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build up worthy character. They are the men who owe little or nothing to birth, relationship, friendly surroundings; to wealth inherited or to early approved means of education; who are what they are, without the aid of any favoring conditions by which other men usually rise in the world and achieve great results. ... They are the men who, in a world of schools, academies, colleges and other institutions of learning, are often compelled by unfriendly circumstances to acquire their education elsewhere and, amidst unfavorable conditions, to hew out for themselves a way to success, and thus to become the architects of their own good fortunes. ... From the depths of poverty such as these have often come. ... From hunger, rags and destitution, they have come ..."
736:, cultural historian Tom Pendergast traced the way in which the concept of the self-made man was referenced in men's magazines from 1900 through 1950. Pendergast divided masculinity into only two periods: Victorian, which was "based on property-ownership and family", and "post-Victorian", which was "based on a cult of personality, self-improvement, and narcissism". He described the "ideal Victorian man" as a "property owning man of character who believed in honesty, integrity, self-restraint, and duty to God, country, and family". The post-Victorian image of the self-made man was crucial to Pendergast's study. He revealed how through magazines men "were encouraged to form their identities around an ideology of hard work."
309:" from 1859 onward, for example 1895, which were published and archived in "The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress". In his 1872 lecture Douglass noted that there were "no such men as self-made men. That term implies an individual independence of the past and present which can never exist ... Our best and most valued acquisitions have been obtained either from our contemporaries or from those who have preceded us in the field of thought and discovery. We have all either begged, borrowed or stolen. We have reaped where others have sown, and that which others have strown, we have gathered." However, he then provided one of his most detailed descriptions of the self-made man,
283:"Franklin is a good type of our American manhood. Although not the wealthiest or the most powerful, he is undoubtedly, in the versatility of his genius and achievements, the greatest of our self-made men. The simple yet graphic story in the Autobiography of his steady rise from humble boyhood in a tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, and perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, is the most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men. It is in itself a wonderful illustration of the results possible to be attained in a land of unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims."
234:
575:
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268:. Franklin introduced the archetypal self-made man through his own life story in which in spite of all odds he overcame his low and humble origins and inherited social position—his father was a candle-maker—to re-invent himself through self-improvement based on a set of strong moral values such as "industry, economy, and perseverance" thereby attaining "eminence" in the classic rags to riches narrative. Franklin's maxims as published in his
294:
grit, determination, discipline, and opportunism. The irony is that they have made themselves free from bounds and possessions, in a sense impoverished, so that they can then begin to acquire power and wealth on their own. The key is to acquire those possessions and power without help. The goal, then, is not to become famous or wealthy in the literal sense, but to participate in something precise and mythical."
1537:
success ideal or were associate with it in the public mind", 2) "success manuals" from the "late 18th century to 1900" and 3)"self-made man as central character in fictional narratives." Cawelti explored "the characteristic complex of ideas about the self-made man "that reveal connections between social conditions and the divergent notions of success" from
383:—with the phrase, "I used to be a slave", referring to Lincoln's claim in 1856 that his "domineering and uneducated father" "exploited" young Lincoln by "renting" him out to "rural neighbors in Indiana." Following his escape from servitude, Lincoln re-invented himself. Lincoln was inspired by Franklin's
1536:
Cawelti focused on "different definitions of success", "how interpretations of the self-made man changed". He used three main sources for the self-improvement theme: 1) individual figures: "Thomas
Jefferson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horatio Alger, John Dewey, who either played a major role in shaping the
528:
immigrants who lived in
Lawrence, Massachusetts. He began to work before he completed high school to run the family butcher shop when his father died. He opened the Hilltop Steakhouse after he sold the family store. His innovative strategy was to offer large size portions in a large scale restaurant,
489:
as exemplary nineteenth-century self-made men. Debs contrasted the successful self-made men to those whose "illiteracy, stupidity, lack of ambition, forever keeps them at the bottom ... prefer pool to school, and choose to hammer coal and shovel it into a fire-box rather than employ their leisure in
723:
30 million, were "predominantly self-made" having "earned their fortunes". Two-thirds of the UHNWI sourced "their wealth from their own efforts" such as "fruitful business ventures or successful investments." Of the 226,450 UHNWIs, 66% were self-made; of the 7,200 UHNW millennials (born between 1980
1147:
Self-made men ... are the men who owe little or nothing to birth, relationship, friendly surroundings; to wealth inherited or to early approved means of education; who are what they are, without the aid of any of the favoring conditions by which other men usually rise in the world and achieve great
293:
Franklin and
Frederick Douglass, describe the "self-made man in similar language: "Being possessionless and unencumbered by authority is the necessary beginning state for the potential self-made man. One cannot be "made" by the help of a father, teacher, mentor, etc. ..., but must rise by one's own
695:
who rose from "an obscure and impoverished
Midwestern childhood to become a wealthy and sought-after center of Long Island society". Gatsby contrasts with Ben Franklin and the characters in Horatio Alger Jr. novels, as successful 'self-made men'. His story serves as a cautionary tale regarding the
313:
Self-made men are the men who, under peculiar difficulties and without the ordinary helps of favoring circumstances, have attained knowledge, usefulness, power and position and have learned from themselves the best uses to which life can be put in this world, and in the exercises of these uses to
259:
and the self-made man concepts are inextricably linked and are rooted in
American history. Franklin's autobiography was described by the editor of the 1916 edition, as the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men". His autobiography, which was dedicated to his son
714:
According to the 2017 "World Ultra Wealth Report" by research company Wealth-X, "wealth creation" from 1997 through 2017 has been "driven largely by self-made individuals", mainly men. According to the report, ultra high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI), those who have a
750:
writes that "behind every success are significant investments and contributions by some if not all the following people: family, friends, associates, protagonists, antagonists, advisors, teachers, authors, mentors, coaches, and the list could go on".
724:
and 1995), 66% were self-made; of the 28,985 UHNW women, 45% were self-made; of the 33,290 UHNWI from emerging Asia (excluding Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong), 68% were self-made; and of the 34,961 UHNW Ivy League individuals, 75% were self-made.
571:, as of 2024, she was ranked as the world's ninth richest self-made woman. Based on Forbes metric for ranking billionaires, Zhou Qunfei's score would be ten, as she was born poor and arose to eminence through her own work and initiative.
225:, who grew up poor and had to "overcame significant obstacles" to earn the status of self-made billionaires. The lowest score of one was assigned to billionaires who had inherited their fortune then did not work to increase it.
156:
The phrase "self-made man" can be found in both
American and British periodicals in the 1820s. General Samuel Blackburn running for office in Virginia in 1824 used it to describe himself. The English writer
762:
challenged the concept of the self-made man in a video that went viral, garnering over one million views on YouTube. Warren stated that "there is nobody in this country who got rich on his own. Nobody".
1518:
The term "self-made men" is seemingly paradoxical — since men who rise from obscurity to eminence in any of the walks of life, must have been assisted by agencies quite independent of themselves
544:
has been described as a self-made man who rose from "a dark, rich peasant culture" to prominence among "New York modern artists" through his "self-taught erudition and aggressive principles."
272:
provide others, specifically his own son, with strategies for attaining status in the United States, described as a "land of unequaled opportunity" in the last quarter of the 18th century.
978:
217:
wealthiest list. This metric indicates how much a person on the list was responsible for creating his or her wealth. The highest ranking of ten was earned by bootstrappers like
1064:
279:, that Franklin's biography provided the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin as the greatest exemplar of the "self-made man".
890:
490:
learning what they must know if they expect to rise." He calls on them to "resolve upon a change of habits — renounce follies and vices, obtain elementary books and study."
1264:
700:
where "an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual, and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others' lives."
1946:
770:, the author criticizes the concept of 'self-made' in American society as ignoring the role of social structures, privilege, and luck in shaping individual outcomes.
394:
spurred the growth of new businesses formed by self-made men in various industries that appeared in towns and cities throughout
Britain. According to food historian
1681:
1342:
2014:
1203:
410:
in
Edinburgh transformed from small family-run businesses into state-of-the-art operations". In addition to goods being sold in the growing number of stores,
585:
is a philanthropist and self-made entrepreneur in India's biotechnology industry. She is the founder, executive chairperson, and former managing director of
650:
755:
states that "success is a product of culture of background and what your parents and great-grandparents and great great grandparents did for a living".
