this system, each researcher is allocated an equal amount of funding, and is required to anonymously allocate a fraction of their funds to the research of others. Proponents of SOFA argue that it would result in similar distribution of funding as the present grant system, but with less overhead. In 2016, a test pilot of SOFA began in the Netherlands. 729:" in 1960. It notes that self-organization is facilitated by random perturbations ("noise") that let the system explore a variety of states in its state space. This increases the chance that the system will arrive into the basin of a "strong" or "deep" attractor, from which it then quickly enters the attractor itself. The biophysicist 1839:. Most physicists would agree that there is neither empirical evidence to support their view, nor is there a mathematical necessity for it. There is no "clash of doctrines." Only Prigogine and a few colleagues hold to these speculations which, in spite of their efforts, continue to live in the twilight zone of scientific credibility. 1406:. These emerge from bottom-up interactions, unlike top-down hierarchical networks within organizations, which are not self-organizing. Cloud computing systems have been argued to be inherently self-organising, but while they have some autonomy, they are not self-managing as they do not have the goal of reducing their own complexity. 2382:

Ada Palmer explores how Renaissance readers, such as Machiavelli, Pomponio Leto, and Montaigne, actually ingested and disseminated Lucretius, ... and shows how ideas of emergent order and natural selection, so critical to our current thinking, became embedded in Europe's intellectual landscape before

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Enabling others to "learn how to learn" is often taken to mean instructing them how to submit to being taught. Self-organised learning (SOL) denies that "the expert knows best" or that there is ever "the one best method", insisting instead on "the construction of personally significant, relevant and

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The evolution of order in living systems and the generation of order in certain non-living systems was proposed to obey a common fundamental principal called “the Darwinian dynamic” that was formulated by first considering how microscopic order is generated in simple non-biological systems that are

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Yasuga, Hiroki; Iseri, Emre; Wei, Xi; Kaya, Kerem; Di Dio, Giacomo; Osaki, Toshihisa; Kamiya, Koki; Nikolakopoulou, Polyxeni; Buchmann, Sebastian; Sundin, Johan; Bagheri, Shervin; Takeuchi, Shoji; Herland, Anna; Miki, Norihisa; van der Wijngaart, Wouter (2021). "Fluid interfacial energy drives the

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operational control (3) and development (4) which produce maintenance of identity (5) under environmental perturbation. Focus is prioritized by an alerting "algedonic loop" feedback: a sensitivity to both pain and pleasure produced from under-performance or over-performance relative to a standard

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Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent, whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God, as to its first cause. So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will, since these can

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by restricting local interactions between the system components, rather than following an explicit control mechanism or a global design blueprint. The desired outcomes, such as increases in the resultant internal structure and/or functionality, are achieved by combining task-independent global

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of surrounding states. Once there, the further evolution of the system is constrained to remain in the attractor. This constraint implies a form of mutual dependency or coordination between its constituent components or subsystems. In Ashby's terms, each subsystem has adapted to the environment

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processes which he called concepts. His strict definition of concept "a procedure to bring about a relation" permitted his theorem "Like concepts repel, unlike concepts attract" to state a general spin-based principle of self-organization. His edict, an exclusion principle, "There are

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E.V. Krishnamurthy (2009)", Multiset of Agents in a Network for Simulation of Complex Systems", in "Recent advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and synchronization, (NDS-1) – Theory and applications, Springer Verlag, New York, 2009. Eds. K.Kyamakya, et

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is a meaningful concept only if there exists such an entity whose parts or "organs" are simultaneously ends and means. Such a system of organs must be able to behave as if it has a mind of its own, that is, it is capable of governing itself.

888:. This means that a system cannot spontaneously increase its order without an external relationship that decreases order elsewhere in the system (e.g. through consuming the low-entropy energy of a battery and diffusing high-entropy heat). 1281:

relying on a continuous input of energy. Self-organization is not an alternative to natural selection, but it constrains what evolution can do and provides mechanisms such as the self-assembly of membranes which evolution then exploits.

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can be considered self-organizing because they aim to find the optimal solution to a problem. If the solution is considered as a state of the iterative system, the optimal solution is the selected, converged structure of the system.

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determines almost all the spatiotemporal behavior of traffic, such as traffic breakdown at a highway bottleneck, highway capacity, and the emergence of moving traffic jams. These self-organizing effects are explained by

1382:, self-organization is used to produce emergent behavior. In particular the theory of random graphs has been used as a justification for self-organization as a general principle of complex systems. In the field of 1686:

are so significant that self-organization produces bad results and that the state should direct production and pricing. Most economists adopt an intermediate position and recommend a mixture of market economy and

918:; and von Foerster organized a conference on "The Principles of Self-Organization" at the University of Illinois' Allerton Park in June, 1960 which led to a series of conferences on Self-Organizing Systems. 4999: 1441: 1835:

is not derived from a time-independent microworld, but is itself fundamental. The virtue of their idea is that it resolves what they perceive as a "clash of doctrines" about the nature of

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change or fail; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self-necessary first principle, as was shown in the body of the Article.

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Smollin, Lee (1995). "Cosmology as a problem in critical phenomena". In Ramón López-Peña; Henri Waelbroeck; Riccardo Capovilla; Ricardo García-Pelayo; Federico Zertuche (eds.).

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The self-organizing behaviour of social animals and the self-organization of simple mathematical structures both suggest that self-organization should be expected in human

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proposed "Redundancy of Potential Command" as characteristic of the organization of the brain and human nervous system and the necessary condition for self-organization.

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is more or less scale invariant over many orders of magnitude, ideas and strategies developed in the study of self-organized systems could be helpful in tackling certain

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to management. It consists of five parts: the monitoring of performance of the survival processes (1), their management by recursive application of regulation (2),

4713:, P. Dittrich, J. T. Kim, and J. Ziegler, Advances in Artificial Life, 7th European Conference, ECAL 2003, Dortmund, Germany, pp. 606–14. LNAI 2801. Springer. 979:

Around 2008–2009, a concept of guided self-organization started to take shape. This approach aims to regulate self-organization for specific purposes, so that a

1298:. It was shown that the underlying order-generating processes of self-organization in the non-biological systems and in replicating RNA are basically similar. 891:

18th-century thinkers had sought to understand the "universal laws of form" to explain the observed forms of living organisms. This idea became associated with

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believed that a designing intelligence is unnecessary to create order in nature, arguing that given enough time and space and matter, order emerges by itself.