1579:
264:, with the first chapter based on a 1771 letter to William, was used as illustrative of the journey of the self-made man in the eighteenth century in
1488:
John Turner of
Starbeck, Harrogate. 12 April 1883 at the Principal Registry, personal estate £50,784, 15s 10d (equivalent to £5,441,695 in 2021)
379:
described their own origins as somewhat disadvantaged to reflect the narrative of self-made men. Blumenthal began his 2016 biography of
Lincoln—
1145:. The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress: Speech, Article, and Book File. Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Library of Congress. 1895.
53:
2082:
1914:
470:
181:
wrote, "As a self-made man, (and, in the present age, every colored man, if made at all, must be self-made,) he was indeed a prodigy."
1459:
David Simpson of Rutland Road Harrogate, 14 August 1831. His effects were valued at £69,890 14s 3d (equivalent to £5,052,153 in 2021)
332:
in 1842. Juliet John backed up the claim for Dickens "to be called the first self-made global media star of the age of mass culture."
297:
2040:
1707:
462:
2134:
1823:
1441:
1950:
2201:
2144:
1897:
1807:
1751:
255:, has been described as "undoubtedly the original self-made man." and the greatest exemplar of the "self-made man". Both the
252:
115:
509:
as individuals "who either played a major role in shaping the success ideal or were associate with it in the public mind."
2167:
2206:
1848:
Decker, Jeffrey Louis (1994). "Gatsby's Pristine Dream: The Diminishment of the Self-Made Man in the Tribal Twenties".
1300:
2196:
1994:
1782:
1562:
1421:
1400:
Richard Ellis of Southlands, Harrogate. 23 October 1895, effects valued at £12,811 (equivalent to £1,574,299 in 2021)
1346:
1240:
1213:
184:
An oft-repeated but no longer creditable claim is that the term "self-made man" was "coined" on February 2, 1832, by
87:
478:
709:
17:
936:
520:
1961 and became the biggest restaurant in the United States by the 1980s, is described as self-made man in the
178:
133:
background to eminence in financial, political or other areas by nurturing qualities, such as perseverance and
31:
1169:. The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress: Speech, Article, and Book File. Monadnock. 1872.
1011:
946:
921:
148:, or other privileges. By the mid-1950s, success in the United States generally implied "business success".
1598:
657:, to honor the importance of perseverance and hard work. The Association grants scholarships and gives the
118:, has been described as the greatest exemplar of the self-made man. Inspired by Franklin's autobiography,
661:
annually. All scholarships are funded by the generosity of the members of the Horatio Alger Association.
2015:"Corrales on Pendergast, 'Creating the Modern Man: American Magazines and Consumer Culture, 1900-1950'"
691:, describes the downfall of the "archetypal, if somewhat misguided" "socially ambitious self-made man"
375:
acknowledge that their own autobiographies were influenced by Franklin's. In theirs, both Lincoln and
1743:
1122:
1081:
431:
173:
1887:
1222:
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167:
69:
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1919:
1501:
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narrative", where young Dick eventually became the successful and distinguished Richard Hunter.