3836:"Brain of the Firm" Alan Lane (1972); see also Viable System Model in "Beyond Dispute", and Stafford Beer (1994) "Redundancy of Potential Command" pp. 157–58. 2249: 1823:

Of course, Blumenfeld does not answer the further question of how those program-like structures emerge in the first place. His explanation leads directly to

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Lozeanu, Erzilia; Popescu, Virginia; Sanduloviciu, Mircea (February 2002). "Spatial and spatiotemporal patterns formed after self-organization in plasma".

534:. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is often triggered by seemingly random 2824:

Lehn, J.-M. (1988). "Perspectives in Supramolecular Chemistry-From Molecular Recognition towards Molecular Information Processing and Self-Organization".

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We have already seen ample evidence for what is arguably the single most impressive general property of CA, namely their capacity for self-organization

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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RA, Vemulapalli GK. (1983) The Darwinian Dynamic. Quarterly Review of Biology 58, 185-207. JSTOR 2828805

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the other parts—each, consequently, reciprocally producing the others... Only under these conditions and upon these terms can such a product be an

3712:, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Wiley, NY, 1948. 2nd Edition 1962 "Chapter X "Brain Waves and Self-Organizing Systems" pp. 201–02. 2326:

Ahmed, Furqan; Tirkkonen, Olav (January 2016). "Simulated annealing variants for self-organized resource allocation in small cell networks".

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Johnson, Brian R.; Lam, Sheung Kwam (2010). "Self-organization, Natural Selection, and Evolution: Cellular Hardware and Genetic Software".

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finds nothing before 1954, and only four entries before 1970. There were 17 in the years 1971–1980; 126 in 1981–1990; and 593 in 1991–2000.

2287: 5228: 2228: 1601:. Tell-tale signs of self-organization are usually statistical properties shared with self-organizing physical systems. Examples such as 5011:, In Engineering Self Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 3464, pp. 1–15. 3869: 5134: 5122: 1640:

In social theory, the concept of self-referentiality has been introduced as a sociological application of self-organization theory by

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to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation", in regards to the spontaneous order of the free market economy.

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might be the result of or have involved certain degree of self-organization. He argues that self-organized systems are often

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usually makes the self-organized economic system less efficient. On the other end of the spectrum, economists consider that

3655: 2885:"Asymmetric synthesis of a highly soluble 'trimeric' analogue of the chiral nematic liquid crystal twist agent Merck S1011" 1386:, understanding how to engineer systems that are capable of presenting self-organized behavior is an active research area. 4596: 5566: 5200: 3633:

Marinescu, D. C.; Paya, A.; Morrison, J. P.; Healy, P. (2013). "An auction-driven self-organising cloud delivery model".

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level. Cited examples of self-organizing behaviour also appear in the literature of many other disciplines, both in the

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Ruse, Michael (2013). "17. From Organicism to Mechanism-and Halfway Back?". In Henning, Brian G.; Scarfe, Adam (eds.).

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argued that it is poorly recognised within psychology and education. It may be related to cybernetics as it involves a

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formulated a similar principle as "order through fluctuations" or "order out of chaos". It is applied in the method of

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Synergetics: An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transition and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology

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Barlow, S.M.; Raval R.. (2003). "Complex organic molecules at metal surfaces: bonding, organisation and chirality".

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Christian Prehofer ea. (2005), "Self-Organization in Communication Networks: Principles and Design Paradigms", in:

2444:"Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen" 1917: 1415: 5181: 4494: 2587: 5213: 5082: 3931: 3373:

Yang, X. S.; Deb, S.; Loomes, M.; Karamanoglu, M. (2013). "A framework for self-tuning optimization algorithm".

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Scott Camazine, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Nigel R. Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Theraulaz, & Eric Bonabeau (2001)

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Betzler, S. B.; Wisnet, A.; Breitbach, B.; Mitterbauer, C.; Weickert, J.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Scheu, C. (2014).

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created universe in rejecting the idea that something can be a self-sufficient cause of its own organization:

1468:, when perturbed, to converge on one of many possible stable states. Ashby used his state counting measure of 869: 5236: 4997:

Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence

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et al. (editors) (1986), "Evolution, Games, and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature", in:

2486:"On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom" 1602: 1031: 906:

introduced the term "self-organizing" to contemporary science in 1947. It was taken up by the cyberneticians

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Clauset, Aaron; Cosma Rohilla Shalizi; M. E. J Newman (2009). "Power-law distributions in empirical data".

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Love; et al. (2005). "Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals as a Form of Nanotechnology".

1515:. In essence this states that unused potential communication bandwidth is a measure of self-organization. 5266: 5251: 5103: 1481: 136: 1695:). When applied to economics, the concept of self-organization can quickly become ideologically imbued. 983:

may reach specific attractors or outcomes. The regulation constrains a self-organizing process within a

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Complex Systems and Binary Networks: Guanajuato Lectures Held at Guanajuato, México 16–22 January 1995

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Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations

5370: 4650: 3964:"Emergence, Self-Organization, and Social Interaction: Arousal-Dependent Structure in Social Systems" 3818:

von Foerster, Heinz; Pask, Gordon (1961). "A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems, Part II".

1559:" means no two concepts can be the same. After sufficient time, all concepts attract and coalesce as 1334:, with structure spreading out in space and time over every available scale, as shown for example by 1287: 1035: 726: 224: 5148: 4430: 3799:

von Foerster, Heinz; Pask, Gordon (1961). "A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems, Part I".

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Watts, Duncan J.; Strogatz, Steven H. (June 1998). "Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks".

2485: 1589: 2783: 1392: 1371: 1139: 535: 488: 475: 365: 229: 199: 145: 5380: 5650: 3851:"Heinz von Foerster's Self-Organisation, the Progenitor of Conversation and Interaction Theories" 2600: 1246: 1165: 1111: 962: 701:

formulated the original principle of self-organization in 1947. It states that any deterministic

253: 204: 167: 104: 4878:, 3rd. International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Association Internationale de Cybernetique. 2365: 4903: 3188:"Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution" 1675: 1387: 1115: 466: 45: 1660:

has written on the role that market self-organization plays in the business cycle in his book

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As an indication of the increasing importance of this concept, when queried with the keyword

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or the "attraction of frequencies", as he called it, is discussed in the 2nd edition of his

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in the 1960s, but did not become commonplace in the scientific literature until physicists

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automatically evolves towards a state of equilibrium that can be described in terms of an

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Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behaviour in Physical and Biological Systems

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A Theory of Immediate Awareness: Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence

3656:"CLOUDLIGHTNING: A Framework for a Self-organising and Self-managing Heterogeneous Cloud" 1572: 1527: 1465: 1454: 1450: 1396: 1383: 1319: 1262: 1258: 934: 810: 758: 598: 555: 470: 445: 428: 337: 237: 171: 94: 5041: 4947: 4535: 4461: 4387: 3546: 3452: 3396: 3203: 3029: 2980: 2691: 2655: 2459: 1102:

The DNA structure shown schematically at left self-assembles into the structure at right

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of a system can lead to an increase in its organization has a long history. The ancient

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Marshall, A (2002) The Unity of Nature, Imperial College Press: London (esp. chapter 5)

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Kerner, Boris S. (1998). "Experimental Features of Self-Organization in Traffic Flow".

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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science

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Robotic systems: How sensorimotor intelligence may develop... self-organized behaviors

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How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

4815: 4059:"The Issue of Energy within a Dialectical Approach to the Regulationist Problematique" 3211: 3155: 3113: 2988: 2883:

Rego, J.A.; Harvey, Jamie A.A.; MacKinnon, Andrew L.; Gatdula, Elysse (January 2010).

2759: 2730: 2549: 1086:, in river basins and deltas, in dendritic solidification (snow flakes), in capillary 5579: 5474: 5415: 5405: 5343: 5190: 5077: 4959: 4804: 4794: 4735: 4702: 4698: 4587: 4475: 4255: 4247: 4127: 4094: 4028: 4008: 3673: 3464: 3159: 3117: 3077: 3051: 2949: 2764: 2715: 2703: 2529: 2423: 2371: 2267: 2259: 2172: 2130: 2103: 2075: 2038: 2011: 1798: 1709: 1630: 1584: 1250: 1199: 1051: 1043: 780: 673: 669: 626: 539: 519: 273: 233: 124: 108: 4971: 4817:

Self-organization of biological systems: Protein folding and supramolecular assembly

3359: 3278: 3004:"Large Area Fabrication of Semiconducting Phosphorene by Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly" 2911: 2810: 2553: 2347: 1273:

in driving biochemical reactions in cells. The systems of reactions in any cell are

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An Unfinished Revolution? Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory

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Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined

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Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds

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Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein S. (1993) "On Becoming a Learning Organisation" in

2168: 2037:. Princeton studies in complexity (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. 849:

and of the whole, that is as an instrument, or organ... The part must be an organ

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Self-Organizing Natural Intelligence: Issues of Knowing, Meaning, and Complexity

4395: 3492:"Empire of colonies: Self-stabilizing and self-organizing distributed algorithm" 3335: 543: 5541: 5536: 5469: 4931: 4851: 4745: 4664: 4470: 4445: 4157:

Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology

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Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology

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emergence of three-dimensional periodic structures in micropillar scaffolds".

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over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically

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Gordon Pask's theory of learning, evolution and self-organization (in draft).

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The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity

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Self-organizing robots: Robotic construction crew needs no foreman (w/ video)

2467: 1912: 1832: 1807: 1705: 1692: 1547: 1519: 1458: 1436: 1266: 1203: 1195: 1191: 1123: 1013: 823: 653:). Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as 630: 312: 179: 5390: 3238:(2009). "Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms". In 1759:

as individual and population behaviour interacts with biological evolution.

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In his 1995 conference paper "Cosmology as a problem in critical phenomena"

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its presence to the agency of all the remaining parts, and also as existing

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Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth

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Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth

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Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth

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10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<349::aid-sres103>3.3.co;2-7

3239: 3121: 3055: 2953: 2854:"A periodic reaction in homogeneous solution and its relation to catalysis" 2838: 2784:"Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids" 2768: 2735: 2490:

London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

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strong dynamical non-linearity, often (though not necessarily) involving

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Conversation, Cognition and Learning. A Cybernetic Theory and Methodology

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Ashby, W. R. (1947). "Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System".

2122: 1877: 1568: 1539: 1531: 1477: 1432: 1355: 1211: 950: 911: 884:, sometimes understood as disorder, will always increase over time in an 730: 456: 420: 411: 385: 353: 332: 327: 295: 187: 5234:

Mikhail Prokopenko's page on Information-driven Self-organisation (IDSO)

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Metal organic coordination networks of oligopyridines and Cu on graphite

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The cybernetics of evolutionary processes and of self organizing systems

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presents self-organization hypothetically in the fifth part of his 1637

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arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered

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Report of a 7 year Action Research Project with the Royal Mail Business

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Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine

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Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine

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Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

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Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

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De Boer, Bart (2011). Gibson, Kathleen R.; Tallerman, Maggie (eds.).

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Wiener, Norbert (1962) "The mathematics of self-organising systems".

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molecules assumed to be similar to the earliest forms of life in the

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Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software

4759:, Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics 10, Cambridge University Press. 4045:

Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice

2853: 1971:(OH) superstructures with semiconductive and photoactive properties" 1963:"Template-free synthesis of novel, highly-ordered 3D hierarchical Nb 5338: 5303: 5229:

Scott Camazine's webpage on self-organization in biological systems

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Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen

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objectives with task-dependent constraints on local interactions.

5464: 5459: 5447: 5425: 5410: 5318: 4934:(1978). "Homeokinetics: A Physical Science for Complex Systems". 4837:

Elizabeth McMillan (2004) "Complexity, Organizations and Change".