1652:
1105:
426:, England, grew in size and prosperity in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the self-made men
419:
265:
1986:
1624:
825:
517:
439:
435:
427:
391:
233:
2061:
1107:
All about the Benjamins: the Nineteenth Century Character Assassination of Benjamin Franklin
866:
1265:"'A Self-Made Man: The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1849,' by Sidney Blumenthal"
830:
646:
399:
360:
8:
1141:
679:
658:
582:
513:
502:
443:
422:, began in 1845 by selling drinks in London streets in a wheelbarrow. As the spa town of
192:
used Clay's Senate speech on that date as his first example of its use in his 1954 book,
891:"The Self-Made Man: The story of America's most pliable, pernicious, irrepressible myth"
1865:
530:
352:
119:
65:
61:
2083:"Here's The Viral Video Of Elizabeth Warren Going After GOP On 'Class Warfare' Charge"
1151:
Folder 1 of 16 (Series: Speech, Article, and Book File—B: Frederick Douglass, Undated)
2140:
1990:
1979:
1893:
1803:
1778:
1747:
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1417:
1296:
1236:
1209:
835:
619:
344:
111:
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in 1826 as "a self-made man, bred in a camp, not in a court." An 1831 obituarist in
1857:
1166:
895:
759:
752:
687:
673:
498:
261:
129:
Originally, the term referred to an individual who arises from a poor or otherwise
1769:
574:
1949:. World Ultra Wealth Report (5 ed.). Wealth-X. June 27, 2017. Archived from
1290:
779:
568:
556:
364:
348:
340:
336:
329:
189:
158:
697:
639:
482:
474:
458:
454:
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256:
2108:
324:
2190:
807:
784:
654:
634:
560:
541:
395:
376:
306:
218:
130:
123:
105:
1985:. Columbia, Missouri and London, UK: University of Missouri Press. pp.
1137:"Self-Made Men: Address before the Students of the Indian Industrial School"
979:"The 2022 Forbes 400 Self-Made Score: From Silver Spooners To Bootstrappers"
1981:
Creating the Modern Man: American Magazines and Consumer Culture, 1900–1950
1205:
A Self-Made Man:The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln Volume I, 1809 – 1849
869:. Illustrated by E. Boyd Smith. Henry Holt and Company via Gutenberg Press.
789:
486:
466:
415:
407:
356:
222:
162:
2136:
The Roots of American Individualism: Political Myth in the Age of Jackson
1733:
1502:"self-made+men"+is+seemingly+paradoxical&pg=RA5-PA267 "Self-Made Men"
683:
628:
614:
564:
552:
512:
In the restaurant business Frank Giuffrida, the owner and manager of the
447:
372:
138:
1471:
1383:
1869:
1653:"Infographic: The Richest Self-Made Women - in the World and Stateside"
1230:
1114:
1012:"The Forbes 400 Self-Made Score: From Silver Spooners To Bootstrappers"
814:
692:
506:
368:
211:
185:
1136:
1800:
Horatio Alger Jr.: An Annotated Bibliography of Comment and Criticism
1414:
Wells & Swells, the golden age of Harrogate Spa, 1842-1923, vol.1
1039:
716:
594:
590:
423:
403:
210:
introduced a new metric to the individuals who earned a place on the
141:
134:
1861:
2066:
1657:
305:
Frederick Douglass developed the concepts in a series of lectures "
145:
1118:
1044:, The Harvard classics. 1909–14, New York: P.F. Collier & Son
820:
800:
794:
275:
F. W. Pine wrote in his introduction of the 1916 publication of
2045:
1428:(Dawson's) brilliant business instinct made him a very rich man
746:
586:
525:
206:
1886:
Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011).
1405:
1066:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
1235:. University of Erlangen–Nuremberg: GRIN Verlag. p. 28.
1232:
The Self-Made Man: Myth and Reality of an American Phenomenon
371:
have also been described as self-made men. Both Carnegie and
52:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1915:"'The Great Gatsby' still challenges myth of American Dream"
1161:
1159:
1157:
1256:
720:
1889:
120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature
1506:
Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine
1033:
1031:
1580:"How the Hilltop became the biggest restaurant in the US"
1154:
1129:
529:
making up for the extra cost of generous portions by the
196:, stating that it "was first applied" on that occasion).
2006:
964:
The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches
194:
The Self-Made Man in America: The Myth of Rags to Riches
1682:"Self-made business honcho who broke the glass ceiling"
1416:(1 ed.). Lancaster, England: Carnegie Publishing.
1195:
1028:
301:
Frederick Douglass, photographed between 1850 and 1860.
1941:
1939:
1937:
2168:"Alex Zakaras on The Roots of American Individualism"
1732:
Alger, Horatio Jr. (2008) . Hildegard Hoeller (ed.).
1557:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 279.
966:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. p. 9.
955:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
626:
series which began with the first full-length novel,
537:, the "Hilltop exceeded $ 27 million gross" in 1987.