4582: 4517:"Is the irreversibility we see a fundamental property of nature?" 3755:"Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system" 2550:"Heinz von Foerster and the Bio-Computing Movements of the 1960s" 1960: 1634: 1598: 1512: 1335: 1269:. However, this does not take into account the essential role of 1227: 1183: 1143: 1023: 881: 790: 685: 578: 570: 341: 278: 5211:"Interactions of Actors (IA), Theory and Some Applications" 1993 4171:

Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology

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Most scientists would agree with the critical view expressed in

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argued that von Foerster's H and Hmax were not independent, but

1457:. By contrast, the four concurrently connected galvanometers of 684:

availability of energy (to overcome the natural tendency toward

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cubes gradually transform into ordered 3D meshes of crystalline

5245: 4126:. The Dyrac 1997 Memorial Lecture. Cambridge University Press. 3949:

Interactive models for self organization and biological systems

3817: 3798: 2255: 1270: 1249:

have suggested that self-organization may play roles alongside

1231: 1215: 531: 5097: 5014:

K. Yee (2003), "Ownership and Trade from Evolutionary Games",

4992:, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dover Publications edition. 4789:

Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution

4066:

Recherches & Régulation Working Papers, RR Série ID 2009-1

1178:(boids in Blender), an example of self-organization in biology 5497: 5191:

Cosma Shalizi's notebook on self-organization from 2003-06-20

4834:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 4799:

Dynamic Patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior

4630:

Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks

3948: 2201:

and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.) U.S. Office of Naval Research.

2007:

Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations

1310:

said that several cosmological objects or phenomena, such as

1047: 2781: 1476:" theorem which requires internal models for self-organized 657:. Self-organization is an example of the related concept of 5375: 5313: 5308: 5248:

A platform for science and technology, Klagenfurt, Austria.

5205: 4883: 4588:

How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality

3578:"Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges" 2782:

Carroll, GT; Jongejan, MGM; Pijper, D; Feringa, BL (2010).

2218:. M.C. Yovits and S. Cameron (eds.), Pergamon Press, London 941:

researchers adopted it in a greater picture from cosmology

895:

and fell into disrepute until the early 20th century, when

841:

In such a natural product as this every part is thought as

4645: 3632: 3137:"Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates" 3068:

Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau,

2882: 2641: 5252:

Watch 32 discordant metronomes synch up all by themselves

5143: 3928:

Interactions of Actors (IA), Theory and Some Applications

3752: 3694:

Recent developments in information and decision processes

1291: 1290:. Consideration was then extended to short, replicating 1223: 1219: 5223: 4669:

The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization

3952:

Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark

3372: 1431:

and its subsequent reproduction as self-organization in

747:

L'organisation biologique et la théorie de l'information

4495:"Netherlands: A radical new way do fund science | BIEN" 3334:

Serugendo, Giovanna Di Marzo; et al. (June 2005).

2931: 4723:, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition, Springer-Verlag. 2126:

Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems

2123:

Bonabeau, Eric; Dorigo, Marco; Theraulaz, Guy (1999).

733:

developed this concept by proposing the principle of "

542:. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized, 5060:

PDF file on self-organized common law with references

2251:

International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics

1593:

Social self-organization in international drug routes

4752:, Strong Voices Publishing, Medfield, Massachusetts. 4056: 1716:. It can be conducted as a learning conversation or 814:. He elaborated on the idea in his unpublished work 664:

Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients:

4597:

The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature

4007:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2212:"On self-organizing systems and their environments" 562:discusses self-organization in terms of islands of 2676: 2314:Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature 4740:"The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity" 4252:This I Believe and Other Essays (Resurgence Book) 2615:and Kelley, P. L. (1991) "Lasers", pp. 614–19 in 2560:BCL 1958–1976. Vienna, Austria: Edition Echoraum. 1526:in persisting and living systems. He applied his 5627: 5120:Structure and Dynamics of Organic Nanostructures 4625:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 324 pp. 2851: 2525:Beyond Mechanism: Putting Life Back Into Biology 2100:Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences 5246:Lakeside Labs Self-Organizing Networked Systems 5074:The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity 4980:Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order 4912:Signs of Life: How Complexity Pervades Biology] 4623:Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature 2966: 2670: 2403:. CUP Archive. pp. 64–. GGKEY:TFTHBB91ZH2. 1344:unsolved problems in cosmology and astrophysics 589:systems. Examples of self-organization include 27:Process of creating order by local interactions 4647:Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks 4068:. Association Recherche & Régulation: 1–21 3962:Smith, Thomas S.; Stevens, Gregory T. (1996). 3576:Zhang, Q., Cheng, L., and Boutaba, R. (2010). 3234: 2325: 2097: 1338:and his collaborators. Therefore, because the 1277:, but not simply self-organizing, as they are 922:took up the idea in the second edition of his 5274: 4926: 4895:, Complex Adaptive Systems series, MIT Press. 4514: 4196:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013) 4183:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (1991) 3582:Journal of Internet Services and Applications 3438: 2521: 1563:. The theory applies to all organizationally 496: 4910:Ricard V. Solé and Brian C. Goodwin (2001), 4856:Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems 4707:"When Can we Call a System Self-organizing?" 4237:The University of Learning in transformation 4209:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013) 4124:Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics 3848: 3618:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3489: 3134: 1472:to describe stable states and produced the " 826:used the term "self-organizing" in his 1790 4917:Ricard V. Solé and Jordi Bascompte (2006), 2823: 2422:, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2150: 2148: 2146: 1998: 1734:The self-organizing behavior of drivers in 1522:considered self-organization necessary for 5281: 5267: 4364:Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein E.S. (1985) 3336:"Self-organization in multi-agent systems" 3256: 2728: 2191:"Principles of the self-organizing system" 2067: 1378:exhibit features of self-organization. In 880:in the 19th century. It states that total 526:, is a process where some form of overall 503: 489: 5036: 5016:International Review of Law and Economics 4469: 4272:The Origins and Growth of Action Learning 3667: 3638: 3603: 3593: 3536: 3507: 3386: 3333: 3310: 3219: 3045: 3019: 2960: 2758: 2748: 2475: 1989: 1937:For related history, see Aram Vartanian, 1656:is sometimes said to be self-organizing. 5177:W. Ross Ashby journal p. 759, from 4446:"Who would you share your funding with?" 4411:Self-organization and language evolution 4352:, Columbus: Ohio State University Press. 4057:Biel, R.; Mu-Jeong Kho (November 2009). 4050: 3881: 3879: 3844: 3842: 3093:Bonabeau, Eric; et al. (May 1997). 3092: 2858:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2630:Self-organized theory in quantum gravity 2483: 2438: 2244: 2143: 2030: 1588: 1575:products which evolve, learn and adapt. 1169: 1097: 995: 31: 4638:Self-Organization in Biological Systems 4408: 4350:Religions, values, and peak-experiences 4168:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (2013) 4155:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1994) 4142:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1985) 3516: 3427:Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms 3300: 3244:Evolution: The First Four Billion Years 3070:Self-Organization in Biological Systems 2419:Reflections on the motive power of fire 2393: 2391: 2312:Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984). 2034:Self-organization in Biological Systems 1720:between learners or within one person. 1110:includes drying-induced self-assembly, 678:balance of exploitation and exploration 14: 5628: 5288: 4492: 4443: 4373: 3246:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 3135:Couzin, Iain D.; Krause, Jens (2003). 2360: 2299:Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977). 2071:Cellular Automata: A Discrete Universe 2004:Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971). 1567:or homeostatic processes that produce 1340:distribution of matter in the universe 1210:, the coordination of human movement, 1022:The many self-organizing phenomena in 965:), until our days with the disruptive 929:Self-organization was associated with 743:le principe de complexité par le bruit 681:multiple interactions among components 566:in a sea of chaotic unpredictability. 5262: 5065:An entry on self-organization at the 4309:Prigogyne I. & Sengers I. (1985) 4093:, Chapter 5. Imperial College Press. 3898: 3876: 3839: 3095:"Self-organization in social insects" 2154: 1328:large scale structure of the universe 629:, where it is often characterized as 621:Self-organization is realized in the 5145:Selforganization in complex networks 4820:, Ph.D. Thesis, New York University. 3899:Green, N. (2001). "On Gordon Pask". 3753:Conant, R. C.; Ashby, W. R. (1970). 3696:, Macmillan, N. Y. and Chapter X in 3653: 3490:Dolev, Shlomi; Tzachar, Nir (2009). 3001: 2515: 2388: 2367:Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance 2098:Feltz, Bernard; et al. (2006). 2063: 2061: 2025: 2023: 1691:characteristics (sometimes called a 899:(1860–1948) attempted to revive it. 623:physics of non-equilibrium processes 36:Self-organization in micron-sized Nb 5567:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 5114:nlin.AO, nonlinear preprint archive 3185: 2644:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 1755:Order appears spontaneously in the 1349: 24: 5206:UCLA Human Complex Systems Program 5155:The Complex Systems Lab, Barcelona 4579:, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition. 4565: 1888:Self-organized criticality control 250:Evolutionary developmental biology 25: 5667: 5179:The W. Ross Ashby Digital Archive 5085:Self-Organizing Systems (SOS) FAQ 5029: 5007:Tom De Wolf, Tom Holvoet (2005), 4843:Müller, J.-A., Lemke, F. (2000), 4515:Pagels, H. R. (January 1, 1985). 3375:Neural Computing and Applications 3144:Advances in the Study of Behavior 3102:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2157:The Journal of General Psychology 2074:. World Scientific. p. 247. 2058: 2020: 1768:Self-organized funding allocation 1723: 1146:, microphase separation of block 861:being, and, as such, be called a 569:Self-organization occurs in many 56:as summarized in the model below. 5389: 4811:", The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 4807:& David A Engstrom (2006), " 4444:Bollen, Johan (August 8, 2018). 3186:Fox, Ronald F. (December 1993). 2528:. Lexington Books. p. 419. 1978:Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1918:Outline of organizational theory 1416:Self-organization in cybernetics 1062:. Self-organization is found in 714:formed by all other subsystems. 5646:Extended evolutionary synthesis 5168:"Organisation must grow" (1939) 4801:, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 4755:Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen (1998), 4550: 4508: 4486: 4437: 4402: 4367: 4355: 4342: 4329: 4316: 4303: 4290: 4277: 4264: 4241: 4229: 4216: 4203: 4190: 4177: 4162: 4149: 4136: 4116: 4103: 4080: 4037: 4017: 3994: 3955: 3941: 3919: 3892: 3830: 3811: 3792: 3780: 3746: 3731: 3715: 3703: 3686: 3647: 3626: 3569: 3483: 3432: 3419: 3366: 3327: 3294: 3285: 3250: 3228: 3179: 3128: 3086: 3062: 2995: 2925: 2876: 2845: 2817: 2775: 2722: 2635: 2622: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2563: 2542: 2432: 2407: 2354: 2319: 2306: 2293: 2280: 2238: 2221: 2195:Principles of Self-Organization 1931: 1186:can be observed in spontaneous 417:Ordinary differential equations 4557:Article 3. Whether God exists? 4493:Coelho, Andre (May 16, 2017). 4047:. University of Chicago Press. 3740:An Introduction to Cybernetics 3728:, Chapter 5 Chapman & Hall 2204: 2183: 2116: 2091: 1954: 1831:In short, they maintain that 1817:Problems of Biological Physics 1774:) is a method of distributing 1750: 1423:regarded the automatic serial 1409: 1279:thermodynamically open systems 1018:Self-assembly of nanoparticles 902:The psychiatrist and engineer 288:Partial differential equations 13: 1: 5201:Connectivism:SelfOrganization 5159:Computational Mechanics Group 4678:, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 3743:, Part Two Chapman & Hall 3212:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3 3156:10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01001-5 3114:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01048-3 2989:10.1016/S0167-5729(03)00015-3 2169:10.1080/00221309.1947.9918144 2010:, London: Wiley-Interscience 1948: 1238:behaviour in birds and fish. 1190:and other biomacromolecules, 1032:spontaneous symmetry breaking 721:formulated the principle of " 692: 5197:with permission from author. 4956:10.1126/science.201.4356.579 4730:Law, Legislation and Liberty 4235:Harri-Augstein E. S. (2000) 3496:Theoretical Computer Science 3340:Knowledge Engineering Review 2750:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073 2370:. Harvard University Press. 1785: 1647: 1578: 1301: 1093: 1090:and in turbulent structure. 878:second law of thermodynamics 753:. The physicist and chemist 751:Entre le cristal et la fumée 7: 5003:"Video – Simulation of DRX" 4845:Self-Organizing Data Mining 4832:The Self-Organizing Economy 4632:W. W. Norton & Company. 4614:2nd edition Wiley 1981 and 4396:10.1103/physrevlett.81.3797 4326:Flamingo Paperbacks. London 4313:Flamingo Paperbacks. London 4174:. Routledge (Psy. Revivals) 4025:The Self Organizing Economy 3737:Ashby, William Ross (1956) 2827:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2617:The Encyclopedia of Physics 2068:Ilachinski, Andrew (2001). 1870: 1762: 1698: 1662:The Self Organizing Economy 1482:Nyquist stability criterion 1241:The mathematical biologist 991: 949:, biology and sociology as 876:(1822–1888) discovered the 616: 137:Particle swarm optimization 10: 5672: 4781:, Oxford University Press. 4600:, Oxford University Press. 4471:10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3 4224:A Celebration of Awareness 3654:Lynn; et al. (2016). 3074:Princeton University Press 2700:10.1038/s41567-021-01204-4 2484:Clausius, R. (July 1851). 2340:10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.028 1745:three-phase traffic theory 1730:Three-phase traffic theory 1727: 1582: 1453:as a key step in nano and 1413: 1163: 1159: 1064:self-organized criticality 1056:Bose–Einstein condensation 1011: 1007: 847:for the sake of the others 778: 774: 749:and then in the 1979 book 284:Reaction–diffusion systems 113:Self-organized criticality 5597: 5547:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 5490: 5398: 5387: 5296: 5184:February 8, 2009, at the 5088:by Chris Lucas, from the 4891:Mitchell Resnick (1994), 4750:Homeokinetics: The Basics 3913:10.1108/03684920110391913 3774:10.1080/00207727008920220 3595:10.1007/s13174-010-0007-6 3509:10.1016/j.tcs.2008.10.006 3405:10.1007/s00521-013-1498-4 3352:10.1017/S0269888905000494 3242:; Travis, Joseph (eds.). 2904:10.1080/02678290903359291 2852:Bray, William C. (1921). 2502:10.1080/14786445108646819 2482:Translated into English: 2210:Von Foerster, H. (1960). 1320:early structure formation 1288:thermodynamic equilibrium 1140:self-assembled monolayers 1036:spontaneous magnetization 897:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 745:) first in the 1972 book 688:, or loss of free energy) 225:Artificial neural network 5173:August 16, 2022, at the 5092:comp.theory.self-org.sys 5021:Louise B. Young (2002), 5000:"(open source software)" 4995:J. Tkac, J Kroc (2017), 4978:Steven Strogatz (2004), 4907:Oxford University Press. 4809:The Complementary Nature 4791:Oxford University Press. 4274:Chartwell-Bratt, Bromley 4027:. Blackwell Publishers. 3669:10.5220/0005921503330338 3271:10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.4 2664:10.1109/TPS.2002.1003908 2468:10.1002/andp.18501550403 2383:the seventeenth century. 2031:Camazine, Scott (2003). 1924: 1811:, appeals to authority: 1676:Neo-classical economists 1393:Self-organizing networks 1372:evolutionary computation 1370:, and some instances of 957:in the following 1980s ( 476:Evolutionary game theory 366:Second-order cybernetics 230:Evolutionary computation 146:Collective consciousness 5224:The Cybernetics Society 5125:April 21, 2016, at the 5106:March 26, 2022, at the 5100:Primordial Soup Kitchen 5023:The Unfinished Universe 4886:Communications Magazine 4868:, Simon & Schuster. 4779:At Home in the Universe 4681:Myrna L. Estep (2006), 4653:April 19, 2018, at the 4644:Falko Dressler (2007), 4641:, Princeton Univ Press. 4606:, Self-organization as 4376:Physical Review Letters 2969:Surface Science Reports 2216:Self-organizing systems 2102:. Springer. p. 1. 1388:Optimization algorithms 1166:Biological organisation 1152:Langmuir–Blodgett films 1112:molecular self-assembly 963:complex adaptive system 832:, where he argued that 550:and able to survive or 254:Artificial intelligence 168:Social network analysis 133:Ant colony optimization 105:Collective intelligence 5239:June 14, 2009, at the 5137:June 11, 2016, at the 4904:The Life of the Cosmos 4628:Mark Buchanan (2002), 4362:Conversational Science 4348:Maslow, A. H. (1964). 4122:Feynman, R. P. (1987) 3002:Ritu, Harneet (2016). 2839:10.1002/anie.198800891 2731:"Protein Nanomachines" 2575:Dissertation Abstracts 2496:(VIII): 1–21, 102–19. 2328:Applied Soft Computing 2129:. OUP. pp. 9–11. 