319:
Frederick Douglass. 1872. "Self-Made Men" (full-text)
2074:
1647:
1645:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
651:
Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans
600:
2100:
1934:
1881:
1879:
1282:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
703:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1768:
1731:
1699:
1440:
847:
1892:(Second ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 499.
1885:
1642:
1317:"History Cook: the rise of the chocolate biscuit"
1090:
477:(1782 – 1852) who served twice as
2188:
1876:
1797:
1791:
1777:. Vol. 2. St. James, NY: Brandywine Press.
1673:
996:
122:developed the concept of the self-made man in a
2113:(video). YouTube. Event occurs at 2:05 minutes
1965:
1773:. In Gerster, Patrick; Cords, Nicholas (eds.).
1367:
2110:Elizabeth Warren on Debt Crisis, Fair Taxation
1760:
1625:"Self-Made Man: How Arshile Gorky changed art"
1616:
1508:. Unsigned editorial. Vol. 17, no. 4
970:
137:, as opposed to achieving these goals through
1442:"England and Wales National Probate Calendar"
593:.—a company she founded out of her garage in
50:The examples and perspective in this article
2159:
2126:
1546:
976:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
1841:
1539:American Studies: An Annotated Bibliography
1532:American Studies: An Annotated Bibliography
977:Sánchez Mora, Carlos (September 27, 2022).
1976:
1622:
1201:
664:
453:In an 1893 article in a railway magazine,
446:became even more prosperous as the town's
1766:
1705:
888:
873:
555:is a Chinese entrepreneur and founder of
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2013:Corrales, Barbara Smith (January 2003).
2012:
1708:"The 2010 TIME 100: Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw"
1493:
1368:Kotler, Philip; Armstrong, Gary (2010).
1343:"The rise of cities in the 18th century"
1181:"Charles Dickens and Fame vs. Celebrity"
1079:
1062:
573:
524:article. Frank Giuffrida's parents were
471:18th Vice President of the United States
323:
296:
232:
199:
188:in the United States Senate. (Historian
2165:
2132:
2107:Elizabeth Warren (September 18, 2011).
1798:Scharnhorst, Gary; Bales, Jack (1981).
1679:
1552:
1523:
766:In the 2022 Princeton University book,
739:
638:"whose name became synonymous with the
589:, a biopharmaceutical company based in
126:that spanned decades starting in 1879.
14:
2189:
2080:
1912:
1847:
1596:
1411:
1288:
961:
889:Swansburg, John (September 29, 2014).
277:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1824:"Students awarded Alger scholarships"
1577:
1228:
1208:. Simon & Schuster. p. 576.
1103:
605:
253:Founding Fathers of the United States
116:Founding Fathers of the United States
1947:"The World Ultra Wealth Report 2017"
1775:Myth America: A Historical Anthology
1578:Stein, Charles (September 4, 1987).
1499:
1262:
1041:Benjamin Franklin, his autobiography
1037:
1009:
867:"Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin"
864:
36:
2081:Miller, Zeke (September 21, 2011).
1856:(1). Duke University Press: 52–71.
1529:
865:Pine, Frank Woodworth, ed. (1916).
768:The Roots of American Individualism
727:
463:17th President of the United States
24:
2059:
1706:Armstrong, Lance (29 April 2010).
1680:Chauhan, Bala (12 November 2023).
547:
461:(1808 – 1875), the
418:country. The soft drinks company,
25:
2218:
2166:Zakaras, Alex (4 November 2022).
2038:
1541:, Volume 2 edited by Jack Salzman
1372:. Pearson Education. p. 278.
1345:. British Library. Archived from
1340:
601:In literature and popular culture
704:Ultra high-net-worth individuals
479:United States Secretary of State
228:
104:is a person whose success is of
41:
2053:
2041:"Self-Made Man - No Such Thing"
2032:
1906:
1816:
1725:
1597:Miller, Bryan (April 6, 1988).
1590:
1571:
1464:
1433:
1376:
1361:
1334:
1309:
1289:Donald, David Herbert (2016) .
1202:Blumenthal, Sidney (May 2016).
1173:
1073:
1056:
710:Ultra high-net-worth individual
497:, he listed Benjamin Franklin,
493:In John G. Cawelti's 1965 book
414:were common in an increasingly
2139:. Princeton University Press.