1868: 1841: 1821: 1793:, in a 1985 review of 1613:and others, abound in 1594: 1318:processes in general, 1179: 1103: 1004: 931:general systems theory 867: 742: 467:Rational choice theory 292:Dissipative structures 57: 46:hydrothermal treatment 5381:Widmanstätten pattern 5216:June 7, 2004, at the 5151:June 9, 2023, at the 5067:Principia Cybernetica 4920:in Complex Ecosystems 4850:Gregoire Nicolis and 4814:Alex Kentsis (2004), 4763:Steven Berlin Johnson 4621:Adrian Bejan (2000), 4200:. Routledge (2nd Ed.) 4187:. Routledge (1st Ed.) 4159:. Routledge (2nd Ed.) 4146:. Routledge (1st Ed.) 3934:June 7, 2004, at the 3849:Pask, Gordon (1996). 3305:. Vol. 461–461. 3175:on December 20, 2016. 2552:in Albert Müller and 2454:(4): 368–97, 500–24. 2189:Ashby, W. R. (1962). 1939:Diderot and Descartes 1893:Free energy principle 1863: 1829: 1813: 1757:evolution of language 1633:can be influenced by 1592: 1550:recursive concurrent 1492:proposed Redundancy, 1208:developmental biology 1182:Self-organization in 1173: 1164:Further information: 1120:oscillating reactions 1106:Self-organization in 1101: 999: 967:emerging technologies 839: 779:Further information: 395:Theory of computation 258:Evolutionary robotics 125:Agent-based modelling 48:at 200 °C. Initially 35: 5076:, a review paper by 4923:, Princeton U. Press 4674:Myrna Estep (2003), 4594:Philip Ball (1999), 4298:On Becoming a Person 4270:Revans R. W. (1982) 3925:Pask, Gordon (1993) 3662:. pp. 333–338. 2628:Ansari M. H. (2004) 2590:, February 13, 2014. 1833:time irreversibility 1712:control loop, or to 1480:and stability (e.g. 1435:. The importance of 1397:small-world networks 1255:evolutionary biology 1080:loop quantum gravity 829:Critique of Judgment 599:chemical oscillation 446:Coupled map lattices 412:Time series analysis 172:Small-world networks 44:(OH) cubes during a 5656:Concepts in physics 5615:Mathematics and art 5605:Pattern recognition 5575:Aristid Lindenmayer 5042:"Self-organization" 4948:1978Sci...201..579S 4657:, Wiley & Sons. 4591:, Copernicus Books. 4536:1985PhT....38a..97P 4462:2018Natur.560..143B 4388:1998PhRvL..81.3797K 4337:Thought as a System 4300:. Constable, London 4296:Rogers C.R. (1971) 4091:The Unity of Nature 4023:Krugman, P. (1995) 3968:Sociological Theory 3787:Embodiments of Mind 3762:Int. J. Systems Sci 3722:Ashby, William Ross 3547:2009SIAMR..51..661C 3453:1998Natur.393..440W 3397:2013arXiv1312.5667Y 3204:1993BpJ....65.2698F 3030:2016NatSR...634095K 2981:2003SurSR..50..201B 2921:on October 8, 2012. 2870:10.1021/ja01439a007 2729:Strong, M. 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Wiley, New York. 2199:Heinz von Foerster 1991:10.1039/C4TA02202E 1908:Swarm intelligence 1898:Information theory 1803:Order Out of Chaos 1623:behavioral finance 1595: 1548:countably infinite 1490:Heinz von Foerster 1455:universal assembly 1400:self-stabilization 1253:in three areas of 1212:eusocial behaviour 1180: 1136:colloidal crystals 1116:reaction–diffusion 1104: 1005: 1003:in a gravity field 959:Santa Fe Institute 947:dissipative system 908:Heinz von Foerster 785:The idea that the 719:Heinz von Foerster 717:The cybernetician 699:William Ross Ashby 697:The cybernetician 627:chemical reactions 462:Prisoner's dilemma 407:Nonlinear dynamics 362:Operationalization 358:Information theory 234:Genetic algorithms 58: 5636:Self-organization 5623: 5622: 5580:Benoît Mandelbrot 5480:Self-organization 5416:Natural selection 5406:Pattern formation 5193:, used under the 5098:David Griffeath, 5090:USENET newsgroup 5078:Francis Heylighen 4942:(4356): 579–582. 4805:J. A. Scott Kelso 4795:J. A. Scott Kelso 4736:Francis Heylighen 4703:Francis Heylighen 4699:Carlos Gershenson 4612:Brain of the Firm 4544:10.1063/1.2813716 4382:(17): 3797–3800. 4248:Schumacher, E. F. 4132:978-0-521-65862-1 4043:Hayek, F. (1976) 3885:Pask, G. (1973). 3789:MIT Press (1965)" 3679:978-989-758-182-3 3605:20.500.12749/3552 3555:10.1137/070710111 3165:978-0-12-004532-7 3038:10.1038/srep34095 2946:10.1021/cr0300789 2535:978-0-7391-7437-1 2377:978-0-674-72557-7 2273:978-3-11-096801-9 2260:Walter de Gruyter 2246:François, Charles 2136:978-0-19-513159-8 2109:978-1-4020-3916-4 2081:978-981-238-183-5 2044:978-0-691-11624-2 1799:Isabelle Stengers 1710:negative feedback 1631:Spontaneous order 1585:Spontaneous order 1364:cellular automata 1251:natural selection 1200:pattern formation 1068:dynamical systems 1052:superconductivity 1044:classical physics 1028:phase transitions 945:, chemistry with 781:Spontaneous order 674:negative feedback 655:cellular automata 540:positive feedback 520:spontaneous order 516:Self-organization 513: 512: 300:Cellular automata 274:Pattern formation 205:Adaptive networks 109:Collective action 78:Self-organization 18:Self organization 16:(Redirected from 5663: 5431:Sexual selection 5393: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5093: 5051: 5018:, 23.2, 183–197. 4975: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4473: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4288: 4287:. CSHL Monograph 4281: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4227: 4226:. Penguin Books. 4220: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4175: 4166: 4160: 4153: 4147: 4140: 4134: 4120: 4114: 4111:Freedom to Learn 4107: 4101: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4035: 4021: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3858:Systems Research 3855: 3846: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3700:, The MIT Press. 3690: 3684: 3683: 3671: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3609: 3607: 3597: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3540: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3502:(6–7): 514–532. 3487: 3481: 3480: 3447:(6684): 440–42. 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3390: 3381:(7–8): 2051–57. 3370: 3364: 3363: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3168:. 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(1994) 4334: 4330: 4324:Uncommon Wisdom 4322:Capra F (1989) 4321: 4317: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4265: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4217: 4208: 4204: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4167: 4163: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4104: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4022: 4018: 4001:Luhmann, Niklas 3999: 3995: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3942: 3936:Wayback Machine 3924: 3920: 3907:(5/6): 673–82. 3897: 3893: 3884: 3877: 3853: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3816: 3812: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3736: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3652: 3648: 3631: 3627: 3611: 3610: 3574: 3570: 3521: 3517: 3488: 3484: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3371: 3367: 3332: 3328: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3255: 3251: 3233: 3229: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3166: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3067: 3063: 3000: 2996: 2965: 2961: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2892:Liquid Crystals 2887: 2881: 2877: 2850: 2846: 2822: 2818: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2727: 2723: 2675: 2671: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2599:Science Daily, 2598: 2594: 2585: 2581: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2437: 2433: 2412: 2408: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2378: 2359: 2355: 2324: 2320: 2316:. 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Eric Drexler 1418: 1412: 1376:artificial life 1354:Phenomena from 1352: 1324:quantum gravity 1312:spiral galaxies 1304: 1275:self-catalyzing 1243:Stuart Kauffman 1168: 1162: 1128:liquid crystals 1096: 1060:quantum physics 1020: 1010: 994: 955:system thinking 939:complex systems 886:isolated system 874:Rudolf Clausius 783: 777: 763:problem solving 695: 643:social sciences 619: 607:neural circuits 591:crystallization 538:, amplified by 524:social sciences 509: 480: 479: 478: 473: 469: 464: 459: 449: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 409: 399: 398: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 378:Systems science 376: 374:System dynamics 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 330: 316: 315: 310: 306: 304:Spatial ecology 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 276: 266: 265: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 242:Artificial life 240: 236: 232: 227: 222: 208: 207: 202: 198: 196:Systems biology 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 160: 150: 149: 148: 143: 141:Swarm behaviour 139: 135: 131: 129:Synchronization 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 100:Social dynamics 97: 87: 86: 85: 80: 64:Complex systems 43: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5651:Systems theory 5648: 5643: 5638: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5544: 5542:Wilson Bentley 5539: 5537:Joseph Plateau 5534: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5475:Plateau's laws 5472: 5470:Fluid dynamics 5467: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5165: 5156: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5111: 5095: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5033: 5031: 5030:External links 5028: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4993: 4983: 4976: 4924: 4915: 4914:, Basic Books. 4908: 4896: 4889: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4852:Ilya Prigogine 4848: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4802: 4792: 4782: 4772: 4760: 4753: 4746:Arthur Iberall 4743: 4733: 4724: 4714: 4711:T. Christaller 4696: 4686: 4679: 4672: 4665:Peter Schuster 4658: 4642: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4616:Beyond Dispute 4601: 4592: 4580: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4549: 4507: 4485: 4436: 4401: 4366: 4354: 4341: 4328: 4315: 4302: 4289: 4276: 4263: 4240: 4228: 4215: 4202: 4189: 4176: 4161: 4148: 4135: 4115: 4102: 4079: 4049: 4036: 4016: 4005:Social Systems 3993: 3980:10.2307/201903 3974:(2): 131–153. 3954: 3940: 3918: 3891: 3875: 3838: 3829: 3810: 3791: 3779: 3745: 3730: 3714: 3702: 3685: 3678: 3646: 3625: 3568: 3531:(4): 661–703. 3515: 3482: 3431: 3418: 3365: 3326: 3293: 3284: 3265:(11): 879–85. 3249: 3236:Goodwin, Brian 3227: 3198:(6): 2698–99. 3178: 3164: 3127: 3085: 3061: 2994: 2959: 2940:(4): 1103–70. 2924: 2875: 2864:(6): 1262–67. 2844: 2833:(11): 89–121. 2816: 2797:(4): 469–472. 2774: 2743:(3): e73–e74. 2721: 2686:(7): 794–800. 2680:Nature Physics 2669: 2634: 2621: 2605: 2592: 2579: 2562: 2554:Karl H. Müller 2541: 2534: 2514: 2431: 2406: 2387: 2376: 2353: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2272: 2237: 2220: 2203: 2182: 2142: 2135: 2115: 2108: 2090: 2080: 2057: 2043: 2019: 1997: 1968: 1964: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1849:Thomas Aquinas 1795:Ilya Prigogine 1787: 1784: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1728:Main article: 1725: 1724:Transportation 1722: 1714:systems theory 1700: 1697: 1654:market economy 1649: 1646: 1642:Niklas Luhmann 1607:herd behaviour 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1504: 1474:Good Regulator 1425:identification 1421:Norbert Wiener 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1380:swarm robotics 1351: 1348: 1303: 1300: 1247:structuralists 1161: 1158: 1132:grid complexes 1095: 1092: 1040:crystal growth 1009: 1006: 993: 990: 985:complex system 974:network theory 920:Norbert Wiener 859:self-organized 806:René Descartes 776: 773: 755:Ilya Prigogine 703:dynamic system 694: 691: 690: 689: 682: 679: 676: 618: 615: 564:predictability 518:, also called 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 485: 482: 481: 460: 455: 454: 451: 450: 437:Multistability 410: 405: 404: 401: 400: 370:Self-reference 331: 324:Systems theory 322: 321: 318: 317: 277: 272: 271: 268: 267: 223: 214: 213: 210: 209: 161: 156: 155: 152: 151: 117:Herd mentality 98: 93: 92: 89: 88: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 41: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5668: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Ernst Haeckel 5530: 5528: 5527:Adolf Zeising 5525: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5371:Vortex street 5369: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349:Quasicrystals 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5038:Hermann Haken 5035: 5034: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4928:Soodak, Harry 4925: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4717:Hermann Haken 4715: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661:Manfred Eigen 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4604:Stafford Beer 4602: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4573:W. Ross Ashby 4571: 4570: 4559:newadvent.org 4558: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524:Physics Today 4518: 4511: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4456:(7717): 143. 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4338: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4260:1-870098-66-8 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4099:1-86094-330-6 4096: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033:1-55786-699-6 4030: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4013:0-8047-2625-6 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3864:(3): 349–62. 3863: 3859: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3741: 3734: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3615: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:10.1038/30918 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3346:(2): 165–89. 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3312:gr-qc/9505022 3308: 3304: 3297: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3240:Ruse, Michael 3237: 3231: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3108:(5): 188–93. 3107: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082:0-691-11624-5 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2618: 2614: 2613:Zeiger, H. 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Ross Ashby 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437:phase locking 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:random graphs 1365: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267:morphogenesis 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:morphogenesis 1201: 1197: 1196:lipid bilayer 1193: 1192:self-assembly 1189: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:autocatalytic 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1014:Self-assembly 1002: 998: 989: 986: 982: 977: 975: 972: 968: 964: 961:) and 1990s ( 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:Erich Jantsch 940: 936: 935:Hermann Haken 932: 927: 925: 921: 917: 916:Stafford Beer 913: 909: 905: 904:W. 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