2062:"Is The Self-Made Man A Myth?"
1500:Debs, Eugene V. (April 1893).
1104:Dixon, Charles Robert (2011).
940:
925:
910:
758:In September 2011, US Senator
251:Benjamin Franklin, one of the
32:Self-made man (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1599:"Oh, to Dine in Saugus, Mass"
1555:Apostles of the self-made man
1263:Hahn, Steven (May 13, 2016).
841:
495:Apostles of the self-made man
241:
2202:Culture of the United States
2133:Zakaras, Alex (2022-11-10).
1476:probatesearch.service.gov.uk
1388:probatesearch.service.gov.uk
1080:Douglass, Frederick (1855).
1063:Douglass, Frederick (1845).
916:"Parliamentary Portraits,"
540:In the field of modern art,
7:
1913:Hoover, Bob (10 May 2013).
1412:Neesam, Malcolm G. (2022).
931:, "Conversation of Lords,"
773:
328:Sketch of English novelist
64:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2223:
2172:Princeton University Press
1744:W. W. Norton & Company
1623:Schjeldahl, Peter (2003).
1553:Cawelti, John G. (1988) .
707:
671:
612:
567:and tablets. According to
442:, and draper's apprentice
151:
29:
2207:1842 in the United States
1850:Novel: A Forum on Fiction
1767:Nackenoff, Carol (1997).
1123:The University of Alabama
1083:My Bondage and My Freedom
962:Wyllie, Irvin G. (1954).
632:published in May 1868, a
398:: "Manufacturers such as
288:Frank Woodworth Pine 1916
2197:Sociological terminology
1977:Pendergast, Tom (2000).
1770:"The Horatio Alger Myth"
1740:Norton Critical Editions
1478:. Probate search service
1295:. Simon & Schuster.
1052:– via bartleby.com
918:Harpers Ferry Free Press
653:, which was named after
578:Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw 2014
168:The New Monthly Magazine
1920:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1449:. H.M. Government. 1931
1370:Principles of Marketing
734:Creating the Modern Man
1686:The New Indian Express
579:
559:, a major supplier of
333:
322:
302:
291:
266:Colonial United States
248:
1530:Salzman, Jack (ed.).
826:Promotion (marketing)
577:
505:, Horatio Alger, and
400:Huntley & Palmers
392:Industrial Revolution
327:
311:
300:
281:
236:
200:Self-made man metrics
1953:on November 16, 2017
1229:Kogan, Kira (2010).
1038:Franklin, Benjamin,
1010:Ponciano, Jonathan.
935:16 (Apr. 1826), 371.
933:New Monthly Magazine
831:Rugged individualism
740:Criticism of concept
647:Alexandria, Virginia
469:(1812–1875) was the
361:Booker T. Washington
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1802:. Scarecrow Press.
1142:Library of Congress
680:F. Scott Fitzgerald
659:Horatio Alger Award
583:Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
533:. According to the
514:Hilltop Steak House
503:Ralph Waldo Emerson
440:property developers
420:R. White's Lemonade
2019:Journal of History
1603:The New York Times
1269:The New York Times
951:, 16 Apr. 1831, 63
920:, 11 Feb. 1824, 1.
580:
353:Frederick Douglass
334:
303:
249:
247:. Oil by Duplessis
146:family connections
124:series of lectures
120:Frederick Douglass
27:Term of endearment
2146:978-0-691-22631-6
1899:978-0-8160-8232-2
1828:www.azcentral.com
1809:978-0-8108-1387-8
1753:978-0-393-92589-0
836:Survivorship bias
732:In his 2000 book
620:Horatio Alger Jr.
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238:Benjamin Franklin
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666:The Great Gatsby
531:economy of scale
516:which opened in
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1167:"Self-Made Men"
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569:Forbes magazine
557:Lens Technology
550:
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381:A Self-Made Man
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349:Charles Dickens
341:Michael Faraday
337:Abraham Lincoln
330:Charles Dickens
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587:Biocon Limited
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483:Edward Everett
475:Daniel Webster
459:Andrew Johnson
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